1 He would eventually receive a ten year sentence for allegedly shooting at police. (Associated Press, “German Draws 10-year term,” European Stars and Stripes, July 27, 1972.)

2 Baumann, 53.

1 Varon, 199.

2 Margrit Schiller in Baader Meinhof: In Love With Terror.

3 Helmut Pohl’s Testimony at the Stammheim Trial, July 29, 1976. This testimony is available on the internet at http://www.germanguerilla.com/red-army-faction/documents/76_0708_mohnhaupt_pohl.html#22.

4 Philip Jacobson, “Show Trial,” Sunday Times Magazine, February 23, 1975, 17.

5 Aust, 141.

1 United Press International, “U.S. Hunts German Terrorists,” Pacific Stars and Stripes, July 23, 1978.

2 Becker, Hitler’s Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Gang. Please note that this book, written by a right-wing South African journalist, is counterinsurgency tripe. Nevertheless, it has been used for specific details like dates and places, when no other source is available.

1 LA Times—Washington Post Service, “West Germany’s ‘Bonnie and Clyde’ Have Country in an Uproar,” The Lawton Constitution, December 3, 1972. Margrit Schiller being dragger into press conference by Hamburg police. could not in fact be tied to any RAF actions, and so was simply charged with illegal possession of a firearm and false identification papers. In February 1973, she received a twenty-seven-month sentence, but was released pending an appeal, at which point she went back underground, only to be captured again in 1974. (United Press International, “Raided Flat is Suspected Anarchist Hq.” European Stars and Stripes, October 28, 1971; European Stars and Stripes “Released from Custody,” February 11, 1973; Associated Press, “Raids in German Cities Smash New Terror Ring,” European Stars and Stripes, February 5, 1974.)

2 The Georg von Rauch House still exists today, housing approximately forty itinerant youth at any given time.

3 Baumann, 95.

4 Vague, 42-43.

5 United Press International, “Paper Says Macleod was a British Spy,” European Stars and Stripes, July 3, 1972.

6 Associated Press, “Trial starts in Munich for accused Meinhof-gang munitions supplier,” European Stars and Stripes, September 26, 1973. Pohle went to trial in 1973, charged with possession of firearms and support for a criminal organization under §129; during the trial, he spit at reporters and refused to acknowledge his court appointed lawyers. While he denied the charges against him, and repeatedly claimed that he was not a member of the RAF, he maintained solidarity with the guerilla. In 1974, he was sentenced to six and a half years in prison, a term which he did not serve without some interruptions.

7 Freie Arbeiterinnen- und Arbeiter-Union, “Nachruf auf Rolf Pohle,” https://www.fau.org/artikel/art_040308-182546.

1 Aust, 190.

2 Ibid., 190-191.

3 Cobler, 41.

4 Robert Spaemann, “Kaffee, Kuchen und Terror,” Die Zeit [online], 19 (1998).

5 Aust, 140.

6 Ruhland testified against Horst Mahler, Ali Jansen, and Astrid Proll amongst others. Several years later, after the Stammheim deaths, Ruhland was once again trotted out as an “old comrade” of the prisoners in order to explain how they must have felt suicidal. (United Press International, “Suicide Victim Died of Despair— Comrade,” Raleigh Register, November 14, 1977).

7 Heinrich Hannover, “Terrorsitenprozessen,”^{http://www.freilassung.de/div/texte/kronzeuge/heinhan1.htm.}

8 Andreas Eichler, “Die RAF und die Medien.” This document is reprinted in this volume: Andreas Baader: Letter to the Press, see pages 120-121.

1 Tilman Fichter, interview by Philipp Gessler and Stefan Reinecke, “The anti-Semitism of the 68ers.”

2 Komitees gegen Folter, Der Kampf Gegen die Vernichtungshaft (n.p.) (n.d.), 131.

3 Gabriele Goettle, “Die Praxis der Galaxie,” die tageszeitung, July 28, 2008.

4 In 1977, Grashof received a life sentence for murder and other offenses; Grundmann received four years on lighter charges (Associated Press, “2 German Terrorists Given life,” European Stars and Stripes, June 3, 1977.)

