Notes

Prologue

1. World Health Organization. “Obesity and Overweight: Fact Sheet.” January 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/; World Food Program. “Hunger Statistics.” 2014. http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats; Patel, Raj. Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2014. 9–29; Gustafson, Ellen. We the Eaters: If We Change Dinner, We Can Change the World. New York: Rodale, 2014. v–xx.

2. Dolnick, Sam. “The Obesity–Hunger Paradox.” New York Times. March 14, 2010; Bogart, W. A. Regulating Obesity?: Government, Society, and Questions of Health. Oxford University Press, 2013. 168; Bauer, Jean W. Rural Families and Work Context and Problems. New York: Springer, 2011. 80; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 1–30.

3. Wright, N. T. Surprised by Scripture: Engaging Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2014. 83–106.

Chapter 1: Real Food and the MAD Way of Eating

1. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston: Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. Kindle Edition, 4, 282.

2. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 191; Graham, Tyler, and Drew Ramsey. The Happiness Diet: A Nutritional Prescription for a Sharp Brain, Balanced Mood, and Lean, Energized Body. Emmaus: Rodale, 2012. Kindle Edition, 15–33.

3. Price, Weston A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects. Redlands, CA: Price Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, 1945; Minger, Denise. Death by Food Pyramid. Malibu, CA: Primal Blueprint Publishing, 2013. Kindle Edition, 215–44; Ungar, Peter S., and Mark Franklyn Teaford. Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 2002. 78; Fitzgerald, Matt. Diet Cults: The Surprising Fallacy at the Core of Nutrition Fads and a Guide to Healthy Eating for the Rest of Us. 2014. Kindle Edition, 3, 83; Nabhan, Gary Paul. Why Some Like It Hot: Food, Genes, and Cultural Diversity. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004.

4. Laudan, Rachel. The Food of Paradise: Exploring Hawaii’s Culinary Heritage. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1996; Fitzgerald, Diet Cults, 150.

5. Rosenbaum, MW, et al. Okinawa: A Naturally Calorie Restricted Population. In: Everitt A. V., ed. Calorie Restriction, Aging and Longevity. New York: Springer Science, 2010. 43–53; Willcox, DC, et al. “The Okinawan Diet: Health Implications of a Low-Calorie, Nutrient-Dense, Antioxidant-Rich Dietary Pattern Low in Glycemic Load.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 28 (2009): 500S–516S.

6. Matalas, Antonia-Leda. The Mediterranean Diet: Constituents and Health Promotion. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001. 205–25; Fitzgerald, Diet Cults, 34.

7. Mandel, Abigail L., and Paul A. S. Breslin. “High Endogenous Salivary Amylase Activity Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Homeostasis Following Starch Ingestion in Adults,” Journal of Nutrition 142, no. 5 (2012): 853–8; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 206.

8. Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2007. Kindle Edition, 3–17; Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto. New York: Penguin, 2008. Kindle Edition, 1–27.

9. Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1–27.

10. Ibid.; Patel, Stuffed and Starved, 9–19; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, 15–33; Cheney, Ian, et al. King Corn. New York: Docurama Films, 2008; Kenner, Robert, et al. Food, Inc. Los Angeles: Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009; Nestle, Marion, and Mike Peters. Eat Drink Vote: An Illustrated Guide to Food Politics. New York: Rodale, 2013. 2–6; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Hesterman, Oran B. Fair Food: Growing a Healthy, Sustainable Food System for All. New York: Public Affairs, 2011. Kindle Edition, 4–50; Barber, Dan. The Third Plate: Field Notes on the Future of Food. New York: Penguin, 2014. Kindle Edition, 2–26; Nestle, Marion. What to Eat. New York: North Point Press, 2006. Kindle Edition.

11. Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 84.

12. Robinson, Jo. Eating on the Wild Side: The Missing Link to Optimum Health. New York: Little, Brown, 2013. Kindle Edition; Rule, Cheryl Sternman, and Paulette Phlipot. Ripe: A Fresh, Colorful Approach to Fruits and Vegetables. New York: Running Press, 2011; Barber, The Third Plate, 88–89.

13. Daley, Cynthia A., et al. “A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles and Antioxidant Content in Grass-Fed and Grain-Fed Beef.” Nutrition Journal 9, no. 1 (2010): 10.

14. Barber, The Third Plate; Waters, Alice, et al. The Art of Simple Food: Notes, Lessons, and Recipes from a Delicious Revolution. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2007.

15. Ronald, Pamela C., and Raoul W. Adamchak. Tomorrow’s Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, and the Future of Food. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Kindle Edition, 17.

16. Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, 15–33; Cheney et al., King Corn; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 2–6; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Hesterman, Fair Food, 4–50; Barber, The Third Plate; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 2–26.

17. Ibid.; Kristiansen, Paul, Acram Taji, and John Reganold. Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective. Collingwood, VIC (Australia): CSIRO Publishing, 2006; Lockeretz, William. Organic Farming: An International History. Wallingford, UK: CABI, 2007; Hansen, Ann Larkin. The Organic Farming Manual: A Comprehensive Guide to Starting and Running a Certified Organic Farm. North Adams, MA: Storey Pub, 2010; Allen, Will and Charles Wilson. The Good Food Revolution: Growing Healthy Food, People, and Communities. New York: Gotham Books, 2012. Kindle Edition; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Lichtfouse, Eric. Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. 275–302.

18. Ronald and Adamchak, Tomorrow’s Table; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Salatin, Joel. Folks, This Ain’t Normal: A Farmer’s Advice for Happier Hens, Healthier People, and a Better World. New York: Center Street, 2011. Kindle Edition; Kristiansen, Paul, Acram Taji, and John P. Reganold. Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective, 279.

19. Brown, Ed, et al. Unacceptable Levels. Macroscopic Media, 2013. DVD.

20. Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, et al. “Pesticide Use in US Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960–2008.” No. 178462. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2014.

21. Brown et al., Unacceptable Levels; Vandenberg, Laura N., et al. “Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses.” Endocrine Reviews 33, no. 3 (2012): 378–455.

22. Environment America. “Wasting Our Waterways: Toxic Industrial Pollution and Restoring the Promise of the Clean Water Act.” June 2014. http://environmentamericacenter.org/sites/environment/files/reports/US_wastingwaterways_scrn%20061814_0.pdf; Halden, Rolf U. and Kellogg J. Schwab. Environmental Impact of Industrial Farm Animal Production. Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, 2008.

23. Interviewed in Brown et al., Unacceptable Levels.

24. Vandenberg et al., 378–455.

25. Martić-Kehl, Marianne I., Roger Schibli, and P. August Schubiger. “Can Animal Data Predict Human Outcome? Problems and Pitfalls of Translational Animal Research.” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (2012): 1–5; Van Norman, Gail A. Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology: A Case-Based Textbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 174–79.

26. Popper, Karl. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2005. 318; Gigerenzer, Gerd. Reckoning with Risk: Learning to Live with Uncertainty. London: Penguin, 2003; Edwards, Adrian. “Communicating Risks Means That Patients Too Have to Learn to Live with Uncertainty.” BMJ: British Medical Journal 327, no. 7417 (2003): 691; Satel, Sally L., and Scott O. Lilienfeld. Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience. New York: Basic Books, 2013. Kindle Edition; Fukuoka, Masanobu. The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming. New York: New York Review Books, 2010. Kindle Edition, 29; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 235–36.

27. United States Department of Agriculture. “National Organic Program.” 2014. http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/nop.

28. Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 134–83.

29. Ibid., 140.

30. Ibid., 134–83.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.; Pollan, Michael. Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual. New York: Penguin Books, 2009. Kindle Edition, 34–36; Hesterman, Fair Food, 3–44; Ackerman-Leist, Philip. Rebuilding the Foodshed: How to Create Local, Sustainable, and Secure Food Systems. Santa Rosa: Post Carbon Institute, 2013. Kindle Edition; Chase, Lisa, and Vernon P. Grubinger. Food, Farms, and Community: Exploring Food Systems. 2014. Kindle Edition; Barber, The Third Plate; Nabhan, Gary Paul. Coming Home to Eat: The Pleasures and Politics of Local Foods. New York: Norton, 2009. Kindle Edition, 17–28; The Prince of Wales HRH. The Prince’s Speech: On the Future of Food. New York: Rodale, 2012.

33. Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 134–83.

34. Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 30, 101–36; Pollan, Food Rules.

35. Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side, 160–62; Nath, A., et al. “Changes in Post-Harvest Phytochemical Qualities of Broccoli Florets during Ambient and Refrigerated.” Food Chemistry 127 (2011): 1510–14; Cantwell, Marita, and Trevor Suslow. “Broccoli: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality.” Perishables Handling 92 (1997); Vallejo, Fernando, Francisco Tomás-Baberán, and Cristina García-Viguera. “Health-Promoting Compounds in Broccoli as Influenced by Refrigerated Transport and Retail Sale Period.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (2003): 3029–34.

36. Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side, 323–24; Conesa, A., J. M. Brotons, F. J. Manera, and I. Porras. “The Degreening of Lemon and Grapefruit in Ethylene Atmosphere: A Cost Analysis.” Scientia Horticulturae 179 (2014): 140–45; Yuncheng, et al. “Effect of Commercial Processing on Pesticide Residues in Orange Products.” European Food Research and Technology 234 (2012): 449–56; Stewart, William S. “Storage of Citrus Fruits: Studies Indicate Use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Sprays on Trees Prolong Storage Life of Citrus Fruits.” California Agriculture 3 (1949): 7–14.

37. Pollan, Food Rules, 30; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 101–36; Nestle, What to Eat, 28–70; Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side.

38. Pollan, Food Rules, 30; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 101–36; Nestle, What to Eat, 28–70.

39. Hesterman, Fair Food, 7–8; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1–27; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 1–183.

40. Pollan, Food Rules, 30.

41. Ibid.; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1–14, 101–36; Pitt, John I. Fungi and Food Spoilage. Boston: Springer, 2013. 469–507; Nestle, What to Eat, 247–400; Deville, Nancy. Death by Supermarket: The Fattening, Dumbing Down, and Poisoning of America. Austin: Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2011. Kindle Edition; Moss, Michael. Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. New York: Random House, 2013. Kindle Edition; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet.

42. Barber, The Third Plate, 341–42; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 79–102; Masterjohn, Chris. “Wheat Belly—The Toll of Hubris on Human Health.” The Daily Lipid. October 12, 2011. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/10/wheat-belly-toll-of-hubris-on-human.html.

43. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 184, 196.

44. Ibid.; FDA, “Frequently Asked Questions on Azodicarbonamide (ADA).” 2014. http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm387497.htm.

45. CDC, “International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC): AZODICARBONAMIDE.” 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0380.html; World Health Organization, “Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 16: Azodicarbonamide.” 1999. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad16.pdf; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 184, 196.

46. Smith, Jim, and Lily Hong-Shum. Food Additives Data Book. 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 548; Office Journal of the European Union, “Commission Directive 2004/1/EC of 6 January 2004 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as Regards the Suspension of the Use of Azodicarbonamide as Blowing Agent.” 2004. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:007:0045:0046:EN:PDF.

47. Lofstock, John. “Boosting Impulse Sales at the Checkout Counter.” Convenience Store Decisions. January 11, 2006. http://www.cstoredecisions.com/2006/02/01/boosting-impulse-sales-at-the-checkout-counter/; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Nestle, What to Eat.

48. Klein, Ezra. “Big Food: Michael Pollan Thinks Wall Street Has Way Too Much Influence Over What We Eat.” Vox. April 23, 2014. http://www.vox.com/2014/4/23/5627992/big-food-michael-pollan-thinks-wall-street-has-way-too-much-influence.

49. Martinez, Steve. Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2010.

50. Pollan, Food Rules, 34.

51. Warner, Keith. Agroecology in Action: Extending Alternative Agriculture through Social Networks. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2007.

52. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 153.

53. Ackerman-Leist, Rebuilding the Foodshed, 26.

54. Tate, Carolyn. Conscious Marketing: How to Create an Awesome Business with a New Approach to Marketing. Hoboken: Wiley, 2015. 34–36.

Chapter 2: The Trouble with Mass Production

1. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 123, 170; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, Vandana. The Vandana Shiva Reader. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Kindle Edition; Taylor, Christopher, et al. Food Fight: A Story of Culinary Revolt. United States: C. Taylor, 2008; Faillace, Linda, et al. Farmageddon. Concord, MA: Kristin Marie Productions, 2011; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Wendell. Bringing It to the Table: On Farming and Food. Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2009. Kindle Edition; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

2. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 166–67.

3. Ibid., 123, 170; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

4. Taylor et al., Food Fight.

5. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 103–70; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

6. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 103–26; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 98; Kelly, John. The Graves Are Walking: The Great Famine and the Saga of the Irish People. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2012.

7. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 103–26; Ricklefs, Robert E., and Rick Relyea. Ecology: the Economy of Nature. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2014. 550; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Runge, C. F. and B. Senauer. “How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor.” Foreign Affairs. May/June 2007. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-05-01/how-biofuels-could-starve-poor; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 31; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 79–102; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Cheney et al., King Corn.

12. Ibid.

13. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 17.

14. Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, Dan. The CAFO Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories. Healdsburg, CA: Watershed Media, 2010. Kindle Edition; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat, 67–305.

15. Ibid.

16. National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production. “Pew Commission on Industrial Animal Farm Production.” 2009. http://www.ncifap.org/_images/pcifapfin.pdf.

17. Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, Marion. What to Eat. New York: North Point Press, 2006. Kindle Edition, 67–305.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.; American Cancer Society. “Recombinant bovine growth hormone.” 2014. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/recombinant-bovine-growth-hormone.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.; Barber, The Third Plate, 155–56.

22. Guay, K., et al. “Behavior and Handling of Physically and Immunologically Castrated Market Pigs on Farm and Going to Market.” Journal of Animal Science 91 (2013): 5410–17; Sutherland, M. A., et al. “The Physiological and Behavioral Response of Pigs Castrated With and Without Anesthesia or Analgesia.” Journal of Animal Science 90 (2012): 2211–21; McGlone, John J., and J. M. Hellman. “Local and General Anesthetic Effects on Behavior and Performance of Two- and Seven-Week-Old Castrated and Uncastrated Piglets.” Journal of Animal Science 66 (1988): 3049–58; McGlone, John J. White. “Behavior of Immunologically Castrated Boars Compared to Surgically Castrated Pigs.” Unpublished paper.

23. Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat, 67–305.

24. Ibid.; Hartcher, K. M., et al. “The Effects of Environmental Enrichment and Beak-Trimming during the Rearing Period on Subsequent Feather Damage Due to Feather-Pecking in Laying Hens.” Poultry Science 94, no. 5 (2015): 852–59; Carruthers, C. T., et al. “On-Farm Survey of Beak Characteristics in White Leghorns as a Result of Hot Blade Trimming or Infrared Beak Treatment.” The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21, no. 3 (2012): 645–50.

25. Schlosser, Fast Food Nation.

26. Barnett, Erin, et al. Food Chains. New York: Screen Media Films, 2015.

27. Barnett et al., Food Chains; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Estabrook, Barry. Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel, 2012. Kindle Edition; Bales, Kevin, and Ron Soodalter. The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Kindle Edition; Bales, Kevin. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Kindle Edition; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Human Rights Watch. “Blood, Sweat and Fear: Workers’ Rights in U.S. Meat and Poultry Plants.” 2004. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/usa0105.pdf; Worrall, Michael S. “Meatpacking Safety: Is OSHA Enforcement Adequate.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 9 (2004): 300–321; Davidson, Julia O’Connell. “Troubling Freedom: Migration, Debt, and Modern Slavery.” Migration Studies 1, no. 2 (2013): 176–95; Murphy, Laura. Survivors of Slavery: Modern-Day Slave Narratives. Columbia University Press, 2013; Ngwe, Job Elom, and O. Oko Elechi. “Human Trafficking: The Modern Day Slavery of the 21st Century.” African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 6, nos. 1, 2 (2012).

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options.” 2006. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf; Sabaté, Joan, and Sam Soret. “Sustainability of Plant-Based Diets: Back to the Future.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 1 Supplement (2014): 476S–82S; Ripple, William J., et al. “Ruminants, Climate Change and Climate Policy.” Nature Climate Change 4, no. 1 (2014): 2–5; Dlamini, A. M., and M. A. Dube. “Contribution of Animal Agriculture to Greenhouse Gases Production in Swaziland.” American Journal of Climate Change 3, no. 3 (2014): 253; Hedenus, Fredrik, Stefan Wirsenius, and Daniel J. A. Johansson. “The Importance of Reduced Meat and Dairy Consumption for Meeting Stringent Climate Change Targets.” Climatic Change 124, nos. 1, 2 (2014): 79–91.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.; Bridges, Jeff, and Tom Colicchio. A Place at the Table. United States: Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2013; Stuart, Tristram. Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2009. Kindle Edition.

Chapter 3: The MAD Diseases

1. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 190; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain, Loren S., et al. “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet: Health Implications for the 21st Century.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, no. 2 (2005): 341–54; Danaei, Goodarz, et al. “The Global Cardiovascular Risk Transition Associations of Four Metabolic Risk Factors with National Income, Urbanization, and Western Diet in 1980 and 2008.” Circulation 127, no. 14 (2013): 1493–1502; Carrera-Bastos, Pedro, et al. “The Western Diet and Lifestyle and Diseases of Civilization.” Journal of Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology 2 (2011): 15–35; Kanoski, Scott E., and Terry L. Davidson. “Western Diet Consumption and Cognitive Impairment: Links to Hippocampal Dysfunction and Obesity.” Physiology & Behavior 103, no. 1 (2011): 59–68; Manzel, Arndt, et al. “Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases.” Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 14, no. 1 (2014): 1–8.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Walton, Alice G. “How Much Sugar Are Americans Eating?” [Infographic]. Forbes. September 30, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2012/08/30/how-much-sugar-are-americans-eating-infographic/.

6. Statistic Brain Research Institute. “Fast Food Statistics.” March 12, 2015. http://www.statisticbrain.com/fast-food-statistics/.

7. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 166.

8. Nestle, Marion. Food Politics 101: The School Nutrition Association vs. Fruits & Vegetables. Food Politics, 2015. http://www.foodpolitics.com/2015/02/food-politics-101-the-school-nutrition-association-vs-fruits-vegetables/; Huehnergarth, Nancy. “Big Food Dominates the School Nutrition Association’s Latest Conference.” The Huffington Post. March 29, 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nancy-huehnergarth/the-school-nutrition-asso_b_6546984.html?utm_hp_ref=tw; School Nutrition Association. “2015 Position Paper: Reauthorization of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act.” 2015. https://schoolnutrition.org/uploadedFiles/Legislation_and_Policy/SNA_Policy_Resources/2015PositionPaperPrintable.pdf.

9. United Nations News Center. “UN Expert Warns of Global Public Health Disaster Caused by Unhealthy Foods.” March 6, 2012.

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41470#.VT8oPbqJnww.

10. Gustafson, We the Eaters; United Nations News Center, “UN Expert Warns”; Margulies, Phillip. America’s Role in the World. New York: Facts On File, 2009. 300; Pan, An, Vasanti Malik, and Frank B. Hu. “Exporting Diabetes to Asia: The Impact of Western-Style Fast Food.” Circulation 126, no. 2 (2012): 163–65; Thow, Anne-Marie, and Wendy Snowdon. “The Effect of Trade and Trade Policy on Diet and Health in the Pacific Islands.” Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options 147 (2010); Goran, Michael I., Stanley J. Ulijaszek, and Emily E. Ventura. “High Fructose Corn Syrup and Diabetes Prevalence: A Global Perspective.” Global Public Health 8, no. 1 (2013): 55–64; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet,” 341–54; Danaei et al., “Global Cardiovascular Risk,” 1493–1502; Carrera-Bastos et al., “Western Diet and Lifestyle”; Kanoski and Davidson, “Western Diet Consumption”; Manzel et al., “Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases”; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat.

11. Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

12. Ibid.; Koseff, Alexei. “AM Alert: Chef Jamie Oliver Launches Clean Water Initiative.” Capitol Alert: The Sacramento Bee. January 6, 2015.

13. World Health Organization. “Obesity and Overweight Factsheet.” 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.

14. Ng, Marie, et al. “Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults During 1980–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.” The Lancet 384, no. 9945 (2014): 766–81.

15. Ibid.

16. Wang, Y. C., et al. “Health and Economic Burden of the Projected Obesity Trends in the USA and the UK.” The Lancet 378 (2011): 815–25.

17. Ng et al., “Global, Regional, and National Prevalence”; Dor, Avi, et al. “A Heavy Burden: The Individual Costs of Being Overweight and Obese in the United States.” Washington, DC: Health Policy and Management Faculty Publications. 2010. http://www.stopobesityalliance.org/wp-content/themes/stopobesityalliance/pdfs/Heavy_Burden_Report.pdf.

18. Gustafson, We the Eaters; United Nations News Center, “UN Expert Warns”; Margulies, America’s Role, 300; Pan et al., “Exporting Diabetes to Asia”; Thow and Snowdon, “The Effect of Trade and Trade Policy”; Goran et al., “High Fructose Corn Syrup and Diabetes”; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet”; Danaei et al., “Global Cardiovascular Risk”; Carrera-Bastos et al., “Western Diet and Lifestyle”; Kanoski and Davidson, “Western Diet Consumption”; Manzel et al., “Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases”; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat.

19. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 80, 143, 183–85; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 44.

Chapter 4: The Mad Truth about the MAD

1. Bridges and Colicchio, A Place at the Table.

2. Ibid.

3. Hesterman, Fair Food.

4. Taylor et al., Food Fight.

5. Bridges and Colicchio, A Place at the Table; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

8. Ibid.

9. Gustafson, We the Eaters.

10. Ritz, Stephen. “A Teacher Growing Green in South Bronx.” TED. February 2012. http://www.ted.com/talks/stephen_ritz_a_teacher_growing_green_in_the_south_bronx?language=en.

11. Finley, Ron. “A Guerilla Gardener in South Central LA.” TED. February 2013. http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_finley_a_guerilla_gardener_in_south_central_la?language=en.

12. Paul Quinn College. “We Over Me Farm.” http://www.weovermefarm.com/#!about-us.

13. Café Momentum. “About.” http://cafemomentum.org/?page_id=520.

14. Garden Harvests Farm. “About Us.” http://gardenharvests.com/Get_To_Know_Us.html.

15. United Nations. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” 1948. http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html.

16. Gustafson, We the Eaters; Bridges and Colicchio, A Place at the Table; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste.

17. Ibid.

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Caloric Intake From Fast Food Among Adults: United States, 2007–2010.” February 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db114.htm.

19. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 190; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste.

20. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 80, 143, 183–85; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

Chapter 5: Marketing to Children and Other Scandals

1. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

2. Grow, H. Mollie, and Marlene B. Schwartz. “Food Marketing to Youth: Serious Business.” JAMA 312, no. 18 (2014): 1918–19; Kraak, V. I., and M. Story. “Influence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots and Entertainment Companies’ Cartoon Media Characters on Children’s Diet and Health: A Systematic Review and Research Needs.” Obesity Reviews (2015); Kelly, Bridget, et al. “New Media but Same Old Tricks: Food Marketing to Children in the Digital Age.” Current Obesity Reports (2015): 1–9; Bernhardt, Amy M., et al. “Children’s Recall of Fast Food Television Advertising—Testing the Adequacy of Food Marketing Regulation.” PloS One 10, no. 3 (2015): e0119300; Vandevijvere, Stefanie, and Boydoyd Swinburn. “Food References and Marketing in Popular Magazines for Children and Adolescents in New Zealand: A Content Analysis.” Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 8 (2014): 109; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Nestle, Food Politics; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Jordan, Amy B. Media and the Well-Being of Children and Adolescents. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 57–69; Couric, Katie, et al. Fed Up. Santa Monica, CA: Atlas Films. Starz Media, 2014; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

3. The Rudd Center For Food Policy & Obesity. “Food Marketing.” 2015. http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/food-marketing; Harris, J. L., A. Heard, and M. B. Schwartz. Older but Still Vulnerable: All Children Need Protection from Unhealthy Food Marketing. New Haven, CT: Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, 2014.

