Index

Abortion, 149, 150, 158, 262, 268; and “choice,” 158–159; clinics, 362; criminalization of, 147; political controversy over, 276; and public health, 149, 159; rights, 272; secrecy, 323, 331
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 298, 300–301; advocacy, 300; HIV status as private, 300; Reagan Administration neglect, 300; visibility, 300
Acxiom, 354
Administrative state, 56–57, 97; “information state,” 71
Advertising: postal, 116; and “right to privacy,” 33, 41–44; subliminal, 128, 142, 194; and the “unwilling audience,” 310
“Age of Anxiety” (Auden), 106
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), 300
Aid to Dependent Children, 175
Alcoholics Anonymous, 215
Alex, Charles, 136
Algorithms. See Big data
All in the Family, 277
Altmeyer, Arthur, 68, 73, 80, 83, 88
American Anthropological Association, 196
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 49, 51, 100, 147, 150, 157, 363
An American Family, 277–293, 315; audience, 284–285; critical response, 279, 282–286; and desire for publicity, 288–289; family ideals, 279–280, 286; innovation of, 278–279; as invasion of privacy, 283, 288–289; Louds’ reaction, 282–283; making of, 280–281; as precursor of reality TV, 344–345; as product of an “image society,” 291. See also Television
An American Family Revisited, 345
American Law Institute, 147
American Protective League, 48–49
American Psychiatric Association, 332
American Psychological Association, 107, 196
American Sociological Association, 196, 296
American Telephone & Telegraph, 26
Amrine, Michael, 132–133
Anonymity, 364–365, 368; “obscurity by design,” 364
Anonymous (hacker collective), 366
Anthropology, 196
Anti-Communism. See Communism
Antisemitism, 73
Apple corporation, 353, 365
Arendt, Hannah, 109–110
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, 135–136
Army General Classification Test, 135
Ash, Timothy Garton, 325
Ashbrook, John, 141
Asimov, Isaac, 238, 244
Assange, Julian, 366
Associated Press, 25
At Home in the World (Maynard), 334
Atomic weapons, 100, 104
Auden, W. H., 1, 10, 106, 270
Autobiography, 317, 341. See also Memoir

Baker, Michael, 241–242, 246–247
Bakker, Jim, 312
Bakker, Tammy Faye, 312
Barnum, P. T., 147
Barton, Clara, 60
Barzun, Jacques, 133
Beaney, William, 162–163
Beats, 121
Becker, Howard, 185, 186
Beecher, Henry K., 193–194; exposé of medical experiments, 193–194
Beecher, Henry Ward, 22
Bell Jar, The (Plath), 320, 325
Bendich, Albert, 174–175
Bennett, William, 304
Bentham, Jeremy, 225, 361
Bertillonage, 50
Betty: A Glad Awakening (Ford), 320
Betty Ford Center, 320
“Big Brother,” 101, 108, 183, 221, 248, 255, 261, 361–362
Big Brother (television show), 345, 362
Big data, 5, 14, 72, 351, 355–359, 369; algorithms, 5, 354, 355, 357–358, 363; ethics and rights, 358
Bill of Rights (U.S.), 144–146, 148–150, 152–154
“Bill to Protect Ladies, A,” 41–42
Biometrics. See Facial recognition; Fingerprinting; Retina scanning
Birth certificates, 56, 60–61; and defense industries, 61; and Social Security, 61
Birth control. See Contraception
Black, Hugo, 153–154
Black Lives Matter, 367
Black Power, 267
Blackstone, William, 19
Blogs, 308, 341, 343, 344, 353
Boas, Franz, 196
Body scanners, 19, 356
Bonome v. Kaysen, 329–331; right to personality, 330; right to privacy, 330; right to publicity, 330
Boorstin, Daniel, 291
Bork, Robert, 362
Bower, Robert, 216–217
Bowers v. Hardwick, 299–300
boyd, danah, 341, 343
Boyd v. United States, 148
Brainwashing, 122–124; Chinese Communists, 122; critiques of media manipulation, 123; POW scandal, 122–123; relationship to other forms of propaganda, 123; scientific skepticism about, 123–124
Brain Watchers, The (Gross), 136, 138
Brandeis, Louis, 25, 34–40, 51–53, 55, 99, 102, 148, 360, 368
Breast cancer, 272–274, 300, 319. See also Ford, Betty
Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 59
Brennan, William, 152
Brenton, Myron, 101, 116, 133, 134, 141–142, 226, 252, 261
Bricker, John, 105
Brim, Orville Jr., 196–200, 246
Brown, Howard, 296–297
Brown v. Board of Education, 145, 209
Buchwald, Art, 141
Buckley Amendment. See Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Bureau of Investigation. See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Buxton, Lee, 148

