agricultural production, 79, 82, 140, 154–55; decreases in, 9, 147, 171n31; increases in, 10, 24, 139, 146
anticorruption campaigns, 133, 152, 163
antitraitor campaigns, 106, 108
Beibei, 23
Beifengzheng, 83
Beijing, 18, 24, 37–38, 46, 66, 70, 148, 167
Bo Yibo, 115, 173n50, 174n97, 187n79
cadre rectification (zhengdang) campaigns, 15, 88
Cai Jin, 32
capitalism, 76
Central China Bureau, 36, 54, 56, 83, 84–85, 108, 152, 167
Chai Zemin, 118
Chang, Eileen. See Zhang Ailing
Changsha, 24
Changshou County, 41
Chen Tiqiang, 37–38; on Confucian philosophy, 43; on revolutionary practice, 44
Chen Xianfan, 141
Chen Xiangji, 23
Chen Yi, 108
Chengdu, 22
Chiang Kai-shek, 7, 14, 15, 18, 33, 34, 65, 139, 159, 171n31; fifth encirclement campaign, 9; Northern Expedition of, 3, 6; and Shanghai Massacre, 6
China’s war with Japan, 9, 54, 60, 160, 164, 171n36, 172n45, 177n26; Chinese collaborators, 11, 13, 33, 52, 56, 103, 106, 107, 180n15; vs. Civil War, 10; Manchukuo, 84
China Youth, 28, 38, 44–46, 178n56, 179n77
Chinese Communist Party: agrarian reform and legitimacy of, 164–65, 166; base areas, 6–7, 9–10, 11, 12–14, 15–16, 18, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 52, 53, 55, 83, 84, 86–87, 110, 111, 112, 115, 141, 147, 156, 171n35, 172n42, 178nn43,45; Central China Bureau, 36, 54, 56, 83, 84–85, 108, 152, 167; December 1926 meeting in Wuhan, 3; East China Bureau, 57, 84, 86, 89, 117, 182n66; Eighth Route Army, 56; February Seventh Land Law (1930), 7, 171n25; Jin-ChaJi Bureau, 108, 186n59; Jin-Sui Bureau, 112; Long March, 9; May Fourth Directive, 11, 15, 33, 35, 36, 54, 74, 82, 84, 85, 104, 107, 134, 167, 172n40, 173n51, 186n63; North China Bureau, 88, 115–16, 167; Northeast Bureau, 57, 84, 109, 115; Northwest Bureau, 126, 127; Outline Land Law, 15–16, 18, 19, 57, 86–87, 88, 112, 147, 152, 167, 197n90; People’s Daily, 54; People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 14, 22, 33, 35, 52, 54, 66, 86, 180n27, 198n123; policies regarding women, 62–64, 140–43; Red Army, 6–7, 8; relations between Mao and other party leaders, 1–2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 17, 19, 87, 114, 126, 127, 157, 166; relations with Comintern, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 19; relations with Nationalists, 2–3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 65, 81–82, 170nn18,19, 171nn31,35,36; South Central China Bureau, 117, 174n97. See also Civil War; Cultural Revolution; Mao Zedong; work teams
Chongqing, 23, 41, 89–90, 93–94, 119, 124–25, 150
Civil War, 33, 34, 37, 64, 89, 107, 127, 135, 139; land reform during, 10–18, 19, 22, 24, 37, 38, 52–53, 55, 98–99, 109, 111, 112, 121, 125, 147, 152, 155, 167; Nationalist reprisals during, 16, 18, 22, 27, 55, 63, 93, 109, 131, 147, 155, 175n105
class division, 86–87, 88, 89–90, 98–99, 154, 160; and landlords, 72, 74, 82, 87, 91–93; and local cadres, 87, 187n74; and work teams, 72, 74–76, 81, 82–83, 86–87, 90, 92, 160
