Notes

Chapter 1 “You’re my little girl! How will you survive there without borshcht?”

1	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata (Krasnodar: Krasnodarskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1969), p. 48.
2	Ibid., p. 41.
3	Ibid., p. 50.
4	Author’s interview with Ekaterina Fedorovna Terekhova, Krasnodar, September 2010.
5	Ibid.
6	Interview with Petr Kravchenko (from a broadcast on Kuban State TV and Radio, 9 October 2013, reporter Iuliia Volkova).
7	Aleksandr Orlov, “Bez vesti propavshie”, Severnyi krai, 16 May 2012.
8	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
9	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 97. 12 Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
10	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
11	Lidiia Iosifovna Burmistrova, interview published on the website www.iremember.ru.
12	L.G. Stepanova,“Kollaboratsionizm na Kubani vo vremia nemetskoi okkupatsii: sotsial’nye istoki i proiavleniia”, www.history-kuban.ucoz.ru
13	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
14	Vera Cherepnina, “Okkupatsiia”, Moskovskii Komsomolets – Krasnodar, 22 May 2013.
15	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 20.
16	Ibid., p. 24.
17	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
18	Ibid.
19	Ibid.
20	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 30

Chapter 2 “Who would think of powdering their nose in a war?”

21	Vladimir Pchelintsev, “Osobaia missiia”, Internet version.
22	Liudmila Pavlichenko, Ia – snaiper. V boiakh za Sevastopol’ i Odessu (Moscow: Veche, 2015), p. 7.
23	Vladimir Pchelintsev graduated from the N.K.V.D. Troops’ Sniper School in 1939. Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1991).
24	Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia, p. 11.
25	For example, “Guerrilla queen at Washington”, Press and Journal, 29 August 1942.
26	Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia, p. 53.
27	“Lyudmila Pavlichenko speech in New York City”, YouTube.
28	Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia, p. 30.
29	“Woman sniper loses tooth”, Gloucestershire Echo, 17 September 1942.
30	Time, 28 September 1942.
31	Ibid.
32	Soviet Russia Today, vol. 11, No. 6 (October 1942).
33	Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia, p. 104.
34	“No Chocolates for Miss Pavlichenko”, Evening Telegraph and Post, 29 August 1942.
35	The above examples are taken from Soviet Russia Today, vol. 11, No. 6 (October 1942).
36	Petr Vail’, Genii mesta (Moscow: AST, 1999), pp. 23–4.
37	New York Times, 23 November 1942.
38	This information is taken mainly from speeches and interviews Pavlichenko gave during her tour of America, Canada and the United States in 1942, and from publications about her at the time. As mentioned, after the war Liudmila Pavlichenko did not write about herself or her time at the front, and rarely gave talks.
39	Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia, p. 103.
40	A.I. Begunova in her book Angely smerti. Zhenshchiny-snaipery. 1941–1945 (Moscow: Veche, 2014), p. 30 actually mentions the number of Pavlichenko’s personal file in the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defence (TsAMO): it is 593897.
41	http://novodevichiynecropol.narod.ru/pavlichenko_lm.htm
42	Liudmila Pavlichenko, Ia – snaiper, pp. 256–7.
43	Gilbert King, “Eleanor Roosevelt and the Soviet Sniper”, 21 February 2013. Online at http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com
44	Pavlichenko, Ia – snaiper, pp. 70, 73, 74.
45	Oleg Kaminskii, “Zagadka snaipera Liudmily Pavlichenko”, published online at www.proza.ru
46	Pavlichenko, Ia – snaiper, p. 131.
47	Kaminsky, “Zagadka snaipera Liudmily Pavlichenko”.
48	Ibid.
49	Pavlichenko, Ia – snaiper, p. 255.
50	U chernomorskikh tverdyn’ (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1967), Internet version.
51	Ibid.
52	Ibid.
53	Ibid.
54	A.I. Begunova, Preface to Pavlichenko, Ia - snaiper, p. 5.
55	Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia, p. 130.
56	Ibid., p. 129.
57	Pavlichenko, Ia – snaiper, p. 17.
58	Ibid., pp. 145, 169, 203, etc.
59	Ibid., p. 78.
60	Ibid., pp. 89, 110, 131, etc.
61	Ibid., p. 292.
62	Ibid., p. 298, etc.
63	Ibid., pp. 324–7.
64	Ibid., pp. 360–61.
65	Author’s interview with Vsevolod Vital’evich Mal’tsev, Moscow, 2013.
66	Ibid.

