The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
A&P Foodstores (retailers) 171
aboriginals, Australian 77
Abu Hureyra, Syria, archaeological site 56, 70
adzes (tool) 218
adzuki beans 211, 223
aggression and violence:
in humans 312–15, 317
in other species 316
Agouti Signalling Protein gene (ASIP) 35, 36
agrochemicals see fertilisers, synthetic; herbicides; pesticides
Alcinous (mythological figure) 271
Alexander the Great 222
Almaty, Kazakhstan 265, 269
almonds 211
Altai Mountains, Siberia 15, 27, 246, 269
altitude:
and centres of early domestication 302
high-altitude adaptation in humans 297–8
‘American interchange, great’ (faunal exchange) 232
Ameryk, Richard 124
antelope 75, 92–3, 244
Anthony, David 244, 256
Aphrodite (mythological figure) 271
apples (Malus domestica) 262–80
classification, history and spread of wild apples 264–71, 277–80
cultivation, propagation and domestication 266, 271–80, 307–8, 321
genetic make-up 271, 277–80, 329, 330
apple species and varieties 265–7, 276–7
Ambrosia 277
Braeburn 277
Cox’s Orange Pippin 276
Egremont Russet 276
Golden Delicious 277
Granny Smith 276
McIntosh 276
Malus baccata 267
Malus dasyphylla 265
Malus praecox 265
Malus pumila 277
Malus sieversii 265, 266–7, 277, 278, 279
Malus sylvestris 265, 266, 278, 279
‘Appleseed, Johnny’ 321
apricots 219, 270, 274
Aristotle 179
art 73–5, 237–8, 255, 259, 313
Arthur, Prince of Wales 125–6
artificial incubation 196
artificial insemination 107
‘artificial selection’, use of term 2–4, 302–4
Aşikli Höyük, Turkey, archaeological site 99
asses 75, 232–3, 236, 251, 252
Aston, Mick 84
Astrohippus (extinct early equid) 232
aubergines, genetically modified 186, 209, 210, 323
Aubrey, John 263
aurochsen 50, 83–4, 87–8, 99, 100, 108–110
hunting 83–4, 88–91, 108
Avalon (mythical island) 270, 275
Aviagen (chicken breeding company) 173–4
avian flu 183–4, 187
avian malaria 186–7
axes 78, 218, 247
Axomama (Incan goddess) 154
Aymara people 154
Aztecs 118, 130, 307
baguales (feral horses) 230, 231
Bakewell, Robert 106
Balic, Adam 176–8, 182
Baligang, China, archaeological site 221
Balkweg, Netherlands, archaeological site 89–90
Bardsey Island, Gwynedd, monastery 276
barking 30–32, 43
barley 55–6, 65, 75, 94, 176, 215, 269, 301
genetic make-up 66–7, 68
threshing and grinding 57–8
Bateson, William 51–2
Bauhin, Gaspard 160
bears 31, 79, 238, 267–8, 283
Bedul Bedouin 60
beer-brewing 76, 176, 217
bees 3, 145, 303, 320
Behcet’s disease 299
Belyaev, Dmitry, fox breeding experiment 28–30, 34–5, 312, 313–14, 321
Benedictine Reform 195
Beringia (prehistoric land bridge) 12, 19, 116, 142–3, 231, 232, 233, 292–3
Beyer, Peter 206
Bible 160, 270, 274, 320
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 186, 324
biofuels 182, 307
birth rates (of humans) 306
bison and buffalo 234, 238, 244, 326
Black Death 113
Bluefish Caves, Canada, archaeological site 233
boar, wild 90, 217, 240, 268, 330
Board, Ernest, The Departure of John and Sebastian Cabot 123, 126
Bock, Jerome 119
bonobos 312–13, 316–17
Book of Poetry, The (Chinese) 222
Botai, Kazakhstan, archaeological site 244–5
horse remains 245–6, 250
Bouldnor Cliff, Isle of Wight, archaeological site 48–51, 80–81
Boxgrove, Sussex, archaeological site 233, 237
Boyer, Herbert 202
brain size 143, 149, 285–6
bread-making 57–8, 70, 75, 81
brewing 76, 176, 217