Camera My Mother Gave Me, The (Kaysen), 329–330
Cameras. See Photography
Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 227
Candid Camera, 291
Candler Building, 77
Carlson, Robert, 203–204
Carter, Jimmy, 276, 277, 303
Cashless society, 231, 354
Catcher in the Rye, The (Salinger), 333, 337
Cavett, Dick, 269, 289, 291–293
Cell phones. See Mobile phones
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 122–123, 221, 224, 253, 261, 353
Children’s Defense Fund, 250, 255
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, 363
ChoicePoint, 354
Church Committee, 261–262
Circle, The (Eggers), 352
Citizens Identification Act, 86
Civil rights, 101, 145, 171–172, 176, 193, 209, 221, 268, 275, 294, 301
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 145
Civil War, 20–21, 27, 60
Clark, Kenneth, 209
Cleveland, Grover, 33
Clinton, Bill, 303–306, 308, 310
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 303–304
Closed-circuit television (CCTV), 224, 230, 265, 354, 365
COINTELPRO, 228
Cold War, 15, 100, 103–104, 108, 122, 144; and “culture of secrecy,” 100
Colossus: The Forbin Project, 235
Communications research, 123–124; on television, 124
Communism, 49, 81, 99, 101, 103–106, 122–123, 132
Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (Stouffer), 103–104
Computers, 225, 232–238; cloud computing, 354; “computerizing organizations,” 246; cultural representations of, 235; and efficiency, 232–233; IBM cards, 235; power of, 234–235; and privacy, 233–238; protests against, 232, 235; surveys about, 238
Comstock, Anthony, 26, 147
Comstock laws, 147; Connecticut statute, 147, 154
Concentration camps, 97
Confessional culture, 13, 307–310, 315, 348–349; confession industry, 311, 321–322
Confessional genres, 309, 310; Catholic, 309, 312; Protestant, 312; talk shows, 313; therapeutic, 312–313. See also Memoir
Conformity, 103, 105, 129; in suburbia, 120–121
Consent. See Research ethics; Social research
Conservative movement, 131–134
Contraception, 147–151, 153, 156–158, 160, 165–166, 175, 180; access to, 147, 153, 156; birth control movement, 148, 158; birth control pill, 147; Connecticut statute, 150, 153–154, 206; population control, 153; Rainwater study of, 208; regulation of, 149, 165
Conversation, The, 224
Cooley, Thomas, 35, 164
Council on Vital Records and Vital Statistics, 86
Craig, Larry, 219
Credit bureaus, 44, 56, 69, 114, 139, 157, 229–230, 234, 243, 259–260. See also Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)
Credit cards, 70, 227, 230–231, 246, 255, 354
Cultural rights, 209, 298–299

Dactyloscopy. See Fingerprinting
Daguerre, Louis, 30
Dark Ghetto (Clark), 209
Darkness Visible (Styron), 321
Darknet, 354
Data aggregators, 354
Data banks, 226, 227–232, 235–238; and automated judgment, 247; borders between state and commercial, 357, 365; breaches, 14, 354; and civil liberties, 247; consciousness of, 239, 243, 247; and individualism, 241–246; and information practices, 246–247; and linked records, 240–241; and Watergate, 248
Databanks in a Free Society (Westin and Baker), 246–247, 248
Data Bank Society, The (Warner and Stone), 228
Data mining, 15, 355, 359, 363
Data privacy. See Information privacy
Death of Privacy, The (Rosenberg), 142, 232
Deception. See Social research
Decisional autonomy, 14, 158–159, 196, 262. See also Reproductive rights
Declaration of Helsinki, 193
Defamation law, 38
De Gasparis, Priscilla, 216–217
DeLillo, Don, 337
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 294, 325; removal of homosexuality as disorder, 294
Dichter, Ernest, 125
Dick Cavett Show. See Cavett, Dick
Dictaphone, 26
Direct cinema. See Documentary film
Disclosure: as control, 324; harms of, 310–311; history of, 311–312; as honesty, 348; improper, 331; “self-invasions of privacy,” 211
DNA: collection, 3, 354; typing, 359
Documentary film, 266, 278, 279–280; subjects’ consent, 283
Documentation practices, 56, 59–64, 93, 97, 244, 359; blood type tattoos, 86; comparisons to Europe, 60, 68; conflicts over, 62, 66–67; “dossiers,” 226–227; identity documents, 60, 65, 86; “mass registration,” 62; universal identifier, 86. See also Fingerprinting; Social Security number (SSN)
Domesticity: and “aggregate privacy,” 23, 42; and architecture, 21; and family life, 21–24, 42
Domestic violence, 23, 295
Donahue, Phil, 292, 309, 313, 321
Douglas, William O., 146, 149, 152–156, 163, 177
Douglass, Frederick, 317
Doxing, 366
Driver’s Privacy Protection Act, 362
Drones, 351, 354, 356, 360
Due process, 145, 152–153

Eagleton, Thomas, 271
Eastman, George, 30
Eavesdropping, 18, 20, 28, 204; electronic, 114, 166–170
Eggers, Dave, 352
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 158
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 363–364
Electronic Privacy Information Center, 363
Ellsberg, Daniel, 247
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 26
Emerson, Thomas, 152–153, 163, 166
Encryption, 353, 364, 365
Equifax, 354; formerly, Retail Credit Company, 229
Erikson, Kai, 215
Esalen Institute, 313
Espionage Act of 1917, 49
Etiquette manuals, 22
Evangelical Protestantism, 276, 309, 312
Experian, 354