Chapter 3 “Look at the family she’s from. And we’re just ordinary!”

67	Pchelintsev, Osobaia missiia, pp. 80–81.
68	Iozef Ollenberg [Josef “Sepp” Allerberger], Nemetskii snaiper na Vostochnom fronte (Moscow: Yauza-press, 2010), p. 153.
69	Vasilii Mizin, Snaiper Petrova (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1988), p. 44 ff.
70	Author’s interview with Afanasiia Naumovna Larionova, Babaevo, July 2013.
71	Ibid.
72	Ibid.
73	Nikolai Nikulin, Vospominaniia o voine (Moscow: AST, 2015), pp. 89, 90.
74	Begunova, Angely smerti, p. 227.
75	Author’s interview with Anna Fedorovna Siniakova, Moscow, 2013.
76	Author’s interview with Kaleriia Aleksandrovna Morokhovets, Moscow, June 2011.
77	Leninskii Komsomol v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (Moscow, 1975), quoted from V.S. Murmantseva, Sovetskie zhenshchiny v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (Moscow 1987), p. 7.
78	Ivan Red’ko, ed., “Tyl i front ediny” (Akbulak: Stepnye zori, 2002), pp. 33–4.

Chapter 4 “Mummy, why are there all uncles and only one auntie?”

79	Iuliia Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2006), p. 67.
80	V.A. Chuvilkin, Devushki v shineliakh (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1982).
81	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 68.
82	Author’s interview with Klavdiia Etremovna Kalugina, Moscow, June 2011.
83	Author’s interview with Klavdiia Grigor’evna Krokhina, Minsk, August 2012.
84	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, August 2012.
85	Chuvilkin, Devushki v shineliakh, p. 6.
86	Author’s interview with Anna Fedorovna Siniakova, Moscow, 2013.
87	Ibid.
88	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, February 2011.
89	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, Minsk, July 2012.
90	Ibid.
91	A.A. Agafonov, ed., I v snaiperskom pritsele est’ dobro (Podolsk, 2005), p. 29.
92	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 79.
93	Ibid.
94	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
95	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 71.
96	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, Moscow, summer 2013.
97	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 72.
98	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, Moscow, 2010.
99	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, August 2013.
100	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, Moscow, June 2013.
101	Author’s interview with Taisia Dmitrievna Il’nitskaia, St Petersburg, June 2011.
102	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, pp. 88, 89.
103	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, Minsk, August 2013.
104	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, Moscow, August 2013.
105	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, 2013.
106	Author’s interview with Mariia Antipovna Maksimova, Kaluga, September 2010.
107	Ibid.
108	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, Internet version.
109	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, Minsk, July 2012.
110	Author’s interview with Vera Nikolaevna Liubilkina, Moscow, March 2009.
111	The reference seems to be to the Badaev warehouses.
112	Author’s interview with Vera Nikolaevna Liubilkina.
113	Author’s interviews with A.F. Siniakova and K.G. Krokhina.
114	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, Minsk, July 2012.
115	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 88.

Chapter 5 “Why wash? It’s dark, isn’t it!”