class stance, 34, 42–43, 44, 143
class struggle, 6, 14, 20, 30, 56, 97, 99, 120–21, 152; and intellectuals, 34, 40–41, 42, 127–29, 143–45; Mao on, 3, 4–5, 7–8, 9, 10–12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 66, 76, 81, 104–5, 106, 126, 127, 129, 134, 157, 160–61, 162, 164, 165, 170n18; mass struggle meetings, 23, 52, 63, 105, 107, 111, 116, 119, 120, 124, 129, 145, 163, 175n110, 180n18; public struggling of landlords, 4–5, 12, 13, 18, 19, 22–23, 24, 53–54, 59–60, 62, 69, 74, 84, 94, 98, 101–5, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 141, 142, 161, 163, 172n46, 189n15, 190nn16,17,23; role in liberation (fanshen), 20, 24, 98, 105–6, 120–21, 128, 129, 134, 160, 161; role of speaking bitterness in, 11, 13, 42, 46, 48–49, 53–54, 57, 59–60, 61–63, 66–67, 68, 69, 71, 101–2, 142, 160, 180n26
collectivization, 156–57, 164, 171n31
Communist Manifesto (1908 translation), 104
Crook, David and Isabel, 34–35, 57, 62
Cultural Revolution, 51–52, 163–64, 166, 182n62
Deng Xiaoping: on bandits, 22; on land reform in Anhui, 17; modernization policies, 165; on rural revolution, 117–18
Deng Zihui, 19, 56, 108; on land reform, 20, 36, 85, 151, 187n67; on middle peasants, 77, 187n67; on rich peasants, 79, 187n67
Dengzi village, 23
deposits, 23, 121, 122, 137, 148, 149, 168, 175n114
Dikötter, Frank: on landlords, 170n13
Ding Ling: on land reform, 12, 21, 25, 27–29, 40, 48–49, 72–73, 100–102, 130–31; The Sun Shines over the Sanggan River, 27–29, 30, 131, 133, 176n5; vs. Zhang Ailing, 133
divorce, 141
Dong Shijin: on land reform, 46
double reduction campaigns, 23, 77, 85, 86, 114, 135, 137, 168, 172nn39,40; landlords during, 9–10, 18, 172nn42,46, 190n16; middle peasants during, 77, 85
Du Runsheng, 38, 90; on land redistribution, 151; on land reform, 107, 117, 151, 157, 162; on settling accounts, 107; on speaking bitterness, 66
Duan Mingzhu, 122
East China, 24, 142, 152, 155; East China Bureau, 57, 84, 86, 89, 117, 182n66
economic gain. See wealth extraction
ethnic minorities, 70–71, 127, 141
fanshen. See liberation
Fang Fang, Soft Burial (Ruan mai), 163
Feng Kexi, 43
Feng Youlan, 42, 44, 98, 143–44
Fenjie County, 125
fill the gaps (tian ping bu qi) campaign, 13–14, 85, 152, 167
Fujian: Yang village, 92
Geertz, Clifford: on rituals and personal transformation, 190n18
Geng Xi, 35
Gong Chu, 8
grain requisition, 22, 23, 175nn103,104
Great Leap Forward, 164
Gu Shunzhang, 8
Guangdong, 42, 169n4; Huicheng, 125; Zengbu, 67–68
Guizhou, 64, 91–92, 93, 99, 175n104
Guo Shuzhen, 140
Handan Conference, 35
Hankou, 38
Hanyang area, 156
Hebei, 37, 65, 86; Ding County, 142; Fuping County, 111; Pingshan County, 14; Xibaipo conference, 15, 86, 173n68; Xin village, 131
Hinton, William, 97, 174n77; Fanshen, 16, 31–33, 50–52, 133–35; on fanshen, 133–35; on land reform, 21, 25, 31–33, 50–52, 74–75, 103–4, 133–35, 180n13
history and narrative, 159–60, 198nn1,2