4. Grow and Schwartz, “Food Marketing to Youth”; Kraak and Story, “Influence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots”; Kelly et al., “New Media but Same Old Tricks”; Bernhardt et al., “Children’s Recall”; Vandevijvere and Swinburn, “Food References and Marketing”; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Nestle, Food Politics; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Jordan, “Media”; Couric et al., Fed Up; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Childhood Obesity Facts.” 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm; World Health Organization. “Childhood Overweight and Obesity.” http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/.

6. Grow and Schwartz, “Food Marketing to Youth”; Kraak and Story, “Influence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots”; Kelly et al., “New Media but Same Old Tricks”; Bernhardt et al., “Children’s Recall”; Vandevijvere and Swinburn, “Food References and Marketing”; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Nestle, Food Politics; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Jordan, “Media”; Couric et al., Fed Up; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 55–78.

10. Ibid.; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Pollan, In Defense of Food.

11. Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

12. Pollan, 18–82.

13. Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

14. Pollan, In Defense of Food, 64–67.

15. Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

16. Ibid.; Choi, Candace. “Coke as a Sensible Snack? Coca-Cola Works with Dietitians who Suggest Cola as Snack.” The Star Tribune. March 6, 2015. http://www.startribune.com/296404461.html.

17. Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma.

18. Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1.

19. Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved, 9–29; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, 15–33; Cheney et al., King Corn; Kenner, et al., Food, Inc.; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 2–6; Hesterman, Fair Food, 4–50; Barber, The Third Plate, 2–26; Allen, Will, and Charles Wilson. The Good Food Revolution: Growing Healthy Food, People, and Communities. New York: Gotham Books, 2013. Kindle Edition.

20. Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Offit, Paul A. Do You Believe in Magic?: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine. New York: Harper, 2013. Kindle Edition, 44–108.

21. Kroll, David. “Cease-and-Desist Orders Hit Walmart, Walgreens and Others for Herbal Supplement Sales.” Forbes. February 3, 2015. http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2015/02/03/cease-and-desist-orders-hit-walmart-walgreens-and-others-for-herbal-supplement-sales/.

22. Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Offit, Do You Believe in Magic? 44–108; Goldacre, Ben. Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients. London: Fourth Estate, 2013. Kindle Edition; Goldacre, Ben. Bad Science. London: Fourth Estate, 2009. Kindle Edition; Gøtzsche, Peter C., Richard Smith, and Drummond Rennie. Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare. London: Radcliffe Publishing, 2013. Kindle Edition.

23. Goldacre, Bad Science, 44–108.

24. Ibid.

25. Offit, Do You Believe in Magic? 61–62; Dawsey, Sonja P., et al. “A Prospective Study of Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use and the Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers.” PLoS One 9, no. 2 (2014): e88774.

26. Goldacre, Bad Science; Offit, Do You Believe in Magic? 44–108.

27. Offit, Do You Believe in Magic? 44–108.

28. World Health Organization. “Physical Activity.” 2015. http://www.who.int/topics/physical_activity/en/. See also Ekelund, Ulf, et al. “Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality across Levels of Overall and Abdominal Adiposity in European Men and Women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC).” 2015: 123456. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2015/01/14/ajcn.114.100065.abstract.

29. Ibid.

30. Abramowitz, Michael. “Bush Urges Stepped-Up Campaign Against Childhood Obesity.” The Washington Post. February 2, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/01/AR2007020101701.html; Pate, Elias, et al. Killer at Large. New York: Disinformation Co., 2009.

Chapter 6: Who Rules the Economic Roost?

1. Barnett et al., Food Chains; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet”; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat.

2. Allen and Wilson, Good Food Revolution, 261; United States Department of Agriculture, “Economic Research Service, Food Cost Review, 1984.” Agricultural Economic Report, no. 537 (July 1985): table 13. http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87214690/PDF (accessed November 28, 2012); United States Department of Agriculture. “Economic Research, Food Dollar Series.” 2015. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-dollar-series/food-dollar-application.aspx.

3. Barnett et al., Food Chains; Pringle, Peter. A Place at the Table: The Crisis of 49 Million Hungry Americans and How to Solve It. New York: PublicAffairs, 2013. Kindle Edition; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet”; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Allen, Good Food Revolution.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Allen, Good Food Revolution; Pringle, A Place at the Table, 45–58; Moore, Latetia and Ana V. Diez Roux. “Associations of Neighborhood Characteristics with the Location and Type of Food Stores.” American Journal of Public Health 96 (2006): 325–31; Satia, Jessie A. “Diet-Related Disparities: Understanding the Problem and Accelerating Solutions.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 4 (2009): 610–15; Kochanek, Kenneth D., et al. “Deaths: Final Data for 2009.” National Vital Statistics Reports 60, no. 3 (December 29, 2011): 65, table B.

7. Pringle, A Place at the Table; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet”; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Allen, Good Food Revolution.

8. Ibid.; Brownell, Kelly D., and Kenneth E. Warner. “The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?” Milbank Quarterly 87, no. 1 (2009): 259–94; Meghani, Zahra, and Jennifer Kuzma. “The ‘Revolving Door’ Between Regulatory Agencies and Industry: A Problem that Requires Reconceptualizing Objectivity.” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 24, no. 6 (2011): 575–99; Vidal, Jordi Blanes, Mirko Draca, and Christian Fons-Rosen. “Revolving Door Lobbyists.” The American Economic Review 102, no. 7 (2012): 3731–48; Mindell, Jennifer S., et al. “All In This Together: The Corporate Capture of Public Health.” BMJ 345 (2012): e8082.

9. Nestle, Food Politics; Sarasohn, J. “Ex-USDA Chief Glickman Joins Akin Gump.” The Washington Post. February 8, 2001: A21.

10. Ibid.

11. Nestle, Food Politics; WHO. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Disease. WHO Technical Report Series 916. Geneva, 2003. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/who_trs_916.pdf ; WHO. “Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health.” May 2004. www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/strategy/eb11344/strategy_english_web.pdf; Waxman, A. “The WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: The Controversy on Sugar.” Development 47 (2004): 75–82; Zarocostas, J. “WHO Waters Down Draft Strategy on Diet and Health.” The Lancet 363 (2004): 1373.

12. Nestle, Marion. “Sugar Politics: The BMJ’s Series ‘Spinning a Web of Influence.’” February 13, 2015. http://www.foodpolitics.com/2015/02/sugar-politics-the-bmjs-series-spinning-a-web-of-influence/. Gornall, Jonathan. “Sugar’s Web of Influence 2: Biasing the Science.” BMJ 350 (2015): h215; Bes-Rastrollo, M., et al. “Financial Conflicts of Interest and Reporting Bias Regarding the Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.” PLoS Med 10 (2013): e1001578; Lesser, L. I., et al. “Relationship Between Funding Source and Conclusion Among Nutrition-Related Scientific Articles.” PLoS Med 4 (2007):e5.

13. Bes-Rastrollo et al., “Financial Conflicts.”

14. Nestle, “Sugar Politics”; Gornall, “Sugar’s Web”; Bes-Rastrollo et al., “Financial Conflicts.”

15. Berry, Wendell. “17 Rules For A Sustainable Local Community.” The Hummingbird Project. April 6, 2013. http://www.hummingbirdproject.org/regions/wendell-berry-17-rules/; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Allen, The Good Food Revolution.

16. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 4.

17. Berry, “17 Rules”; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Allen, The Good Food Revolution.

18. Ibid.; Rabotyagov, Sergey, et al. “Least-Cost Control of Agricultural Nutrient Contributions to the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone.” Ecological Applications 20, no. 6 (2010): 1542–55; Mitsch, William J., et al. “Reducing Nitrogen Loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin: Strategies to Counter a Persistent Ecological Problem Ecotechnology—The Use of Natural Ecosystems to Solve Environmental problems—Should Be a Part of Efforts to Shrink the Zone of Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.” BioScience 51, no. 5 (2001): 373–88.

19. Ibid.

20. Stuart, Waste; Feed Back. “Global Waste Scandal.” 2014. http://feedbackglobal.org/food-waste-scandal/; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Gustavsson, Jenny, et al. “Global Food Losses and Food Waste. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.” Rom (2011); Cordell, Dana, Jan-Olof Drangert, and Stuart White. “The Story of Phosphorus: Global Food Security and Food for Thought.” Global Environmental Change 19, no. 2 (2009): 292–305; de Lange, Willem, and Anton Nahman. “Costs of Food Waste in South Africa: Incorporating Inedible Food Waste.” Waste Management 40 (2015): 167–72; Thi, Ngoc Bao Dung, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, and Chiu-Yue Lin. “An Overview of Food Waste Management in Developing Countries: Current Status and Future Perspective.” Journal of Environmental Management 157 (2015): 220–29.

21. Ibid.; Garrone, Paola, Marco Melacini, and Alessandro Perego. “Opening the Black Box of Food Waste Reduction.” Food Policy 46 (2014): 129–39.

22. Ibid.

23. Gustafson, We the Eaters.

24. Ibid., 88–91.

25. Ibid.

26. Stuart, Waste; Feed Back, “Global Waste Scandal”; Berry, “17 Rules”; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Allen, The Good Food Revolution.

27. Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

Chapter 7: The Genetic Elephant in the Room

1. Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker, Steven M., and Jane Goodall. Altered Genes, Twisted Truth: How the Venture to Genetically Engineer Our Food Has Subverted Science, Corrupted Government, and Systematically Deceived the Public. Salt Lake City: Clear River Press, 2015. Kindle Edition; Krimsky, Sheldon, and Jeremy Gruber. The GMO Deception: What You Need to Know About the Food, Corporations, and Government Agencies Putting Our Families and Our Environment at Risk. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2014. Kindle Edition; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Newton, David E. GMO Food: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014.

2. Furley, David J. The Greek Cosmologists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 115–35.

3. Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

4. Whitman, Elizabeth. “GMO Apples and Potatoes Approved by FDA; Labeling Not Required.” International Business Times. March 20, 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com/gmo-apples-potatoes-approved-fda-labeling-not-required-1854280; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

5. Newton, GMO Food; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

6. Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, et al. “Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States.” USDA-ERS Economic Research Report 162 (2014); Nabradi, Andras, and Jozsef Popp. “Economics of GM Crop Cultivation.” Crop Biotech Update (2011): 7–19; Newton, GMO Food; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

7. Fernandez-Cornejo et al., “Genetically Engineered Crops.”

8. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). “Pocket K No. 16: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2014.” 2015. http://www.isaaa.org/inbrief/default.asp; James, C. “Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014.” ISAAA Brief No. 49. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA, 2014.

9. Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader.

10. Diels, Johan, Mario Cunha, et al. “Association of Financial or Professional Conflict of Interest to Research Outcomes on Health Risks or Nutritional Assessment Studies of Genetically Modified Products.” Food Policy 36, no. 2 (2011): 197–203.

11. Leaf, Caroline. The Switch on Your Brain 5-Step Learning Process. Dallas: Switch on Your Brain USA LP, 2009.

12. McGrath, Alister E. Surprised by Meaning: Science, Faith, and How We Make Sense of Things. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011. Kindle Edition, 43–44; McGrath, Alister E. Dawkins’ God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Kindle Edition; Polkinghorne, J. C. Science and Religion in Quest of Truth. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. Kindle Edition.

13. Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

14. Diels et al., “Association of Financial or Professional Conflict of Interest.”

15. Ibid.; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., “Genetically Engineered Crops”; Nabradi and Popp, “Economics of GM Crop Cultivation,” 7–19; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

16. Nielsen, Kaare M. “Biosafety Data as Confidential Business Information.” PLoS Biology 11, no. 3 (2013): e1001499. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001499; Diels et al., “Association of Financial or Professional Conflict of Interest”; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

17. Quaddus, M. A., and Muhammed Abu B. Siddique. Handbook of Sustainable Development Planning: Studies in Modeling and Decision Support. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2013. 91–116; Picó, Yolanda. Chemical Analysis of Food: Techniques and Applications. Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2012. 453–54; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

18. Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception. After publicly voicing his concerns on the safety of GM potatoes, Pusztai was subject to a number of professional and personal attacks in what came to be known as the Pusztai Affair. For the original study, see Ewen, S. W. B, and A. Pusztai. “Effect of Diets Containing Genetically Modified Potatoes Expressing Galanthus Nivalis Lectin on Rat Small Intestine.” The Lancet 354 (1999): 1353–54.

19. Snell, Chelsea, et al. “Assessment of the Health Impact of GM Plant Diets in Long-Term and Multigenerational Animal Feeding Trials: A Literature Review.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 50, no. 3 (2012): 1134–48; GM Free Scotland. “Three Reviews of GM Safety.” May 2012. http://gmfreescotland.blogspot.com/2012/05/three-reviews-of-gm-safety.html.

20. Domingo, José L., and Jordi Ginéi Bordonaba. “A Literature Review on the Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants.” Environment International 37, no. 4 (2011): 734–42; GM Free Scotland, “Three Reviews.”

21. Hilbeck, Angelika, et al. “No Scientific Consensus on GMO Safety.” Environmental Sciences Europe 27, no. 1 (2015): 1–6.

22. Samsel, Anthony, and Stephanie Seneff. “Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases III: Manganese, Neurological Diseases, and Associated Pathologies.” Surgical Neurology International 6 (2015): 45; Seneff, Stephanie, Nancy Swanson, and Chen Li. “Aluminum and Glyphosate Can Synergistically Induce Pineal Gland Pathology: Connection to Gut Dysbiosis and Neurological Disease.” Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 1 (2015): 42.

23. Lee, R., et al. “Using Human-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (hu-SCID) Mice as a Model for Testing Allergenicity of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).” Clinical and Translational Allergy 3, no. 3 (2013): 18; Flanagan, Simon. Handbook of Food Allergen Detection and Control. Cambridge, MA: Waltham, 2015. 161–76.

24. Williams, A. L., R. E. Watson, and J. M. Desesso. “Developmental and Reproductive Outcomes in Humans and Animals after Glyphosate Exposure: A Critical Analysis.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 15 (2012): 39–96.

25. Antoniou, M., et al. “Teratogenic Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides: Divergence of Regulatory Decisions from Scientific Evidence.” Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology 4 (2012): 2161–525; Cattani D., et al. “Mechanisms Underlying the Neurotoxicity Induced by Glyphosate-Based Herbicide in Immature Rat Hippocampus: Involvement of Glutamate Excitotoxicity.” Toxicology 320 (2014): 34–45; Mesnage, R. S. “The Need for a Closer Look at Pesticide Toxicity during GMO Assessment in Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions.” In Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. Bhat R., and V. M. Gómez-López, eds. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2014; Vandenberg, L. N., et al. “Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses.” Endocrinology Reviews 33 (2012): 378–455; Swanson, Nancy L., et al. “Genetically Engineered Crops, Glyphosate and the Deterioration of Health in the United States of America.” Journal of Organic Systems 9, no. 2 (2014): 6–37.

26. Fritschi, L., et al. “Carcinogenicity of Tetrachlorvinphos, Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, and Glyphosate.” The Lancet Oncology. 2015. http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(15)70134-8.pdf.

27. Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes.

28. Séralini, G. E., et al. “Long-Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize.” Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012): 4221–31; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; GM Free Scotland, “Three Reviews.”

29. Pirondini, Andrea, and Nelson Marmiroli. “Environmental Risk Assessment in GMO Analysis.” Rivista di Biologia 101, no. 2 (2008): 215–46; Benbrook, Charles M. “Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the US—The First Sixteen Years.” Environmental Sciences Europe 24, no. 1 (2012): 1–13; Sirinathsinghji, Eva. “Study Confirms GM Crops Lead to Increased Pesticide Use.” Science in Society 56 (2012): 8–10; Wagner, Norman, et al. “Questions Concerning the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides on Amphibians.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32, no. 8 (2013): 1688–1700; Meehan, T. D., et al. “Agricultural Landscape Simplification and Insecticide Use in the Midwestern United States.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 11500–505; Blesh, J., and L. E. Drinkwater. “The Impact of Nitrogen Source and Crop Rotation on Nitrogen Mass Balances in the Mississippi River Basin.” Ecological Applications 23, no. 5 (2013): 1017–35; Davis, Adam S., et al. “Increasing Cropping System Diversity Balances Productivity, Profitability and Environmental Health.” PLoS One 7, no. 10 (2012): e47149; Jacobsen, Sven-Erik, et al. “Feeding the World: Genetically Modified Crops Versus Agricultural Biodiversity.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33, no. 4 (2013): 651–62; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

30. Gassmann, Aaron J., et al. “Field-Evolved Resistance by Western Corn Rootworm to Multiple Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxins in Transgenic Maize.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 14 (2014): 5141–46; Gassmann, Aaron J., et al. “Western Corn Rootworm and Bt Maize: Challenges of Pest Resistance in the Field.” GM Crops & Food 3, no. 3 (2012): 235–44; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

31. Benbrook, “Impacts”; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

32. Klümper, Wilhelm, and Matin Qaim. “A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops.” PLoS One 9, no. 11 (2014): e111629; Heinemann, Jack. “Correlation Is Not Causation.” RightBiotech. November 27, 2014. http://rightbiotech.tumblr.com/post/103665842150/correlation-is-not-causation.

33. Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

34. Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Pirondini and Marmiroli, “Environmental Risk Assessment”; Benbrook, “Impacts”; Sirinathsinghji, “Study Confirms”; Wagner et al. “Questions Concerning the Potential Impact”; Meehan et al. “Agricultural Landscape Simplification”; Blesh and Drinkwater, “Impact of Nitrogen Source and Crop Rotation”; Davis et al. “Increasing Cropping System Diversity”; Jacobsen et al. “Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

35. Price, Becky, and Janet Cotter. “The GM Contamination Register: a Review of Recorded Contamination Incidents Associated with Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), 1997–2013.” International Journal of Food Contamination 1, no. 1 (2014): 1–13; Smith, Amanda. “Sowing Wild Oats: Bystander Strict Liability in Tort Applied to Organic Farm Contamination by Genetically Modified Seed.” University of Louisville Law Review 51 (2012): 629; Reed, Genna. “GMOs v. Organic: Is Coexistence Possible?” 142nd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 15–19, 2014; Chandler, Stephen F., and Trevor W. Stevenson. “Gene Flow and Risk Assessment in Genetically Modified Crops.” In Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants, vol. 1. New York: Springer, 2014. 247–65; Du, Dorothy. “Rethinking Risks: Should Socioeconomic and Ethical Considerations be Incorporated into the Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops.” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 26 (2012): 376–401; Mitchell, Shené. “Organic Crops, Genetic Drift, and Commingling: Theories of Remedy and Defense.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 18 (2013): 313–33; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Pirondini and Marmiroli, “Environmental Risk Assessment”; Benbrook, “Impacts”; Sirinathsinghji, “Study Confirms”; Davis et al., “Increasing Cropping System Diversity”; Jacobsen et al., “Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

36. Ibid.

37. Gustafson, We the Eaters.

38. Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Jacobsen et al. “Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

39. Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

40. Hesterman, Fair Food, 13.

41. Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Jacobsen et al. “Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader.

42. Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Stuart, Waste; Feed Back, “Global Waste Scandal”; Berry, “17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma.

43. Sen, Amartya. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. 1; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

44. Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Stuart, Waste; Feed Back, “Global Waste Scandal”; Berry, “17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines.

45. Ibid.

46. Benbrook, C. “Troubled Times Amid Commercial Success for Roundup Ready Soybeans: Glyphosate Efficacy is Slipping and Unstable Transgene Expression Erodes Plant Defences and Yields.” AgBioTech InfoNet Technical Paper No. 4 (May 2001): 3. http://www.biotech-info.net/troubledtimes.html; Elmore, et al. “Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Cultivar Yields Compared with Sister Lines.” Agron 93 (2001): 408–12; quote from press release announcing study at http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0005161.shtml; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

47. IAASTD. Agriculture at a Crossroads. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009. http://www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Synthesis%20Report%20%28English%29.pdf; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

48. Gurian-Sherman, Doug. “Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops.” Union of Concerned Scientists. April 2009. http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/failure-to-yield.pdf; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

49. Oerke, E. C. “Crop Losses to Pests.” The Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (2006): 31–43; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–46.

50. Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Berry, “17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines.

51. Nash, J. Madeleine. “This Rice Could Save a Million Kids a Year.” Time. July 31, 2000. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997586,00.html; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

52. Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

53. Nash, “This Rice”; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

54. Hine, R., J. Pretty, and S. Twarog. Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa. New York and Geneva: UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity-Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and Development, 2008. http://bit.ly/KBCgY0.

55. The Rodale Institute. “The Farming Systems Trial.” http://rodaleinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/FSTbrochure.pdf.

56. Chivian, Eric, and Aaron Bernstein. Genetically Modified Foods and Organic Farming. In Sustaining Life: How Human Health Depends on Biodiversity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 399–400, 402; Hesterman, Fair Food, 293.

57. Ponisio, Lauren C., et al. “Diversification Practices Reduce Organic to Conventional Yield Gap.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1799 (2015): 20141396.

58. Jacobsen et al., “Feeding the World”; Davis et al., “Increasing Cropping System Diversity.”

59. Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Berry, “17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines.

60. Ibid.

61. Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, and David Schimmelpfennig. “Have Seed Industry Changes Affected Research Effort?” Amber Waves 2, no. 1 (2004): 14–19; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

62. Pollan, Michael, “Vote for the Dinner Party.” The New York Times Magazine. October 10, 2012. http://michaelpollan.com/articles-archive/vote-for-the-dinner-party/.

63. Pollan, “Vote For the Dinner Party”; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

64. Ibid.; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Berry, “17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines; Ronald, Pamela C., and Raoul W. Adamchak. Tomorrow’s Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, and the Future of Food. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 137–51; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.

65. Hattori, Y., et al. “The Ethylene Response Factors SNORKEL1 and SNORKEL2 Allow Rice to Adapt to Deep Water.” Nature 460 (2009): 1026–30; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

66. Ronald and Adamchak, Tomorrow’s Table.

67. Benyus, Janine M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins e-books, 2009; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 20.

68. Benyus, Biomimicry.

69. Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Butterfield, Jody, et al. Holistic Management Handbook: Healthy Land, Healthy Profits. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006; Allen, Will, and Charles Wilson. The Good Food Revolution: Growing Healthy Food, People, and Communities. New York: Gotham Books, 2012. Kindle Edition; White, Joseph Courtney. Grass, Soil, Hope: A Journey Through Carbon Country. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014. Kindle Edition; Chase, Lisa, and Vernon P. Grubinger. Food, Farms, and Community: Exploring Food Systems. Durham, NH: The University of New Hampshire Press, 2014. Kindle Edition; Barber, The Third Plate; Ackerman-Leist, Rebuilding the Foodshed; Niman, Nicolette Hahn. Defending Beef: The Case for Sustainable Meat Production. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014. Kindle Edition; Bernstein, Sylvia. Aquaponic Gardening: A Step-by-Step Guide to Raising Vegetables and Fish Together. Gabriola, BC: New Society Publishers, 2011.

70. Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 20; Growing Power. “History.” 2014. http://www.growingpower.org/about/history/.

71. Stafford, Beth. “UW-Milwaukee Spring Commencement 2012.” Press release. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. May 9, 2012.

Chapter 8: Mindset and Meal

1. American Psychological Association. “Stress in America (TM): Our Health at Risk.” 2012. http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2011/final-2011.pdf; American Institute of Stress. “Stress Is Killing You.” n.d. http://www.stress.org/stress-is-killing-you/; Harvard Medical School’s Mind-Body Institute. Published research by date. http://www.bensonhenryinstitute.org/index.php/our-research/published-research; The Institute of HeartMath. “Local and Nonlocal Effects of Coherent Heart Frequencies on Conformational Changes of DNA.” 2001. http://appreciativeinquiry.case.edu/uploads/HeartMath%20article.pdf; Kinderman, P., et al. “Psychological Processes Mediate the Impact of Familial Risk. Social Circumstances and Life Events on Mental Health.” PLoS (2013), http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0076564; Powell, N. D., et al. “Social Stress Up-Regulates Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Leukocyte Transcriptome Via β-Adrenergic Induction of Myelopoiesis.” PNAS (2013), http://www.pnas.org/content/110/41/16574.full; Cohen, S., et al. “Psychological Stress and Disease.” JAMA (2007): 1685–87; Cohen, S, et al. “Chronic Stress, Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance, Inflammation, and Disease Risk.” PNAS (2012): 5995–99; Seaward, B. “Are Your Wellness Programs Prepared for the Super Stress Super Storm.” Wellness Council of America, 2010. http://www.brianlukeseaward.com/downloads/SuperStress-WELCOA-Seaward.pdf; “Cancer Statistics and Views of Causes.” Science News 115, no. 2 (January 13, 1979): 23; Nijhout, H. F. “Metaphors and the Role of Genes and Development.” BioEssays 12 (1990): 444–46; Willett, W. C. “Balancing Lifestyle and Genomics Research for Disease Prevention.” Science 296 (2002): 695–98; Pert, C. B. Molecules of Emotion: Why You Feel the Way You Feel. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997; Lipton, B. The Biology of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter and Miracles. Santa Cruz, CA: Mountain of Love Productions, 2008; Church, D. Genie in Your Genes. Santa Rosa, CA: Energy Psychology Press, 2007.

2. Attwell, David, and Simon B. Laughlin. “An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain.” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 21, no. 10 (2001): 1133–45; Peters, A., and D. Langemann. “Build-ups in the Supply Chain of the Brain: on the Neuroenergetic Cause of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” Front. Neuroenerg 1 (2009): 2. doi:10.3389/neuro.14.002.2009; Hovda, David A., et al. “Metabolic Dysfunction Following Traumatic Brain Injury.” In Concussions in Athletics. New York: Springer, 2014. 205–15.

3. Gustafson, We the Eaters, xiv; Pan et al. “Exporting Diabetes to Asia”; Yang, Lijun. “The Effect of Western Diet Culture on Chinese Diet Culture.” In International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication (ICELAIC-14). Amsterdam: Atlantis Press, 2014; Myles, Ian A. “Fast Food Fever: Reviewing the Impacts of the Western Diet on Immunity.” Nutrition Journal 13, no. 1 (2014): 61; Taylor, Allyn L., Emily Whelan Parento, and Laura Schmidt. “The Increasing Weight of Regulation: Countries Combat the Global Obesity Epidemic.” Indiana Law Journal 90 (2014): forthcoming; Vineis, Paolo, and Christopher P. Wild. “Global Cancer Patterns: Causes and Prevention.” The Lancet 383, no. 9916 (2014): 549–57.

4. Hoffmann, Beth. “It’s Convenience, Not Cost, That Makes Us Fat.” Forbes. July 17, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/bethhoffman/2012/07/17/its-convenience-not-cost-that-makes-us-fat/; Puzic, Sonja. “How We Eat: The Rise of the Convenience Food Market.” CTV News. August 20, 2014; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat, 67–305; Stuart, Waste.

5. Ibid.

6. Nijhout, “Metaphors and the Role of Genes”; Watters, Ethan. “DNA Is Not Destiny: The New Science of Epigenetics.” Discover Magazine. November 22, 2006. http://discovermagazine.com/2006/nov/cover; “Ghost in Your Genes.” Nova, 2008. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genes/; Satel, Sally L., and Scott O. Lilienfeld. Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience. New York: Basic Books, 2013; Kinderman, Peter. A Prescription for Psychiatry: Why We Need a Whole New Approach to Mental Health and Wellbeing. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Chapter 9: Taking Responsibility

1. Leaf, Caroline. Switch On Your Brain: The Key to Peak Happiness, Thinking, and Health. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013, chap. 1; Leaf, Caroline. “Ridiculous.” TED Talks. TEDxOaksChristianSchool. 2015. http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Ridiculous-Caroline-Leaf-TEDxOa;search%3Acaroline%20leaf; Leaf, Caroline. “Mind-Mapping: A Therapeutic Technique for Closed-Head Injury.” Master’s Thesis. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 1990.

2. Reardon, Thomas, Peter Timmer, and Julio Berdegue. “The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Developing Countries.” Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics 1, no. 2 (2004): 168–83; Gustafson, We the Eaters, v–xix.

3. Oxfam International. “Food Aid or Hidden Dumping?” 2005. https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp71_food_aid.pdf; Gustafson, We the Eaters, v–xix; Edelman, Marc, et al. “Introduction: Critical Perspectives on Food Sovereignty.” Journal of Peasant Studies 41, no. 6 (2014): 911–31; Shattuck, Annie, and Eric Holt-Giménez. “Moving from Food Crisis to Food Sovereignty.” Yale Human Rights and Development Journal 13, no. 2 (2014): 421–34; Barrett, Christopher B., and Dan Maxwell. Food Aid after Fifty Years: Recasting Its Role. London: Routledge, 2007.

4. Wright, N. T. Surprised by Scripture: Engaging Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2014. 83–106; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 179.

5. Ibid.

6. Kendrick, Malcolm. Doctoring Data: How to Sort Out Medical Advice from Medical Nonsense. London: Columbus Publishing, 2015. 9–11; Andersen, Klaus Kaae, and Tom Skyhøj Olsen. “The Obesity Paradox in Stroke: Lower Mortality and Lower Risk of Readmission for Recurrent Stroke in Obese Stroke Patients.” International Journal of Stroke 10, no. 1 (2015): 99–104; Shil Hong, Eun, et al. “Counterintuitive Relationship Between Visceral Fat and All-Cause Mortality in an Elderly Asian Population.” Obesity 23, no. 1 (2015): 220–27.

7. Ibid.

8. Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. “Dieting Young May Lead to Poor Health Outcomes Later: Trends in Dieting Strategies in Young Adult Women from 1982 to 2012.” ScienceDaily, July 29, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140729224908.htm; Naish, John. “Why Dieting Makes You FAT: Research Shows Trying to Lose Weight Alters Your Brain and Hormones So You’re Doomed to Pile It on Again.” Daily Mail. April 23, 2012. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2134162/Research-shows-trying-lose-weight-alters-brain-hormones-youre-doomed-pile-again.html.

Chapter 10: The Meeting of the Minds

1. Leaf, Caroline, Brenda Louw, and Isabel Uys. “The Development of a Model for Geodesic Learning: The Geodesic Information Processing Model.” The South African Journal of Communication Disorders 44 (1997): 53–70. http://drleaf.com/download-dispatch/?fn=/TheDevelopmentOfAModelForGeodesicLearning.pdf; Leaf, Switch On Your Brain, 123–28; Leaf, Caroline. “The Mind-Mapping Approach: A Model and Framework for Geodesic Learning.” PhD dissertation, University of Pretoria, March 1997.

2. “Dr. Leaf’s Research.” http://drleaf.com/about/dr-leafs-research/; “Dr. Leaf’s Curriculum Vitae.” http://drleaf.com/download-dispatch/?fn=/DrCarolineLeaf_CurriculumVitae1.pdf.

3. Ibid.

4. Craddock, Travis John Adrian, and Jack A. Tuszynski. “A Critical Assessment of the Information Processing Capabilities of Neuronal Microtubules Using Coherent Excitations.” Journal of Biological Physics 36, no. 1 (2010): 53–70. Published online June 4, 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791807/.

5. Leaf, Switch On Your Brain, chap. 1; Leaf, “Ridiculous”; Leaf, “Mind-Mapping.”

6. Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. “Adult Neuroplasticity: More Than 40 Years of Research.” Neural Plasticity 2014 (2014): 1–10; Merzenich, Michael. “Growing Evidence of Brain Plasticity.” TED Talk, February 2004. http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_merzenich_on_the_elastic_brain?language=en.

7. Pittenger, C., and E. Kandel. “A Genetic Switch for Long-Term Memory.” Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences-Series III-Sciences de la Vie 321, no. 2 (1998): 91–96.

8. Kandel, Eric R. “The Molecular Biology of Memory: cAMP, PKA, CRE, CREB-1, CREB-2, and CPEB.” Molecular Brain (2012): 1–12. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1756-6606-5-14.pdf; Smith, S. L., et al. “Dendritic Spikes Enhance Stimulus Selectivity in Cortical Neurons in Vivo.” Nature 503, no. 7474 (2013): 115–20; Sheffield, Mark E. J., and Daniel A. Dombeck. “Calcium Transient Prevalence Across the Dendritic Arbour Predicts Place Field Properties.” Nature 517 (January 8, 2015): 200–204.

9. Fodor, J. The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT/Bradford, 1983; Neal, D. T., et al. “How Do Habits Guide Behavior? Perceived and Actual Triggers of Habits in Daily Life.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 2 (2012): 492–98; Phillippa, A. “How Are Habits Formed: Modelling Habit Formation in the Real World.” European Journal of Social Psychology 40, no. 6 (2010): 998–1009; Gardner, B., P. Lally, and J. Wardle. “Making Health Habitual: the Psychology of ‘Habit-Formation’ and General Practice.” British Journal of General Practice 62, no. 605 (2012): 664–66.

10. Leaf et al., “The Development of a Model for Geodesic Learning”; Leaf, Switch On Your Brain; Leaf, “The Mind-Mapping Approach.”

11. Penrose, Roger. “Quantum Nonlocality and Complex Reality.” Oxford University, 1992. In Tucker, Kenneth H., Jr. The Renaissance of General Relativity and Cosmology: A Survey to Celebrate the 65th Birthday of Dennis Sciama. Cambridge University Press, 2005, 314–25; Penrose, Roger. “Twistor, Reality and Quantum Non Locality.” August 4, 2014. This talk was held during the Summer School on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics dedicated to John Bell in Sesto, Italy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ8Bm33o0uI.

12. Leaf, Caroline. The Gift in You: Discovering New Life Through Gifts Hidden in Your Mind. Nashville: Nelson, 2009.

13. Gardner, H. Frames of Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1985; Iran-Nejad, A. “Active and Dynamic Self-Regulation of Learning Processes.” Review of Educational Research 60, no. 4 (1990): 573–602; Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

14. Markowsky, George. “Information Theory—Physiology.” Encylopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287907/information-theory/214958/Physiology; Fan, Jin. “ITACC.” Front Hum Neurosci. 8 (2014): 680.

15. Travis et al. “A Critical Assessment.”

16. Elsevier. “Discovery of Quantum Vibrations in ‘Microtubules’ Inside Brain Neurons Corroborates Controversial 20-Year-Old Theory of Consciousness.” Amsterdam, January 16, 2014. http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/discovery-of-quantum-vibrations-in-microtubules-inside-brain-neurons-corroborates-controversial-20-year-old-theory-of-consciousness; Bandyopadhyay, Anirban. Brain Mapping Symposium, April 24, 2014 at University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, https://streaming.biocom.arizona.edu/event/?id=25224&play=1&format=hd.

17. Horga, Guillermo, and Tiago V. Maia. “Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Cognitive Control: A Theoretical Perspective and a Novel Empirical Approach.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (July 4, 2012): 4.

18. Leaf, Switch On Your Brain; Hameroff, Stuart, and Roger Penrose. “Consciousness in the Universe: a Review of the ‘Orch OR’ Theory.” Physics of Life Reviews 11, no. 1 (2014): 39–78; Hameroff, S., and R. Penrose. “In the Quantum World, the Future Affects the Past: Hindsight and Foresight Together More Accurately ‘Predict’ a Quantum System’s State.” Science Daily, February 9, 2015. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150209083011.htm; Tan, D., et al. “Prediction and Retrodiction for a Continuously Monitored Superconducting Qubit.” Physical Review Letters (2015): 1–9. http://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.0510.pdf.

19. Hameroff and Penrose, “In the Quantum World.”

20. Gardner, Frames of Mind; Iran-Nejad, “Active and Dynamic Self-Regulation”; Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

21. Koch, Kristen, et al., “How Much the Eye Tells the Brain,” Current Biology 16 (2006): 1428–34; Markowsky, “Information Theory”; Fan, “ITACC.”

22. Leaf, The Gift in You.

23. Walker, H. K., W. D. Hall, and J. W. Hurst, eds. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths, 1990. Chap. 57.

24. Karim, Nader, Glenn E. Schafe, and Joseph E. Le Doux. “Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation after Retrieval.” Nature 406 (August 17, 2000): 722–26.

25. Sharot, Tali. “The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive.” TED Talk. June 14, 2011. http://www.ted.com/talks/tali_sharot_the_optimism_bias?language=en.

26. Nader et al., “Fear Memories.”

27. Ibid.

28. Cleeremans, A., and J. C. Sarrazin. “Time, Action, and Consciousness.” Human Movement Science 26, no. 2 (April 2007):180–202.

29. Misra, B., and E. C. G. Sudarshan. “The Zeno’s Paradox in Quantum Theory.” Journal of Mathematical Physics 18 (1977): 756. doi:10.1063/1.523304; Fischer, M. C., B. Gutiérrez-Medina, and M. G. Raizen. “Observation of the Quantum Zeno and Anti-Zeno Effects in an Unstable System.” Physical Review Letters 87, no. 4 (July 23, 2001): 1–4. http://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104035.pdf; Schwartz, Jeffrey M., Henry P. Stapp, and Mario Beauregard. “Quantum Physics in Neuroscience and Psychology: a Neurophysical Model of Mind–Brain Interaction.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1458 (2005): 1309–27.

30. Leaf et al., “The Development of a Model for Geodesic Learning”; The Senses—A Primer (Part I). The Dana Foundation. http://www.brainfacts.org/Sensing-Thinking-Behaving/Senses-and-Perception/Articles/2013/The-Senses-A-Primer-Part-I; The Senses— A Primer (Part II). The Dana Foundation. http://www.brainfacts.org/Sensing-Thinking-Behaving/Senses-and-Perception/Articles/2013/The-Senses-A-Primer-Part-II.

31. Kandel, “The Molecular Biology of Memory”; Lipton, B. H., K. G. Bensch, and M. A. Karasek. “Microvessel Endothelial Cell Transdifferentiation: Phenotypic Characterization.” Differentiation 46, no. 2 (1991): 117–33; Lipton, B. H., K. G. Bensch, and M. A. Karasek. “Histamine-Modulated Transdifferentiation of Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells.” Experimental Cell Research 199, no. 2 (1992): 279–91.

32. Schwartz et al., “Quantum Physics in Neuroscience and Psychology.”

Chapter 11: Toxic Schedules and Television: Twin Enemies of Our Minds

1. Wolff, Jonathan. “Technology Just Makes Us All Busier.” The Guardian. November 7, 2011. http://gu.com/p/3359x/sbl.

2. Gleick, James. Faster: The Acceleration of Just about Everything. New York: Vintage, 2000.

3. The Directorate of Time at the US Naval Observatory is the official source of time used in the United States. http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gif/timex.html.

4. Chang, Lin. “The Role of Stress on Physiological Responses and Clinical Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.” Gastroenterology 140, no. 3 (March 2011): 761–65; Glise, Kristina, Gunnar Ahlborg, and Ingibj H. Jonsdottir. “Prevalence and Course of Somatic Symptoms in Patients with Stress-Related Exhaustion: Does Sex or Age Matter.” BMC Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (2014): 118; Keightley, Philip C., Natasha A. Koloski, and Nicholas J. Talley. “Pathways in Gut-Brain Communication: Evidence for Distinct Gut-to-Brain and Brain-to-Gut Syndromes.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 49, no. 3 (2015): 207–14; Kennedy, P. J., G. Clarke, A. O’Neill, J. A. Groeger, E. M. M. Quigley, F. Shanahan, J. F. Cryan, and T. G. Dinan. “Cognitive Performance in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Evidence of a Stress-Related Impairment in Visuospatial Memory.” Psychological Medicine 44, no. 7 (2014): 1553–66.

5. Bittman, Mark. “Slow Food Quickens the Pace.” New York Times, March 26, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/slow-food-quickens-the-pace/?_r=0.

6. Schlosser, Fast Food Nation.

7. Gleick, Faster, Kindle location 226–30.

8. Gustafson, Ellen. “Obesity + Hunger = 1 Global Food Issue.” Ted Talk. May 2010. https://www.ted.com/talks/ellen_gustafson_obesity_hunger_1_global_food_issue#t-482099; Via, Michael. “The Malnutrition of Obesity: Micronutrient Deficiencies That Promote Diabetes.” Endocrinology (2012): 103472; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

9. Nestle, Marion. “Soft Drink ‘Pouring Rights’: Marketing Empty Calories to Children.” Public Health Reports 115, no. 4 (2000): 308–19; Nestle, Food Politics.

10. Saleem, Munazza, Aimal Hassan, Tahir Mahmood, Saba Mushtaq, Javeria Bhatti, and Matloob Azam. “Factors Associated with Excessive TV Viewing in School Children of Wah Cantt, Pakistan.” Rawal Medical Journal 39, no. 3 (2014): 323–26; Christakis, D. A., F. J. Zimmerman, D. L. DiGiuseppe, and C. A. McCarty. “Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children.” Pediatrics 113, no. 4 (April 2004): 708–13; Lin, L. Y., R. J. Cherng, Y. J. Chen, and H. M. Yang. “Effects of Television Exposure on Developmental Skills among Young Children.” Infant Behavior and Development 38 (February 2015): 20–26; Hamer, M., E. Stamatakis, and G. D. Mishra. “Television- and Screen-Based Activity and Mental Well-being in Adults.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38, no. 4 (April 2010): 375–80; Costa, Silvia, William Johnson, and Russell M. Viner. “Health Effects of Media on Children and Adolescents.” Pediatrics 125, no. 4 (April 2010): 756–67; Japas, Claudio, Synnly Knutsen, Salem Dehom, Hildemar Dos Santos, and Serena Tonstad. “Body Mass Index Gain between Ages 20 and 40 Years and Lifestyle Characteristics of Men at Ages 40–60 Years: The Adventist Health Study-2.” Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 8, no. 6 (2014): e549–57; Shiue, Ivy. “Duration of Daily TV/Screen Watching with Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Mental and Psychiatric Health: Scottish Health Survey, 2012–2013.” International Journal of Cardiology 186 (2015): 241–46.

11. Christakis et al., “Early Television Exposure.”

12. Cherng et al., “Effects of Television Exposure.”

13. Hamer et al., “Television- and Screen-Based Activity”; Strasburger, Victor C., Amy B. Jordan, and Ed Donnerstein. “Health Effects of Media on Children and Adolescents. ” Pediatrics 125, no. 4 (2010): 756–67.

14. Abrams, Michael, and Dan Winters. “Can You See with Your Tongue? The Brain Is So Adaptable, Some Researchers Now Think, That Any of the Five Senses Can Be Rewired.” Discover Magazine, June 1, 2003, http://discovermagazine.com/2003/jun/feattongue; Bach-y-Rita, P. “Tactile Sensory Substitution Studies.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1013 (May 2004): 83–91; Fuchs and Flügg, “Adult Neuroplasticity.”

15. Pierce, R. Christopher, and Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren. “Kicking the Habit: The Neural Basis of Ingrained Behaviors in Cocaine Addiction.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 2 (November 2010): 212–19.

16. American Academy of Pediatrics. “Familiarity with Television Fast-Food Ads Linked to Obesity.” ScienceDaily. April 29, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120429085415.htm; Boyland, Emma J., Melissa Kavanagh-Safran, and Jason C. G. Halford. “Exposure to ‘Healthy’ Fast Food Meal Bundles in Television Advertisements Promotes Liking for Fast Food but Not Healthier Choices in Children.” British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 6 (2015): 1012–18; Uribe, Rodrigo, and Alejandra Fuentes-García. “The Effects of TV Unhealthy Food Brand Placement on Children. Its Separate and Joint Effect with Advertising.” Appetite (2015): 165–72; Kraak, V. I., and M. Story. “An Accountability Evaluation for the Industry’s Responsible Use of Brand Mascots and Licensed Media Characters to Market a Healthy Diet to American Children.” Obesity Reviews (2015): 433–53; Cornwell, T. Bettina, Anna R. McAlister, and Nancy Polmear-Swendris. “Children’s Knowledge of Packaged and Fast Food Brands and Their BMI. Why the Relationship Matters for Policy Makers.” Appetite 81 (2014): 277–83.

17. Rusmevichientong, P., N. A. Streletskaya, W. Amatyakul, and H. M. Kaiser. “The Impact of Food Advertisements on Changing Eating Behaviors: An Experimental Study.” Food Policy 44 (2014): 59–67.

18. Kemps, Eva, Marika Tiggemann, and Sarah Hollitt. “Exposure to Television Food Advertising Primes Food-related Cognitions and Triggers Motivation to Eat.” Psychology & Health 29, no. 10 (2014): 1192. doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.918267.

19. Boyland, E. J., et al. “Food Commercials Increase Preference for Energy-Dense Foods, Particularly in Children Who Watch More Television.” Pediatrics (2011): e93–e100. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-185; Mathias, Kevin C., et al. “Foods and Beverages Associated with Higher Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2013): 351–57. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.036.

20. Olafsdottir, Steingerdur, et al. “Young Children’s Screen Habits Are Associated with Consumption of Sweetened Beverages Independently of Parental Norms.” International Journal of Public Health (2013): 65–73. doi:10.1007/s00038-013-0473-2.

21. Rudd Center for Food and Policy. “Food Marketing.” 2015. http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/food-marketing; World Health Organization. “A Framework for Implementing the Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children.” 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/80148/1/9789241503242_eng.pdf?ua=1.

22. Rudd Center, “Food Marketing”; Bernhardt, Amy M., et al. “How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed at Children Compares with Adult Advertisements.” PLoS One 8, no. 8 (2013): e72479. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072479; American Academy of Pediatrics, “Familiarity with Television”; Boyland, Emma J., and Jason C. G. Halford. “Television Advertising and Branding: Effects on Eating Behaviour and Food Preferences in Children.” Appetite 62 (2013): 236–41; Uribe and Fuentes-Garcia, “Effects of TV”; Kraak and Story, “Influence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots”; Cornwell et al., “Children’s Knowledge.”

23. Ibid.; Rusmevichientong et al., “The Impact of Food Advertisements.”

24. Story, Mary, and Simone French. “Food Advertising and Marketing Directed at Children and Adolescents in the US.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 1 (2004): 3.