116	Letters and photographs of Zhenia Makeeva provided to the author by her family.
117	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
118	Ibid.
119	Ibid.
120	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 104.
121	Ibid.
122	G.A. Litvin, Osvobozhdenie Kryma noiabr’ 1943–mai 1944 (Moscow: Krechet, 1994), p. 28.
123	Ibid.
124	Rakobol’skaia and Kravtsova, Nas nazyvali nochnymi ved’mami, pp. 265–7. See also author’s interview with Ol’ga Timofeevna Golubeva-Teres, Saratov, September 2010.
125	Author’s interview with O.T. Golubeva-Teres.
126	Litvin, Osvobozhdenie Kryma, p. 34.
127	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
128	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 106.
129	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
130	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 107.
131	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
132	Operativnaia svodka za 14 noiabria, www.great-victory.ru
133	Boris Nikolsky, «Kerchensky kapkan. Borba za Krym» (The Kerch Trap. Struggle for the Crimea). Electronic version.
134	Rozhdennaia voinoi (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1985).
135	Information from the website www.timashevsk.ru
136	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
137	G.A. Litvin, Osvobozhdenie Kryma noiabr’ 1943–mai 1944 (Moscow: Krechet, 1994), p. 36.
138	Author’s interview with O.T. Golubeva-Teres.
139	Ibid.
140	Ibid.
141	Andrei Kuznetsov, Bol’shoi desant. Kerchensko-El’tigenskaia operatsiia (Moscow: Veche, 2011). Internet version.
142	Described by Protsenko. Quoted from Vsevolod Abramov, Kerchenskaia katastrofa 1942 (Moscow: Yauza Eksmo, 2006), pp. 97, 98.
143	Il’ia L’vovich (ps. Ellii-Karl) Sel’vinskii (1899–1968), poet, playwright, literary critic. In the 1930s and during the Second World War, a correspondent for Pravda.
144	Abramov, Kerchenskaia katastrofa, pp. 97, 98.
145	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 108.
146	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
147	Ibid.
148	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 112.
149	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
150	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 119.
151	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
152	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 121.
153	On 14–17 July 1943 a summary trial was held in Krasnodar of Germans and their accomplices accused of committing atrocities in Krasnodar and the Krasnodar region. On 18 July 1943, eight collaborators were sentenced to death and the sentence was carried out in the city square.
154	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 122.
155	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
156	Ibid.
157	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 128.
158	Ibid.
159	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
160	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 129.
161	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
162	Ibid.
163	An edition of the newspaper Zaria Eniseia dedicated to the 65th anniversary of victory.
164	Krest’ianka, No. 20, 1941.
165	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 131.
166	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
167	Ibid.
168	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 134.
169	The offensive conducted by the Independent Maritime Army in January 1944 did, however, inflict such heavy losses on enemy forces that it would have been impossible for them to undo the damage by marching in reinforcements. To have any chance of retaining Crimea, the enemy had, in the second half of February, to hastily redeploy its 73 Infantry Division from Odessa. The division, flown in on transport aircraft, landed at the airport at Dzhankoi and, tasked with reinforcing the troops at Kerch, took up defensive positions at the end of February on the main line of defence at Kerch.
170	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, pp. 134, 135.
171	Boets-snaiper Natasha Kovshova (Moscow: Glavnoe arkhivnoe upravlenie, 2010), p. 133.
172	Vera Murmantseva, Zhenshchiny v soldatskikh shineliakh (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1971), Internet version.
173	Boets-snaiper Natasha Kovshova, p. 165.
174	Ibid., p. 321.
175	Ibid., p. 179.
176	Ibid., p. 198.
177	From the memoirs of the artist, Taira Salakhova about Ziba Ganieva, www.1news.az

Chapter 6 “Klava, I beg you, don’t take up smoking there!”

178	I. Tikhonov, ed., “My znaem, chto znachit voina.” Vospominaniia, pis’ma, dnevniki universantov raznykh let (St Petersburg University, 2010), p. 59.
179	Unpublished memoirs of A.F. Siniakova (given to the author).
180	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, 2011.
181	Traditionally read three times. The prayer “A Living Refuge” (Psalm 90) is considered in folk medicine to have power as a talisman. It is recited over a sick person in an attempt to drive out illness.
182	Krest’ianka, March 1944.
183	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, Moscow, 2012.
184	Author’s interview with Mariia Antipovna Maksimova, Kaluga, September 2010.