Facebook, 15, 350, 353, 354, 359, 361; privacy settings, 344
Facial recognition, 354, 359
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 229, 243, 251, 259–261
Falwell, Jerry, 309
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 249–252, 254–257, 259–261, 264, 270; implementation of, 254–257; politics of, 250; recommendation letter waivers, 256
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) [originally, Bureau of Investigation], 48–51, 56; crime data bank, 231, 248–249; in the postwar era, 142, 167, 221, 228, 261; and Social Security Board, 79–81; and wiretapping, 114; during World War I, 48–51; during World War II, 100
Federal Communications Act of 1934, 166
Federal Communications Commission, 362
Federal Housing Administration, 110
Federal Trade Commission, 229, 239, 362
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 117
Feminist movement, 172, 266–268, 276, 295, 298, 314, 319, 336–337, 338
File: A Personal History, The (Ash), 325
Fingerprinting: association with criminality, 61–62, 65; early use, 50–53; and immigration, 50–51; protests against, 51–52; and race, 50–51; and Social Security, 65; in the twenty-first century, 359; as universal identifier, 51, 61–62, 67, 78, 86
First Amendment, 152–153, 330
First Lady’s Lady (Weidenfeld), 276
Folsom, Frances, 33, 41
Food and Drug Administration, 147, 193
Forbes, Malcolm, 301
Ford, Betty, 271–276, 277, 286, 303; addiction, 319–320; breast cancer, 272–274; memoirs, 319–320; 60 Minutes appearance, 274–276
Ford, Gerald, 248, 256, 271–275, 277; assassination attempt, 297; confirmation hearings, 271
Ford, Susan, 276
Foucault, Michel, 224
480, The (Burdick), 235
Fourteenth Amendment, 23, 148, 152
Fourth Amendment, 21, 148–149, 165–167, 176
Freedman, Monroe, 133
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 223, 249, 259
Free Speech Movement, 221, 235
Freudianism. See Psychoanalysis
Friedan, Betty, 117
Frisking. See Policing
Funt, Allan, 291

Gallagher, Cornelius, 205
Garfinkel, Harold, 185
Gated communities, 265
Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD), 300
Gay liberation movement, 186, 266, 294, 298–301; “coming out,” 295, 314; freedom of sexual expression, 295–296; and right to privacy, 295, 298–301; visibility, 296, 298–299
Gilbert, Craig, 278–279, 280, 284, 288–289, 291–292, 347
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 23
Girl, Interrupted (Kaysen), 324–328; medical documents in, 325, 327
Glendon, Mary Ann, 181
Global positioning system, 354; and tracking, 350
Godkin, E. L., 10, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 46–47
Goffman, Erving, 185, 291
Goldberg, Arthur, 152, 157
Goldmark, Alice, 40
Google, 351, 353–354, 365
Gossip, 20, 28, 32
Gouldner, Alvin, 206
Graham, Billy, 312
Great Depression, 55, 57, 59, 74, 92, 96, 109
Great Jones Street (DeLillo), 337
Great Society, 145, 175
Greenbelt towns, 110
Grimshaw, Allen, 283
Griswold, Estelle, 147–148, 150, 152, 161, 166
Griswold v. Connecticut, 7, 146–159, 262; and anti-totalitarianism, 155; application to wiretapping, 166–167; criticism of ruling, 152–154; dissents, 153–154; due process argument, 152; equal protection argument, 152, 153; free speech argument, 153; influence on reproductive rights, 156, 158–159, 164; and “penumbras” of the Bill of Rights, 152; precedents for, 148–149; privacy rationale, 152–154; protections for “marital privacy,” 150, 154–156, 158, 160, 164, 185, 190; representations of, 165; social context for, 154–155; speculation as to effects, 159–170; and women’s rights rationale, 153; and “zones of privacy,” 158, 163, 164, 167, 170, 182, 190, 262
Gross, Martin, 136, 138

Hamilton, Ian, 333–334
Hamilton, John D. M., 66–68
Handler, Joel, 178–179
Harlan, John Marshall II, 150, 152, 157
Harrison, Kathryn, 322–323
Harvard Law Review, 35–36
Havighurst, Clark, 162–163
Hayes, Wayne, 276
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 362
Hearst, William Randolph, 66
Heckscher, August, 117
Hidden Persuaders, The, 127–128, 142
Hill, Anita, 304, 335
Hitler, Adolph, 68, 93, 109
Hollerith card puncher, 46
Holocaust: memoirs, 320; and tattooed numbers, 97
Home Owners Loan Corporation, 110
Homophile movement, 191, 300; and the closet, 295; role of discretion, 295
Hoover, J. Edgar, 79, 81, 215
Horowitz, Irving L., 207, 282
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 100, 102, 104, 134, 228
How to Beat Personality Tests (Alex), 136
Hughes, Ted, 332. See also Plath, Sylvia
Human rights, 6, 283. See also Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Humphreys, Laud: attitudes toward homosexuality, 191–192; biography, 185, 206–207, 297; “coming out” as gay, 296; ethics questions, 192, 211–218, 219–220; influence on sexuality research, 297–298; research methods, 186–189; training, 185–186. See also Tearoom Trade (Humphreys)
Hunter, Edward, 122