Houping, 124
Hsia, C. T., 133
Hu Du, 144
Hu Yaobang, 118
Hu Zhensheng, 63
Huaihai Campaign, 66
Huang Daoxuan: on Jiangxi Soviet, 171n34
Huang Jinshan, 140
Huang Kaiyu, 66
Huang Qingyun, 121
Huangdong, 114
Hunan, 42, 125–26, 128, 155; bandits in, 22; Mao in, 1–2, 3–5, 10; Shaoyang county, 151; Wugang county, 151
intellectuals, 2, 177nn24,26; and class struggle, 34, 40–41, 42, 127–29, 143–45; Mao’s views on, 28, 33, 34, 43, 44; on work teams, 24, 28–29, 30, 32, 33–35, 37, 39–41, 42–45, 47–49, 57, 98, 130–31, 143–46, 161, 165, 176n11
Javed, Jeffery: Righteous Revolutionaries, 182n66
Jiangjin: Anyue County, 123; Chengdong village, 154; Dazu County, 122–23, 154; De’wei, 68–69
Jiangnan region, 67
Jiangsu, 140; Qindong district, 200n24; Qindong township, 153
Jiangxi, 155
Jiangxi Provincial Soviet Government, 7, 19, 172n45; fall of, 9, 171n34; Land Law of the Chinese Soviet Republic, 8, 171n31; Xingguo Land Law, 170n24
Jijing, 124
Jin-Cha-Ji base area, 52, 84, 178n45; Jin-Cha-Ji Bureau, 108, 186n59
Jin-Cha-Lu-Xiang base area, 178n43
Jin-Sui base area, 87, 141; Jin-Sui Bureau, 112
Jintian, 125
Kang Sheng, 15, 87, 111, 112, 187n74
key point (zhongdian) villages, 16
Kim Il-sung, 64
Korean War, 64–65, 90, 93, 117, 133, 154–55
land equalization (pingfen tudi) campaigns, 15–17, 36–37, 83–86, 89–90, 112–13, 115, 186n54, 187nn71,79; vs. land-to-the-tiller campaigns, 15, 36, 65, 83–84, 85–86, 111; and Outline Land Law, 15–16, 19, 86–88, 112, 147, 167
land investigation (tiancha) campaigns, 8
landlords, 35–36, 37, 42–43, 52, 148, 185n33, 186n59, 188n81; and class division process, 72, 74, 82, 87, 91–93; deposits paid to, 23, 121, 122, 137, 148, 149, 168, 175n114; descendents of, 150, 157, 165; as evil tyrants, 22–23, 79, 80–81, 93–94, 96, 116, 118, 119, 121, 125, 135, 150, 157, 162, 167, 175n109, 185n39; execution of, 5, 23, 101–3, 109, 116, 118, 121, 128, 132; expropriation of property from, 4–5, 8–9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18–19, 33, 81, 83–85, 86, 106, 107, 110–12, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124–25, 130, 134–35, 136–37, 142, 150, 152, 153, 157, 161, 171nn35,36, 173n51, 186n61, 187nn67,68, 200n24; “five big properties” of, 19; intellectual children of, 44–46, 143–45; Mao’s views on, 8, 9, 66, 81, 90, 91, 117, 127, 128, 138, 160, 185n34; as Nationalist supporters, 5, 63, 80, 90, 93–94, 96, 131, 170n18; negotiation with, 10, 119, 120; opposition to land reform, 65, 91–92, 93–95, 146; public struggling of, 4–5, 12, 13, 18, 19, 22–23, 24, 53–54, 59–60, 62, 69, 74, 84, 94, 98, 101–5, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 141, 142, 161, 163, 172n46, 189n15, 190nn16,17,23; relations with peasants, 2, 3, 4–5, 9–12, 13, 15, 16–17, 20, 22–23, 25, 38, 41, 42, 49–51, 55, 59–60, 61–62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 76, 90–91, 92, 93–97, 98–99, 105–6, 107–8, 118, 119, 126, 128–29, 150, 156, 160, 162, 163, 172nn42,43; rental income of, 2, 5, 6, 9–10, 11, 15, 23, 82, 126, 137; vs. rich peasants, 9, 18, 19, 36, 41, 76, 81–82, 83–84, 85, 86, 110, 156, 157; running dogs (zou gou) of, 41, 59, 96–97; as scarce, 30, 82, 87, 92, 108; sexual assault by, 96–97; speak reason struggling of, 117, 118, 120, 126, 172n46; suicides of, 118, 120, 121, 122, 147; terms for, 79–80, 170n13, 185nn34,35