Bristol 123, 124–5, 126
Bristol Zoo, wolf pack 26–7, 30–31
broad beans 55
broomcorn see sorghum
brow ridges:
of humans 285, 314
of Neanderthals 281, 282
Brown, Dan, The Da Vinci Code 174
BSE (mad cow disease) 202–3, 204, 210
Bt Brinjal (genetically modified aubergine) 186, 209, 210, 323
buffalo and bison 234, 238, 244, 326
bull-fighting 104
burial rituals 78, 246–7, 248, 308–9
Bushmen (San people) 92, 293, 304
Busk, George 282–3
Butler, Samuel 170
Byzantine Empire 276
Cabot, John 123–6, 128, 307
Cabot, Sebastian 123, 126, 128
calcium 93, 294
calculus, dental, analysis of 94–5
camels 234
Candolle, Alphonse de 52
Cann, Rebecca 286
cannabis 219
carbon dating 70, 148
carbon dioxide, atmospheric levels of 71, 76, 301, 318, 319
caribou 234
Carmelites 159–60
carrots 55, 160
Cartier, Jacques 128
cartography 114
carvings, stone 73–5, 309
Catalhöyük, Turkey, archaeological site 305–6, 317
Catherine of Aragon 125–6
Catherine the Great, Russian Empress 162
cattle (Bos taurus) 82–110, 202–3, 240, 327
dating and locations of early domestication 91, 95, 99–101, 102, 220, 244, 268, 303, 309, 330–31
genetic make-up 100, 101, 105, 109–110
interbreeding, hybridisation and selection 100–102, 104–8, 109–110
size 83, 102–4, 105, 309
see also milk production
cattle species and varieties 100, 105, 106
Ayrshire 106
banteng 102
Criollo 106
Dexter 109–110
Girolando 106
Highland 109–110
Holstein-Friesian 107
longhorn 106
Sanga 101
shorthorn 106
Welsh Black 109–110
zebu 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 331
see also aurochsen
cavalries 248, 259, 309
Cave of the Three Windows, Peru, archaeological site 152
cave paintings 237–8, 255, 259, 313
Cayonu, Turkey 73, 77
Cerro Guido ranch, Chile 227–30
Ceylon junglefowl 189
Chapman, John (‘Johnny Appleseed’) 321
Charles, Prince of Wales 203
cheese-making 97–8, 217, 310–311
Chernobyl nuclear power plant 240
cherries 274
chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) 170–96, 240, 308
genetic make-up 176, 179–80, 188–9, 190–91, 192–3, 194–5, 196
origins and domestication 187–94, 303, 308
selective breeding and genetic modification 170–87, 194–6, 323, 324, 330
chicken breeds 193
Arbor Acre 173
Booted Bantam 193
Breda Fowl 193
Lakenvelder 193
Leghorn 173, 196
Red Cornish 173
Silkie 196
Chicken-of-Tomorrow competition 171–3, 194, 308
chickpeas 55, 117, 223, 301
Chicomecoatl (Aztec goddess) 130
child development 315
Childe, Gordon 64, 65
chilli 116–17
chimpanzees 143, 148, 312–13, 316
chuño (freeze-dried potatoes) 154–5
cider apples and cider-making 275, 278–9, 307–8
cinnamon 113, 223
Cinteotl (Aztec god) 130
Cistercians 276
citrus fruits 211, 274
climate change 103, 187, 215–16, 236, 244, 267, 301, 302, 318–19
see also Ice Age, ending of; Younger Dryas
clones and cloning (asexual reproduction) 163, 164, 167, 272–3, 280
Clovis culture 142, 234
co-evolution 303, 305–312, 330
Coast (television series) 84
Cobb-Vantress (chicken breeding company) 173–4
cockfighting 194, 308
cocoa 319
coffee 117, 319
Cohen, Stanley 202
Colling, Robert and Charles 106
Columbian Exchange 116–17, 167, 223, 224
Columbus, Christopher 105–6, 113–16, 118, 121, 123, 307
communication:
animal–human 31, 260–61
human language development 247, 250, 308, 313
cooking, development of 89–90, 94, 149, 217, 222, 223
see also bread-making
copper 247, 248, 249
coriander 55