Identity documents. See Documentation practices
Identity theft, 82, 354
Income tax, 63, 178; disclosure of tax returns, 247, 270, 276
Information privacy, 225–226, 262–263, 368
Institutional review boards, 193–194, 206–207, 218–219, 298
Insurance agencies, 56, 114, 142, 224, 229
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 239, 261
Internet of Things, 354
Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 122
“Inviolate personality,” 13, 38, 43, 52, 102, 307. See also “Right to Privacy, The” (Warren and Brandeis)

James, Henry, 17–18, 24, 33, 368
Jenkins, Walter, 191
Jim Crow, 190
Johnson, Lyndon B., 145, 191
Jourard, Sidney, 120–121
Journalism: human interest stories, 32–33; illustrated weeklies, 32; invasions of privacy, 30, 37; investigative reporting, 266, 275–276, 279; news industry, 25; news monopolies, 25; objectivity, 25; popular press, 7, 16, 17, 22, 24; society journalism, 32–34, 35, 50
Juvenile justice, 178–179

Katz v. United States, 167–170, 173–174, 190–191, 351; and law enforcement, 170; and “reasonable expectation of privacy,” 167, 173–174; relationship to new technologies, 167–170; warrant requirement, 168–170
Kaysen, Carl, 233, 327; and Kaysen Report, 233, 327
Kaysen, Susanna, 324–331, 333, 335, 339, 346; and memoirists’ privacy, 327–328. See also Bonome v. Kaysen
Kennedy (Onassis), Jackie, 278, 283, 284
Kennedy, John F., 276, 278
Kennedy, Robert, 269
Khrushchev, Nikita, 129
King, Martin Luther Jr., 228, 305
King v. Smith, 176–178
Kirk, Russell, 133
Kiss, The (Harrison), 322, 324
Konvitz, Milton, 164
Korean War, 81, 122
Kyllo v. United States, 35

Lance Loud! A Death in An American Family, 346
Lange, Dorothea, 94
Lasswell, Harold, 227
Lawrence v. Texas, 299
Lear, Norman, 277
Lewinsky, Monica, 303–304, 310, 335
Libel, 32
Lifelogging. See Quantified self
“Little Boxes” (Reynolds), 120
Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman), 120
Long, Edward, 142, 243
Loud, Bill, 277, 288, 292
Loud, Lance, 277, 283, 289, 292–295, 302, 348; criticism of documentary, 283; death, 345; “final episode,” 345–346; and homosexuality, 294; life on screen, 345–347; on privacy, 347; status as gay television personality, 293, 294–295, 346
Loud, Pat, 281, 287–290, 292–293; memoir, 315–316, 318–319; and women’s liberation, 319
Loud family, 277, 345, 362; as celebrities, 291–294; criticized, 279, 282–283, 288, 290; media appearances, 291
Loyalty investigations: during Cold War, 100, 102, 105; in World War I, 48

Macfadden, Bernarr, 311
MacKinnon, Catharine, 295
Magnetic stripe technology, 224, 230
Magnetic tape, 231, 239, 252
Mail: censorship of, 21, 48; confidentiality of, 20–21, 26; direct, 116; email, 353–354; postcards, 17, 26–27, 311; sexually explicit, 310
Malcolm, Janet, 332–333
Malware, 15, 353
Manchurian Candidate, The, 122
Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, The (Wilson), 120, 139
Manning, Bradley/Chelsea, 367
Manola, Marion, 33
Man Whose Name Wouldn’t Fit, The (Tyler), 235
Mao II (DeLillo), 337
Mapp v. Ohio, 149, 150; and exclusionary rule, 149
Market research, 116–117; as invasion of privacy, 124, 204–205. See also Motivational research (MR)
Mass media, 33; comic books, 124; ministry, 312; rock n’ roll, 124. See also Television
Mass persuasion. See Propaganda
Matlovich, Leonard, 296
Mattachine Society, 295
Maynard, Joyce, 334–338; criticism of, 334–336
McCarran Act, 100
McCarthy, Abigail, 268–270, 271, 287
McCarthy, Eugene, 268, 270
McCarthy, Joseph, 99, 106, 134, 150, 227
McCourt, Frank, 335
McGovern, George, 271
McLean Hospital, 324–326
Mead, Margaret, 279
Medical ethics, 173–174, 193–194, 212; and Nuremberg Code, 193. See also Research ethics
Medical privacy, 173–174, 273–274
Memoir, 316–318; African American, 320; authenticity in, 321–322, 340; “autopathography,” 329; celebrity, 320; changing emphasis of, 318, 320–323; and commercial publishing, 321, 322; criticism of, 322, 323; effects on public culture, 330; faked, 340; and feminism, 336; gendered, 335–336; Holocaust, 320; “memoir boom,” 321, 324, 339; and therapeutic culture, 323
Metadata, 353, 354, 360
Meyer v. Nebraska, 149
Microphones, 26; concealed, 114, 168
Microsoft corporation, 353
Middlebrook, Diane Wood, 331–332
Midnight raids, 156, 176, 299
Milgram, Stanley, 194–197, 219, 283
Miller, Arthur R., 228, 232, 234, 242–244, 257–258, 263
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 137, 140–141. See also Psychological testing
Missing Soldiers Office, 60
Mobile phones, 311, 353, 356; smartphones, 344, 356, 367
Mommie Dearest (Crawford), 320
Moral Majority, 309
Morse, Samuel, 30
Motivational research (MR), 102, 105, 125–128; criticisms of, 126, 127–128; “surface questions,” 125, 138, 205; and use of projective techniques, 125–126, 204–205
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 69, 208–209
Moynihan Report, 208–209, 213, 216
Muckrakers, 25