land redistribution, 6–7, 18–19, 27, 67, 81–82, 87, 130, 142, 149, 161, 162, 169n5, 170n22, 173n61, 186n63, 190n17, 197n90, 200n24; Du Runsheng on, 151; Mao’s views on, 6, 8, 10–11, 19. See also fill the gaps (tian ping bu qi) campaign; land equalization (pingfen tudi) campaigns; land-to-the-tiller campaigns
land reform exhibits, 20–21, 25, 41, 65, 77, 81, 118, 182n62
land reform narrative, 12, 16, 20–21, 24–25, 173n55, 174n90
land reform novels, 12, 40, 47, 58–59, 60–61, 98, 109. See also Ding Ling; Hinton, William; Zhang Ailing
land reform operas, 75, 80, 97, 98, 144
land revolution (tudi geming) era, 6–10
land-to-the-tiller campaigns, 11–13, 14, 55, 56–57, 76–77, 79, 82–84, 90, 107–9, 146–47, 151, 152, 172n50, 196n76; vs. land equalization campaigns, 15, 36, 65, 83–84, 85–86, 111; and May Fourth Directive, 11, 15, 35, 36, 54, 74, 82, 84, 107, 167
Lei Yuzhi, 63
Leng Bing, 35
Li Chaozhao, 97
Li Dalin, 98
Li Dazhao, 76
Li Guangtian: on fanshen, 138
Li Suqing, 96
Li Weihan, 5
Li Xiuying, 63
Li Yingzhou, 98
Li Zipu: on rich peasants, 83
Liang Qichao, 76
Liang Wenhua, 97
Liangshan County: Jianshe village, 91
Liangtan village, 23
Liao Luyan, 161
liberation (fanshen), 41–42, 68, 133–39, 154–55; and intellectuals, 143–45; role of class struggle in, 20, 24, 98, 105–6, 120–21, 128, 129, 134, 160, 161; role of land reform in, 129, 130, 135–39, 140–43, 146–47, 148, 151, 162, 164; and women, 140–43
Liberation Daily, 14
Lin Biao, 10
Liu Erbiao, 68
Liu Guoqing, 23
Liu Hulan, 144
Liu Shaoqi, 11, 85, 86, 173n68; on class stance, 34, 177n29; “How to Be a Good Communist”, 34; on land reform, 15, 20, 148, 174n88, 197n90; views on violence, 14, 174n88
Liu Shipei: views on peasant revolution, 169n1
Liu Tianzheng, 66
Liu Wencai, 162
Liu Xiaofei, 162
Liu Yuancong, 94
local cadres, 19, 32, 33, 64, 70, 81, 89, 98, 108, 112, 126, 130, 148, 154, 165, 174n90, 185n33; cadre rectification (zhengdang) campaigns, 15, 88; and class division, 87, 187n74; corruption among, 15, 23, 30, 31, 36, 49–50, 54, 74, 123, 132, 152–53, 163, 180n31, 197n110, 198n113; political work abandoned by, 151–52, 156; relations with peasants, 13, 15, 18, 22, 24, 50, 62, 67, 82, 88, 90, 124, 125, 147, 149, 152, 157, 183n92; relations with work teams, 36, 38, 51, 59, 62, 66, 108, 113, 134, 145; role in land-to-the-tiller campaigns, 11, 12–13, 14, 56–57; sexual assault by, 16, 97, 134, 153, 174n77; as struggle targets, 114, 163; violence by, 16, 97, 103–4, 115, 122–23, 124, 125, 134, 153, 174n77
Long Bow/Zhang Zhuang, 31–33, 50–52, 74–75, 97, 103–4, 107, 133–35, 180n13