5 Becker, 273.

6 David Binder, “‘Republic of West Berlin’ Suggested by Radical Group,” Charleston Gazette, November 7, 1968. Whereas young men living in West Berlin were already exempt from the draft, those who lived elsewhere and had already been drafted were liable to prosecution if they deserted.

7 Aust, 203.

8 Ibid., 181.

1 Ibid.

2 Gerard Braunthal, Political Service and Public Loyalty in West Germany: the 1972 decree against radicals and its consequences (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990), 36-37.

3 Monica Jacobs, “Civil Rights and Women’s Rights in the Federal Republic of Germany Today,” New German Critique 16 Special Feminist Issue (Winter 1978): 166.

4 Braunthal, 42.

5 Ibid., 43.

6 Georgy Katsiaficas, Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life (Oakland: AK Press, 2006), 64.

7 Ibid.

8 Aust, 192.

9 Time Magazine [online], “Battle of Berlin,” July 3, 1972.

10 Rote Armee Fraktion, Texte und Materialien zur Geschichte der RAF, (Berlin: ID-Verlag, 1997), 82.

1 See Appendix V—Strange Stories: Peter Homann and Stefan Aust, on pages 557-58.

2 United Press International, “Meinhof-Al Fatah Ties Described,” European Stars and Stripes, October 19, 1972.

1 Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch council communist, confessed to the 1933 Reichstag fire under Gestapo torture. It remains unclear if he was, in fact, guilty. Karl-Heinz Ruhland, a fringe member of the RAF, under pressure from the BKA and with coaching from the BAW, provided clearly fabricated testimony against RAF prisoners during a series of trials.

2 This phrase, which will reoccur in a number of different forms in RAF documents over the years, comes from a speech Mao gave at the Meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. in Celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution on November 6, 1957: “‘Lifting a rock only to drop it on one’s own feet’ is a Chinese folk saying to describe the behaviour of certain fools. The reactionaries in all countries are fools of this kind. In the final analysis, their persecution of the revolutionary people only serves to accelerate the people’s revolutions on a broader and more intense scale. Did not the persecution of the revolutionary people by the tsar of Russia and by Chiang Kai-shek perform this function in the great Russian and Chinese revolutions?”

1 Although not referenced as such by the RAF, this is a quote from 30 Questions to a Tupamaro (see page 128, fn 1).

1 The Confederation of Iranian Students (CIS) was a Maoist student organization based in the refugee communities and active on university campuses throughout the western world.

2 Ludwig Martin, Attorney General from 1963 until 1974, when he was replaced by Siegfried Buback.

3 Roughly $6 million.

4 Almost $69 million.

5 The G-3 is an assault rifle and the MG-3 is a machinegun.

6 This is a reference to the so-called Warshauer Kniefall, the “Warsaw Genuflection,” Brandt’s December 1971 public atonement at the monument commemorating the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

7 Amir Abbas Howeida, Prime Minister of Iran during the rule of Shah Reza Pahlavi. He was executed in 1979 following the Islamic revolution.

1 The Tupamaros were a guerilla group in Uruguay at the time. This short interview started circulating as an internal document in 1967, and was first made public in a Chilean journal in mid-1968. Within a few years, it had become a text of some importance to the revolutionary edge of the New Left in the metropole.

1 Bayerischen Rundfunk: Bavarian Broadcasting, the public radio station in Bavaria.

2 The practice of union representatives having a vote on the corporate boards dates from the late 1940s. Also referred to as co-determination.

3 Roughly $1.45 billion.

1 Roughly $43. Regarding the flat rate: wage increases in many German industries were indexed by workers’ “skill category,” which meant that every wage increase in fact served to increase the divide between different layers of the working class. The demand for a flat wage increase was meant to counter this trend, as such an increase would benefit all workers equally. On this, see Roth, 116-117.

1 Roughly $58.

2 Karl Schiller was the SPD’s Federal Minister of Economic Affairs and Minister of Finance at the time. His reference data would presumably have determined the government’s wage guidelines.

3 Roughly $43.

1 Ernst Bloch was an important 20^th century German Marxist theorist and art critic who counted the much younger Rudi Dutschke among his friends and intellectual peers.