25. Leibowitz, J., et al. “A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Adolescents: Follow-Up Report.” Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission, 2012.

26. Rudd Center, “Food Marketing.”

27. Scully, P., et al. “Food and Beverage Cues in UK and Irish Children—Television Programming.” Archives of Disease in Childhood (2014). doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305430.

28. Scully et al., “Food and Beverage Cues”; Rudd Center, “Food Marketing”; Kunkel, Dale, Christopher McKinley, and Paul Wright. “The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised on Television to Children.” Children Now (2010): 9–38; Ronit, Karsten, et al. “Obesity and Industry Self-Regulation of Food and Beverage Marketing: a Literature Review.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 7 (2014): 753–59; Reeve, Belinda. “Private Governance, Public Purpose? Assessing Transparency and Accountability in Self-Regulation of Food Advertising to Children.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 10, no. 2 (2013): 149–63.

29. Caballero, Benjamin. “The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview.” Epidemiologic Reviews 29, no. 1 (2007): 1–5; Malhotra, A. “Obesity among Indian Adolescents: Some Emerging Trends.” Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Research 1, no. 1 (2014): 46–48.

30. Ronit et al., “Obesity and Industry.”

31. Dentzer, S. “The Child Abuse We Inflict Through Child Obesity.” Health Affairs 29, no. 3 (2010): 342; Jackson, Sandra L., and Solveig A. Cunningham. “Social Competence and Obesity in Elementary School.” American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 1 (2015): 153–58.

32. Lustig, Robert H. Fat Chance: Beating the Odds Against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and Disease. New York: Plume, 2013.

33. Choudry, Souvik. “Fast Food for the Mind: Why I Don’t Have a Facebook or Twitter Account.” Forbes, April 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/sungardas/2014/04/08/fast-food-for-the-mind-why-i-dont-have-a-facebook-or-twitter-account.

34. Leiter, Melissa. “The Lifespan of Social Media Posts.” Melissaleiter.com. June 19, 2014. http://www.melissaleiter.com/lifespan-of-social-media-posts/.

35. Craddock and Tuszynski, “A Critical Assessment.”

36. Leaf, Switch On Your Brain.

37. Sussman, Steve, and Meghan B. Moran. “Hidden Addiction: Television.” Journal of Behav Addict. 2, no. 3 (2013): 125–32; Bilimoria, P. M., T. K. Hensch, and D. Bavelier. “A Mouse Model for Too Much TV?” Trends Cogn Sci 16, no. 11 (2012): 529–31; Olsen, C. M. “Natural Rewards, Neuroplasticity, and Non-Drug Addictions.” Neuropharmacology 61, no. 7 (2011): 1109–22.

38. Doidge, Norman. The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science. New York: Penguin, 2007. Kindle Edition, 309.

39. Ibid.

40. Harris, Jennifer L., and Samantha K. Graff. “Protecting Young People from Junk Food Advertising: Implications of Psychological Research for First Amendment Law.” American Journal of Public Health 102, no. 2 (2012): 214–22; Harris, Jennifer L., John A. Bargh, and Kelly D. Brownell. “Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior.” Health Psychol 28, no. 4 (2009): 404–13.

41. Malik, Vasanti S., Matthias B. Schulze, and Frank B. Hu. “Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: a Systematic Review.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 2 (2006): 274–88.

42. Jackson, K., et al. “Amylin Deposition in the Brain: A Second Amyloid in Alzheimer Disease?” Ann Neurol 74, no. 4 (2013): 517–26; Vlassenko, Andrei G., and Marcus E. Raichle. “Brain Aerobic Glycolysis Functions and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Clinical and Translational Imaging (2014): 1–11.

43. Li, J., D. Liu, L. Sun, Y. Lu, and Z. Zhang. “Advanced Glycation End Products and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Perspective.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences 317, nos. 1, 2 (2012): 1–5.

44. Harding, J. L., et al. “Psychosocial Stress Is Positively Associated with Body Mass Index Gain over 5 Years: Evidence from the Longitudinal Ausdiab Study Obesity.” Obesity 22, no. 1 (2014): 277–86; Arbex, Marcos Abdo, et al. “Air Pollution from Biomass Burning and Asthma Hospital Admissions in a Sugar Cane Plantation Area in Brazil.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (2007): 395–400.

45. Rothschild, H., and J. J. Mulvey. “An Increased Risk for Lung Cancer Mortality Associated with Sugarcane Farming.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 68, no. 5 (1982): 755–60; Silveira, Henrique César Santejo, et al. “Emissions Generated by Sugarcane Burning Promote Genotoxicity in Rural Workers: A Case Study in Barretos, Brazil.” Environmental Health 12, no. 1 (2013): 87–92; Ould, David. “Trafficking and International Law.” The Political Economy of New Slavery (2004): 55–74; Rahman, Majeed A. “Human Trafficking in the Era of Globalization: The Case of Trafficking in the Global Market Economy.” Transcience Journal 2 (2011): 54–71; Martin, Michael T. “Documenting Modern-Day Slavery in the Dominican Republic: An Interview with Amy Serrano.” Camera Obscura 25, no. 274 (2010): 161–71; Smucker, Glenn R., and Gerald F. Murray. “The Uses of Children: A Study of Trafficking in Haitian Children.” USAID/Haiti Mission, 2004.

46. Leaf, Caroline. “The Switch On Your Brain 5-Step Learning Process.” Dallas, TX: Switch on Your Brain USA LP, 2009.

47. Remondes, M., and E. M. Schuman. “Role for a Cortical Input to Hippocampal Area CA1 in the Consolidation of a Long-Term Memory.” Nature 431, no. 7009 (2004): 699–703.

Chapter 12: What’s Eating You?

1. Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

2. Filaretova, L. “The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical System: Hormonal Brain-Gut Interaction and Gastroprotection.” Autonomic Neuroscience 125 (2006): 86–93; Ahima, Rexford S., and Daniel A. Antwi. “Brain Regulation of Appetite and Satiety.” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 37, no. 4 (2008): 811–23; Kojima, K., et al. “Relationship of Emotional Behaviors Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Hypothalamus to Changes in EKG, Heart, Stomach, Adrenal Glands, and Thymus.” Psychosomatic Medicine 58, no. 4 (1996): 383–91; Luna, Ruth Ann, and Jane A. Foster. “Gut Brain Axis: Diet Microbiota Interactions and Implications for Modulation of Anxiety and Depression.” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 32 (2015): 35–41; Cryan, John F., and Timothy G. Dinan. “More than a Gut Feeling: the Microbiota Regulates Neurodevelopment and Behavior.” Neuropsychopharmacology 40, no. 1 (2015): 241–42; Mayer, Emeran A. “Gut Feelings: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Communication.” National Review of Neuroscience 12, no. 8 (2011): 453–66; Macht, Michael. “Research Review How Emotions Affect Eating: A Five-Way Model.” Appetite 50 (2008): 1–11.

3. Pert, Candace B. Molecules of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine. New York: Scribner, 1999.

4. Steere, J., and P. J. Cooper. “The Effects on Eating of Dietary Restraint, Anxiety, and Hunger.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 13, no. 2 (1993): 211–19; Lee, S. P., et al. “The Effect of Emotional Stress and Depression on the Prevalence of Digestive Diseases.” Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 21 (2015): 273–82.

5. Steere and Cooper, “Effects on Eating.”

6. Selye, Hans. “Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome.” BMJ 1, no. 4667 (1950): 1383–92.

7. Friedman, Lawrence. “How the Mind-Gut Connection Affects Your Health. The ‘Second Brain’ in Your Stomach Can Cause or Relieve Illness and Stress. Here’s How It Works.” NextAvenue.org. June 24, 2013. http://www.nextavenue.org/how-mind-gut-connection-affects-your-health/; Luna and Foster, “Gut Brain Axis”; Cryan and Dinan, “More than a Gut Feeling”; Keightley, Philip C., Natasha A. Koloski, and Nicholas J. Talley. “Pathways in Gut-Brain Communication: Evidence for Distinct Gut-to-Brain and Brain-to-Gut Syndromes.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 49, no. 3 (2015): 207–14.

8. Ibid.; Arranga, Teri, Claire I. Viadro, and Lauren Underwood, eds. Bugs, Bowels, and Behavior: The Groundbreaking Story of the Gut-Brain Connection. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, June 1, 2013; Macht, “How Emotions Affect Eating”; Cannon, W. B. The Wisdom of the Body. New York: Norton, 1947.

9. McConalogue, K., and J. B. Furness. “Gastrointestinal Neurotransmitters.” Baillieres Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 8, no. 1 (1994): 51–76.

10. Gershon, Michael. The Second Brain: The Scientific Basis of Gut Instinct and a Groundbreaking New Understanding of Nervous Disorders of the Stomach and Intestine. New York: HarperCollins, 1998; Johns Hopkins Medicine. “It’s High Time for the Gut-Brain.” December 12, 2012. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/publications/inside_tract/inside_tract_fall_2012/its_high_time_for_the_gut_brain.

11. Avallone R., et al. “Endogenous Benzodiazepine-Like Compounds and Diazepam Binding Inhibitor in Serum of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis with and without Overt Encephalopathy.” Gut 42, no. 6 (1998): 861–67.

12. Orr, W., et al. “Sleep and Gastric Function in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Derailing the Brain-Gut Axis.” Gut 41, no. 3 (1997): 390–93.

13. Dotto, L. “Sleep Stages, Memory and Learning.” CMAJ 154, no. 8 (1996): 1193–96.

14. Reardon, Sara. “Gut-Brain Link Grabs Neuroscientists Idea that Intestinal Bacteria Affect Mental Health Gains Ground.” Nature. November 12, 2014. http://www.nature.com/news/gut-brain-link-grabs-neuroscientists-1.16316.

15. Stewart, Charles. “William Beaumont, the Man and the Opportunity.” In Roberts. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Ed. H. K. Walker, W. D. Hall, and J. W. Hurst. Boston: Butterworths, 1990.

16. Beaumont, William. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900321.html.

17. Friedman, “Mind-Gut Connection”; Mai, F. M. “Beaumont’s Contribution to Gastric Psychophysiology: A Reappraisal.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 7 (1988): 650–53.

18. Gershon, The Second Brain.

19. Mayer, “Gut Feelings.”

20. Gershon, The Second Brain.

21. Duke University. “Researchers Map Direct Gut-Brain Connection.” ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150106095120.htm (accessed April 23, 2015); ETH Zürich. “How the ‘Gut Feeling’ Shapes Fear.” ScienceDaily. May 22, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140522104848.htm; Kavli Foundation. “Could Gut Microbes Help Treat Brain Disorders? Mounting Research Tightens Their Connection with the Brain.” ScienceDaily. January 8, 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150108125953.htm; Karolinska Institutet. “Gut Microbiota Influences Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability.” ScienceDaily. November 19, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141119142205.htm.

22. Grundy, David, et al. “Fundamentals of Neurogastroenterology: Basic Science.” Gastroenterology 130 (2006): 1391–1411.

23. Gershon, The Second Brain.

24. Furness, J. B., et al. “The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Innervation: Integrated Local and Central Control.” Adv Exp Med Biol 817 (2014): 39–71.

25. Sadler, Thomas W. Langman’s Medical Embryology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011. 67.

26. Arranga et al., Bugs, Bowels, and Behavior.

27. Furness et al., “The Enteric Nervous System.”

28. Ratcliffe, E. M., N. R. Farrar, and E. A. Fox. “Development of the Vagal Innervation of the Gut: Steering the Wandering Nerve.” Neurogastroenterology and Motility 23, no. 10 (2011): 898–911.

29. Wang, G. J., et al. “Gastric Distention Activates Satiety Circuitry in the Human Brain.” Neuroimage 39, no. 4 (2008): 1824–31.

30. Mayer, “Gut Feelings.”

31. “H.R.4432—Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act of 2014.” 113th Congress (2013–2014). https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4432; Borra, S. “Consumer Perspectives on Food Labels.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 5 (2006): 1235S; Philipson, T. “Government Perspective: Food Labeling.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, no. S1 (2005): 262S–64S; Mandle, Jessie, et al. “Nutrition Labelling: A Review of Research on Consumer and Industry Response in the Global South.” Global Health Action 8 (2015): 10.3402/gha.v8.25912.

32. Kidwell, Blair, Jonathan Hasford, and David M. Hardesty. “Emotional Ability Training and Mindful Eating.” Journal of Marketing Research (2014): 140723133331005. doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0188; Lofgren, Ingrid Elizabeth. “Mindful Eating: An Emerging Approach for Healthy Weight Management.” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (2015): 1559827615569684; Smart, Rebekah, et al. “Women’s Experience with a Mindful Eating Course on a University Campus: A Pilot Study.” Californian Journal of Health Promotion 13, no. 1 (2015): 59–65; Olson, KayLoni L., and Charles F. Emery. “Mindfulness and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review.” Psychosomatic Medicine 77, no. 1 (2015): 59–67.

33. Ibid.; Wansink, Brian. Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think. New York: Bantam, 2006.

34. Kidwell, “Emotional Ability Training.”

35. Drossman, Douglas A. Rome II: The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment: A Multinational Consensus. McLean: Degnon Associates, 2000.

36. Heffernan, Margaret. Willful Blindness: Why We Ignore the Obvious at Our Peril. New York: Walker, 2011.

37. “You Think Food Tastes Better If It’s Expensive.” TIME. May 1, 2014. http://time.com/84332/you-think-food-tastes-better-if-its-expensive/; Almenberg, Johan, and Anna Dreber. “When Does the Price Affect the Taste? Results from a Wine Experiment.” Journal of Wine Economics 6, no. 1 (2011): 111–21; Veale, Roberta, and Pascale Quester. “Consumer Sensory Evaluations of Wine Quality: The Respective Influence of Price and Country of Origin.” Journal of Wine Economics 3, no. 1 (2008): 10–29; Veale, Roberta, and Pascale Quester. “Tasting Quality: the Roles of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cues.” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 21, no. 1 (2009): 195–207.

38. Just, David, Ozge Sigirci, and Brian Wansink. “Lower Buffet Prices Lead to Less Taste Satisfaction.” Journal of Sensory Studies 29 (2014): 362–70.

39. Rozin, P., S. Dow, M. Moscovitch, and S. Rajaram. “What Causes Humans to Begin and End a Meal? A Role for Memory for What Has Been Eaten, as Evidenced by a Study of Multiple Meal Eating in Amnesic Patients.” Psychological Science 9, no. 5 (1998): 392–96.

40. Winterich, Karen Page, and Kelly L. Haws. “Helpful Hopefulness: The Effect of Future Positive Emotions on Consumption.” Journal of Consumer Research 38, no. 3 (2011): 505–24. doi: 10.1086/659873.

41. Morris, N. P. “The Neglect of Nutrition in Medical Education: A Firsthand Look.” Internal Medicine 174, no. 6 (2014): 841–42; Nestle, Marion, and Robert B. Baron. “Nutrition in Medical Education: From Counting Hours to Measuring Competence.” Internal Medicine 174, no. 6 (2014): 843–44.

42. Nee, Watchman. The Spiritual Man. Anaheim, CA: Living Stream Ministry, 1968.

43. Leaf, The Gift in You; Leaf, Perfectly You online program.

44. Nee, The Spiritual Man.

45. Sadler, Langman’s Medical Embryology.

46. Leaf, Caroline. “‘Spirit, Soul and Body’ in Scientific Philosophy.” http://drleaf.com/about/scientific-philosophy/.

47. Stote, Kim S., et al. “A Controlled Trial of Reduced Meal Frequency without Caloric Restriction in Healthy, Normal-Weight, Middle-Aged Adults.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85, no. 4 (2007): 981–88.

48. Trepanowski, John F., and Richard J. Bloomer. “The Impact of Religious Fasting on Human Health.” Nutrition Journal 9 (2010): 57.

49. Wegman, Martin P., et al. “Practicality of Intermittent Fasting in Humans and its Effect on Oxidative Stress and Genes Related to Aging and Metabolism.” Rejuvenation Research (2014): 141229080855001. doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1624; Intermountain Medical Center. “Fasting Reduces Cholesterol Levels in Prediabetic People over Extended Period of Time, New Research Finds.” June 14, 2014; Anson, R. M., et al. “Intermittent Fasting Dissociates Beneficial Effects of Dietary Restriction on Glucose Metabolism and Neuronal Resistance to Injury from Calorie Intake.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 100, no. 10 (2003): 6216–20; Mattson M. P., and R. Wan. “Beneficial Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction on the Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Systems.” J Nutr Biochem 16, no. 3 (2005): 129–37; Halagappa, V. K., et al. “Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction Ameliorate Age-Related Behavioral Deficits in the Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Neurobiol Dis 26, no. 1 (2007): 212–20; Martin, B., M. P. Mattson, and S. Maudsley. “Caloric Restriction and Intermittent Fasting: Two Potential Diets for Successful Brain Aging.” Ageing Res Rev 5, no. 3 (2006): 332–53. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/4/981.short; Trepanowski, J. F., and R. J. Bloomer. “The Impact of Religious Fasting on Human Health.” Nutr J 22, no. 9 (2010): 57; Weindruch, Richard, and Rajindar S. Sohal. “Caloric Intake and Aging.” New England Journal of Medicine 337, no. 14 (1997): 986–94.

50. B. Martin et al., “Caloric Restriction”; Martin-Montalvo, A., and R. de Cabo. “Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming Induced by Calorie Restriction.” Antioxid Redox Signal 19, no. 3 (2013): 310–20.

51. Wang, J., et al. “Caloric Restriction Favorably Impacts Metabolic and Immune/Inflammatory Profiles in Obese Mice but Curcumin/Piperine Consumption Adds No Further Benefit.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 10, no. 1 (2013): 29.

52. Mattson and Wan, “Beneficial Effects”; Maswood, Navin, et al. “Caloric Restriction Increases Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Attenuates Neurochemical and Behavioral Deficits in a Primate Model of Parkinson’s Disease.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 52 (2004): 18171–76.

53. Srivastava, S., and M. C. Haigis. “Role of Sirtuins and Calorie Restriction in Neuroprotection: Implications in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases.” Curr Pharm Des 17, no. 31 (2011): 3418–33.

54. Acheson, Ann, et al. “A BDNF Autocrine Loop in Adult Sensory Neurons Prevents Cell Death.” Nature 374 (1995): 450–53; Huang, Eric J., and Louis F. Reichardt. “Neurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001): 677.

55. Mattson and Wan, “Beneficial Effects.”

56. Halagappa et al., “Intermittent Fasting.”

57. B. Martin et al., “Caloric Restriction.”

58. Trepanowski and Bloomer, “Impact of Religious Fasting.”

59. Ibid.; Bloomer, Richard J., et al. “Effect of a 21 Day Daniel Fast on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Men and Women.” Lipids in Health and Disease 9, no. 1 (2010): 94.

60. McKnight, Scot. Fasting: The Ancient Practices. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2010. Kindle Edition.

61. Murray, Andrew. With Christ in the School of Prayer. Springdale, PA: Whitaker House, 1981. 101; McKnight, Fasting.

62. McKnight, Fasting.

Chapter 13: This Is Your Brain on Brain Scans

1. Kinderman, Peter. “Why We Need to Abandon the Disease Model of Mental Health Care. Scientific American.” MIND Guest Blog. November 17, 2014. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/2014/11/17/why-we-need-to-abandon-the-disease-model-of-mental-health-care/.

2. Dossey, L. “Counterclockwise: When Biology Is Not Destiny.” Explore (NY) 11, no. 2 (2015): 75–81; Diamond, Adele, and Dima Amso. “Contributions of Neuroscience to Our Understanding of Cognitive Development.” Curr Dir Psychol Sci 17, no. 2 (2008): 136–41.

3. Langer, E., and J. Rodin. “The Effects of Choice and Enhanced Personality on the Aged: a Field Experience in an Institutional Setting.” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 34 (1976): 191–98.

4. Beauregard, Mario. Brain Wars: The Scientific Battle over the Existence of the Mind and the Proof that Will Change the Way We Live Our Lives. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.

5. Leaf, Switch On Your Brain; Leaf, “Ridiculous”; Leaf, “Mind-Mapping: A Therapeutic Technique.”

6. Beauregard, Brain Wars.

7. Machado, Armando. “Toward a Richer View of the Scientific Method: The Role of Conceptual Analysis.” American Psychologist 62, no. 7 (2007): 671–81.

8. Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed; Hall, Wayne, Adrian Carter, and Cynthia Forlini. “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Is It Supported by the Evidence and Has It Delivered on its Promises?” The Lancet Psychiatry 2, no. 1 (2015): 105–10; Lilienfeld, Scott O., Steven Jay Lynn, and Rachel J. Ammirati. “Science Versus Pseudoscience.” The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Wiley Online Library, 2015.

9. Bandettini, Peter A. “What’s New in Neuroimaging Methods?” Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1156 (2009): 260–93; Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning. “Neuroimaging, Visualizing Brain Structure and Function.” http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/neuroethics/module1/foundationtext/.

10. Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

Chapter 14: Confused Emotions, Destructive Behaviors

1. Kandel, “The Molecular Biology of Memory”; Nader, Karim, Glenn E. Schafe, and Joseph E. Le Doux. “Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation after Retrieval.” Nature 406 (2000): 722–26; Smith, S. L., I. T. Smith, T. Branco, M. Tusser. “Dendritic Spikes Enhance Stimulus Selectivity in Cortical Neurons In Vivo.” Nature 503 (2013):115–20; Sheffield, Mark E. J., and Daniel A. Dombeck. “Calcium Transient Prevalence Across the Dendritic Arbour Predicts Place Field Properties.” Nature 517 (2015): 200–204; Fodor, J. The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT/Bradford, 1983; Jog, M. S., et al. “Building Neural Representations of Habits.” Science 286 (1999): 1745–49; Gardner, B., P. Lally, and J. Wardle. “Making Health Habitual: The Psychology Of ‘Habit-Formation’ and General Practice.” Br J Gen Pract 62 (2012): 664–66.

2. Leaf, Caroline. Switch On Your Brain. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013.

3. “How Healthy Behaviour Supports Children’s Wellbeing.” Gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-healthy-behaviour-supports-childrens-wellbeing; Mitchell, J. A., et al. “Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity in a Large Cohort of Children.” Obesity 17, no. 8 (2009): 1596–1602; Smith, L., B. Gardner, and M. Hamer. “Childhood Correlates of Adult TV Viewing Time: A 32-Year Follow-Up of the 1970 British Cohort Study.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (2014): 1–5.

4. McEwen, Bruce S. The End of Stress as We Know It. New York: Dana Press, 2012. Kindle Edition, locations 2964–69; Richards, Marcus, and Felicia A. Huppert. “Do Positive Children Become Positive Adults? Evidence from a Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.” J Posit Psychol 6, no. 1 (2011): 75–87.

5. Leaf, Caroline. “Who Switched Off My Brain?: Controlling Toxic Thoughts and Emotions.” Southlake: Inprov Ltd., 2008.

6. Ricca, V., et al. “Emotional Eating in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.” Compr Psychiatry 53, no. 3 (2012): 245–51.

7. Sullivan, Patrick F. “Mortality in Anorexia Nervosa.” American Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 7 (1995): 1073–74.

8. Selby, E. A., et al. “Nothing Tastes as Good as Thin Feels: Low Positive Emotion Differentiation and Weight-Loss Activities in Anorexia Nervosa.” Clinical Psychological Science 2, no. 4 (2013): 514. doi:10.1177/2167702613512794.