Lu Guosi, 91
Ma Jia: on land reform, 12
Ma Shoucai, 54
Ma Xulun, 40
Manchukuo, 84
Mao Zedong: “Decisions Regarding Some Issues Arising from Agrarian Reform” (1933), 8, 36, 86–87, 171n32; “How to Analyze the Classes” (1933), 8, 36, 86–87, 171n32; in Hunan, 1–2, 3–5, 10; “Hunan Report” (1927), 4–5, 10, 13, 16, 79, 102, 117, 127, 128, 138, 160, 164; hurricane metaphor of, 3–4, 10; in Jiangxi, 7; in Jinggang Mountains, 6–7; “On Practice”, 33–34; relationship with Dong Shijin, 46; relationship with Fan Wenlan, 176n16; relationship with Xi Zhongxun, 17, 87, 114, 126, 127, 157, 166; “Ten Great Policies”, 9; veneration of, 131, 138, 139; views on class struggle, 3, 4–5, 7–8, 9, 10–12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 66, 76, 81, 104–5, 106, 126, 127, 129, 134, 157, 160–61, 162, 164, 165, 170n18; views on intellectuals, 28, 33, 34, 43, 44; views on knowledge and revolutionary practice, 33–34, 44; views on landlords, 8, 9, 66, 81, 90, 91, 117, 127, 128, 138, 160, 185n34; views on land redistribution, 6, 8, 10–11, 19; views on land reform, 3–4, 10–11, 13, 16, 19, 20–21, 24, 42, 46, 54, 76, 86–87, 89, 106, 126, 127, 166; views on peasants, 1–2, 3–5, 7–8, 10, 19, 20, 77, 79, 128, 138, 160, 162, 169n1, 170n15, 174n85, 188n79; views on political power, 6; views on rich peasants, 7–8, 11, 19, 79; views on rural class structure, 8, 35, 36, 48, 57, 62, 71, 77, 86–87, 89, 92, 98, 106, 146, 156, 157, 160, 165, 166, 171n32, 176n5; views on rural women, 16; views on United Front, 9, 171n35; views on village transformation, 11–12, 13, 32; views on violence, 3–5, 6, 10, 13, 16, 127, 128, 134, 170n16, 174n88; on village politics and culture, 138; and Xibaipo conference, 173n68
Marx, Karl: on France’s 1848 revolution and peasants, 3
Marxism, 1, 17, 32, 34, 44, 76, 160, 169n4, 176n16, 177n29, 181n32
Mawu, 153
May Fourth era, 33; May Fourth intellectuals, 169n4
Meng Gang, 44
Miao, 70
Nationalists, 56, 83–84, 87, 139, 159, 167, 199n9; homecoming regiments, 55, 111, 147, 191n49; landlord supporters of, 5, 63, 80, 90, 93–94, 96, 131, 170n18; land policies, 169n5, 170n18; relations with Communist Party, 2–3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 65, 81–82, 170nn18,19, 171nn31,35,36; reprisals by, 16, 18, 22, 27, 55, 63, 93, 109, 131, 147, 155, 175n105. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Civil War
New Democratic Youth League, 178n56
New Hunan, 151
North China, 11, 13, 18, 36, 56, 57, 58–59, 67, 86, 89, 106, 111, 131, 152; North China Bureau, 88, 115–16, 167; violence in, 113, 124; Wugong, 52, 82, 87, 98, 108, 147, 174n90, 181n36
Northeast China, 10, 13, 14, 18, 35–36, 52, 56–57, 64, 65, 88, 106, 110, 113, 124, 136–37, 147, 167; Northeast Bureau, 57, 84, 109, 115
Northwest China, 9, 24, 37, 54, 55, 71, 87–88, 113, 114; Northwest base area, 87; Northwest Bureau, 126, 127
“oppose tyrants” (fan ba) campaign, 22–23, 175n109
