1 Markus Wolf and Anne McElvoy, Man without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster (New York: Times Books, 1999), xi.

2 Charles Higham, Trading with the Enemy: An Exposé of the Nazi-American Money Plot, 1933-1949 (New York: Delacorte Press, 1983).

3 William D. Graf, “Anti-Communism in the Federal Republic of Germany,” Socialist Register (1984): 167.

4 Women Against Imperialist War (Hamburg), “War on Imperialist War,” in Prairie Fire Organizing Committee, War on the War Makers: Documents and Communiqués from the West German Left (San Francisco: John Brown Book Club n.d.), 21

1 There has been much written over the past thirty years about the ways in which the non-Jewish German working class benefited from the Third Reich’s policies, enjoying the position of a labor aristocracy. The most noteworthy book on this subject is Götz Aly’s Hitler’s Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial war, and the Nazi Welfare State; translated by Jefferson Chase, 1st U.S. ed. (New York: Metropolitan, 2007).

2 “How to Fight Communism,” March 25, 1948, OMGUS in Patrick Major, The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945-1956 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 247.

3 Graf, “Anti-Communism,” 169.

4 Werner Hülsberg, The German Greens: A Social and Political Profile. Translated by Gus Fagan. (London: Verso, 1988), 22.

5 Karl Heinz Roth, L’autre movement ouvrier en Allemagne 1945-78. Translated by Serge Cosseron. (Paris: Christian Bourgois Editeur, 1979), 50.

6 Hülsberg, 22-3.

7 Ibid., 23.

1 Ibid., 24.

2 Ibid., 22.

3 Roth, 47.

4 Major, 174, 192.

5 Hülsberg, 25.

1 Roth, 121.

2 David Haworth, “Why German Workers Don’t Ask For Raises,” Winnipeg Free Press, December 11, 1968.

3 Hülsberg, 25.

4 Graf, “Anti-communism,” 183.

5 William Graf, “Beyond Social Democracy in West Germany?” Socialist Register (1985/86): 118.

6 “Die Integration der Bundesrepublik ins westliche Bündnissystem,” http://www.kssursee.ch/schuelerweb/kalter-krieg/kk/integration.htm.

7 Women Against Imperialist War, 22.

1 Regarding all these, see The Neo-colonialism of the West German Federal Republic (German Democratic Republic: Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, 1965), 20-35, 39-45, 62-65, 82-85.

2 Madeleine G. Kalb, The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa from Eisenhower to Kennedy (New York: Macmillan, 1982), 193.

3 Frieder Sclupp, “Modell Deutschland and the International Division of Labour: The Federal Republic of Germany in the World Political Economy,” in The Foreign Policy of West Germany: Formation and Contents, ed. Ekkert Kruippendorf and Volker Rittberger (London: SAGE Publications, 1980).

4 Quoted in The Neo-colonialism of the West German Federal Republic, 96-7.

5 Daniel Ganser, NATO’s Secret Army: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 2005), 190-211.

6 Hülsberg, 15.

1 German Bundestag, Administration, Public Relations section, Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Berlin, 2001), 22.

2 Ibid., 23.

3 Sebastien Cobler, Law, Order and Politics in West Germany (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1978), 76.

4 Ibid., 74.

5 Wolfgang Abendroth, Helmut Ridder and Otto Schonfeldt, eds., KPD Verbot oder mit Kommunisten leben (Hamburg: Rororo Taschenbuch Verlag, 1968), 38.

6 Graf, “Anti-communism,” 179.

1 Ibid., 180.

2 Cobler, 183-184.

3 Ibid., 80.

4 David Childs, From Schumacher to Brandt: The Story of German Socialism 1945-1965 (New York: Pergamon Press, 1966), 49.

5 Patrick Major, The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945-1956 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 170.

6 Ibid., 115.

7 Ibid., 116.

1 Ibid., 133.

2 Ibid., 226.