Chapter 7 “That was somebody’s father, and I have killed him!”

185	Author’s interviews with A.F. Siniakova, 2010, 2012.
186	Regimental Doctor S.S. Aboev (mentioned in Slavnov).
187	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, August 2013.
188	Zhenshchiny Slavy (Moscow: Izd. Tsentr MOF “Pobeda - 1945 god”, 1994), p. 71.
189	Interview with K.E. Kalugina, on the website www.iremember.ru
190	Ibid.
191	Ibid.
192	Memoirs of Serafima Anashkina (Vasina), published in Agafonov, ed., I v snaiperskom pritsele est’ dobro, p. 117.
193	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, 2012.
194	Interview with Klavdiia Lukashova (Romashova), published on the website www.iremember.ru
195	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
196	Unpublished memoirs of A.F. Siniakova, author’s personal archive.
197	Alternate rows of logs covering a dugout are stacked horizontally across each other.
198	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
199	Unpublished memoirs of A.F. Siniakova.
200	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
201	Author’s interview with Antonina Vasil’evna Borodkina (Makhliagina), Gomel, August 2012.
202	Antonina Vasil’evna remembered this German clearly, although in 2012 when we met she was suffering from memory loss and could not remember how old she was or where she lived.
203	Author’s interview with Lidiia Efimovna Bakieva, Alma-Aty, 2010.
204	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
205	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, 2010.
206	Interview with V.G. Selin, published online at www.iremember.ru
207	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, February 2010.
208	Interview with K.A. Morokhovets, Moscow, July 2012.

Chapter 8 “Your daughter died for the Motherland. It has not been possible to bury her”

209	Rakobol’skaia and Kravtsova, Nas nazyvali nochnymi ved’mami, Internet version.
210	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, pp. 139–140.
211	Published online at www.soldaty-pobedy.ru
212	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 141.
213	Ibid, p. 140.
214	Interview with I.Ia. Shpak online at www.iremember.ru
215	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 146.
216	Kirovets (a newspaper), 22 April 2010.
217	Interview with M.F. Ivashchenko, published online at www.iremember.ru
218	Eduard Asadov, “Moia zvezda”, Polnoe sobranie stikhotvorenii v odnom tome (Moscow: Eksmo, 2015), p. 691.
219	Kirovets, 22 April 2010.
220	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
221	Ibid.
222	Kostenkov, Ukhodili na voinu devchata, p. 175.
223	Of the forty-seven girls who in 1943 left Medvedovskaia for Kuban to drive out the Germans, thirteen were killed and twenty-five wounded. Many, like Katia Peredera, were permanently disabled.

Chapter 9 “The girls behave with exceptional modesty and discipline”

224	TsAMO RF, fond 1138 SP.
225	V. Mamonov and N. Poroshina, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy (Ust’ianskii kraevedcheskii muzei, 2001, p. 27.
226	Ibid.
227	Ibid.
228	Mamonov and Poroshina, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 19.
229	Lidiia Bazhenova (Vdovina) in Zhenshchiny Slavy. Quoted from http://airaces.narod.ru/snipers/w1/bajenova.htm
230	Ibid.
231	In fact, Zinaida Karmysheva.
232	Rozhdennaia voinoi, p. 134.
233	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, February 2010.
234	This is how Vladimir Il’iashenko recalls the power of the Katyusha, more correctly, the BM-13 Guards rocket mortar launcher. Published online at www.iremember.ru
235	Klavdiia Efremovna Kalugina, interviewed by Artem Drabkin. Online at www.iremember.ru
236	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, June 2010.
237	Ibid. See also interviews with K.E. Kalugina online at www.iremember.ru
238	1156 Regiment of 33 Army, 344 Infantry Division.
239	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, June 2011.
240	Interview with K.E. Kalugina, online at www.iremember.ru
241	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, June 2011.
242	Author’s interview with Elena Mironovna Kul’kova, Moscow, August 2013.
243	M.A. Kazarinova and A.A. Poliantseva, eds., V nebe frontovom. Sbornik vospominanii i ocherkov (Moscow, 2009), Internet version.
244	Author’s interview with E.M. Kul’kova.