partible inheritance, 5
Peasant Movement Institute, 2
peasants: hired hands, 11, 12, 14, 41–42, 57, 76, 77, 79, 82, 83, 91, 99, 117, 125, 148, 150–51, 154, 172n46; Mao’s views on, 1–2, 3–5, 7–8, 10, 19, 20, 77, 79, 128, 138, 160, 162, 169n1, 170n15, 174n85, 188n79; middle peasants, 27–28, 41–42, 54, 55, 56, 65, 69, 73, 75, 76, 77–79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 102–3, 104, 108, 113, 114, 121, 122, 125, 126, 132, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 157, 176n5, 180n32, 186n60, 187nn71,79, 188n81; opposition to land reform among, 54–56, 67, 181n42; peasant associations, 3, 19, 23, 30, 38, 41, 50–51, 54, 63, 64, 65, 77, 79, 88, 89, 91, 94, 120, 125, 142, 149, 153, 187n68, 188n79; poor peasants, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19, 41–42, 46, 47, 49, 51, 54–55, 56, 58–61, 62–63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87–88, 90, 91, 106–7, 110, 111, 114, 117, 122, 125, 127, 131, 142, 146–50, 152–53, 157, 161, 164–65, 167, 174n85, 184n19, 188n79; relations with landlords, 2, 3, 4–5, 9–12, 13, 15, 16–17, 20, 22–23, 25, 38, 41, 42, 49–51, 55, 59–60, 61–62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 76, 90–91, 92, 93–97, 98–99, 105–6, 107–8, 118, 119, 126, 128–29, 150, 156, 160, 162, 163, 172nn42,43; relations with local cadres, 13, 15, 18, 22, 24, 50, 62, 67, 82, 88, 90, 124, 125, 147, 149, 152, 157, 183n92; relations with work teams, 13, 16, 19, 27–28, 41–42, 46, 47, 48–50, 54–55, 57–60, 61–62, 65–66, 68–71, 73–74, 82, 85, 86–87, 88, 89, 97, 98–99, 102–3, 105, 108, 115–16, 118–19, 126, 130–31, 134, 143, 145, 147, 148, 160, 164, 165–66, 197nn86,90; rental income of, 78–79; sexual assault by, 16–17, 153; as speaking bitterness, 11, 13, 42, 46, 48–49, 53–54, 57, 59–60, 61–63, 66–67, 68, 69, 71, 101–2, 142, 160, 180n26; vs. urban proletariat, 1; women, 62–64, 65, 96–97, 104, 113, 140. See also landlords; rich peasants
People’s Republic of China (PRC): contemporary village life in, 165–66; establishment of, 18, 89, 148, 152–53; Land Reform Law, 19, 22, 89, 90, 116–17, 167–68; Ministry of Education, 39–40
Pepper, Suzanne, 172nn39,40,42
“purge bandits” (qing fei) campaign, 22
Qi Yun, 31
Qu Qiubai, 6
reexamination campaigns, 14, 36, 83, 86, 110, 111, 121, 156, 167, 168
retrieve deposits (tui ya) campaigns, 23
rich peasants, 16, 37, 50, 51, 54, 56, 59, 78, 91, 113, 122, 125, 134, 147, 148, 150, 153, 154, 171nn25,35, 185n33, 186nn59,60, 188n81, 189n10; descendents of, 157, 165; expropriation of property from, 13, 18–19, 75, 83–86, 88, 89–90, 107, 115–16, 167, 174n97, 186n63, 187n67; vs. landlords, 9, 18, 19, 36, 41, 76, 81–82, 83–84, 85, 86, 110, 156, 157; Mao views on, 7–8, 11, 19, 79; new rich peasants, 75, 84, 87, 134, 187n67; “rich peasant line”, 19, 85, 174n97; as struggle targets, 41, 52, 88, 110, 115–16
September First Directive, 85, 86