NAACP v. Alabama, 149, 152
Naked Society, The (Packard), 142
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 72, 149, 152
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects, 193
National Committee for Citizens in Education (NCCE), 250–257. See also Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
National Data Center, 221–223, 233, 327; protests against, 222
National Education Association, 252
National Institute of Mental Health, 206–207
National Mental Health Act, 105
National Research Act, 194
National security, 13–15, 48, 81, 99–101, 107–108, 354, 357, 366
National Security Administration (NSA), 5, 221, 261, 353, 357
Nazi Germany: medical experimentation, 193, 212; police state, 109; registration laws, 68–69
Negley, Glenn, 162–163
Negro Family, The. See Moynihan Report
New Deal, 56–59, 94, 110, 241
New Left, 171–172, 173, 267–268
Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 108, 227, 362
Nippert-Eng, Christena, 8
Nixon, Richard, 224, 228, 247–248, 250, 271–272, 275, 280
Nudging, or “choice architecture,” 360
Nuremberg trials, 144, 193

Obedience to Authority (Milgram), 194–198
Obscenity, 26, 147, 150; laws, 266
Olmstead v. United States, 55, 99, 148, 166–167
Onassis, Jackie. See Kennedy (Onassis), Jackie
Opinion surveys, 116–117, 162, 203–204, 211
Oprah Winfrey Show, 313–314
Organization Man, The (Whyte), 119, 135, 138–140
Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 109
Orwell, George, 108, 122, 227, 235, 244–245, 352, 361–362
Our Bodies, Ourselves (Boston Women’s Health Book Collective), 172
“Outing,” 301–303, 335, 366, 367; conflict over, 301–302
Out of the Closets (Humphreys), 296

Packard, Vance, 127–128, 226, 252
Panopticon, 224–225, 361. See also Surveillance
“Paper Prison, The,” 239–240
Parallax View, The, 224
Passports, 56, 62
Patient Bill of Rights, 174
Pat Loud: A Woman’s Story (Loud), 315–316, 318–319
“Peeping Tom,” 18, 204
Peeples, Edward H. Jr., 201–202
Peltzer, Dave, 335
Pentagon Papers, 247, 294
Personal analytics. See Quantified self
Personality testing. See Psychological testing
Personally identifiable information, 56, 351
Phantom Wires (Stringer), 29
Philippine-American War, 48
Photography: in advertisements, 33, 41–44; body cams, 367; copyright on, 33; daguerreotype, 30; detective camera, 30; halftone process, 32; “instantaneous,” 17, 29–34, 37, 291; Kodak and “Kodak fiends,” 30–31, 40; miniature cameras, 168; photoengraving, 26; and privacy suits, 41–44; restrictions on use, 30; roll film, 26; use in policing, 47, 53; and women, 30, 41–43
Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 149
Pinkertons, 75
Pittman, David, 207–208
Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, 147, 149–151, 153, 157
Plath, Sylvia: biographers, 332–333; memoir, 320, 325. See also Hughes, Ted
Poe v. Ullman, 147–150, 152
Policing, 19, 27–28, 44, 47–53, 81, 265; in a democratic society, 191–192; frisking, 19; of homosexuality, 156, 186, 191, 217–218
Postcards. See Mail
Pound, Roscoe, 35
Prisoners, 9, 368; and research, 197
Privacy: definitions, 10–11, 21; democratization of, 170–172, 174–180; and social class, 9–10, 22, 38–40, 44, 50–53, 62, 178
Privacy Act of 1974, 249, 257–261, 264, 270, 277, 362; extension to private sector, 261; implementation, 260; Privacy Protection Study Commission, 261; public use of, 259
Privacy and Freedom (Westin), 142, 168, 225
Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs), 365
Privacy Invaders, The (Brenton), 141
Privacy Journal, 230–231
Privacy legislation, 41–44, 362–363; international, 226, 249. See also Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA); Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA); Privacy Act of 1974
Privacy policies, 363; “opt out” provisions, 363
Privacy rights: colonial era, 19–20; constitutional, 7, 13, 143, 145–159; criticism of, 43, 181, 199; English law, 19; generally, 7, 157; of juveniles, 179; in the military, 172–173; in the nineteenth century, 20–24, 34–44; of patients, 173–174; of research subjects, 193, 202; and rights talk, 145, 185; right to publicity, 44, 330; suits over, 7, 13, 41–44; of those on public assistance, 174–178; of women, 23, 39
Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, 363
Privacy torts, 35, 37, 43–44, 145, 149, 204, 329–330
Private detectives, 47, 114, 116
Private Faces/Public Places (McCarthy), 269–270
Private home, 104, 109–113, 158, 176; in postwar Britain, 109; in postwar Germany, 109; in postwar United States, 109–122; significance for privacy discourse, 109–110, 278
Private property, 19–24, 30, 37–38, 42–43, 52, 108–113, 148, 265
Prohibition, 49
Project Camelot, 196
Propaganda, 122, 124, 129
Pryluck, Calvin, 283
Psychoanalysis, 102–103, 105–106, 108, 125–126; family therapy, 106, 155–156; group therapy and encounter groups, 313; misuses, 127, 331–332; popular Freudianism, 125, 131, 313
Psychological privacy, 102–103, 107, 112, 122, 135, 204, 359
Psychological testing, 107; bipartisan criticism of, 132–134; congressional hearings on, 140–141, 202; corporate personality tests, 134–141, 163, 199; and homosexuality, 137; and human relations, 135; as invasion of the home, 130, 133; objections to, 138–141; in schools, 129–134, 198, 252; test burning, 130–131; as violation, 139; wartime uses, 135–136. See also Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); Testing
Psychology: and advertising, 124–125; conservative critics of “mental health establishment,” 131–132; and expertise, 105–108, 112, 128, 138; military uses, 105; popular advice, 106; in public culture, 105–108, 120; in schools, 129
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 277–278, 280, 282
Public health, 44–46; and abortion, 149; and AIDS, 300; compulsory vaccination, 46; and contraception, 149; “disease surveillance,” 44–46
Public housing, 109, 112, 175, 186, 208; Pruitt-Igoe, 186, 208
Publicity, 24–25; right of, 44, 330; unwanted, 17, 24–25, 30–34, 37, 41–43; uses of, 24–25, 44
Public sex: “homosexual policing,” 156, 186, 191; risks, 190–191, 214; scholarship on, 297–298; sodomy laws, 191; “tearooms,” 186. See also Tearoom Trade (Humphreys)
Pulitzer, Joseph, 32
Puritans, 20
Pynchon, Thomas, 337