9. Titova, O. E., et al. “Anorexia Nervosa Is Linked to Reduced Brain Structure in Reward and Somatosensory Regions: A Meta-Analysis of VBM Studies.” BMC Psychiatry 13 (2013): 110; Maguire, E. A., et al. “Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, no. 8 (2000): 4398–403.

10. Goodman, A. “Neurobiology of Addiction. An Integrative Review.” Biochem Pharmacol 75, no. 1 (2008): 266–322.

11. Smith, D. E. “The Process Addictions and the New ASAM Definition of Addiction.” J Psychoactive Drugs 44, no. 1 (2012): 1–4.

12. Garber, A. K., et al. “Is Fast Food Addictive? Food Craving and Food ‘Addiction’: A Critical Review of the Evidence from a Biopsychosocial Perspective.” Curr Drug Abuse Rev 4, no. 3 (2011): 146–62; Kaye, Walter H., et al. “Does a Shared Neurobiology for Foods and Drugs of Abuse Contribute to Extremes of Food Ingestion in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa?” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 9 (2013): 836–42; Brownell, Kelly D., and Kenneth E. Warner. “The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?” Milbank Quarterly 87, no. 1 (2009): 259–94.

13. Gearhardt, A. N., et al. “Neural Correlates of Food Addiction.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 68, no. 8 (2011): 808–16.

14. Lustig, Fat Chance; Moss, Michael. “The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.” New York Times Magazine, Feb. 20, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/magazine/the-extraordinary-science-of-junk-food.html?_r=0; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat, 339–40.

15. Guy, Allison. “How Food Scientists Engineer the ‘Bliss Point.’” Next Nature. February 26, 2013. http://www.nextnature.net/2013/02/how-food-scientists-engineer-the-bliss-point-in-junk-food/; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Moss, “The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food”; Ferrier, Peyton. “Food in Popular Literature.” Choices 29, no. 1 (2014): 1–6; Fell-Carlson, Deborah L. “Safety: What’s Health Got to Do With It?” ASSE Professional Development Conference and Exposition. American Society of Safety Engineers, 2014; Roshan, N. M., and B. Sakeenabi. “Practical Problems in Use of Sugar Substitutes in Preventive Dentistry.” Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 1, no. 1 (2011): 1.

16. Avena, N. M., P. Rada, and B. G. Hoebel. “Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake.” Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32, no. 1 (2008): 20–39.

17. Willett, Walter. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Free Press, 2011. Kindle Edition, locations 1896–98.

18. Monteiro, C. A., et al. “Increasing Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Likely Impact on Human Health: Evidence from Brazil.” Public Health Nutr 14, no. 1 (2011): 5–13.

19. Gearhardt, A. N., et al. “The Addiction Potential of Hyperpalatable Foods.” Curr Drug Abuse Rev 4, no. 3 (2011): 140–45.

20. Ibid., 217; see also Brownell, K., and M. Gold. “Food products. Addiction. Also in the mind. [Commentary].” World Nutrition 3, no. 9 (2012): 392–405. www.wphna.org.

21. Rada, P., N. M. Avena, and B. G. Hoebel. “Daily Bingeing on Sugar Repeatedly Releases Dopamine in the Accumbens Shell.” Neuroscience 134, no. 3 (2005): 737–44.

22. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Baik, J. H. “Dopamine Signaling in Food Addiction: Role of Dopamine D2 Receptors.” BMB Rep 46, no. 11 (2013): 519–26.

23. Doidge, Norman. “Hypnosis, Neuroplasticity, and the Plastic Paradox.” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 57, no. 3 (2015): 349–54.

24. Doidge, Norman. The Brain That Changes Itself.

25. Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

26. American Society of Addiction Medicine. “Definition of Addiction.” http://www.asam.org/for-the-public/definition-of-addiction.

27. Peele, Stanton. Truth about Addiction and Recovery. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014; Peele, Stanton. The Meaning of Addiction: Compulsive Experience and Its Interpretation. Lexington: Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com, 1985; Doherty, Brian. “Addiction: Easier to Beat Than Its Reputation.” October 1, 2014. http://reason.com/blog/2014/10/01/addiction-easier-to-beat-than-its-reputa; Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

28. Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed, chap. 6.

29. Quenqua, Douglas. “Rethinking Addiction’s Roots, and Its Treatment.” New York Times. July 10, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/health/11addictions.html; see also Kalivas, Peter W., and Nora D. Volkow. “The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice.” American Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 8 (2005): 1403–13; Koob, George F., and Nora D. Volkow. “Neurocircuitry of Addiction.” Neuropsychopharmacology 35, no. 1 (2010): 217–38.

30. Lubman, D. I., and C. Pantelis. “Addiction, a Condition of Compulsive Behaviour? Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Evidence of Inhibitory Dysregulation.” Addiction 99, no. 12 (2004): 1491–502; Satel and Lilienfeld, “Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 4 (2013): 1–11.

31. Kaati, G., L. O. Bygren, and M. Pembrey. “Transgenerational Response to Nutrition, Early Life Circumstances and Longevity.” Eur J Hum Genet 15, no. 7 (2007): 784–90.

32. Doidge, Brain That Changes Itself.

33. Berns, Gregory S., et al. “Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Novel on Connectivity in the Brain.” Brain Connectivity 3, no. 6 (2013): 590–600; Doidge, Brain That Changes Itself; Temple, Elise, et al. “Neural Deficits in Children with Dyslexia Ameliorated by Behavioral Remediation: Evidence from Functional MRI.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 5 (2003): 2860–65.

34. Peele, Truth about Addiction and Recovery; Peele, The Meaning of Addiction; Hasin, Deborah S., et al. “Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.” Archives of General Psychiatry 64, no. 7 (2007): 830–42; Doherty, “Addiction”; Satel and Lilienfeld, “Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy”; Peele, Stanton. “Government Says You Can’t Overcome Addiction, Contrary to What Government Research Shows. Why Does the National Institute on Drug Abuse Contradict Its Own Research?” Reason.com. February 1, 2014. https://reason.com/archives/2014/02/01/the-government-wants-you-to-know-you-can; Grant, B. F., D. A. Dawson, and S. P. Chou. “National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) Reinterview Study: Major Findings.” Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1994.

35. Satel and Lilienfeld, “Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy.”

36. Lewis, C. S. The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses. New York: Macmillan, 1949. 26.

Chapter 15: Me, Myself, and My Epigenetic Environment

1. Cairns, John, Julie Overbaugh, and Stephan Miller. “The Origin of Mutants.” Nature 335 (1988): 142–45.

2. Esteller, Manel. Epigenetics in Biology and Medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009. 245–47; Felsenfeld, G. “A Brief History of Epigenetics.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6, no. 1. (2014): 1–10.

3. Cairns et al., “Origin of Mutants”; Nijhout, H. F. “Metaphors and the Role of Genes in Development.” Bioessays 12, no. 9 (1990): 441–46; Lipton, B. H. “A Fine Structural Analysis of Normal and Modulated Cells in Myogenic Culture.” Developmental Biology 60 (1977a): 26–47; Lipton, B. H. “Collagen Synthesis by Normal and Bromodeoxyuridine-Treated Cells in Myogenic Culture.” Developmental Biology 61 (1977b): 153–65; Lipton, B. H., K. G. Bensch, et al. “Microvessel Endothelial Cell Transdifferentiation: Phenotypic Characterization.” Differentiation 46 (1991): 117–33; Lipton, B. H., K. G. Bensch, et al. “Histamine-Modulated Transdifferentiation of Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells.” Experimental Cell Research 199 (1992): 279–91; Appenzeller, T. “Test Tube Evolution Catches Time in a Bottle.” Science 284, no. 5423 (1999): 2108–10.

4. Bassing, C. H., W. Swat, and F. W. Alt. “The Mechanism and Regulation of Chromosomal V(D)J Recombination.” Cell 109 (2002): S45–S55; Berg, Jeremy M., John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer. “Diversity Is Generated by Gene Rearrangements.” Biochemistry. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2002. Section 33.4.

5. Stiles, J. “Brain Development and the Nature Versus Nurture Debate.” Prog Brain Res 189 (2011): 3–22.

6. Jaenisch, Rudolf, and Adrian Bird. “Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: How the Genome Integrates Intrinsic and Environmental Signals.” Nature Genetics 33 (2003): 245–54.

7. Hernandez, L. M., and D. G. Blazer, eds. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.

8. Dolinoy, Dana C. “The Agouti Mouse Model: An Epigenetic Biosensor for Nutritional and Environmental Alterations on the Fetal Epigenome.” Nutrition Reviews 66, no. 1 (2008): S7–S11; Adams, Jill U. “Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation.” Nature Education 1, no. 1 (2008): 128; Watters, Ethan. “DNA Is Not Destiny: The New Science of Epigenetics: Discoveries in Epigenetics are Rewriting the Rules of Disease, Heredity, and Identity.” Discovermagazine.com. November 22, 2006.

9. Leaf, The Gift in You.

10. Holliday, Robin. “Epigenetics: a Historical Overview.” Epigenetics 1, no. 2 (2006): 76–80; Bird, Adrian. “Perceptions of Epigenetics.” Nature 447, no. 7143 (2007): 396–98.

11. Day, J. J., and J. D. Sweatt. “Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cognition.” Neuron 70, no. 5 (2011): 813–29.

12. Tollefsbol, Trygve, ed. Handbook of Epigenetics: The New Molecular and Medical Genetics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2011.

13. Ganesan, A., et al. “Epigenetic Therapy: Histone Acetylation, DNA Methylation and Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery.” Curr Cancer Drug Targets 9, no. 8 (2009): 963–81.

14. Weinhold, Bob. “Epigenetics: The Science of Change.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 3 (2006): A160–A167; Ghost in Your Genes [DVD]. Retrieved May 9, 2010, from http: www.pbs/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3413_genes.html.

15. Mihelic, Matthew. “Model of Biological Quantum Logic in DNA.” Life (Basel) 3, no. 3 (2013): 474–81; Rieper, Elisabeth. “Classical and Quantum Information in DNA.” Google Workshop on Quantum Biology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nqHOnVTxJE; Rieper, Elisabeth, Janet Anders, and Vlatko Vedral. “Quantum Physics: Quantum Entanglement between the Electron Clouds of Nucleic Acids in DNA.” http://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4053.

16. Antell, D. E., and E. M. Taczanowski. “How Environment and Lifestyle Choices Influence the Aging Process.” Ann Plast Surg 43, no. 6 (1999): 585–88; Irigaray, P., et al. “Lifestyle-Related Factors and Environmental Agents Causing Cancer: An Overview.” Biomed Pharmacother 61, no. 10 (2007): 640–58.

17. Kim, Go-Woon, et al. “Dietary, Metabolic, and Potentially Environmental Modulation of the Lysine Acetylation Machinery.” Int J Cell Biol 2010 (2010): 1–14.

18. Perry, Tilden Wayne, and Michael J. Cecava. Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995. 156; MacKinnon, Eli. “Candy Not Corn for Cows in Drought.” Livescience.com. August 23, 2012. http://www.livescience.com/22627-candy-fed-cows.html; Weise, Elizabeth. “Consumers May Have a Beef with Cattle Feed.” USA TODAY. June 9, 2003. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-06-09-beef-cover_x.htm.

19. Patterson, E., et al. “Health Implications of High Dietary Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” J Nutr Metab 2012 (2012): 1–16; De Lorgeril, M. “Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases.” Subcell Biochem 42 (2007): 283–97.

20. Hagi, A., et al. “Effects of the Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio of Fat Emulsions on the Fatty Acid Composition in Cell Membranes and the Anti-Inflammatory Action.” JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34, no. 3 (2010): 263–70.

21. Simopoulos, A. P. “The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases.” Exp Biol Med 233, no. 6 (2008): 674–88.

22. Daley et al., “A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles.”

23. McAfee, A. J., et al. “Red Meat from Animals Offered a Grass Diet Increases Plasma and Platelet N-3 PUFA in Healthy Consumers.” British Journal of Nutrition 105 (2011): 80–89.

24. Kumar, B., A. Manuja, and P. Aich. “Stress and Its Impact on Farm Animals.” Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 4 (2012): 1759–67.

25. Gardner, G. E., P. McGilchrist, and D. W. Pethick. “Ruminant Glycogen Metabolism.” Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1575–83; Ferguson, D. M., and R. D. Warner. “Have We Underestimated the Impact of Pre-Slaughter Stress on Meat Quality in Ruminants?” Meat Science 80, no. 1 (2008): 12–19; Grandin, Temple. “Transferring Results of Behavioral Research to Industry to Improve Animal Welfare on the Farm, Ranch and the Slaughter Plant.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81, no. 3 (2003): 215–28.

26. Daley et al., “A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles”; Realini, C. E., et al. “Effect of Pasture vs. Concentrate Feeding with or without Antioxidants on Carcass Characteristics, Fatty Acid Composition, and Quality of Uruguayan Beef.” Meat Science 66, no. 3 (2004): 567–77; Realini, C. E., S. K. Duckett, and W. R. Windham. “Effect of Vitamin C Addition to Ground Beef from Grass-Fed or Grain-Fed Sources on Color and Lipid Stability, and Prediction of Fatty Acid Composition by Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis.” Meat Science 68, no. 1 (2004): 35–43.

27. Pollan, In Defense of Food.

28. Pottenger, Francis Marion Jr. Pottenger’s Cats: A Study in Nutrition. La Mesa, CA: Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, 1995.

29. Godfrey, K. M., et al. “Epigenetic Gene Promoter Methylation at Birth Is Associated with Child’s Later Adiposity.” Diabetes 60, no. 5 (2011): 1528–34; Trevizol, F., et al. “Cross-generational Trans Fat Intake Facilitates Mania-Like Behavior: Oxidative and Molecular Markers in Brain Cortex.” Neuroscience 12, no. 286 (2015): 353–63.

30. Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation. “Pottenger’s Cats: Early Epigenetics and Implications for Your Health.” November 13, 2014. http://blog.ppnf.org/pottengers-cats-early-epigenetics-and-implications-for-your-health/; Alexander, Denis R. “Guarding Our Genome: The Impact of Epigenetics.” In The Language of Genetics: An Introduction. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 2011; Choudhuri, Supratim. “From Waddington’s Epigenetic Landscape to Small Noncoding RNA: Some Important Milestones in the History of Epigenetics Research.” Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods (2011): 252–74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21495865; Graham, Gray, Deborah Kesten, and Larry Scherwitz. Pottenger’s Prophecy: How Food Resets Genes for Wellness or Illness. Amherst, MA: White River Press, 2011; Pottenger, Pottenger’s Cats: A Study in Nutrition.

31. Waterland, R. A., and R. L. Jirtle. “Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation.” Mol Cell Biol 23, no. 15 (2003): 5293–300.

32. Wilson, B. D., et al. “Structure and Function of Asp, the Human Homolog of the Mouse Agouti Gene.” Hum Mol Genet 4, no. 2 (1995): 223–30.

33. Yen, T. T., et al. “Obesity, Diabetes, and Neoplasia in Yellow A(vy)/- Mice: Ectopic Expression of the Agouti Gene.” FASEB J 8, no. 8 (1994): 479–88.

34. Jirtle, Randy L., and Frederick L. Tyson, eds. “Environmental Epigenomics in Health and Disease: Epigenetics and Disease Origins.” Epigenetics and Human Health. May 17, 2013.

35. Waterland and Jirtle, “Transposable Elements.”

36. Razin, A., and H. Cedar. “DNA Methylation and Gene Expression.” Microbiol Review 55, no. 3 (1991): 451–58.

37. Waterland and Jirtle, “Transposable Elements.”

38. Godfrey et al., “Epigenetic Gene Promoter.”

39. Dominguez-Salas, Paula, et al. “Maternal Nutrition at Conception Modulates DNA Methylation of Human Metastable Epialleles.” Nature Communications 5 (2014). doi: 10.1038/ncomms4746.

40. Godfrey et al., “Epigenetic Gene Promoter”; Haast, R. A., and A. J. Kiliaan. “Impact of Fatty Acids on Brain Circulation, Structure and Function.” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 92 (2015): 3–14.

41. Nixon, Robin. “What Women Eat May Affect Kids, Grandkids: Eating a High-Fat Diet During Pregnancy Can Increase the Risk of Cancer in Future Children and Grandchildren—Even If They Eat Well—A New Study Conducted in Rats Suggests.” MSNBC. April 28, 2010. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36836653/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/from/ET#.Ve8ZVrSJnww; de Assis, Sonia, et al. “High-Fat or Ethinyl-Oestradiol Intake During Pregnancy Increases Mammary Cancer Risk in Several Generations of Offspring.” Nature Communications 3 (2012): 1053; Scarino, Maria Laura. “A Sideways Glance. Do You Remember Your Grandmother’s Food? How Epigenetic Changes Transmit Consequences of Nutritional Exposure from One Generation to the Next.” Genes & Nutrition 3, no. 1 (2008): 1–3.

42. Marsh, Geoff. “Fat Fathers Affect Daughters’ Health: Female Offspring of Male Rats on Bad Diets Are More Likely to Develop Diabetes-Like Disease.” Nature. October 20, 2010. http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101020/full/news.2010.553.html; Ng, Sheau-Fang, et al. “Chronic High-Fat Diet in Fathers Programs β-Cell Dysfunction in Female Rat Offspring.” Nature 467, no.7318 (2010): 963–66; Gaetani, Sancia. “A Sideways Glance: Lamarck Strikes Back? Fathers Pass on to Progeny Characteristics They Develop during Their Lives.” Genes & Nutrition 7, no. 4 (2012): 471–73.

43. Fullston, T., et al. “Paternal Obesity Initiates Metabolic Disturbances in Two Generations of Mice with Incomplete Penetrance to the F2 Generation and Alters the Transcriptional Profile of Testis and Sperm MicroRNA Content.” FASEB J 27, no. 10 (2013): 4226–43.

44. University of Edinburgh. “Obese Mums May Pass Health Risks on to Grandchildren.” ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130605104430.htm, accessed May 6, 2015; King, Vicky, et al. “Maternal Obesity Has Little Effect on the Immediate Offspring but Impacts on the Next Generation.” Endocrinology 154, no. 7 (2013): 2514–24.

45. Radford, Elizabeth J., et al. “In Utero Undernourishment Perturbs the Adult Sperm Methylome and Intergenerational Metabolism.” Science. July 10, 2014. doi: 10.1126/science.1255903.

46. Saavedra-Rodredra, Lorena, and Larry A. Feig. “Chronic Social Instability Induces Anxiety and Defective Social Interactions Across Generations.” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (2013): 44–53; see also Champagne, Frances A. “Effects of Stress Across Generations: Why Sex Matters.” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (2013): 2–4.

47. Weaver, Ian C. G., et al. “Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Behavior.” Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 847–54.

48. Dietz, D. M., et al. “Paternal Transmission of Stress-Induced Pathologies.” Biol Psychiatry 70 (2011): 408–14.

49. Bolton, J. L., and S. D. Bilbo. “Developmental Programming of Brain and Behavior by Perinatal Diet: Focus on Inflammatory Mechanisms.” Dialogues Clin Neurosci 16, no. 3 (2014): 307–20. http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17/n1/abs/nn.3594.html; Dias, B. G., and K. J. Ressler. “Parental Olfactory Experience Influences Behavior and Neural Structure in Subsequent Generations.” Nat Neurosci 17, no. 1 (2014): 89–96; Anway, M. D. “Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility.” Science 308 (2005): 1466–69; Weaver et al., “Epigenetic Programming.”

50. Edinburgh, “Obese Mums”; King et al. “Maternal Obesity Has Little Effect.”

51. Weaver et al., “Epigenetic Programming.”

52. Antell and Taczanowski, “How Environment and Lifestyle Choices Influence the Aging Process”; Irigaray et al., “Lifestyle-Related Factors and Environmental Agents.”

Chapter 16: The Whole Beef and Nothing but the Beef

1. Gandy, Joan, Angela Madden, and Michelle Holdsworth. “Macronutrients and Energy Balance.” Chap. 5 in Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Dietetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

2. National Institute of General Medical Sciences. “Proteins Are the Body’s Worker Molecules.” Chap. 1 in The Structures of Life. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/chapter1.html.

3. Sims, C. E., and N. L. Allbritton. “Analysis of Single Mammalian Cells On-Chip.” Lab Chip 7, no. 4 (2007): 423–40.

4. Ferrier, Denise R. Biochemistry. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Series. May 24, 2013. Chap. 3, “Globular Proteins.”

5. Ferrier, “Enzymes,” chap. 5 in Biochemistry.

6. Gandy et al., “Macronutrients and Energy Balance”; Akuyam, S. A. “A Review of Some Metabolic Changes in Protein-Energy Malnutrition.” Niger Postgrad Med J 14, no. 2 (2007): 155–62.

7. Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology with Student Consult Online Access. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2014. Chap. 9.

8. Ferrier, “Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and Steroid Metabolism,” chap. 18 in Biochemistry.

9. Gandy et al., “Macronutrients and Energy Balance.”

10. Purves D., G. J. Augustine, and D. Fitzpatrick et al., eds. “Neurotransmitter Synthesis.” Neuroscience. 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11110/; Purves et al. “Two Major Categories of Neurotransmitters.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10960/.

11. Purves et al. “What Defines a Neurotransmitter?” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10957/.

12. Kuhar, M. J., P. R. Couceyro, and P. D. Lambert. “Biosynthesis of Catecholamines.” In Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th ed. G. J. Siegel et al., eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27988/.

13. Purves et al. “The Biogenic Amines.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11035/.

14. Purves et al. “GABA and Glycine.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11084/; Kalueff, A. V., and D. J. Nutt. “Role of GABA in Anxiety and Depression.” Depress Anxiety 24, no. 7 (2007): 495–517.

15. Frazer, A., and J. G. Hensler. “Serotonin.” In Siegel et al., Neurochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28150/; Banerjee, P., M. Mehta, and B. Kanjilal. “The 5-HT1A Receptor: A Signaling Hub Linked to Emotional Balance.” Chap. 7 in Serotonin Receptors in Neurobiology. Ed. A. Chattopadhyay. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5212/.

16. Purves et al. “The Circadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10839/.

17. Purves et al. “Peptide Neurotransmitters.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10873/.

18. Purves et al. “What Defines a Neurotransmitter?” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10957/.

19. Purves et al. “Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10878/.

20. Purves et al. “Neurotransmitter Release and Removal.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11106/.

21. Sathyanarayana Rao, T. S., et al. “Understanding Nutrition, Depression and Mental Illnesses.” Indian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 2 (2008): 77–82.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 77.

24. Pillai, R. R., and A. V. Kurpad. “Amino Acid Requirements in Children and the Elderly Population.” British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. S2 (2012): S44–49; Ferrier, “Amino Acids,” chap. 1 in Biochemistry.

25. National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. “Protein and Amino Acids.” Chap. 6 in Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/.

26. Gandy et al., “Macronutrients and Energy Balance,” 60; Parker-Pope, Tara. “Switching to Grass-Fed Beef.” The New York Times. March 11, 2010. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/11/switching-to-grass-fed-beef/?_r=0; Daley et al., “A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles.”

27. Tome, D. “Criteria and Markers for Protein Quality Assessment: A Review.” Br J Nutr 108, no. S2 (2012): S222–29; Mine, Y. “Egg Proteins and Peptides in Human Health—Chemistry, Bioactivity and Production.” Curr Pharm Des 13, no. 9 (2007): 875–84; Price, Catherine. “Sorting Through the Claims of the Boastful Egg.” The New York Times. September 16, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/dining/17eggs.html?pagewanted=all.