settling accounts campaigns, 13, 52, 85, 86, 172n42; landlords during, 14, 50, 85, 100–101, 103–4, 106–7, 108; rich peasants during, 50, 83, 106–7, 108, 186n60
sexual assault: by landlords, 96–97; by local cadres, 16, 97, 134, 153, 174n77; by peasants, 16–17, 153; prevalence of, 16–17, 162
Shaan-Gan-Ning base area, 9, 171n35, 173n68
Shaanxi, Jia County, 114
Shandong, 17, 52, 86; Liangshan County, 91; Longkou, 180n18; Shanghe County, 111
Shanxi, 115, 146–47, 151, 154; Lingqiu County, 142; Linxian County, 15; Stone Wall Village, 109
Shao Yanxiang, 46–47, 69–70, 154, 161, 165
Shenping, 124
Shidao village, 69
Sichuan, 22, 67, 94, 126, 145, 146, 148, 155, 175n114; Ba County, 149; Fuling County, 66, 125; Jiangjin region, 121; Jijing village, 69; Lu county, 99; Nanchuan County, 66, 153; Sihe village, 149; Wenjiang county, 96; Wenjing village, 154; Wuxi County’s Fenghuang, 69; Xinmiao, 125. See also Chongqing
South Central China, 24, 38, 39, 65, 66, 68, 90, 149, 151; South Central China Bureau, 117, 174n97
South Central Land Reform Exhibit, 20–21
Southwest China, 22, 24, 55, 70, 142, 175n105
Soviet Union, 29; vs. China, 1–2; October Revolution, 77; relations with China, 13
Stalin, Joseph, 3, 131, 170n19; views on rich peasants, 8, 19, 171n25; views on United Front, 2, 5, 6
Sun Peiwu, 110
Sun Yat-sen: “equalization of land holdings” slogan, 15; “land to the tiller” slogan, 11, 15, 46; views on agrarian reform, 2, 11
Sun Yulong, 122
Sun Zhizhong, 43
Suzhou land reform exhibit, 20
“swept-out-of-the-house” campaigns, 17, 88, 113, 115
Tan Qixiang, 67
Taihang Mountains, 77, 110, 136, 154, 184n16; Taihang Mountain base area, 35, 36, 85, 147, 156
Ten Mile Inn, 34–35, 57, 107, 108, 110
thought reform (sixiang gaizao) campaign, 39
three generation rule, 108, 187n74, 190n33
Trotsky, Leon, 5
United Front, 2–3, 5, 6, 9, 171nn35,36, 172n42, 177n26
United Nations, 31
United States: Chinese attitudes regarding, 68, 90, 155, 187n67; Information Service, 29; Korean War, 64–65, 90, 93, 117, 133, 154–55
violence, 15–18, 23, 24, 51, 52, 67, 87, 102–7, 108, 111, 112–14, 119–28, 145, 148, 164, 182n66, 189n10, 190n23, 191n68, 193n100; beatings, 11, 14, 88, 103–4, 105, 106–7, 113, 121, 122– 23, 128, 163, 190n16; executions, 11, 14, 23, 52, 88, 94, 101–3, 105, 106, 109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 128, 132, 175n109; by landlords, 94; by local cadres, 16, 97, 103–4, 115, 122–23, 124, 125, 134, 153, 174n77; Mao’s views on, 3–5, 6, 10, 13, 16, 127, 128, 134, 170n16, 174n88; number of deaths during land reform, 121, 161–62; sexual assault, 16–17, 96–97, 134, 153, 162, 174n77; and speaking bitterness, 62; suicides, 90, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 147, 150, 163, 188n90; torture, 17, 88, 103, 105, 107, 121, 122–23, 124, 174n84, 192n93; wealth extraction by, 17, 88, 103–5, 106–7, 111–12, 113, 115–16, 121, 123, 124–25, 161, 192n93
Wang Chunxi, 140
Wang Ming, 8
Wang Wen, 36
Wang Xuan, 43