Quantified self, 358–359; and external monitoring, 358–359
Queer Nation, 300, 302
Queer studies, 297

Radio frequency identification, 354
Rainwater, Lee, 186–187, 206–210, 212
Ramsey, Paul, 173
Raphael, Sally Jessy, 321
Raymond, Alan, 280–281, 345–347
Raymond, Susan, 280–281, 345–347
Reagan, Ronald, 265, 300
Realist literature, 25
Real World, The (later Real World), 345, 347
Reasonable expectation of privacy. See Katz v. United States
Recommendation software, 355, 357
Records, Computers, and the Rights of Citizens, 244–245, 249
Record systems, 223, 225, 238–239, 241–246; federal, 257–260; the “record prison,” 225, 239, 242–243, 250, 261, 263, 264, 327, 333, 348
Red Scares, 49, 53, 104. See also Communism
Rehnquist, William H., 170
Reich, Charles, 175–176
Reproductive rights, 7, 12, 150, 156–160, 164–165, 196, 262, 368–369. See also Abortion; Contraception
Republican National Committee, 66–69, 71, 76, 90
Reputation, 22–25, 32–34, 37–40, 208, 330–331, 335, 339, 361, 365
Research ethics, 193–202; in the behavioral and social sciences, 215–217, 219; in biomedicine, 193; ethics codes, 196, 199, 200, 206, 207; in psychology, 194. See also Humphreys, Laud; Milgram, Stanley; Zimbardo, Philip
Restrooms: “bathroom bills,” 368; in postwar housing codes, 112; public sex in, 186–188, 190; surveillance of, 156, 191–192, 217, 219, 299, 302. See also Tearoom Trade (Humphreys)
Retina scanning, 359
Reynolds, Malvina, 120
Riesman, David, 120
Right to be forgotten, 361
Right to know, 266, 270–271, 273, 303; in research, 184, 206–211, 217
“Right to Privacy, The” (Warren and Brandeis), 34–44, 51–52, 53, 99, 161, 163, 165, 180, 307, 311, 330, 351
Right to record, 367
Roberson, Abigail, 42–43
Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Company, 42–43, 45
Roberts, Oral, 312
Roe v. Wade, 7, 146, 157, 159, 170, 298
Roiphe, Anne, 286, 294
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 144, 271
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 57, 67, 73, 79, 83, 96, 241
Rorschach test, 125–126
Rosenberg, Jerry, 232
Rosenheim, Margaret, 178–179
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 309
Rovere, Richard, 99–100
Ruebhausen, Oscar, 197–200
Rule, James, 244–247