Chapter 10 “Hey, was that you who whacked him? Well done, now go and wash yourself!”

245	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, Moscow, February 2011.
246	Ibid.
247	Ibid.
248	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, Moscow, July 2013.
249	Tikhonov, My znaem, chto znachit voina . . . (illustration on the insert).
250	The Swiss gold watch is working to this day.
251	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
252	Mansur Abdullin, 160 stranits iz soldatskogo dnevnika (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1990), p. 121.

Chapter 11 “I knew nothing about him and I had just killed him”

253	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, Minsk, July 2012.
254	Tsentral’nyi arkhiv Ministerstva oborony (TsAMO), 164 OPAB, opis’ 1, delo 6, korobka 26-34.
255	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, Minsk, August 2012.
256	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
257	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova and K.G. Krokhina.
258	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
259	V.P. Slavnov, Skol’ko bylo proideno (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1984), p. 122.
260	In his memoirs Slavnov mistakenly calls Ania Mulatova “Shura Mulatova”, on p. 123.
261	Ibid.
262	www.moy-polk.ru
263	Samuil Rozenberg, interview on the website www.iremember.ru
264	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, March 2011.
265	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow.
266	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova, July 2013.
267	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
268	Slavnov, Skol’ko bylo proideno, p. 5.
269	Ibid., pp. 75, 76.
270	Ibid.
271	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
272	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow, June 2011.
273	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
274	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow.
275	Movsha Samuilovich Muler. Interview published on www.iremember.ru
276	Author’s interview with L.N. Larionova, Babaevo, 2013.
277	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow.
278	Svetlana Aleksievich, U voiny nezhenskoe litso (Moscow: Vremia, 2015), pp. 44, 45.
279	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina, Minsk, July 2012.

Chapter 12 “How will I live without them when the war is over and we all go off in different directions?”

280	Author’s interview with V.N. Liubilkina, Moscow, February 2010.
281	“Dedovskie memuary”, online at http://partisan-p.livejournal.com/10831.xhtml
282	Author’s interview with V.N. Liubilkina.
283	Author’s interview with T.D. Il’nitskaia, St Petersburg, June 2011.
284	“Dedovskie memuary”.
285	Author’s interview with T.D. Il’nitskaia.
286	Ibid.
287	“Dedovskie memuary”.
288	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, pp. 52–3.
289	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
290	A. Drabkin interviews Antonina Kotliarova.
291	Galya Dakutovich, Sertsa i kryly. Dzennik shturmana zhanochago aviiatsyinaga palka (in Byelorussian) (Minsk, 1957), p. 72.
292	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
293	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 44.
294	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow.
295	TsAMO, fond 31 Armii, politdoneseniia.
296	Ibid.
297	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina, Moscow.
298	Ibid.
299	Slavnov, Skol’ko bylo proideno, p. 154.
300	Ibid., p. 155.
301	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
302	Ibid.

Chapter 13 “Where’s Tosya?” “Dead”

303	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
304	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
305	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
306	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
307	In the memoirs mentioned above, Liudmila Pavlichenko writes that she was assigned to provide sniper fire cover for scouts going out on a mission: another surprising fact in her biography.
308	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
309	Ibid.