wealth extraction, 109–12, 124–26, 132, 155, 181n36; from landlords, 4–5, 8–9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18–19, 33, 81, 83–85, 86, 106, 107, 110–12, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124–25, 130, 134–35, 136–37, 142, 150, 152, 153, 157, 161, 171nn35,36, 173n51, 186n61, 187nn67,68, 200n24; from rich peasants, 13, 18–19, 75, 83–86, 88, 89–90, 107, 115–16, 167, 174n97, 186n63, 187n67; by violence, 17, 88, 103–5, 106–7, 111–12, 113, 115–16, 121, 123, 124–25, 161, 192n93
Wenjia, 93
women: Communist Party policies regarding, 62–64, 140–43; and feudal marriage practices, 141; Mao’s views on, 16; and patriarchal norms, 142–43; sexual assault of, 16–17, 96–97, 134, 153, 162, 174n77; as speaking bitterness, 62–63; women’s associations, 63
Women’s Federation, 63
work teams, 14, 17–18, 30–33, 124, 182nn64,81; arrival of, 11, 25, 27–48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57–58, 73, 74–75, 108, 110, 135, 143, 160; and class division process, 72, 74–76, 81, 82–83, 86–87, 90, 92, 160; intellectuals on, 24, 28–29, 30, 32, 33–35, 37, 39–41, 42–45, 47–49, 57, 98, 130–31, 143–46, 161, 165, 176n11; number mobilized in, 38, 39; relations with ethnic minorities, 70–71; relations with local cadres, 36, 38, 51, 54, 59, 62, 66, 108, 113, 134, 145, 181n32; relations with peasants, 13, 16, 19, 27–28, 41–42, 46, 47, 48–50, 54–55, 57–60, 61–62, 65–66, 68–71, 73–74, 82, 85, 86–87, 88, 89, 97, 98–99, 102–3, 105, 108, 115–16, 118–19, 126, 130–31, 134, 143, 145, 147, 148, 160, 164, 165–66, 197nn86,90; sexual assault by members, 97; step-by-step process used by, 24–25, 68; training by Communist Party, 13, 35, 36, 37, 40–41, 52–53, 54, 57, 120; urban residents on, 21, 32, 35, 39–41, 65, 146, 160; and village transformation, 11–12
Wu Zhanxian, 64
Wuchang, 40
Wugong, 52, 82, 87, 98, 108, 147, 174n90, 181n36
Wuhan land reform exhibit, 20–21, 25
Xi Zhongxun, 37, 55, 113–14, 126–27, 173n50; on evil tyrant label, 80, 157; on middle peasants, 87–88, 114; relationship with Mao, 17, 87, 114, 126, 127, 157, 166
Xianjia village, 64
Xibaipo conference, 15, 86, 173n68
Xu Yulin, 140
Xuan Jingxiu, 96
Xue Qiaohua, 141
Yan Binglin, 23
Yan Hongyan, 67
Yan Zexuan, 99
Yan’an, 11, 14, 15, 33, 130, 142, 177n26
Yang Minghua, 93
Yang Taoxuan, 99
Ye Duyi, 145
Ye Yunfei, 153
Yi Su, 140
Yi people, 70
Yu Qing, 123
Zhang Ailing: on Communist Party, 21; vs. Ding Ling, 133; on land reform, 21, 25, 29, 49–50, 73–74, 102–3, 132–33, 176n11; Love in Redland, 21, 29–31, 133, 194n11; relations with American agents, 21, 29–30, 133; and US Information Service, 29–30
Zhang Hanchang, 93
Zhang Wentian, 10
Zheng Linzhuang, 128
Zhong County, 150
Zhonghua University, 40
Zhou Enlai, 62
Zhou Fushan, 126
Zhou Libo: on land reform, 12, 40, 58–59, 60–61, 77, 109; The Hurricane, 3–4, 58–59, 60–61, 109, 135; on violence, 109
Zhou Zhaokang, 125
Zhou Zhiqiang: on feudalism and Western imperialism, 199n9
Zhou Zuwu, 125