28. Hossain, M. I., et al. “Lentil-Based High Protein Diet Is Comparable to Animal-Based Diet in Respect to Nitrogen Absorption and Nitrogen Balance in Malnourished Children Recovering from Shigellosis.” Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 18, no. 1 (2009): 8–14.

29. Villa, P., et al. “Fasting and Post-Methionine Homocysteine Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia.” Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2009 79, no. 3 (2009): 166–72; Refsum, H., et al. “Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease.” Annu Rev Med 49 (1998): 31–62; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

30. Watanabe, F. “Vitamin B12 Sources and Bioavailability.” Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 232, no. 10 (2007): 1266–74.

31. Lonn, E., et al. “Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in Vascular Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 354, no. 15 (2006): 1567–77; Murphy, Sabina A. “Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE-2).” The American College of Cardiology’s Cardiosource. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/533038; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

32. Brind, Joel, et al. “Dietary Glycine Supplementation Mimics Lifespan Extension by Dietary Methionine Restriction in Fisher 344 Rats.” The FASEB Journal 25, no. 1. MeetingAbstracts (2011): 528.2; Sugiyama, K., Y. Kushima, and K. Muramatsu. “Effect of Dietary Glycine on Methionine Metabolism in Rats Fed a High-Methionine Diet.” J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 33, no. 3 (1987): 195–205; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

33. O’Dea, K. “Traditional Diet and Food Preferences of Australian Aboriginal Hunter-Gatherers.” Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 334, no. 1270 (1991): 233–40. Discussion 240-1; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

34. Ibid.; Viegas, Jennifer. “Predators Pick Body Parts for Balanced Diet.” Discovery News. May 27, 2010. http://news.discovery.com/animals/insects/predators-carnivores-spiders.htm; Mayntz, David, et al. “Balancing of Protein and Lipid Intake by a Mammalian Carnivore, the Mink, Mustela Vison.” Animal Behaviour 77, no. 2 (2009): 349–55; Raubenheimer, David, et al. “Nutrient-Specific Compensation Following Diapause in a Predator: Implications for Intraguild Predation.” Ecology 88, no. 10 (2007): 2598–608; Forbes, J. Michael. “Dietary Awareness.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57, no. 3 (1998): 287–97.

35. Planck, Max. Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie. Mit einem Bildnis und der von Max von Laue gehaltenen Traueransprache. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, 1948. 22. In Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers. Trans. F. Gaynor. New York: Philosophical Library, 1949. 33–34. Cited in T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

36. Masterjohn, Chris. “Heart Disease.” The Daily Lipid. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/search/label/Heart%20Disease; Chen, Vincent C. W., et al. “The Effect of Resistance Exercise Combined with Cholesterol Intake on Serum Lipid Profile in Elderly Men and Women.” The FASEB Journal 26, no. 1 (2012): 1142–43; Colpo, Anthony. “LDL Cholesterol: ‘Bad’ Cholesterol, or Bad Science?” Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons 10, no. 3 (2005): 83–89; Diep, Francie. “Cholesterol Conundrum: Changing HDL and LDL Levels Does Not Always Alter Heart Disease or Stroke Risk.” Scientific American. October 12, 2011. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cholesterol-conundrum/; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Kummerow, Fred A., and Jean M. Kummerow. Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit: A Guide to Preventing Heart Disease. Summerfield, FL: Spacedoc Media LLC, 2014. Kindle Edition; Ravnskov, Uffe. Ignore the Awkward!: How the Cholesterol Myths Are Kept Alive. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace, 2010. Kindle Edition.

37. Ibid.; Berg, J. M., J. L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2002. Section 26.3, “The Complex Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Takes Place at Several Levels.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22336/.

38. Ibid.; Berg et al., “Important Derivatives of Cholesterol Include Bile Salts and Steroid Hormones.” Biochemistry. Section 26.4, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22339/.

39. Ibid.; Campbell-McBride, Natasha. “Cholesterol: Friend or Foe?” Weston A. Price Foundation. May 4, 2008. www.westonaprice.org; Smith, L. L. “Another Cholesterol Hypothesis: Cholesterol as Antioxidant.” Free Radic Biol Med 11, no. 1 (1991): 47–61; Girao, H., C. Mota, and P. Pereira. “Cholesterol May Act as an Antioxidant in Lens Membranes.” Curr Eye Res 18, no. 6 (1999): 448–54; Maxwell, S. R., O. Wiklund, and G. Bondjers. “Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Lipoproteins Using Enhanced Chemiluminescence.” Atherosclerosis 111, no. 1 (1994): 79–89; Enig, Mary G. Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol. Silver Spring, MD: Bethesda Press, 2000; Kontush, A., and J. M. Chapman. “Antiatherogenic Function of HDL Particle Subpopulations: Focus on Antioxidative Activities.” Curr Opin Lipidol 21 (2010): 312–18.

40. Ibid.

41. Berg et al. “Important Derivatives of Cholesterol Include Bile Salts and Steroid Hormones.”

42. Ibid.; Campbell-McBride, “Cholesterol: Friend or Foe?”; Masterjohn, Chris. “Fat and Cholesterol.” The Daily Lipid. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit; Ravnskov, Ignore the Awkward.

43. Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol”; Chen et al., “The Effect of Resistance Exercise”; Colpo, “LDL Cholesterol”; Diep, “Cholesterol Conundrum”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit; Ravnskov, Ignore the Awkward.

44. Analogy from Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 86–87; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol”; see also Linna, Meri, et al. “Circulating Oxidised LDL Lipids, When Proportioned to HDL-C, Emerged as a Risk Factor of All-Cause Mortality in a Population-Based Survival Study.” Age and Ageing 42, no. 1 (2013): 110–13; Meisinger, C., et al. “Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, A Strong Predictor for Acute Coronary Heart Disease Events in Apparently Healthy, Middle-Aged Men from the General Population.” Circulation 112 (2005): 651–57; Ahotupa, M., et al. “Baseline Diene Conjugation in LDL Lipids as a Direct Measure of In Vivo LDL Oxidation.” Clin Biochem 31 (1998): 257–61; Ahotupa, M., et al. “Lipoprotein-Specific Transport of Circulating Lipid Peroxides.” Ann Med 42 (2010): 521–29.

45. Bae, Jong-Myon, et al. “Low Cholesterol Is Associated with Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases: A Dynamic Cohort Study in Korean Adults.” J Korean Med Sci 27, no. 1 (2012): 58–63; Nago, N., S. Ishikawa, T. Goto, and K. Kayaba. “Low Cholesterol Is Associated with Mortality from Stroke, Heart Disease, and Cancer: the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study.” J Epidemiol 21, no. 1 (2011): 67–74; Morgan, R. E., et al. “Plasma Cholesterol and Depressive Symptoms in Older Men.” The Lancet 341, no. 8837 (1993): 75–79; Golomb, B. A., H. Stattin, and S. Mednick. “Low Cholesterol and Violent Crime.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 34, nos. 4, 5 (2000): 301–9; Steegmans, Paul H. A., et al. “Higher Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Men with Low Serum Cholesterol Levels.” Psychosomatic Medicine 62, no. 2 (2000): 205–11; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

46. Ibid.; Elias, P. K., et al. “Serum Cholesterol and Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Heart Study.” Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 1 (2005): 24–30; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid.

47. Nago, N., et al. “Low Cholesterol Is Associated with Mortality”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

48. American College of Cardiology. “Low LDL Cholesterol Is Related to Cancer Risk.” ScienceDaily. March 26, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120326113713.htm; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

49. Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

50. Steegmans et al., “Higher Prevalence”; Morgan et al., “Plasma Cholesterol”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

51. Kunugi, H., et al. “Low Serum Cholesterol in Suicide Attempters.” Biol Psychiatry 41, no. 2 (1997): 196–200; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

52. Valappil, Ashraf V., et al. “Low Cholesterol as a Risk Factor for Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Case-Control Study.” Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology 15, no. 1 (2012): 19–22; Wang, X., et al. “Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Stroke 44, no. 7 (2013): 1833–39; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

53. Ravnskov, U. “High Cholesterol May Protect Against Infections and Atherosclerosis.” QJM 96, no. 12 (2003): 927–34; Muldoon, M. F., et al. “Immune System Differences in Men with Hypo- or Hypercholesterolemia.” Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 84 (1997): 145–49; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

54. Ehnholm, Christian. Cellular Lipid Metabolism. Berlin: Springer, 2009. 132; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

55. Dietschy, John M. “Biol Central Nervous System: Cholesterol Turnover, Brain Development and Neurodegeneration.” Chem 390, no. 4 (2009): 287–93; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

56. Elias et al., “Serum Cholesterol”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

57. Andrade, Jason, et al. “Ancel Keys and the Lipid Hypothesis: from Early Breakthroughs to Current Management of Dyslipidemia.” BCMJ 51, no. 2 (2009): 66–72; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

58. Gotto, Antonio M., Jr. “Jeremiah Metzger Lecture: Cholesterol, Inflammation and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Is It All LDL?” Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 122 (2011): 256–89; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

59. Keys, A. “Atherosclerosis: A Problem in Newer Public Health.” J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y20, no. 2 (1953): 118–39; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, “Fat and Cholesterol.”

60. Masterjohn, Chris. “Let Us Honor Ancel Keys, Our Patron, As We Cherry Pick Studies to Bash Fructose (Revised and Extended).” The Daily Lipid. April 28, 2011. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/04/let-us-honor-ancel-keys-our-patron-as.html; Ravnskov, Uffe. The Cholesterol Myths: Exposing the Fallacy That Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Cause Heart Disease. Washington, DC: NewTrends Pub, 2002; Yerushalmy, Jacob, and Herman Hilleboe. “Fat in the Diet and Mortality from Heart Disease: A Methodologic Note.” New York State Journal of Medicine 57, no. 14 (1957): 2343–54; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 7; Weinberg, Sylvan Lee. “The Diet-Heart Hypothesis: A Critique.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43, no. 5 (2004): 731–33; Feinman, Richard, and Sara Keough. “Ethics in Medical Research. The Low Fat-Diet-Heart Hypothesis. First, How Much Harm Has Been Done?” Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine: An International Journal 5 (2014): 149–59; Noakes, Timothy David. “The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial: An Inconvenient Finding and the Diet-Heart Hypothesis.” SAMJ: South African Medical Journal 103, no. 11 (2013): 824–25; Schwab, Ursula, and Matti Uusitupa. “Diet Heart Controversies–Quality of Fat Matters.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 25 (2015): 617–22; Goldberg, Ira J., Robert H. Eckel, and Ruth McPherson. “Triglycerides and Heart Disease Still a Hypothesis?” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 31, no. 8 (2011): 1716–25.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid.; Menotti, A., and P. E. Puddu. “How the Seven Countries Study Contributed to the Definition and Development of the Mediterranean Diet Concept: a 50-Year Journey.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 25, no. 3 (2015): 245–52; Blackburn, H. “Seven Countries Study.” University of Minnesota School of Public Health. 2015. http://sph.umn.edu/site/docs/epi/SPH%20Seven%20Countries%20Study.pdf.

63. Ibid.

64. Posner, Barbara Millen, et al. “Diet, Menopause, and Serum Cholesterol Levels in Women: The Framingham Study.” American Heart Journal 125, no. 2 (1993): 483–89; Kannel, William B., and Tavia Gordon. “The Framingham Diet Study: Diet and the Regulation of Serum Cholesterol.” Section 24 in The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Investigation of Cardiovascular Diseases. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1970; Dawber, Thomas R., et al. “Eggs, Serum Cholesterol, and Coronary Heart Disease.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, no. 4 (1982): 617–25; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 144–45.

65. Kannel and Gordon, “The Framingham Diet Study”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 144.

66. Sorlie, Paul D., and Manning Feinleib. “The Serum Cholesterol-Cancer Relationship: An Analysis of Time Trends in the Framingham Study.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 69, no. 5 (1982): 989–96; Kreger, Bernard E., et al. “Serum Cholesterol Level, Body Mass Index, and the Risk of Colon Cancer: The Framingham Study.” Cancer 70, no. 5 (1992): 1038–43; Elias et al. “Serum Cholesterol; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 146.

67. Lawrence, G. D. “Dietary Fats and Health: Dietary Recommendations in the Context of Scientific Evidence.” Adv Nutr 4, no. 3 (2013): 294–302.

68. Cooper, G. M. “Cell Membranes.” In The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9928/; Berg et al. Section 12.3, “There Are Three Common Types of Membrane Lipids.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22361/; Agranoff, B. W., J. A. Benjamins, and A. K. Hajra. “Analysis of Brain Lipids.” In Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28239/; Berg et al. Section 26.4, “Important Derivatives of Cholesterol Include Bile Salts and Steroid Hormones.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22339/.

69. Agranoff, B. W., J. A. Benjamins, and A. K. Hajra. “Properties of Brain Lipids.” In Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28219/; Yehuda, S., S. Rabinovitz, and D. I. Mostofsky. “Essential Fatty Acids Are Mediators of Brain Biochemistry and Cognitive Functions.” J Neurosci Res 56, no. 6 (1999): 565–70.

70. Chang, C. Y., D. S. Ke, and J. Y. Chen. “Essential Fatty Acids and Human Brain.” Acta Neurol Taiwan 18, no. 4 (2009): 231–41.

71. Ferrier, Biochemistry, chap. 27, section V; Gandy et al., “Macronutrients and Energy Balance,” chap. 5.

72. Barnard, N. D., A. E. Bunner, and U. Agarwal. “Saturated and Trans Fats and Dementia: A Systematic Review.” Neurobiology of Aging 35, no. S2 (2015): S65–73; Haast, R. A., and A. J. Kiliaan. “Impact of Fatty Acids on Brain Circulation, Structure and Function.” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 92 (2015): 3–14.

73. Bureš, D., et al. “Quality Attributes and Composition of Meat from Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus), Fallow Deer (Dama Dama) and Aberdeen Angus and Holstein Cattle (Bos Taurus).” J Sci Food Agric 95 (2014): 2299–2306. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6950; Daley et al., “A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles”; Leheska, J. M., et al. “Effects of Conventional and Grass-Feeding Systems on the Nutrient Composition of Beef.” Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 12 (2008): 3575–85; McAfee, A. J., et al. “Red Meat from Animals Offered a Grass Diet Increases Plasma and Platelet N-3 PUFA in Healthy Consumers.” British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 1 (2011): 80–89; Alfaia, Cristina P. M., et al. “Effect of the Feeding System on Intramuscular Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers of Beef Cattle, with Emphasis on Their Nutritional Value and Discriminatory Ability.” Food Chemistry 114, no. 3 (2009): 939–46.

74. Ibid.; Masterjohn.

75. Ibid.; Pollan, In Defense of Food.

76. Hickenbottom, S. J., et al. “Variability in Conversion of Beta-Carotene to Vitamin A in Men as Measured by Using a Double-Tracer Study Design.” Am J Clin Nutr 75, no. 5 (2002): 900–907; Lin, Y., et al. “Variability of the Conversion of Beta-Carotene to Vitamin A in Women Measured by Using a Double-Tracer Study Design.” Am J Clin Nutr 71, no. 6 (2000): 1545–54.

77. Okano, T., et al. “Conversion of Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) into Menaquinone-4 (Vitamin K2) in Mice: Two Possible Routes for Menaquinone-4 Accumulation in Cerebra of Mice.” J Biol Chem 283, no. 17 (2008): 11270–79; Masterjohn, Christopher. “On the Trail of the Elusive X-Factor: A Sixty-Two-Year-Old Mystery Finally Solved.” Weston A. Price Foundation. February 14, 2008. http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/abcs-of-nutrition/on-the-trail-of-the-elusive-x-factor-a-sixty-two-year-old-mystery-finally-solved/#three.

78. Vermeer, Cees. “Vitamin K: The Effect on Health Beyond Coagulation—An Overview.” Food Nutr Res 56 (2012): 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5329; Masterjohn, “On the Trail of the Elusive X-Factor.”

79. Vermeer, C., et al. “Beyond Deficiency: Potential Benefits of Increased Intakes of Vitamin K for Bone and Vascular Health.” European Journal of Nutrition 43 (2004): 325–35; Masterjohn, “On the Trail of the Elusive X-Factor.”

80. Masterjohn, Christopher. “Good Fats, Bad Fats: Separating Fact from Fiction.” March 24, 2012. http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/good-fats-bad-fats-separating-fact-from-fiction/; Price, Weston A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects. Oxford: Benediction Classics, 2010.

81. Ibid.; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 215–44.

82. Ibid.; see also Popkin, Barry M., Linda S. Adair, and Shu Wen Ng. “Now and Then: The Global Nutrition Transition: The Pandemic of Obesity in Developing Countries.” Nutr Rev. 70, no. 1 (2012): 3–21.

83. Pearce, Morton Lee, and Seymour Dayton. “Incidence of Cancer in Men on a Diet High in Polyunsaturated Fat.” The Lancet 297, no. 7697 (1971): 464–67; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

84. Leren, P. “The Effect of Plasma-Cholesterol-Lowering Diet in Male Survivors of Myocardial Infarction. A Controlled Clinical Trial.” Bull N Y Acad Med. 44, no. 8 (1968): 1012–20; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

85. G. F. Watts, et al. “Effects on Coronary Artery Disease of Lipid-Lowering Diet, or Diet Plus Cholestyramine, in the St. Thomas’ Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS).” The Lancet 339, no. 8793 (1992): 563–69; Burr, M. L., et al. “Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART): Design, Recruitment, and Compliance.” European Heart Journal 10, no. 6 (1989): 558–67; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

86. Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

87. Turpeinen, O., et al. “Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Long-Term Experiment.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21 (1968): 255–76; Turpeinen, O., et al. “Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: The Finnish Mental Hospital Study.” International Journal of Epidemiology 8, no. 2 (1979): 99–118; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

88. Turpeinen et al., “Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Long-Term Experiment.”; Turpeinen et al., “Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: The Finnish Mental Hospital Study.”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9.

89. Mente, A., et al. “A Systematic Review of the Evidence Supporting a Causal Link between Dietary Factors and Coronary Heart Disease.” Arch Intern Med 169, no. 7 (2009): 659–69; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

90. Hooper, L., et al. “Reduced or Modified Dietary Fat for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev no. 3 (2001): CD002137; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

91. Mozaffarian, Dariush, Renata Micha, and Sarah Wallace. “Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” PLoS Med 7, no. 3 (2010): e1000252; Masterjohn, Christopher. “AJCN Publishes a New PUFA Study That Should Make Us Long for the Old Days.” Weston A. Price Foundation. May 17, 2012. http://www.westonaprice.org/blogs/cmasterjohn/ajcn-publishes-a-new-pufa-study-that-should-make-us-long-for-the-old-days/.

92. “Low-Carb Experts: Chris Masterjohn, PhD.” Segment Two (8:55). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbBXy5xssY0.

93. Okereke, Olivia I., et al. “Dietary Fat Types and 4-Year Cognitive Change in Community-Dwelling Older Women.” Annals of Neurology 72 (2012). 124–34; Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “With Fat: What’s Good or Bad for the Heart, May Be the Same for the Brain.” ScienceDaily. May 18, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120518081358.htm; Bakalar, Nicholas. “Some Fats May Harm the Brain More.” The New York Times. May 21, 2012. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/some-fats-may-harm-the-brain-more/?_r=0; Kotz, Deborah. “Tweaking Dietary Fat Intake Could Help Slow Brain Aging, Study Suggests.” The Boston Globe. May 18, 2012. http://www.boston.com/dailydose/2012/05/18/tweaking-dietary-fat-intake-could-help-slow-brain-aging-study-suggests/OO7tmvxhB2E8V0algT7DlL/story.html; English, Cameron. “Saturated Fat Is Not Bad for Your Brain, and You’ve Been Lied To.” Policy.Mic. May 22, 2012. http://mic.com/articles/8673/saturated-fat-is-not-bad-for-your-brain-and-you-ve-been-lied-to.

94. Rimer, B. K. “Correlation Is Not Causation.” Am J Public Health 88, no. 5 (1998): 832–35; Greenhalgh, Trisha. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence Based Medicine. Oxford; Malden, MA: BMJ, 2006; Goldacre, Ben. Bad Science. London: Fourth Estate, 2009; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 67–81.

95. Roberts, R. O., et al. “Relative Intake of Macronutrients Impacts Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia.” J Alzheimers Dis 32, no. 2 (2012): 329–39.

96. Goritz, C., et al. “Role of Glia-Derived Cholesterol in Synaptogenesis: New Revelations in the Synapse-Glia Affair.” J Physiol Paris 96 (2002): 257–63; Mielke, M. M., et al. “High Total Cholesterol Levels in Late Life Associated with a Reduced Risk of Dementia.” Neurology 64 (2005): 1689–95; West, R., et al. “Better Memory Functioning Associated with Higher Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Very Elderly Subjects without the Apolipoprotein E4 Allele.” Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 (2008): 781–85.

97. Howland, D. S., et al. “Modulation of Secreted Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid Beta-Peptide in Brain by Cholesterol.” J Biol Chem 273 (1998): 16576–82.

98. Volk, B. M., et al. “Effects of Step-Wise Increases in Dietary Carbohydrate on Circulating Saturated Fatty Acids and Palmitoleic Acid in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome.” PLoS One 9, no. 11 (2014): e113605.

99. Volk et al., “Effects of Step-Wise Increases”; Jakobsen, M. U., et al. “Major Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Cohort Studies.” Am J Clin Nutr 89, no. 5 (2009): 1425–32; Goritz, C., et al. “Role of Glia-Derived Cholesterol in Synaptogenesis: New Revelations in the Synapse-Glia Affair.” J Physiol Paris 96 (2002): 257–63; Mielke et al., “High Total Cholesterol Levels”; Roberts, R. O., et al. “Relative Intake of Macronutrients Impacts Risk”; West et al., “Better Memory Functioning.”

100. Venäläinen, T., et al. “Cross-Sectional Associations of Food Consumption with Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Estimated Desaturase Activities in Finnish Children.” Lipids 49, no. 5 (2014): 467–79.

101. Greene, C. M., et al. “Maintenance of the LDL Cholesterol: HDL Cholesterol Ratio in an Elderly Population Given a Dietary Cholesterol Challenge.” J Nutr 135, no. 12 (2005): 2793–98.

102. Hu, F. B., et al. “A Prospective Study of Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women.” JAMA 281, no. 15 (1999): 1387–94.

103. Song, W. O., and J. M. Kerver. “Nutritional Contribution of Eggs to American Diets.” J Am Coll Nutr 19, no. S5 (2000): 556S—62S; Gandy et al., chap. 5; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit.

104. “Dr. Mercola Interviews Dr. Kummerow About Cholesterol.” YouTube video, 16:54. Uploaded by Mercola. May 7, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lkk7GgfLAa0.

105. Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 21.

106. Andrade et al., “Ancel Keys and the Lipid Hypothesis.”

107. “Dr. Mercola Interviews Dr. Kummerow About Cholesterol.”

108. Finking, G., and H. Hanke. “Nikolaj Nikolajewitsch Anitschkow (1885–1964) Established the Cholesterol-Fed Rabbit as a Model for Atherosclerosis Research.” Atherosclerosis 135, no. 1 (1997): 1–7.

109. Rimer, “Correlation Is Not Causation”; Greenhalgh, How to Read a Paper; Goldacre, Bad Science; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 67–81; Nestle, Food Politics.