corn syrup, high-fructose 307
Cornille, Amandine 277–8, 279
cortisol (hormone) 34
cotton, genetically modified 201, 207, 208, 209
cowpeas 224
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 203
CRISPR (genetic-engineering technique) 181–2, 183, 184
Crittenden, Alyssa 144–6
Cro-Magnons 285–6
crop-rotation 161
cucumbers 211
Cueva Tres Ventanas, Peru, archaeological site 152
dairy farming 95–7, 103, 107, 310–311
dairy products see cheese-making; milk production and consumption
Darwin, Charles 2–4, 36, 52, 168–9, 235–6, 276, 282, 303–4, 321, 330
on cattle 100
on chickens 188
on dogs 32
on maize 133–5
on potatoes 150–51
see also natural selection, theory of
Darwin, Sir Francis 52
date palms 272
Daytona Beach, Florida 84
deforestation 325–6
Denisovan hominins 290, 298, 299
dental analysis and research 93–5, 143–4, 147, 235–6, 245–6
Diamond, Jared 95, 302
Dias, Bartolomeu 113, 115
digging sticks 141, 143, 146, 147, 150
dingoes 17, 39, 41
Dinohippus (extinct early equid) 232
dinosaurs 117, 188, 229
Dioscorides, Pedanius 119
Dja’de-el-Mughara, Iraq, archaeological site 99
DNA research 5, 50–51
of apples 277–80, 329
of cattle 100, 101, 105, 109–110
of chickens 176, 179–80, 188–9, 190–91, 192–3, 194–5, 196
of dogs 13–14, 17, 18–24, 35, 38–9
of horses 232, 235, 251–3, 256–9
of humans 191, 286, 287–91, 297–9
of maize 126–30
of potatoes 156, 157–8
of rice 211–12, 219–21
of wheat and barley 65, 66–9
see also genetic modification
dogs (Canis familiaris) 8–46, 149, 240, 260
dating and locations of early domestication 12–24, 303, 308, 331
genetic make-up 12, 13–14, 17, 18–24, 35, 38–9
selective breeding, hybridisation and mutational variations 28–46, 303, 312, 321
dog breeds 17, 32, 38–46
basenji 17, 41
bassett hound 42
Border terrier 30
Chinese crested dog 42
Chinese Shar-Pei 19
cocker spaniel 42
corgi 42
Czech wolfdog 43–4
dachshund 42
Dalmatian 42
dingo 17, 39, 41
Finnish spitz 19
German shepherd 43, 44
Greenland sledge dog 19, 39
Irish wolfhound 41–2
Labrador 42
Mexican hairless dog 42
New Guinea singing dog 40
pug 41
Saarloos 22, 43–4
saluki 39
Siberian husky 19, 39, 44
springer spaniel 30
Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic, archaeological site 275
‘domestication syndrome’ in humans 312–17
donkeys 232, 252, 256
Drake, Sir Francis 160
Drummond, William Henry, ‘Strathcona’s Horse’ 227
Dryas octopetala (mountain-avens) 71–2
ducks 117, 308
Dzungaria, China 254, 264
Easter Islanders 94, 191
Eden, Garden of, forbidden fruit 270
egg production 170, 171, 195–6
Egyptians, Ancient 76, 196, 222
elk and moose 78, 240
Eohippus (extinct early equid) 231
EPAS1 (gene) 297–8
Eratosthenes 114
Eriksson, Leif 121
Etruscans 105
European grey wolves see wolves
Evershed, Richard 96, 98, 310
evolutionary biology, developments in 2–4, 32–4, 51–2, 296–8
exploration, maritime 113–18, 122–6, 128–9, 158–9, 235
Fabre, Jean-Henri Casimir 47
Falconer, Hugh 282, 283
famines 162, 165–6, 329
fasting 195
feasting rituals 74, 75–6, 128, 224
Feldhofer Grotte, Germany, Neanderthal remains 281–3, 284
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain 113, 116, 123, 124, 126
Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe 114
Fertile Crescent 55–6, 60, 64, 66–9, 76, 77, 154, 215, 223, 301, 302
fertilisers, synthetic 201–2, 319
figs 55, 271, 272
First World War 309
fishing and fish consumption 80, 95, 125, 213