Safer, Morley, 274–275
Sagarin, Edward, 213
Saint Augustine, 309
Salinger, J. D., 333–338, 340; biographies, 333, 337; private letters, 334; subject of memoirs, 334–335
Salinger, Margaret, 334–336
Sanger, Margaret, 150
Sargent, Francis, 248
Schlesinger, Arthur, 106
Schools, 129–134; records, 250–254
Scott, James C., 59
Search and seizure, 19, 21, 148–150, 152, 161, 167
Secrets, 14, 22, 29, 277–278; abortion, 323, 331; clandestine record-keeping systems, 226, 249; disclosure of, 307–308; family, 22, 118, 274, 278, 286; of human behavior, 213, 218, 283; in memoirs, 336; of neighbors, 114; “open,” 301; psychological, 127, 133, 135, 143; in public life, 266–268, 271, 275, 278; in relationships, 268; sexual, 186, 189–190, 296–297, 302; state, 100, 223, 224, 226, 248, 366; in therapy, 106
Seeger, Pete, 120
Selective Service Act, 60
Self-help manuals (on privacy), 231–232, 364
Separation Program Number (SPN), 239–240; blacklisting, 239
Sex scandals, 276, 303–306, 310
Sexton, Anne, 331–332; controversy over biography, 331
Sexton, Linda, 331–332
Sexual regulation, 156–157; of homosexuality, 156–157, 191, 217, 299, 302; of interracial relationships, 156; public morals, 147, 149, 157–158, 170, 191; sterilization laws, 165; and welfare recipients, 156; of women, 156
Sexual revolution, 147, 168
Shields, David, 340
Shils, Edward, 22, 116, 164, 183, 199
Shlien, John M., 183
Signorile, Michelangelo, 301–303
Simmel, Georg, 38
Sipple, Oliver, 297; invasion of privacy suit, 297
60 Minutes, 274–275, 278, 303
Skinner v. Oklahoma, 149
Slave narratives, 317
Slavery, 19–20, 61
Smith, Mrs. Sylvester, 176–177
Smith Act, 100
Snowden, Edward, 353
Social media, 14, 340–341, 348, 351; corporate power, 344; opting out, 344; privacy norms, 351; privacy settings, 341; sharing platforms, 341, 343–344; surveillance, 342, 344
Social research, 25, 183–184; and collective risks, 203, 209, 213, 216; and consent, 127, 130, 199–200, 202, 211; deception and “disguised observation” in, 183, 194–195, 200, 204–205, 210–211, 215–216, 218, 296; and intrusiveness, 183, 199, 202–204; and “involuntary self-knowledge,” 196; political uses of, 208–209; postwar expansion of, 184; in prisons, 197; and race, 208–209; and the right to know, 184, 206–211; subjects’ rights, 196–203; “unobtrusive measures,” 201. See also Research ethics
Social Science Research Council (SSRC), 222
Social Security Act, 57–59, 71; coverage, 63, 88; enrollment, 63–66, 73, 83–84; opponents, 66–68; protests, 84; tracking system, 63–64; and welfare rights, 175–178
Social Security Board [later, Social Security Administration], 64, 75, 77, 92; confidentiality practices, 71, 75, 78–82; public relations, 68–71, 80, 84; release of war-related information, 80–81
Social Security number (SSN), 58–59, 97, 134, 240; and African Americans, 71–73, 88, 91; cards, 69–70, 90, 92; debates over numbering, 64–71, 84–87; on dentures, 93; “dog tags,” 68–69, 77, 90; and economic rights, 87–89, 92; and employer coercion, 73–76; and fashion, 93–94; fears of regimentation, 64–71, 85–87; federal record keeping, 79; fraudulent application forms, 76; identity theft, 82; jewelry, 90, 94–95; and labor unions, 75, 77; memorization of, 89, 93; and missing persons, 78; novelty of, 87; personal data attached to, 66–67, 71–75, 240–241; in popular culture, 89–90; private sector use, 79; racial designation, 71–73, 88; and religious minorities, 73; semi-public nature of, 82–83, 84; and state coercion, 83–84, 87; tattoos, 94–97, 246; tokens, 90–94; as tracking mechanism, 77–82, 240; as universal identifier, 86; and women workers, 73–75, 93–94
Social survey movement, 25
Sociology: of deviance, 186–187, 206–208, 211, 213; and ethics, 219, 297; of homosexuality, 186, 296–297; military and intelligence links, 207; public reputation, 215, 217; and racism, 209; “underdog,” 192; at Washington University, 185, 206–207, 217
Solove, Daniel, 10
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 227
Sousveillance, 367
Soviet Union, 100, 103–105, 123, 129, 143, 145
Stanford Prison Experiment, 195
Starr, Kenneth, 304
Starr Report, 304–305
Stasi, 325
Steichen, Edward, 287
Stevens, John Paul, 262
Stewart, Potter, 153
Stonewall, 186, 294, 314
Stouffer, Samuel, 103–104
Strayed, Cheryl, 328
Stringer, Arthur, 29
Styron, William, 321
Subliminal advertising. See Advertising
Suburbia: bathrooms, 112; bedrooms, 111–112, 124; building codes, 112; and conformity, 120–121; and conspicuous consumption, 118; contrast to prewar housing, 110, 117–118; criticisms of, 118, 122; and “democratic living,” 111; design, 112–113, 117; and desire for privacy, 110–111, 113, 117, 119–120, 141; “family rooms,” 117; and mental health, 120–121; neighbors, 116, 119, 121; New Deal policies, 110; noise, 116–117; “open plan,” 117, 120; postwar growth, 110; property values, 113; segregation, 110; social scientific studies of, 119–121; windows, 112, 113, 118; and women, 117. See also Private home
Surveillance, 14–15; of African Americans, 9, 49, 367; “beacon,” 356; bureaucratic, 9, 56–64, 95, 97–98, 174–180, 221–222, 244; citizen, 48–49; commercial, 229, 264–265, 344; data, 225, 229, 247; disease, 44–45; electronic, 7, 356; of enemy aliens, 48–49; labor, 73, 75–77; “liquid,” 360; “panvasive,” 360; physical, 225; political, 48–49, 221, 228; psychological, 208, 225; self-defense against, 364; “soft,” 359, 362; state, 7, 13, 16, 44–52, 76–77, 100–101, 104–105, 221, 261–262, 353; theories of, 244–246, 360–362; video, 265
“Surveillance society,” 14, 22, 244, 248, 257, 308, 349, 354, 367; coining of, 263
Surveillance studies, 6, 360–362
Survivor, 345