110. Ibid.; Goldacre, Ben. I Think You’ll Find It’s a Bit More Complicated Than That. New York: Fourth Estate, 2014.

111. Moyer, Michael. “The Salt Wars Rage On: A Chat with Nutrition Professor Marion Nestle.” Scientific American. July 14, 2011. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-salt-wars-rage-on-a-c/.

112. Morris, N. P. “The Neglect of Nutrition in Medical Education: A Firsthand Look.” Intern Med 174, no. 6 (2014): 841–42; Nestle, Food Politics.

113. Feinman, Richard D. “Saturated Fat and Health: Recent Advances in Research.” Lipids 45, no. 10 (2010): 891–92.

114. Kuipers, R. S., et al. “Saturated Fat, Carbohydrates and Cardiovascular Disease.” Neth J Med 69, no. 9 (2011): 372–78; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chaps. 8–9.

115. Harcombe, Zoo, et al. “Evidence from Randomised Controlled Trials Did Not Support the Introduction of Dietary Fat Guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Open Heart 2, no. 1 (2015): e000196.

116. Masterjohn, “A New PUFA Study That Should Make Us Long for the Old Days.”

117. Dhaka, Vandana, et al. “Trans Fats—Sources, Health Risks and Alternative Approach: A Review.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (2011): 534–41; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 41–64.

118. Ibid.; Meyer, J. M., et al. “Minimally Oxidized LDL Inhibits Macrophage Selective Cholesteryl Ester Uptake and Native LDL-Induced Foam Cell Formation.” The Journal of Lipid Research 55, no. 8 (2014): 1648. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M044644; Texas A&M University. “‘Bad’ Cholesterol Not as Bad as People Think, Study Shows.” ScienceDaily. May 8, 2011. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110505142730.htm; Perlmutter, David, and Kristin Loberg. Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth about Wheat, Carbs, and Sugar—Your Brain’s Silent Killers. New York: Little, Brown, 2013.

119. Barclay, Eliza. “When Zero Doesn’t Mean Zero: Trans Fats Linger in Food.” NPR.org. August 28, 2014. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/28/343971652/trans-fats-linger-stubbornly-in-the-food-supply.

120. Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, locations 604–5; Chowdhury, Rajiv, et al. “Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids with Coronary Risk.” Annals of Internal Medicine 160, no. 6 (2014): 398–406. doi: 10.7326/M13-1788; University of Eastern Finland. “High Serum Fatty Acid Protects Against Brain Abnormalities.” ScienceDaily. October 17, 2013. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131017080106.htm; Pottala, J.V., et al. “Higher RBC EPA DHA Corresponds with Larger Total Brain and Hippocampal Volumes: WHIMS-MRI Study.” Neurology 82, no. 5 (2014): 435–42. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000080.

121. Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 53.

122. Ibid., 26; Zhou, Q., Y. Zhou, and Kummerow, F. A. “High-dose Lovastatin Decreased Basal Prostacyclin Production in Cultured Endothelial Cells.” Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 89, nos. 1, 2 (2009): 1–7.

123. Ibid.; American Heart Association. “Trans Fat Consumption Linked to Diminished Memory in Working-Aged Adults.” ScienceDaily. November 18, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141118105406.htm; Granholm, Ann-Charlotte, et al. “Effects of a Saturated Fat and High Cholesterol Diet on Memory and Hippocampal Morphology in the Middle-Aged Rat.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 14, no. 2 (2008): 133–45; Teixeira, A. M., et al. “Exercise Affects Memory Acquisition, Anxiety-Like Symptoms and Activity of Membrane-Bound Enzyme in Brain of Rats Fed with Different Dietary Fats: Impairments of Trans Fat.” Neuroscience 195 (2011): 80–88; Collison, Kate S., et al. “Dietary Trans-Fat Combined with Monosodium Glutamate Induces Dyslipidemia and Impairs Spatial Memory.” Physiology & Behavior 99, no. 3 (2010): 334–42; Willett, W. C. “Dietary Fats and Coronary Heart Disease.” Journal of Internal Medicine 272, no. 1 (2012): 13–24.

124. Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit.

125. Andrew. “Professor Starts New Research Track as He Turns 100.” The Daily Illini. October 6, 2014. http://www.dailyillini.com/news/article_6db9b5d6-4cec-11e4-a756-0017a43b2370.html.

126. Severson, Kim. “The Basics: A Question of Fat, and of Taste.” The New York Times. October 1, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/weekinreview/01basic.html; Eng, Monica. “Has Your Food Gone Rancid? Consumers May Have Kitchen Full of Dangerous Products and Not Know It.” The Chicago Tribune. March 7, 2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-03-07/features/sc-food-0302-rancidity-20120307_1_trans-fats-polyunsaturated-oils-food-chain; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

127. Hite, A. H., et al. “In the Face of Contradictory Evidence: Report of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee.” Nutrition 26, no. 10 (2010): 915–24.

Chapter 17: Sugar: The Forbidden Fruit?

1. Carey, Nessa. The Epigenetics Revolution: How Modern Biology Is Rewriting Our Understanding of Genetics, Disease, and Inheritance. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

2. Ibid.; Blakeslee, Sandra. “A Pregnant Mother’s Diet May Turn the Genes Around.” The New York Times. October 7, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/07/science/a-pregnant-mother-s-diet-may-turn-the-genes-around.html.

3. Avena et al. “Evidence for Sugar Addiction”; Brownell, Kelly D., and Mark S. Gold. Food and Addiction: A Comprehensive Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Kindle Edition, locations 17648–49.

4. Mains, R. E., and B. A. Eipper. “The Neuropeptides.” In Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry.

5. Zioudrou, C., R. A. Streaty, and W. A. Klee. “Opioid Peptides Derived from Food Proteins. The Exorphins.” J Biol Chem 254, no. 7 (1979): 2446–49.

6. Teschemacher, H. “Opioid Receptor Ligands Derived from Food Proteins.” Curr Pharm Des 9, no. 16 (2003): 1331–44.

7. Cohen, M. R., et al. “Naloxone Reduces Food Intake in Humans.” Psychosomatic Medicine 47, no. 2 (1985): 132–38; Drewnowski, A., et al. “Naloxone, an Opiate Blocker, Reduces the Consumption of Sweet High-Fat Foods in Obese and Lean Female Binge Eaters.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 6 (1995): 1206–12.

8. Guyenet, Stephan. “The Case for the Food Reward Hypothesis of Obesity, Part II.” Wholehealthsource. October 7, 2011. http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2011/10/case-for-food-reward-hypothesis-of_07.html.

9. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Scribner, 2004; Chaudhari, N., A. M. Landin, and S. D. Roper. “A Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Variant Functions as a Taste Receptor.” Nature Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (2000): 113–19; Nelson, G., et al. “An Amino-Acid Taste Receptor.” Nature 416, no. 6877 (2002): 199–202; Zhang, Y., et al. “Coding Sweet, Bitter, and Umami Tastes: Different Receptor Cells Sharing Signaling Pathways.” Cell 112, no. 3 (2003): 293–301; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

13. Gustafson, We the Eaters.

14. Ravichandran, Balaji, and Robert Lustig. “The No Candy Man.” BMJ 346, no. 7904 (2013): 20–21.

15. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

16. Davis, C. “From Passive Overeating to ‘Food Addiction’: A Spectrum of Compulsion and Severity.” SRN Obes 2013 (2013): 1–20.

17. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

18. Lustig, Robert H., et al. “Public Health: The Toxic Truth about Sugar.” Nature 482 (2012): 27–29; Kim, J., et al. “Functional Roles of Fructose.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, no. 25 (2012): E1619–28; Ishimoto, T., et al. “Opposing Effects of Fructokinase C and A Isoforms on Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, no. 11 (2012): 4320–25; Kyriazis, G. A., M. M. Soundarapandian, and B. Tyrberg. “Sweet Taste Receptor Signaling in Beta Cells Mediates Fructose-Induced Potentiation of Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, no. 8 (2012): E524–32; Touger-Decker, R., and C. van Loveren. “Sugars and Dental Caries.” Am J Clin Nutr 78, no. 4 (2003): 881S–92S.

19. Cha, S. H., et al. “Differential Effects of Central Fructose and Glucose on Hypothalamic Malonyl-Coa and Food Intake.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, no. 44 (2008): 16871–75.

20. Page, Kathleen A., et al. “Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Brain Regions Involved with Appetite and Reward Pathways.” Journal of the American Medical Association. Preliminary Communication. January 2, 2013.

21. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. “Fructose and Glucose: Brain Reward Circuits Respond Differently to Two Kinds of Sugar.” ScienceDaily. December 10, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141210080734.htm.

22. Cha et al., “Differential Effects.”

23. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, “Fructose and Glucose.”

24. Page et al., “Effects of Fructose.”

25. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, “Fructose and Glucose.”

26. Zhang, Wei, Mark A. Cline, and Elizabeth R. Gilbert. “Hypothalamus-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: Neuropeptide Y and the Regulation of Energy Metabolism.” Nutrition & Metabolism 11, no. 1 (2014): 27; Page, Kathleen A., and Robert S. Sherwin. “The Brain: Our Food-Traffic Controller.” New York Times. April 26, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/opinion/sunday/the-brain-our-food-traffic-controller.html.

27. Page et al., “Effects of Fructose.”

28. Purnell, J. Q., et al. “Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response to Glucose and Fructose Infusions in Humans.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13, no. 3 (2011): 229. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01340.x; Stranahan, Alexis M., et al. “Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition in Middle-Aged Rats.” Hippocampus 18, no. 11 (2008): 1085–88.

29. Leaf, “The Mind-Mapping Approach”; Leaf, Switch On Your Brain.

30. Page et al., “Effects of Fructose.”

31. Stranahan et al., “Diet-induced Insulin Resistance.”

32. Purnell et al., “Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.”

33. Lustig et al., “Public Health”; Stranahan et al., “Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance.”

34. Ibid.

35. Conlee, R. K., R. M. Lawler, and P. E. Ross. “Effects of Glucose or Fructose Feeding on Glycogen Repletion in Muscle and Liver after Exercise or Fasting.” Ann Nutr Metab 31, no. 2 (1987): 126–32.

36. Lustig et al., “Public Health”; Sanda, Bill. “The Double Danger of High Fructose Corn Syrup.” Wise Traditions in Food, Farming, and Healing Arts (Winter 2003). http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/the-double-danger-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/.

37. Lustig et al., “Public Health.”

38. Faeh, David, et al. “Effect of Fructose Overfeeding and Fish Oil Administration on Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men.” Diabetes 54, no. 7 (2005): 1907–13.

39. Ouyang, Xiaosen, et al. “Fructose Consumption as a Risk Factor for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Journal of Hepatology 48, no. 6 (2008): 993–99; Purnell, J. Q., and D. A. Fair. “Fructose Ingestion and Cerebral, Metabolic, and Satiety Responses.” JAMA 309, no. 1 (2013): 85–86.

40. Bomback, Andrew S., et al. “Sugar-Sweetened Soda Consumption, Hyperuricemia, and Kidney Disease.” Kidney International 77, no. 7 (2010): 609–16; Flavin, Dana. “Metabolic Danger of High-Fructose Corn Syrup.” Life Extension Magazine (2008): http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2008/12/metabolic-dangers-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/page-01.

41. White, J. S. “Straight Talk about High-Fructose Corn Syrup: What It Is and What It Ain’t.” Am J Clin Nutr 88, no. 6 (2008): 1716S–21S; Rippe, J. M., and T. J. Angelopoulos. “Sucrose, High-Fructose Corn Syrup, and Fructose, Their Metabolism and Potential Health Effects: What Do We Really Know.” Adv Nutr 4, no. 2 (2013): 236–45. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002824.

42. Boukraâ, Laïd. Honey in Traditional and Modern Medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2014.

43. Watson, Claire. “Benefits of Raw Organic Honey.” SFGate. http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/benefits-raw-organic-honey-9105.html.

44. Moskowitz, Howard R. “The Sweetness and Pleasantness of Sugars.” The American Journal of Psychology 84 (1971): 387–405; Shambaugh, P., V. Worthington, and J. H. Herbert. “Differential Effects of Honey, Sucrose, and Fructose on Blood Sugar Levels.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 13, no. 6 (1989): 322–25.

45. Ouyang et al., “Fructose Consumption as a Risk Factor”; McGrane, M. M. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Synthesis and Oxidation. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2009. 258–77.

46. Page and Sherwin, The Brain.

47. Rippe and Angelopoulos, “Sucrose, High-Fructose Corn Syrup, and Fructose.”

48. Ibid.; Schmidt, Ann Marie, et al. “RAGE: a Novel Cellular Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products.” Diabetes 45, no. S3 (1996): S77–S80.

49. Singh, R., et al. “Advanced Glycation End-Products: a Review.” Diabetologia 44, no. 2 (2001): 129–46.

50. Ibid.; Vitek, Michael P., et al. “Advanced Glycation End Products Contribute to Amyloidosis in Alzheimer Disease.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, no. 11 (1994): 4766–70; Lustig, Robert. “Fructose: The Poison Index.” TheGuardian.com. October 21, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/21/fructose-poison-sugar-industry-pseudoscience; Lustig, Robert H. Fat Chance: Beating the Odds against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and Disease. New York: Hudson Street Press, 2013. Kindle Editon.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.; Appleton, Nancy, and G. N. Jacobs. Suicide by Sugar: A Startling Look at Our #1 National Addiction. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers, 2008.

53. Singh et al., “Advanced Glycation End-Products.”

54. Ibid.; Vitek et al., “Advanced Glycation End Products”; Ramasamy, Ravichandran, et al. “Advanced Glycation End Products and RAGE: a Common Thread in Aging, Diabetes, Neurodegeneration, and Inflammation.” Glycobiology 15, no. 7 (2005): 16R–28R.

55. Lapolla, A., et al. “Evaluation of Advanced Glycation End Products and Carbonyl Compounds in Patients with Different Conditions of Oxidative Stress.” Mol Nutr Food Res 49, no. 7 (2005): 685–90.

56. Syed, I. A. “Glycated Haemoglobin: Past, Present, and Future Are We Ready for the Change.” J Pak Med Assoc 61, no. 4 (2011): 383–88.

57. Singh et al., “Advanced Glycation End-Products.”

58. Niiya, Y., et al. “Susceptibility of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells to Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Tissue Factor Upregulation Is Associated with Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species.” Brain Res 1108, no. 1 (2006): 179–87.

59. Coker, L. H., and L. E. Wagenknecht. “Advanced Glycation End Products, Diabetes, and the Brain.” Neurology 77, no. 14 (2011): 1326–27; Luevano-Contreras, Claudia, and Karen Chapman-Novakofski. “Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Aging.” Nutrients 2, no. 12 (2010): 1247–65.

60. Lapolla et al., “Evaluation of Advanced Glycation End Products.”

61. Bisbal, Catherine, Karen Lambert, and Antoine Avignon. “Antioxidants and Glucose Metabolism Disorders.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 13, no. 4 (2010): 439–46.

62. Page et al., “Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow.”

63. Yaffe, K., et al. “Glycosylated Hemoglobin Level and Development of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia in Older Women.” J Nutr Health Aging 10, no. 4 (2006): 293–95; Bächle, C. et al. “Associations Between HbA1c and Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults with Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 55 (2015): 48–58.

64. Lustig, Robert H. “Fructose: It’s ‘Alcohol Without the Buzz.’” Adv Nutr 4, no. 2 (2013): 226–35; Lustig, Fat Chance.

65. Andrews, Zane B., and Tamas L. Horvath. “Tasteless Food Reward.” Neuron 57, no. 6 (2008): 806–8; Lindqvist, Andreas, Annemie Baelemans, and Charlotte Erlanson-Albertsson. “Effects of Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose on Peripheral and Central Appetite Signals.” Regulatory Peptides 150, no. 1 (2008): 26–32.

66. Leaf, Mind-Mapping; Leaf, “The Mind-Mapping Approach.”

67. Page et al., “Effects of Fructose”; Stanhope, Kimber L., Jean-Marc Schwarz, and Peter J. Havel. “Adverse Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fructose: Results from Recent Epidemiological, Clinical, and Mechanistic Studies.” Current Opinion in Lipidology 24, no. 3 (2013): 198.

68. Lowette, Katrien, et al. “Effects of High-Fructose Diets on Central Appetite Signaling and Cognitive Function.” Frontiers in Nutrition 2 (2015): 5; Isganaitis, Elvira, and Robert H. Lustig. “Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity.” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 25, no. 12 (2005): 2451–62.

69. Andrews and Horvath, “Tasteless Food Reward.”

70. Satel, Sally L., and Frederick K. Goodwin. “Is Drug Addiction a Brain Disease?” Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1998.

71. Tiffany, Demke. “Principles of Neurotheology by Andrew B. Newberg.” Zygon 46, no. 3 (2011): 763–64.

72. Smith, Spencer L., et al. “Dendritic Spikes Enhance Stimulus Selectivity in Cortical Neurons In Vivo.” Nature 503, no. 7474 (2013): 115–120. doi: 10.1038/nature12600.

73. Vyas, Ajai, et al. “Chronic Stress Induces Contrasting Patterns of Dendritic Remodeling in Hippocampal and Amygdaloid Neurons.” The Journal of Neuroscience 22, no. 15 (2002): 6810–18.

74. Hartley, Tom, et al. “The Hippocampus Is Required for Short-Term Topographical Memory in Humans.” Hippocampus 17, no. 1 (2007): 34–48; Cave, Carolyn Backer, and Larry R. Squire. “Intact Verbal and Nonverbal Short-Term Memory Following Damage to the Human Hippocampus.” Hippocampus 2, no. 2 (1992): 151–63.

75. Molteni, Raffaella, et al. “A High-Fat, Refined Sugar Diet Reduces Hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuronal Plasticity, and Learning.” Neuroscience 112, no. 4 (2002): 803–14.

76. McEwen, End of Stress As We Know It, locations 2074–75.

77. Hsu, Ted M., and Scott E. Kanoski. “Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: Mechanistic Links Between Western Diet Consumption and Dementia.” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 6 (2014): 88; Barron, Anna M., et al. “Sex-Specific Effects of High Fat Diet on Indices of Metabolic Syndrome in 3xtg-AD Mice: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease.” PloS One 8, no. 10 (2013): e78554.

78. Lee, J., W. Duan, and M. P. Mattson. “Evidence that Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Required for Basal Neurogenesis and Mediates, in Part, the Enhancement of Neurogenesis by Dietary Restriction in the Hippocampus of Adult Mice.” J Neurochem 82, no. 6 (2002): 1367–75; Monteggia, L. M., et al. “Essential Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Adult Hippocampal Function.” Natl Acad Sci USA 101, no. 29 (2004): 10827–32; Rossi, C., et al. “Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Is Required for the Enhancement of Hippocampal Neurogenesis Following Environmental Enrichment.” Eur J Neurosci 24, no. 7 (2006): 1850–56.

79. Hsu and Kanoski, “Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.”

80. Kanoski, S. E., et al. “The Effects of Energy-Rich Diets on Discrimination Reversal Learning and on BDNF in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat.” Behav Brain Res 182, no. 1 (2007): 57–66; Alloway, Tracy Packiam, and Ross G. Alloway, eds. “Working Memory: The Connected Intelligence.” Frontiers of Cognitive Psychology. December 6, 2012. 167.

81. Kanoski, S. E., and T. L. Davidson. “Different Patterns of Memory Impairments Accompany Short- and Longer-Term Maintenance on a High-Energy Diet.” J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process 36 (2010): 313–19.

82. Ibid.

83. Clouard, Caroline, et al. “Combined Compared to Dissociated Oral and Intestinal Sucrose Stimuli Induce Different Brain Hedonic Processes.” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014): 861; Brewerton, Timothy D. “Are Eating Disorders Addictions?” In Timothy D. Brewerton and Amy Baker Dennis, eds., Eating Disorders, Addictions and Substance Use Disorders. Berlin: Springer, 2014. 267–300.

84. Kanoski and Davidson, “Different Patterns of Memory Impairments.”

85. Page et al., “Effects of Fructose.”

86. Leuner, B., and E. Gould. “Structural Plasticity and Hippocampal Function.” Annual Review of Psychology 61 (2010): 1–35.

87. Duarte, Ana I., Paula I. Moreira, and Catarina R. Oliveira. “Insulin in Central Nervous System: More than Just a Peripheral Hormone.” Journal of Aging Research 2012 (2012): 1–21; Cardoso, Susana, et al. “Impact of STZ-Induced Hyperglycemia and Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Plasma Amino Acids and Cortical Synaptosomal Neurotransmitters.” Synapse 65, no. 6 (2011): 457–66; Duarte, Ana Isabel, et al. “Insulin Affects Synaptosomal GABA and Glutamate Transport under Oxidative Stress Conditions.” Brain Research 977, no. 1 (2003): 23–30; Moreira, Paula I., et al. “An Integrative View of the Role of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondria and Insulin in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 16, no. 4 (2009): 741–61; Bomfim, Theresa R., et al. “An Anti-Diabetes Agent Protects the Mouse Brain from Defective Insulin Signaling Caused by Alzheimer’s Disease–Associated Aβ Oligomers.” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 122, no. 4 (2012): 1339; Yarchoan, Mark, and Steven E. Arnold. “Repurposing Diabetes Drugs for Brain Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer’s Disease.” Diabetes 63, no. 7 (2014): 2253–61.

88. Nathan, David M., et al. “Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy, A Consensus Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.” Diabetes Care 32, no. 1 (2009): 193–203.

89. Basu, Sanjay, et al. “The Relationship of Sugar to Population-Level Diabetes Prevalence: An Econometric Analysis of Repeated Cross-Sectional Data.” PLoS One 8, no. 2 (2013): e57873.

90. Gupta, A., R. Gupta, and B. Lal. “Effect of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (Fenugreek) Seeds on Glycaemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study.” The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 49 (2001): 1057; Lustig, Fat Chance, i; Lustig, Robert H. Sugar Has 56 Names: A Shopper’s Guide. New York: Penguin, 2013. Kindle Edition, location 53; see also Qi, Qibin, et al. “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Genetic Risk of Obesity.” New England Journal of Medicine 367, no. 15 (2012): 1387–96; Ambrosini, Gina, et al. “Fat, Sugar or Both? A Prospective Analysis of Dietary Patterns and Adiposity in Children.” The FASEB Journal 29, no. S1 (2015): 746–54; Slattery, Martha L., et al. “Dietary Sugar and Colon Cancer.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 6, no. 9 (1997): 677–85; Genkinger, Jeanine M., et al. “Coffee, Tea, and Sugar-Sweetened Carbonated Soft Drink Intake and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Studies.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 21, no. 2 (2012): 305–18; Rhee, E. J., et al. “Hyperinsulinemia and the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Nondiabetic Adults.” Am J Med 124, no. 1 (2011): 69–76.

91. Suzanne, M., and Jack R. Wands. “Alzheimer’s Disease Is Type 3 Diabetes—Evidence Reviewed.” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2, no. 6 (2008): 1101–13.

92. Harvard School of Public Health. “Carbohydrates and Blood Sugar.” 2015. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-and-blood-sugar/.