flax 55, 301
flint tools see stone tools
food security 108, 163, 319–31
Forbes Quarry, Gibraltar, Neanderthal skull 281–3, 284
forbidden fruit (mythology) 270
Formby Beach, Merseyside 84–8
Forsline, Philip 266, 280
foxes, selective breeding experiment 28–30, 33–5, 312, 313–14, 321
foxtail millet 211, 213, 301
Fraley, Robert 204
François I, King of France 128
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 162
freezing (preservation method) 154
French fries, invention of 159
Friends of the Earth (environmental organisation) 184, 322
Fuchs, Leonhart 119, 120, 128
Game of Thrones (television series) 43
Garrod, Dorothy 56
Gates Foundation 186, 324
gauchos (horsemen) 228–30
genetic drift 296
genetic modification (GM) 7, 168–9, 174–87, 199–210, 320–24, 329
of aubergines 186, 209, 210, 323
of chickens 174–5, 177–84, 186–7, 196, 324
of cotton 201, 207, 208, 209
of maize 201, 206, 207, 208, 209
of potatoes 168, 169
of rice 176, 185–6, 199–201, 206–7, 209, 210, 225, 323
of soybeans 184, 202, 203–4, 206, 208, 209, 210, 324
Genghis Khan 112
Gerard, John 121, 122, 126, 160
Gibraltar, Forbes Quarry Neanderthal skull 281–3, 284
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 122–3, 126
Gilgal, Jordan Valley 56
global warming see climate change
Glover, Dominic 201
glyphosphate (herbicide) 202
GM see genetic modification
goats:
domestication 95, 96, 97, 99–100, 195, 220, 303, 327
milk production 97, 310
Göbekli Tepe, Turkey, archaeological site 72–6, 77
gomphotheres (extinct animals) 141
gorillas 143
gourds 213
Goyet Cave, Belgium, archaeological site 14
dog skull 14–15, 16, 17–18, 20
grafting (propagation technique) 272–4, 320–21
Graham, George Augustus 41
grapevines 55, 272, 273, 274, 278
grazing, livestock 326–7
Great American Seaway, closure of 232
Greeks, Ancient 114, 119, 192, 194, 250, 270–71, 274
Green Revolution 201, 319, 328
Greenhill, Zoe 26
Greenlandic Vikings 95
Greenpeace (environmental organisation) 200, 203–5
grey junglefowl 189, 330
grey wolves, European see wolves
grinding stones and mortars 56, 57, 214, 218, 301, 302
groundnuts 176
Gummer, John, Baron Deben 203
Hadrian’s Wall 309
Hadza people 144–7, 304
Hallan Çemi, Turkey 75
Haughey’s Fort, Ireland, archaeological site 274
Hawks, John 291
Heaney, Seamus, ‘Digging’ 139
Henry VII, King 124, 125
Henry VIII, King 126
herbals 119–21, 127–8, 160
herbicides 202
herbicide-resistance 201, 202, 204, 206
Hercynian Forest, Germany 90–91
Herodotus 105
Herring, Ronald 210
high-altitude adaptation (in humans) 297–8
high-fructose corn syrup 307
Hipparion (extinct early equid) 232
Hippidion (extinct horse genus) 232, 233, 234
Hippocratic Treatise 274
HLA genes 299
Homer, Odyssey 271
Homo antecessor 287
Homo erectus 287
Homo heidelbergensis 237, 287
Homo neanderthalensis see Neanderthals
Homo sapiens see humans
honey 145, 147
honeybees 3, 145, 303, 320
honeycreeper (bird) 186–7
horses (Equus caballus) 227–61, 269–70
classification and history of wild horses 231–41
domestication 241–50, 254–61, 268, 303, 308–9
genetic make-up 251–3, 255–60
hybridisation and breeding 251–3, 254, 258–60, 330
see also horse-riding; mare’s milk
horse species and breeds 250–55
Appaloosa 259
Caballo de Carro 258
Camargue 255
Criollo 258
Equus ferus (Tarpan) 240, 253, 255
Exmoor pony 255
Knabstrupper 259
Lusitano 248
Marismeño 258
Noriker 259