Talk shows, 274, 287, 292, 308–310, 313–314, 316, 321, 323
Target corporation, 355
Tattoos, 86, 94. See also Social Security number (SSN)
Tearoom Trade (Humphreys), 186, 190–193; “breastplate of righteousness,” 189; confidentiality of research material, 210; controversy over, 192–193, 211–218; findings, 187, 189–190; reputation, 207, 297–298; research design, 186–189; sexual privacy in, 189–192; “watchqueen” role, 186–187, 192. See also Humphreys, Laud
Teenagers: private bedrooms, 111–112; social media use, 342–343
Telegraph, 17, 21, 25–29
Telephones, 17, 26–29, 55; as intrusion, 116–117; party lines, 28; and propriety, 28–29; rural use, 29; solicitations, 116; women’s use, 29. See also Mobile phones
Televangelism, 312
Television, 287–288, 293, 346; changing norms of programming, 280; impact on families, 124, 290; as intruder, 124, 290; and postwar suburbia, 290; spy shows, 113; to track shoppers, 99; Watergate hearings, 280
Terrorism, 15, 357
Testing, 102, 130, 133, 202; controversy over, 130; intelligence, 130; test burning, 130–131; and test takers’ Bill of Rights, 134. See also Psychological testing
Thematic Apperception Test, 126
Thomas, Clarence, 304–305
Three Days of the Condor, 224
Tillery, Dale, 133–134
Times of My Life (Ford), 319
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 145
Tixier, Pierre, 65
Total Information Awareness, 353
Totalitarianism, 103, 108–109, 164, 213
Transparency, 264, 266–268, 306, 351, 366–367; and health information, 272; in personal relationships, 268, 291, 295, 303; in public affairs, 268–273, 276; in speech, 268, 274–275; as surveillance, 266; in tax returns, 270; and vetting and of political candidates, 271
Transparent Self, The (Jourard), 120
Trespassing, 19
Tribe, Lawrence, 8
Trubek v. Ullman, 153
True Story Magazine, 311
Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 194
2001: A Space Odyssey, 234, 235
Typewriter, 26

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 144–145, 155; Article 12, 144
“Unknown Citizen” (Auden), 1, 4
U.S. Census, 44, 57, 63, 66, 71, 86, 97–98; demands for data, 46; expanded schedule, 46; objections to questions, 46–47, 205
USSR. See Soviet Union
U.S. Supreme Court, 23, 55, 145, 155, 159, 224, 305; Burger Court, 170; Rehnquist Court, 170; Warren Court, 145, 157–158, 166, 170–172, 176, 266

Veterans Administration, 65, 110
Vicary, James, 128
Video Privacy Protection Act, 362
Vietnam War, 221, 223, 239, 268, 275, 279
Vital Center, The (Schlesinger), 105
Vital statistics, 63
Voice spectrometry, 231, 359
Volstead Act. See Prohibition
Von Hoffman, Nicholas, 214–215
Voting Rights Act, 145

Waldman, Ayelet, 328
Walters, Barbara, 274
Warhol, Andy, 293
War on Poverty, 164, 178–179
War on Terror, 15
Warren, Earl, 152–154, 166, 170
Warren, Samuel, 34–40, 51–53, 360, 368
Warren Court. See U.S. Supreme Court
Washington, Booker T., 317
Washington University St. Louis, 185, 206–207
Watergate, 229, 231, 247–249, 264, 270, 275–276, 280
Wearable technology, 354, 356
Webcams, 279, 344–345
Web 2.0, 340
Weidenfeld, Sheila, 275
Welfare rights movement, 175–178
Wertham, Frederic, 124
Westin, Alan, 10, 168, 225, 229, 246–247
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 149
Whalen v. Roe, 262
Wheeler, Stanton, 243
White, Byron, 152, 153, 157
Whyte, William Foote, 186
Whyte, William H., 119, 135, 138–139, 186
Wiesel, Elie, 284
WikiLeaks, 366, 367
Williams, Montel, 321
Wilson, Sloan, 120
Wilson, Woodrow, 48–49, 100
Winfrey, Oprah, 313–314, 321
Winik, Marion, 277
Wire Tappers, The (Stringer), 29
Wiretapping, 18, 27–29, 47–48, 99, 100, 114–115, 166; and “conversational privacy,” 166–167
Wolff, Tobias, 335
Woman’s suffrage, 23
Women and Economics (Gilman), 23
World War I, 48–51, 53, 56, 62, 100; army intelligence testing, 130; personality testing, 135; registration, 60, 63–64, 93
World War II, 6, 57, 61, 80–81, 83, 93, 100, 109; draft, 85; testing during, 135

X-rays, 17

Zimbardo, Philip, 195, 219