1 Support During Labor Disputes.

2 The ARD is the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Consortium of Public-Law Broadcasting Institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany); Bayerischen Rundfunk is a member of the ARD. ZDF is the Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (Second German Television), owned by Deutche Telekom; it is commercial TV, partially funded through advertising.

3 This is a reference to a statement by Willy Weyer, Interior Minister of North-Rhine-Westphalia, who stated that “Citizens must get as used precisely to the sight of policemen with machine pistols as they are to paying tax.” (Cobler, 141).

1 Gerhard Löwenthal was a German journalist and a ZDF news anchor from 1969 until 1988.

2 “Spartacus Youth”: the DKP’s student section, by far the largest self-styled communist organization active on campuses during this period.

3 The construction of the Berlin Wall cut off the flow of refugees from the East that had been providing a reservoir of cheap labor up until that time. This signaled the beginning of a guest worker policy of recruiting cheap labor from southern Europe, Turkey, and elsewhere.

1 A prominent German publishing company.

2 Destroy the Islands of Wealth in the Third World.

3 Jürgen Roth is a German investigative journalist.

4 Poverty in the Federal Republic.

5 Roughly $35 to $140.

1 Roughly $220.

2 Roughly $127.

3 Roughly $167.

4 Lukrezia Jochimsen was a sociologist and TV journalist. Today she is a member of parliament for the left-wing Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS).

5 Backyards of the Nation.

1 The Ahlener Program, adopted by the CDU on February 3, 1947, in the town of Ahlen, stated in its opening that the interests of capitalism and those of the German people were identical.

2 Erhard Eppler, a member of the SPD and left-leaning Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation. He resigned in 1974.

3 Signed in August and December 1970, these two treaties were milestones in the SPD’s Ostpolitik, normalizing the FRG’s relations with Poland and the Soviet Union for the first time since World War II.

4 Gerhard Schröder was a CDU politician, Minister of the Interior from 1953 until 1961, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1961 until 1966 and Minister of Defense from 1966 until 1969.

1 Herbert Wehner was leader of the SPD’s parliamentary group from 1958 until 1983, and Deputy Chairman of the SPD from 1958 until 1973.

2 Diether Posser, SPD Minister of Justice in the Land of North Rhine Westphalia from 1972 until 1978.

3 The project to build a massive dam in Mozambique, then a Portuguese colony. The right-wing Portuguese government had plans to settle over one million European colonists in the African country. By 1969, five German companies were implicated in the project.

1 In February 1968, a film by Holger Meins showing how to make a molotov cocktail was presented at a meeting held in Berlin to discuss the campaign against the Springer Press.

2 On December 20, 1971, Heinrich Böll famously said that Bild’s news coverage “isn’t crypto-fascist anymore, nor fascistoid, but naked fascism, agitation, lies, dirt.”

1 A reference to Rudi Dutschke’s proposed strategy. See p. 35, fn 2.

1 Peter Homann had previously worked as a journalist for the Spiegel.

2 Margharita von Brentano was a sociology professor at the Free University, where a prize and a building are now named in her honour.

3 A. Schwan, a West Berlin professor and a member of the Bund Freiheit de Wissenshaft (Alliance for Free Scholarship). The BFW was an organization of rightwing university professors who accused the student movement of attempting to establish a left-wing educational system to the exclusion of free thought.

1 Most likely a reference to the West German Tupamaros, not to be confused with their South American namesake. These groups had existed in West Berlin and Munich at the beginning of the decade, part of the same amorphous scene as the Roaming Hash Rebels. The 2nd of June Movement grew out of this scene, although several members would instead join the RAF.

1 In his 1957 “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People,” Mao differentiated between two kinds of conflict or contradiction—“those between ourselves and the enemy and those among the people.” While the former should be dealt with by attacking the class enemy, the latter should be dealt with through criticism with the goal of bringing about unity.

1 See page 352.

2 Serve the People: The Urban Guerilla and Class Struggle, cf 156-7.

3 Aust, 104; Becker, 255-256.

4 Becker, normally not shy about stating that various combatants actually did various things, in this case merely writes, “Astrid Proll (‘Rosi’) was to claim later that she shot at him from a car but missed.” (Becker, 228)

5 Aust, 170-172.

1 The relevant excerpts from Mohnhaupt’s testimony are included in this volume, see page 357.