Paso Fino 258
Pottok pony 255
Przewalski’s horse 240, 252–5, 264
Yakutian 259
horse-riding 227–30, 240–43, 244, 245–8, 249, 292, 307
Hudson, Henry 126
Huguenots 161
Huldschinsky, Kurt 294
humans (Homo sapiens):
genetic make-up 286, 287–91, 297–9
interbreeding with other Homo species 283–4, 287–8, 289–91, 298–300
migrations of early humans 237, 286, 289, 291–3, 302, 305
origins and evolution 284–300, 305–317
population growth 6–7, 161, 305, 306, 313, 317, 318–19
human expressions, animals’ ability to interpret 260–61
Humboldt, Alexander 150
Huxi, China, archaeological site 214
Huxley, Sir Julian, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis 32–3
Huxley, Thomas Henry 33
Huzuq Musa, Jordan Valley, archaeological site 57
hyacinth beans 224
hyenas 31, 283
Ice Age (last glacial maximum) 13, 37, 142–3, 215, 233, 287
ending of 12, 37, 71, 72, 76, 79, 215, 233, 238, 239–40, 268, 301
Ice Age humans 12, 14, 71, 217, 268, 291, 292, 313
and cattle 83–4
and dogs 12, 13, 14, 17–18, 25, 31, 37, 308
and horses 233–4, 237–8
Inca Empire 118, 154–5, 162, 307
Industrial Revolution 162, 207, 294, 297, 318
intensification of agriculture 306, 318, 319, 326, 328
Inuits 293
Irish Potato Famine 165–6, 225, 329
Iroquois people 128
irradiation see radiation breeding
irrigation 201, 221, 222
ivory:
carving 313
trade 95
Jaktorów game preserve, Poland 108
James I, King 122
Jamestown, Virginia 122
Janzen, Henry 327
Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, human fossils 286
Jerf el Ahmar, Syria 73
Jericho, Jordan Valley 66
jewellery 247, 248
Jola people 224
Jomon culture 216, 218
Jones, Steve 314
Julius Caesar, Gallic Wars 90–91, 104, 194
junglefowl 188–9, 195–6, 240, 330
Juniper, Barrie 264, 289
Juniper, Tony 322–3
jute 213
Kalahari Bushmen 92, 293, 304
Kalamaili Nature Reserve, China 254
Karacadag Mountains, Turkey 65, 68, 289
Kenyon, Dame Kathleen 66
King, William 282–3
Kiowa tribe 92–3
Kipling, Rudyard, ‘The Cat That Walked By Himself’ 1, 8
kumis (fermented dairy product) 311
lactose tolerance 310–311
Lahuradeva, India, archaeological site 218
land speed record 84–5
language, development of 247, 250, 308, 313
L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, archaeological site 106, 121
Lascaux cave, France, paintings 237, 259
Leakey, Richard 285, 286
lentils 55, 223, 301
Leppe, Marcelo 229
Li Shen, ‘Pity the Peasants’ 197
Liao Jongpu 198, 213, 214, 226
lima beans 224
linseed 55
llamas 141
domestication 152
lobsters 48
Longsheng, China, rice fields 104, 197–8, 213–14, 215
lotuses 213
Louis XIV, King of France 161
Lysenko, Trofim 55
Macedonian Empire 222
McGee, Nancy 172
McGrew, Mike 176, 180, 186–7, 205, 324
mad cow disease (BSE) 202–3, 204, 210
Madsudpur, India, archaeological sites 219
Mahagara, India, archaeological site 219
maize (Zea mays mays) 111–38, 307
dating and locations of early domestication 129–33, 216, 302, 307
genetic make-up 126–30, 278
hybridisation, selection and genetic modifications 129, 134–8, 201, 206, 207, 208, 209
introduction to Europe 113–30, 162
maize species and varieties 120–21, 127–30, 133–8
Northern Flint 120–21, 127–8, 132
Southern Dent 129
see also teosintes
malnutrition 198–9, 210, 325
see also famines
mammoths 14, 18, 38, 238, 239, 308
mangoes 199, 211
Mapuche people 150
mare’s milk, consumption of 246, 310–311
Mari, Syria, archaeological site 273