Chapter 14 “I no longer have a heart. I am cold-blooded”

310	Unichtozhim vraga, 17 and 24 September 1944.
311	For confidentiality in letters and documents, and when talking on the phone, “black” meant killed and “red” meant wounded.
312	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 33.
313	Leonid Rabichev, Voina vse spishet (Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2009), pp. 141–2.
314	I.G. Erenburg, Ubei! (no place: Voenizdat NKO SSSR, 1942).
315	Alexander Werth’s definition.
316	A.M. Sologubov, Vestnik Baltiiskogo federal’nogo universiteta im. I. Kanta, 2011, issue 12, pp. 76–82.
317	Ibid., vol. 16, p. 161.
318	Daniil Granin, Prekrasnaia Uta, Internet version.
319	A.M. Sologubov, Vestnik Baltiiskogo federal’nogo universiteta im. I. Kanta, 2011, issue 12, pp. 76–82.
320	Sologubov, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 216–17.
321	Leonid Moiseevich Shmurak, Interview published on www.iremember.ru
322	Ekaterina Sazhneva, “Poteriaesh’ chest’ – s fronta ne vozvrashchaisia”, Moskovskii Komsomolets, 7 May 2004.
323	Ibid.
324	Roza’s letter to Petr Molchanov is published in Snaipery (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1976).
325	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 34.
326	Memoirs of Captain Medvedev (Retd.), who took part in the battle, in Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 35.
327	Ibid.
328	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 34.
329	Ibid. Roza initially wrote Anya Kuznetsova in her diary, but changed her to Zina Shmelyova in the letter to Molchanov.
330	Roza’s letter to Petr Molchanov in Snaipery.
331	Ibid.
332	Ibid.
333	Agafonov, ed., I v snaiperskom pritsele est’ dobro, pp. 117–18.
334	Ibid.
335	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
336	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 45.
337	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
338	“Tsena pobedy”. Rossiiskie shkol’niki o voine (Moscow: Memorial, 2005), pp. 242–3.
339	Anna Timofeeva-Egorova, Nebo, shturmovik, devushka (Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo, 2007), pp. 297–302.
340	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 62.

Chapter 15 “Well, what are you here for? To fight or . . .?”

341	Rakobol’skaia and Kravtsova, Nazyvali nas nochnymi ved’mami, pp. 295–8.
342	Many years after the war, P.M. Silkin read Rufina Gasheva’s article and wrote to her. He remembered that night, and told her the name of the soldier who lent his boots to her was Moroz. He died six weeks or so after Ol’ga Sanfirova. Quoted from Nazyvali nas nochnymi ved’mami, pp. 295–8.
343	Quoted from Elena Seniavskaia, “Soldaty Krasnoi armii na pol’skikh zemliakh”, Istoriia, August 2001, Internet version.
344	Ibid.
345	Ibid.
346	Ibid.
347	TsAMO, Donesenie Politotdela 19 Armii.
348	V.P. Slavnov, Skol’ko bylo proideno, p. 161.
349	TsAMO, fond 31 Armii, Politdoneseniia.
350	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 103.
351	Ibid., pp. 110, 111.
352	Ibid., p. 116.
353	Telephone interview with Yu.K. Zhukova.
354	Ibid.
355	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, pp. 118–22.
356	TsAMO, fond 31 Armii, Politdoneseniia.
357	Ibid.

Chapter 16 “Aryan flesh”

358	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
359	Ibid.
360	Muzhestvo, otvaga i . . . liubov’ (Moscow: Paleia, 1997).
361	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
362	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina.
363	Ibid.
364	Author’s interview with L.E. Bakieva.
365	TsAMO, fond 31 Armii, p. 155.
366	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 43.
367	Ibid.
368	The reference is to an attack by German tank troops.
369	Author’s interview with L.E. Bakieva.
370	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 34.
371	Author’s interview with L.E. Bakieva.
372	Vasilii Grossman, Gody voiny (Moscow: Pravda, 1989), pp. 250–1.
373	Published online at http://articles.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=59250
374	Krest’ianka, Nos. 19–20, October 1942.
375	Ibid.
376	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 133.
377	Ibid., pp. 134–5.
378	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
379	It was probably these which inspired the printing of Soviet New Year greetings cards, which first appeared just after the war.
380	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
381	Aleksievich, U voiny nezhenskoe litso, pp. 212, 213.
382	Author’s interview with V.V. Chuikova.
383	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
384	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 39.
385	Hans Kinschermann, Ia - pulemetchik Vermakhta. Krovavo-krasnyi sneg Vostochnogo fronta (Moscow: Yauza, 2013), pp. 64–5.
386	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.