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 161
maritime exploration 113–18, 122–6, 128–9, 158–9, 235
Martir de Angleria, Pedro 118–19
mastodons 141, 236–7, 239
Matthiolus (herbalist) 120
Max Planck Institute, Leipzig 287
Mayer, August 282
Mayer, Jorge E. 200–201
Mayflower (ship) 122
melanin (pigment):
in dogs 35
in humans 295
Melchett, Peter Mond, 4th Baron 204, 210
Mellanby, Sir Edward 294
melons 211, 271
Mendel, Gregor 32, 51–2
Merychippus (extinct early equid) 232
methane, atmospheric levels of 318, 319
Metzger, Johann 134, 135, 136
mice 25, 35, 313
milk production and consumption 91–8, 103, 107, 246, 309–312
millet 115, 211, 213, 215, 218, 220, 223, 224, 269, 301, 302
Minoan civilisation 192, 309
minotaur (mythological creature) 104, 309
Mithraism 309
monasticism 159–60, 195, 276
Monbiot, George 326
Mongke Khan 112
Mongol Empire 112–13, 249
monocultures 165, 167, 201, 319, 325–6
Monsanto (biotechnology multinational) 184, 201–2, 203–6, 210
monsoons 302
Monte Verde, Chile, archaeological site 140–43, 150, 151, 292
moose and elk 78, 240
morality, and natural selection 316, 317
mortars and grinding stones 56, 57, 214, 218, 301, 302
mouflon (wild sheep) 100
mountain-avens (plant) 71–2
Muscovy ducks 117
musk oxen 38, 234
mutagenic plants 175–6
Myceneans 192, 250
mythology 73–4, 104, 130, 270–71, 308
Native Americans 117–18, 122, 293
hunting and food production 92–3, 126, 128, 224
trading 77
Natufian culture 56–8, 70, 140, 301
natural selection, theory of 2–4, 32–4, 36, 52, 302–3, 316, 317, 321–2
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis):
diet 94
extinction 37, 287
first identified 281–3
interbreeding with modern humans 283–4, 287–8, 289–90, 298–300, 313
Neolithic Revolution 1, 6, 24, 55, 58, 64, 65–6, 192, 300–307, 317–18
neoteny 315
NERICA (New Rice for Africa project) 225–6
Neruda, Pablo, ‘Ode to Maize’ 111
Nevali Cori, Turkey 73
Newgrange, Ireland, archaeological site 22
dog remains 22–3
Norsemen see Vikings
nut sedge, purple 94
nutmeg 113, 223
oats 53, 54, 56, 176, 215, 301
Older Dryas (climatic event) 72
olives 271, 272, 278
Omo-Kibish, Ethiopia, human skull 285–6
organic farming 6, 328
‘Out of Africa’ theory 284–6, 288–9
Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de 102
Owen, Sir Richard 236
Paarlberg, Robert 210
Pacific Island migrations 189–92
paddy fields 104, 197–8, 213–14, 215, 221–2
paganism 263
Pakefield, Suffolk, archaeological site 233
‘palaeo’ diets 312
palm-oil 325–6
Panama, Isthmus of, creation 232
Pangaea (supercontinent) 116
papaya 199, 208
Paris (mythological figure) 271
Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin 161–2
pea plants 51–2, 55, 223, 301
peaches 219, 274
pearl millet 220, 224, 302
pears 271, 272
Pech Merle cave, France, paintings 237–8, 259
Penn, William 160
Persian Empire 222, 274
pesticides 169, 201–2, 319
phenotypic plasticity 135–8
Phoenicians 192
photosynthesis 66–7, 148
pigeon peas 224
pigs 160, 330
domestication 102, 195, 331
see also boar, wild
pineapples 116–17
Piño, Mario 140, 141
Piperno, Dolores 136
pleiotropy, genetic 36–7
Pliny 119, 120
Pliohippus (extinct early equid) 232
ploughing 104, 107, 198, 309
plums 272
Pocahontas 122
Poets, Ana 67
Poliakov, I.S. 253
Pollan, Michael 167, 304
pollination 3, 271, 275, 278, 320
polyploid organisms 62–3
pomegranates 270, 271, 272
potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) 139–69
dating and locations of early domestication 152–5
genetic make-up 152, 156, 157–8, 163–4
hybridisation, selection and genetic modifications 152–4, 156–8, 162–3, 167–9
introduction to Europe 155–63
propagation and farming 163–9
potato species and varieties 150–53, 155–6, 162–3, 167–9
Eldorado 163
Lumper 165–6, 225
New Leaf 168, 169
Potato Famine, Irish 165–6, 225, 329
Potosi, Bolivia 155, 162
Potrykus, Ingo 206
pottery 23, 75, 80–81, 96–8, 190, 194, 214, 216–18, 246
Předmostí, Czech Republic, archaeological site 38
Przewalksi, Nikolai 253
pumpkins 117
Puritan settlers 122
purple nut sedge 94
quagga (extinct zebra) 251
radiation breeding 175–6, 207, 322
radiocarbon dating 70, 148
Raleigh, Sir Walter 121, 122, 160
Razboinichya Cave, Siberia, archaeoligical site 15
dog skull 15–16, 17–18, 20
red deer 88, 244
red junglefowl 188–9, 195–6, 240, 330
reindeer 38
herding 101
hunting 9, 92, 234
religion 74–5, 104, 130, 154, 161, 195, 309
see also Bible; mythology; paganism
rhinoceros 18, 231
rhubarb 264
rice (Oryza sativa) 197–226
dating and locations of early cultivation and domestication 210–24, 301
genetic make-up 211–12, 219–21
hybridisation, mutations and genetic modification 176, 185–6, 199–201, 206–7, 212, 219–21, 225–6, 323
rice species and varieties 198, 206, 210–213, 219–21
Golden Rice 185–6, 199–201, 206–7, 209, 210, 225, 323
Oryza barthii 220
Oryza glaberrima 210, 220, 224, 225
Oryza rufipogon 211
Oryza sativa indica 206, 211–12, 219, 221, 222, 288
Oryza sativa japonica 206, 211–12, 219, 221, 222, 288
rickets 294, 295, 297
Roberts, Gordon 85–8
Rockefeller, Nelson 173
rocket (plant) 55
Roman Empire 77, 90–91, 104, 193–4, 274, 275, 276, 311
Rosa rugosa (rose species) 272
Roslin Institute, Edinburgh 169, 174–87, 323, 324
Roundup (herbicide) 202
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 316
Ruddock, Alwyn 125
Ruel, Jean 320–21
rutabaga 162
Rutherford, Adam 291
rye 54, 56, 70, 215, 301
saffron 223
Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de 134
Saint-Romain-en-Gal, France, archaeological site 274
Sang, Helen 176, 182–6
Schaafhausen, Hermann 282
Scheiderman, Howard 201
Scheria (mythical island) 271
Schmidt, Klaus 72–6
Scythians 258
seal hunting 95
seaweed 141
Second World War 162, 171
sedges 60, 94, 148
Segrave, Sir Henry 84–5
Self, Will, The Book of Dave 175
serotonin (neurotransmitter) 34
Seven Years’ War 161
Seville, Spain, Hospital de la Sangre 159–60
Sforza, Ascanio 118–19
Shangshan, China, archaeological site 214, 217–18
Shapiro, Robert B. 203–4, 205
sheep 117, 244, 310
domestication 80, 95, 96, 97, 99–100, 220, 303
grazing 327
herding 247
sickles (tools) 57, 59–60, 301
Sievers, Johann 264–5
Silberbauer, George 92
Silk Road 113, 129, 261, 269, 278, 299
silver foxes, selective breeding experiment 28–30, 33–5, 312, 313–14, 321
silver-mining 155, 162
Sima Qian 222
Sinohippus (extinct early equid) 232
skin colour 295–7, 316
skull shape:
of dogs and wolves 14–18, 20
of humans 285, 314
of Neanderthals 281–2
slavery 155, 224
smallpox 117
Smith, John (explorer) 122, 126
sorghum (broomcorn) 115, 128, 220, 224, 301, 302
Southport Beach, Merseyside 84
soybeans 223, 301
genetically modified 184, 202, 203–4, 206, 208, 209, 210, 324
spice trade 113, 223
Star Carr, Yorkshire, archaeological site 80, 89, 142, 291