Chapter 17 “Maybe it’s for the best that Roza has died . . .”

387	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 65.
388	Ibid., p. 66.
389	Ibid., p. 44.
390	Ibid., p. 45.
391	Ibid., p. 33.
392	Ibid., p. 45.
393	Ibid., p. 57.
394	Ibid., p. 38.
395	In connection with Roza Shanina’s diary, the author consulted Vasilisa Elizarova, a psychologist.
396	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 30.
397	Ibid., p. 31.
398	Ibid, p. 58.
399	Ibid.
400	Ibid., p. 31.
401	TsAMO, fond 1156 sp, opis’ 37104, delo 1.
402	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 41.
403	Ibid., p. 29.
404	Ibid, p. 37.
405	Ibid.
406	Ibid.
407	Snaipery (Moscow, 1976).
408	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 55.
409	Ibid., pp. 55–6.
410	Ibid., p. 47.
411	Ibid., pp. 47–9.
412	Ibid., pp. 49, 50.
413	Iosif Utkin, Izbrannoe (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1975), p. 286.
414	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 56.
415	Ibid., p. 42.
416	Ibid., p. 58.
417	Ibid., p. 44.
418	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
419	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 59.
420	Ibid.
421	Ibid., p. 11.
422	Ibid.

Chapter 18 “We did not want to bury them looking like that”

423	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 136.
424	Ibid., p. 138. Iuliia Zhukova mentions only Dusia (Evdokiia Andreevna) Filippova, but according to other sources (cf. www.forum_kenig.ru), two other girls from the platoon, Antonina Aleksandrovna Shabanina and Mariia Mikhailovna Kulikovich, were also captured by the Germans and brutally murdered.
425	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
426	Zhukova, Devushka so snaiperskoi vintovkoi, p. 143.
427	Ibid.
428	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 51.
429	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets.
430	Ibid.
431	Author’s personal archive. Interviews recorded in Leningrad by E.N. Nikiforova. The record was given to the author by T.D. Il’nitskaia.
432	Karl-Heinz Schmeelke, “Der Untergang von Ostpreussen und das Ende der 4. Armee”, published online at http://www.klee-klaus.de/der_untergang_ostpreussens.htm
433	Tamara Rogal’skaia’s testimony was recorded at a snipers’ reunion in Leningrad by E.N. Nikiforova. The record was given to the author by T.D. Il’nitskaia. Author’s personal archive.
434	Mizin, Snaiper Petrova, p. 48 ff.
435	Mizin does not mention this in his documentary novella about Petrova.
436	Mizin, Snaiper Petrova, pp. 98–101.
437	Author’s interview with T.D. Il’nitskaia.
438	“Dedovskie memuary”, online at http://partisan-p.livejournal.com/10831.xhtml
439	Author’s interview with T.D. Il’nitskaia.
440	“Dedovskie memuary.”

Chapter 19 “Oh, Mum, how they are hurting us here!”

441	Author’s interview with V.N. Liubilkina.
442	V.O. Bogomolov, Zhizn’ moia, il’ ty prisnilas’ mne? (Moscow: Knizhnyi klub 36, 6, 2014), pp. 39–42.
443	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
444	Author’s interview with L.E. Bakieva.
445	K.N. Galitskii, V boiakh za Vostochnuiu Prussiiu (Moscow: Nauka, 1970), p. 385.
446	Script for an oral magazine for the 6th Study Course on the Königsberg Operation, 26 March 2015 [no location] (prepared by teaching trainer and organiser, O.N. Kolegaeva).
447	Published in the online journal Letopis’ – novosti arkheologii i istorii, 16 May 2015.
448	“Kaliningradskie veterany vspominaiut shturm Kenigsberga”, Komsomol’skaia Pravda-Kaliningrad, 9 April 2009.
449	Khans Shoifler, Vil’gelm Tike (Hans Scheufler and Wilhelm Tieke), Marsh na Berlin 1944–45 (Moscow: Eksmo, 2005), Internet version.
450	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
451	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.

Chapter 20 “Hold on, Kolenka!”

452	Author’s interview with V.V. Chuikova.
453	Rakobol’skaia and Kravtsova, Nazyvali nas nochnymi ved’mami, p. 32.
454	TsAMO, fond 31 Armii, opis’ 8599, delo 218.
455	Author’s interview with V.V. Chuikova.
456	“After the liberation, in Pit No. 1, length 100m, width 10m, and depth 4–5m, there were discovered 8,000 bodies of women and children, stripped naked. On some there were no traces of wounds. This confirms that citizens were exterminated using electric current.” http://kovelyaka.ru/ukr/history/vijna/index.xhtml
457	Author’s interview with V.V. Chuikova.
458	“Memoirs of Hero of the Soviet Union, Guards Major Tsitovskii”, quoted from http://www.inberlin.ru/proriv/Zeelovski/
459	Aleksei Isaev, 1945. Poslednii krug ada. Flag nad Reikhstagom (Moscow, 2009), Internet version.
460	Interview with Vera Korneevna Zubchenko (with the assistance of Viacheslav Dranitsa), Zonal’noe, Altai region, summer 2011.
461	Bogomolov, “Zhizn’ moia, il’ ty prisnilas’ mne?”, Nash sovremennik, Nos. 10–12, 2005; No. 1, 2006.
462	Interview by Aleksandr Arapov of Nadezhda Sakharovskaia, Ren TV, 11.27 hrs, 21 April 2015.
463	F.Ia. Lisitsyn, V te groznye gody (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978).
464	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
465	Agafonov, ed., I v snaiperskom pritsele est’ dobro.
466	Interview with T.D. Il’nitskaia.
467	Rakobol’skaia and Kravtsova, Nas nazyvali nochnymi ved’mami, p. 312.
468	Tamara Rogal’skaia’s tale, written down by E.N. Nikiforova.
469	Author’s interview with L.E. Bakieva.

Chapter 21 “They promise you nothing!”

470	The myth of specially infected women tasked with sapping the strength of the Red Army was used to explain the widespread incidence of venereal disease in the army in 1944–5. The women in the camp were probably Soviet citizens forcibly transported to work in Germany.
471	Ibid.
472	Author’s interview with V.V. Chuikova.
473	Ibid.
474	Author’s interview with K.E. Kalugina.
475	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
476	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.
477	Aleksievich, U voiny nezhenskoe litso, pp. 103, 104, etc.
478	Mamonov, Ona zaveshchala nam pesni i rosy, p. 40.
479	Author’s interview with K.A. Morokhovets. Epilogue

Epilogue

480	Agafonov, ed., I v snaiperskom pritsele est’ dobro.
481	Author’s interview with K.G. Krokhina.
482	Author’s interview with E.F. Terekhova.
483	Author’s interview with T.D. Il’nitskaia.
484	The sick and wounded who later died in hospital were included under “medical” losses.
485	Grigorii Krivosheev, ed., Velikaia Otechestvennaia bez grifa sekretnosti. Kniga poter’ (Moscow: Veche, 2014), p. 69.
486	E.S. Seniavskaia, Psikhologiia voiny v XX veke: istoricheskii opyt Rossii (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999), Internet version.
487	Author’s interview with V.V. Chuikova.
488	Author’s interview with L.N. Larionova.
489	Semen Markovich Polonskii, online at www.iremember.ru
490	Nikolai Inozemtsev, Frontovoi dnevnik (Moscow: Nauka, 2005), Internet version.
491	Author’s interview with A.F. Siniakova.