starch, digestion of 22, 38, 149
stone carvings 73–5, 309
stone tools 48–9, 57, 59–60, 77–8, 89, 132, 140, 142, 149, 218, 219, 234, 268, 301
Stoneking, Mark 286
string beans 224
Stringer, Chris 284–6
sugar, in human diets 94, 147, 223, 307, 319
sugar cane 117, 302
Sumerian civilisation 247, 273, 307
superstitions, about potatoes 160–61
Svaerdborg, Denmark, archaeological site 38
sweet potatoes 94, 159
Syngenta (biotechnology company) 206
syphilis 117
Tacitus 274
tail-wagging 30, 31, 32, 34, 46
Taimyr Peninsula, Russia, archaeological site 18
wolf rib 18–19, 20
tapirs 231
tappuah (forbidden fruit) 270
taro 213
Tasmania 276, 313
Taurus Mountains, Turkey 66
taxonomy 5, 45, 53, 251
tea 211
teeth:
dental analysis and research 93–5, 143–4, 147, 235–6, 245–6
tooth decay in humans 94, 307
Tell Qaramel, Syria 73, 77
teosintes (wild grain plants) 130–33, 134, 136–8, 278, 302
testosterone production 314
Thomas, Lowell 171
Thoreau, Henry David 271
Tian Shan Mountains, Central Asia 264–9, 277, 330
Tibetan wolves 22
tobacco 117
tomatoes 117
tools see digging sticks; sickles; stone tools
Toscanelli, Paolo 113, 114
trade networks:
prehistoric 68–9, 77–8, 80, 219, 275
Classical antiquity 77, 105, 192, 274
Middle Ages 105, 112–13
Vikings 95
Mongol Empire 112–13
15th–16th centuries 113, 116–17
see also Silk Road
turkeys 117, 120
turnips 160, 162
Ur, Mesopotamia, archaeological site 275
urbanisation 118, 162, 195, 294, 317
Valdivia, Chile 276
Vancouver, George 126
Vantress, Charles and Kenneth 172, 173
Varro, Marcus Terentius 311
Vavilov, Nikolai 5, 51–5, 62, 64, 65, 69, 265–6, 281, 302, 330
Vedbæk, Denmark, Mesolithic cemetery 78
vegetarianism 173, 326
Verrazano, Giovanni 128
Vespucci, Amerigo 124
vetches 55, 223, 301
Vikings 95, 106, 121–2, 194
vines see grapevines
violence and aggression:
in humans 312–15, 317
in other species 316
viral vectors, use of 177, 181, 184
vitamin A deficiency 186, 198–9, 210
vitamin D 294–7
deficiency 294, 295, 296, 297
and skin colour hypothesis 295–7
wagons and chariots 248–9, 258–9, 309
Walker, Will 26–7, 30, 43
Wally’s Beach, Canada, archaeological site 233–4, 245
wars and warfare 312
horses and 248, 259, 309
potatoes and 161, 162
wassailing 262–4
water chestnuts 213
weedkillers see herbicides
wet-field rice farming see paddy fields
wheat (Triticum) 47–81
dating and locations of early cultivation 53–60, 64–81, 215, 216, 223, 269, 289, 301
genetic make-up 51, 62–3, 65, 67–8, 69
selection, hybridisation and mutations 58–64, 65–6, 69
wheat species and varieties 53–4
common/bread 53, 62–3, 75
durum 62
einkorn 51, 53–4, 55–6, 59, 62, 65–6, 68, 70, 75, 77, 80–81, 132, 223, 289, 301
emmer 53–4, 55–6, 59, 62–3, 65, 67, 80, 223, 289, 301
wheeled vehicles, development of 248–9, 309
wildernesses, protection of 325–30
Wilson, Allan 286
Windhaus, Adolf 294
wolves:
behaviour and diet 10–11, 27–8, 29–31, 38, 45
and genetic make-up of domestic dogs 12, 13–14, 17, 18–24, 36–7, 46
human contact with 10–12, 25–8, 29–32, 37, 45, 239–40, 308, 317
wolf-dog hybrids 22, 43–4
Xianrendong Cave, China, archaeological site 217–18
Xihuatoxtla Shelter, Mexico, archaeological site 132–3, 136
yaks 101
Yamnaya people 23, 248–50, 269, 292
yams 213, 220
Younger Dryas (climatic event) 71–2, 76, 79, 215–16, 238, 301–2
Zagros Mountains, Iran 66, 67
zebras 232–3, 236, 251, 252, 317