93. Lambert, Victoria. “Sweet Poison: Why Sugar Is Ruining Our Health.” The Telegraph. December 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/healthyeating/9987825/Sweet-poison-why-sugar-is-ruining-our-health.html; Monteiro, Carlos Augusto, et al. “Increasing Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Likely Impact on Human Health: Evidence from Brazil.” Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 1 (2011): 5–13; Brummer, Yolanda, et al. “Glycemic Response to Extruded Oat Bran Cereals Processed to Vary in Molecular Weight.” Cereal Chemistry 89, no. 5 (2012): 255–61; Smith, Erin, Charles Benbrook, and Donald R. Davis. “A Closer Look at What’s in Our Daily Bread.” The Organic Center (2012): https://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/Part1_YourDailyBread.pdf; Moubarac, Jean-Claude, et al. “Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Likely Impact on Human Health: Evidence from Canada.” Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 12 (2013): 2240–48.

94. Heller, R. F. “Hyperinsulinemic Obesity and Carbohydrate Addiction: The Missing Link Is the Carbohydrate Frequency Factor.” Med Hypotheses 42, no. 5 (1994): 307–12.

95. Agrawal, R., and F. Gomez-Pinilla. “‘Metabolic syndrome’ in the Brain: Deficiency in Omega-3 Fatty Acid Exacerbates Dysfunctions in Insulin Receptor Signalling and Cognition.” The Journal of Physiology 590, no. 10 (2012): 2485. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.230078.

96. Kamal, A., et al. “Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats: Impairment of Long-Term Potentiation and Facilitation of Long-Term Depression.” Neuroscience 90, no. 3 (1999): 737–45; Ramakrishnan, R., et al. “PKC-Alpha Mediated Alterations of Indoleamine Contents in Diabetic Rat Brain.” Brain Res Bull. 64, no. 2 (2004): 189–94; Oh, S. H., et al. “Chorea Associated with Non-Ketotic Hyperglycemia and Hyperintensity Basal Ganglia Lesion on T1-Weighted Brain MRI Study: A Meta-Analysis of 53 Cases Including Four Present Cases.” J Neurol Sci. 200, nos. 1, 2 (2002): 57–62.

97. Agrawal and Gomez-Pinilla, “‘Metabolic Syndrome’ in the Brain.”

98. Schwartz, M. W., and D. Porte Jr. “Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain.” Science 307, no. 5708 (2005): 375–79.

99. Payne, Anita H., and Dale B. Hales. “Overview of Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Pathway from Cholesterol to Active Steroid Hormones.” Endocrine Reviews 25, no. 6 (2004): 947–70.

100. Abraham, S. B., et al. “Cortisol, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study of Obese Subjects and Review of the Literature.” Obesity 21, no. 1 (2013): E105–17; Djurhuus, C. B., et al. “Effects of Cortisol on Lipolysis and Regional Interstitial Glycerol Levels in Humans.” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 283, no. 1 (2002): E172–77; Bradley, A. J., and T. G. Dinan. “A Systematic Review of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Schizophrenia: Implications for Mortality.” J Psychopharmacol 24, no. S4 (2010): 91–118; Fukuda, Sanae, and Kanehisa Morimoto. “Lifestyle, Stress and Cortisol Response: Review I: Mental Stress.” Environ Health Prev Med 6, no. 1 (2001): 9–14.

101. Lasley, Elizabeth, and Bruce S. McEwen. End of Stress As We Know It, locations 1922–23.

102. Emory Health Sciences. “High-Fructose Diet in Adolescence May Exacerbate Depressive-Like Behavior.” ScienceDaily. 18 November 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141118141852.htm; Lakhan, Shaheen E., and Annette Kirchgessner. “The Emerging Role of Dietary Fructose in Obesity and Cognitive Decline.” Nutr J 12, no. 114 (2013): 1475–2891.

103. Van Stegeren, Anda H., et al. “Endogenous Cortisol Level Interacts with Noradrenergic Activation in the Human Amygdala.” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 87, no. 1 (2007): 57–66; Abercrombie, Heather C., Nicole S. Speck, and Roxanne M. Monticelli. “Endogenous Cortisol Elevations Are Related to Memory Facilitation Only in Individuals Who Are Emotionally Aroused.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, no. 2 (2006): 187–96; Newcomer, John W., et al. “Decreased Memory Performance in Healthy Humans Induced by Stress-Level Cortisol Treatment.” Archives of General Psychiatry 56, no. 6 (1999): 527–33.

104. Ruby, Perrine, and Jean Decety. “How Would You Feel versus How Do You Think She Would Feel? A Neuroimaging Study of Perspective-Taking with Social Emotions.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (2004): 988–99; Sander, David, Jordan Grafman, and Tiziana Zalla. “The Human Amygdala: An Evolved System for Relevance Detection.” Reviews in the Neurosciences 14, no. 4 (2003): 303–16.

105. Lasley and McEwen, The End of Stress As We Know It; Anderberg, R. H., et al. “Dopamine Signaling in the Amygdala, Increased by Food Ingestion and GLP-1, Regulates Feeding Behavior.” Physiol Behav 136 (2014): 135–44.

106. Sainsbury, A., G. J. Cooney, and H. Herzog. “Hypothalamic Regulation of Energy Homeostasis.” Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 16, no. 4 (2002): 623–37.

107. Keller, A., et al. “Does the Perception that Stress Affects Health Matter? The Association with Health and Mortality.” Health Psychol 31, no. 5 (2012): 677–84; Poulin, M. J., et al. “Giving to Others and the Association Between Stress and Mortality.” Am J Public Health 103, no. 9 (2013): 1649–55.

108. Plotsky, Paul M., and Michael J. Meaney. “Early, Postnatal Experience Alters Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) mRNA, Median Eminence CRF Content and Stress-Induced Release in Adult Rats.” Molecular Brain Research 18, no. 3 (1993): 195–200; Leonard, Brian E. “The HPA and Immune Axes in Stress: The Involvement of the Serotonergic System.” European Psychiatry 20 (2005): S302–S306.

109. Dallman, Mary F., et al. “Chronic Stress and Obesity: A New View of ‘Comfort Food.’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 20 (2003): 11696–701; Dallman, Mary F., et al. “Stress, Feedback and Facilitation in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.” Journal of Neuroendocrinology 4, no. 5 (1992): 517–26.

110. Keller, “Does the Perception That Stress Affects Health Matter?,” 677.

111. Jamieson, Jeremy P., Wendy Berry Mendes, and Matthew K. Nock. “Improving Acute Stress Responses the Power of Reappraisal.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22, no. 1 (2013): 51–56.

112. Björntorp, Per. “Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome.” Annals of Medicine 24, no. 6 (1992): 465–68; Epel, Elissa S., et al. “Stress and Body Shape: Stress-Induced Cortisol Secretion Is Consistently Greater among Women with Central Fat.” Psychosomatic Medicine 62, no. 5 (2000): 623–32; Lo, Joan C., et al. “‘Buffalo hump’ in men with HIV-1 infection.” The Lancet 351, no. 9106 (1998): 867–70.

113. Newell-Price, J., et al. “Cushing’s Syndrome.” The Lancet 367, no. 9522 (2006): 1605–17.

114. McEwen, Bruce S. “Stressed or Stressed Out: What Is the Difference?” J Psychiatry Neurosci 30, no. 5 (2005): 315–18.

115. Bray, G. A., S. J. Nielsen, and B. M. Popkin. “Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Beverages May Play a Role in the Epidemic of Obesity.” Am J Clin Nutr. 79, no. 4 (2004): 537–43. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/79/4/537.short.

116. Ludwig, David S., Karen E. Peterson, and Steven L. Gortmaker. “Relation Between Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis.” The Lancet 357, no. 9255 (2001): 505–8. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673600040411.

117. Tuormaa, Tuula E. “The Adverse Effects of Food Additives on Health: A Review of the Literature with a Special Emphasis on Childhood Hyperactivity.” Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 9 (1994): 225–43; Ludwig et al., “Relation between Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Drinks.”

118. Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat, location 584–85.

119. Ferri, C. P., et al. “Global Prevalence of Dementia: A Delphi Consensus Study.” The Lancet 366 (2005): 2112–17. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67889-0; Kelley, B. J., and R. C. Petersen. “Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment.” Neurol. Clin. 25 (2007): 577–609. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2007.03.008.

120. Arranga et al., Bugs, Bowels, and Behavior.

121. Ogden, C. L., et al. “The Epidemiology of Obesity.” Gastroenterology 132, no. 6 (2007): 2087–102; Cornier, M. A., et al. “The Metabolic Syndrome.” Endocr Rev. 29, no. 7 (2008): 777–822; Notarianni, Elena. “Hypercortisolemia and Glucocorticoid Receptor-Signaling Insufficiency in Alzheimer’s Disease Initiation and Development.” Current Alzheimer Research 10, no. 7 (2013): 714–31.

122. Ogden, C. L., et al. “Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011–2012.” JAMA 311, no. 8 (2014): 806–14; Wolf, Philip A., et al. “Relation of Obesity to Cognitive Function: Importance of Central Obesity and Synergistic Influence of Concomitant Hypertension. The Framingham Heart Study.” Current Alzheimer Research 4, no. 2 (2007): 111–16; Gunstad, John, et al. “Longitudinal Examination of Obesity and Cognitive Function: Results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.” Neuroepidemiology 34, no. 4 (2010): 222. See below as well.

123. For example, Lakhan, Shaheen E., and Annette Kirchgessner. “The Emerging Role of Dietary Fructose in Obesity and Cognitive Decline.” Nutr J 12, no. 114 (2013): 1475–2891; Berrino, F. “Western Diet and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Epidemiologia e prevenzione 26, no. 3 (2001): 107–15; Gustaw-Rothenberg, Katarzyna. “Dietary Patterns Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease: Population Based Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 4 (2009): 1335–40; Mahar, Pamela A., and David R. Schubert. “Metabolic Links between Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 9, no. 5 (2009): 617–30; Stephan, B. C. M., et al. “Increased Fructose Intake as a Risk Factor for Dementia.” The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences (2010): glq079; Stranahan et al., “Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance.”

124. Hsu and Kanoski, “Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.”

125. Ballabh, P., A. Braun, and M. Nedergaard. “The Blood-Brain Barrier: An Overview: Structure, Regulation, and Clinical Implications.” Neurobiol Dis. 16, no. 1 (2004): 1–13.

126. Ibid.

127. Crossgrove, Janelle S., G. Jane Li, and Wei Zheng. “The Choroid Plexus Removes β-amyloid from Brain Cerebrospinal Fluid.” Experimental Biology and Medicine 230, no. 10 (2005): 771–76; Desai, Brinda S., et al. “Blood-Brain Barrier Pathology in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Drug Therapy.” Cell Transplantation 16, no. 3 (2007): 285–99; Gaillard, Pieter J., Corine C. Visser, and Albertus G. de Boer. “Targeted Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier.” Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2, no. 2 (2005): 299–309.

128. Hsu and Kanoski, “Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.”

129. Ibid.

130. McEwen, Bruce S. “Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators: Central Role of the Brain.” Dialogues Clin Neurosci 8, no. 4 (2006): 367–81; Gomez-Pinilla, Fernando, and Kristina Kostenkova. “The Influence of Diet and Physical Activity on Brain Repair and Neurosurgical Outcome.” Surg Neurol 70 (2011): 333–36; Molteni, R., et al. “Exercise Reverses the Harmful Effects of Consumption of a High-Fat Diet on Synaptic and Behavioral Plasticity Associated to the Action of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.” Neuroscience 123, no. 2 (2004): 429–40.

131. Kulkarni, A. A., B. A. Swinburn, and J. Utter. “Associations between Diet Quality and Mental Health in Socially Disadvantaged New Zealand Adolescents.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 1 (2015): 79–83; Jacka, Felice N., et al. “A Prospective Study of Diet Quality and Mental Health in Adolescents.” PLoS One 6, no. 9 (2011): e24805; Zainuddin, Muhammad, Syahrul Anwar, and Sandrine Thuret. “Nutrition, Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Mental Health.” British Medical Bulletin 103, no. 1 (2012): 89–114; McMartin, Seanna E., Felice N. Jacka, and Ian Colman. “The Association between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Mental Health Disorders: Evidence from Five Waves of a National Survey of Canadians.” Preventive Medicine 56, no. 3 (2013): 225–30; Jacka, Felice N., et al. “The Association between Habitual Diet Quality and the Common Mental Disorders in Community-Dwelling Adults: the Hordaland Health Study.” Psychosomatic Medicine 73, no. 6 (2011): 483–90; Holt, Steve. “This Is Your Brain on Food: The Link between Eating Well and Mental Health.” TakePart.com. April 3, 2014. http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/04/03/powerful-connection-between-food-and-brain.

132. Holt, “This Is Your Brain on Food”; see also Rucklidge, Julian J., Jeanette Johnstone, and Bonnie J. Kaplan. “Magic Bullet Thinking—Why Do We Continue to Perpetuate This Fallacy?” The British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 2 (2013): 154.

133. Davison, K. M., and B. J. Kaplan. “Nutrient Intakes are Correlated with Overall Psychiatric Functioning in Adults with Mood Disorders.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 57, no. 2 (2012): 85–92.

134. Rucklidge, J. J., and B. J. Kaplan. “Broad-Spectrum Micronutrient Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Rationale and Evidence to Date.” CNS Drugs 28, no. 9 (2014): 775–85.

135. Michael Berk, a professor of psychiatry at the Deakin University School of Medicine in Australia, and his collaborators; Jacka et al., “Association between Habitual Diet Quality.”

136. Rucklidge and Kaplan, “Broad-Spectrum Micronutrient Treatment.”

Chapter 18: To Eat Gluten or Not to Eat Gluten: That Is the Question

1. Moore, Lauren Renée. “‘But We’re Not Hypochondriacs’: The Changing Shape of Gluten-Free Dieting and the Contested Illness Experience.” Social Science & Medicine 105 (2014): 76–83.

2. Biesiekierski, J. R., et al. “No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity after Dietary Reduction of Fermentable, Poorly Absorbed, Short-Chain Carbohydrates.” Gastroenterology 145, no. 2 (2013): 320–28.e1–3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.051. Epub, May 4, 2013.

3. Dieterich, Walburga, et al. “Identification of Tissue Transglutaminase as the Autoantigen of Celiac Disease.” Nature Medicine 3, no. 7 (1997): 797–801; Fasano, Alessio, et al. “Prevalence of Celiac Disease in At-Risk and Not-At-Risk Groups in the United States: A Large Multicenter Study.” Archives of Internal Medicine 163, no. 3 (2003): 286–92; Fasano, Alessio, and Carlo Catassi. “Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease: An Evolving Spectrum.” Gastroenterology 120, no. 3 (2001): 636–51.

4. Lundin, Knut E. A., and Armin Alaedini. “Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 22, no. 4 (2012): 723–34; Catassi, Carlo, et al. “Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: The New Frontier of Gluten Related Disorders.” Nutrients 5, no. 10 (2013): 3839–53; Holmes, Geoffrey. “Non Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity.” Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench 6, no. 3 (2013): 115.

5. Biesiekierski, J. R., J. G. Muir, and P. R. Gibson. “Is Gluten a Cause of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in People without Celiac Disease?” Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 13, no. 6 (2013): 631–38. doi: 10.1007/s11882-013-0386-4.

6. Ibid.

7. Biesiekierski et al., “Is Gluten a Cause of Gastrointestinal Symptoms?”; Biesiekierski et al. “No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.”

8. Biesiekierski et al., “No Effects of Gluten in Patients With Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.”

9. Carroccio, Antonio, et al. “Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity Diagnosed by Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Challenge: Exploring a New Clinical Entity.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 107, no. 12 (2012): 1898–1906; Hoffmanová, I., and D. Sánchez. “Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.” Vnitrni Lekarstvi 61, no. 3 (2014): 219–27.

10. Pomeroy, Ross. “Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity May Not Exist.” Real Clear Science. May 14, 2014. http://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2014/05/gluten_sensitivity_may_not_exist.html; Biesiekierski et al., “Gluten Causes Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Subjects without Celiac Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 106, no. 3 (2011): 508–14.

11. Biesiekierski et al., “Is Gluten a Cause of Gastrointestinal Symptoms?”; Biesiekierski et al., “No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity”; Ellis, A., and B. D. Linaker. “Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity?” The Lancet 311, no. 8078 (1978): 1358–59.

12. Ibid.; Pomeroy, “Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity May Not Exist.”

13. Ibid.

14. For example, see Perlmutter and Loberg, Grain Brain; and Davis, William. Wheat Belly: Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your Path Back to Health. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2011.

15. Pollan, Michael. Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation. New York: Penguin Books, 2014. Kindle Edition, 224.

16. Stevenson, Leo, et al. “Wheat Bran: Its Composition and Benefits to Health, a European Perspective.” Int J Food Sci Nutr 63, no. 8 (2012): 1001–13. Published online June 20, 2012.

17. McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking; Fallon, Sally, and Mary Enig. Nourishing Traditions. The Cookbook That Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. Brandywine, MD: NewTrends Publishing, 2001.

18. Fan, M. S., et al. “Evidence of Decreasing Mineral Density in Wheat Grain over the Last 160 Years.” J Trace Elem Med Biol 22, no. 4 (2008): 315–24; Masterjohn, Chris. “What No One Is Saying about Zonulin—Is Celiac about More Than Genes and Gluten?” Cholesterol and Health. April 5, 2011. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/04/what-no-one-is-saying-about-zonulin-is.html; Masterjohn, Chris. “Wheat Belly—The Toll of Hubris on Human Health.” Cholesterol and Health. October 12, 2011. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/10/wheat-belly-toll-of-hubris-on-human.html; Cochran, Amanda. “Modern Wheat a ‘Perfect, Chronic Poison,’ Doctor Says.” CBS News. June 21, 2013. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/modern-wheat-a-perfect-chronic-poison-doctor-says/.

19. Cranton, Elmer M. “Modern Bread, the Broken Staff of Life.” Total Health Secrets. 2005. http://www.totalhealthsecrets.com/ENGLISH/resources/articleDetail.php?articles_id=70.

20. Willett, Walter. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Free Press, 2011. Kindle Edition, locations 1892–96.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Schroeder, Henry A. “Losses of Vitamins and Trace Minerals Resulting from Processing and Preservation of Foods.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24, no. 5 (1971): 562–73.

24. Willett, Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy, fig. 16.

25. Patel, Chirag R. Brain Foods. Downers Grove, IL: Your Natural Youth, 2013. Kindle Edition, locations 528–34

26. Ibid., locations 489–98.

27. Oregon State University Extension Service Master Gardener Handbook. February 2, 2003. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/hormones.html; Patel, Brain Foods, locations 528–34.

28. Cordain et al., “Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet.”

29. Celiac Disease Foundation. “What Is Celiac Disease?” http://celiac.org/celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/.

30. Drago, S., et al. “Gliadin, Zonulin and Gut Permeability: Effects on Celiac and Non-Celiac Intestinal Mucosa and Intestinal Cell Lines.” Scand J Gastroenterol. 41, no. 4 (2006): 408–19.

31. Matsudomi, Naotoshi, Akio Kato, and Kunihiko Kobayashi. “Conformation and Surface Properties of Deamidated Gluten.” Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 46, no. 6 (1982): 1583–86; Kanerva, Päivi, et al. “Deamidation of Gluten Proteins and Peptides Decreases the Antibody Affinity in Gluten Analysis Assays.” Journal of Cereal Science 53, no. 3 (2011): 335–39; Masterjohn, “What No One Is Saying about Zonulin”; Masterjohn, “Wheat Belly.”

32. Ibid.

33. Carroccio et al., “Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity.”

Chapter 19: Sleep In, Then Move It

1. Leaf, Who Switched Off My Brain?

2. Chapman, Colin D., et al. “Acute Sleep Deprivation Increases Food Purchasing in Men.” Obesity 21 (2013): E555–E560. doi:10.1002/oby.20579.

3. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. “MRI Scans Show How Sleep Loss Affects the Ability to Choose Proper Foods.” ScienceDaily. June 10, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120610151445.htm; Knutson, Kristen L. “Does Inadequate Sleep Play a Role in Vulnerability to Obesity?” American Journal of Human Biology 24, no. 3 (2012): 361. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22219; Spiegel, Karine, et al. “Leptin Levels Are Dependent on Sleep Duration: Relationships with Sympathovagal Balance, Carbohydrate Regulation, Cortisol, and Thyrotropin.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89, no. 11 (2004): 5762–71.

4. Benedict, C., et al. “Acute Sleep Deprivation Increases Serum Levels of Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) and S100 Calcium Binding Protein B (S-100B) in Healthy Young Men.” Sleep 37 (December 2013): 195–98; University of California San Diego School of Medicine. “Brain Activity Is Visibly Altered Following Sleep Deprivation.” ScienceDaily. February 10, 2000. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000209215957.htm.

5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. “MRI Scans Show How Sleep Loss Affects the Ability to Choose Proper Foods.” ScienceDaily. June 10, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120610151445.htm; Knutson, “Does Inadequate Sleep Play a Role in Vulnerability to Obesity?”

6. Hogue, David A. “Sensing the Other in Worship: Mirror Neurons and the Empathizing Brain.” Liturgy 21, no. 3 (2006): 31–39; Newberg, Andrew, and Mark Robert Waldman. How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings from a Leading Neuroscientist. New York: Ballantine, 2009; Ironson, G., et al. “The Ironson-Woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index Is Associated with Long Survival, Health Behaviors, Less Distress, and Low Cortisol in People with HIV/AIDS.” Ann Behav Med. 24, no. 1 (2002): 34–48; Hagerty, Barbara Bradley. Fingerprints of God: What Science Is Learning about the Brain and Spiritual Experience. New York: Riverhead, 2009.

7. Roenneberg, Till, et al. “Social Jetlag and Obesity.” Current Biology 22 (2012): 939–43. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038.

8. St-Onge, Marie-Pierre, et al. “Short Sleep Duration, Glucose Dysregulation and Hormonal Regulation of Appetite in Men and Women.” Sleep 35 (2012): 1503–10.

9. Benedict, Christian, et al. “Acute Sleep Deprivation Enhances the Brain’s Response to Hedonic Food Stimuli: An fMRI Study.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97, no. 3 (2012): E443–E447. doi:10.1210/jc.2011–2759.

10. “MRI Scans Show How Sleep Loss Affects the Ability to Choose Proper Foods”; Knutson, “Does Inadequate Sleep Play a Role in Vulnerability to Obesity?”; Chapman et al., “Acute Sleep Deprivation Increases Food Purchasing in Men.”

11. Guiney, Hayley, and Liana Machado. “Benefits of Regular Aerobic Exercise for Executive Functioning in Healthy Populations.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20 (2012): 73–86. doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4.

12. Chapman, Sandra B., et al. “Shorter Term Aerobic Exercise Improves Brain, Cognition, and Cardiovascular Fitness in Aging.” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 5 (2013): 1–9. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00075.

13. Wrann, Christiane D., et al. “Exercise Induces Hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 Pathway.” Cell Metabolism 18 (2013): 649–59. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008; Chapman et al., “Shorter Term Aerobic Exercise Improves Brain.”

14. Wrann et al., “Exercise Induces Hippocampal BDNF”; Jiménez-Maldonado, A., et al. “Chronic Exercise Increases Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels, Pancreatic Islet Size, and Insulin Tolerance in a TrkB-Dependent Manner.” PLoS One 9 (2014): e115177. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115177; The PLoS One Staff. “Correction: Chronic Exercise Increases Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels, Pancreatic Islet Size, and Insulin Tolerance in a TrkB-Dependent Manner.” PLoS One 10 (2015): e0119047. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119047; Takada, Shingo, et al. “Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Maintains Exercise Capacity and Mitochondrial Function in the Skeletal Muscle Through Ampk-Pgc1α Signaling.” Circulation 130, no. S2 (2014): http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/Suppl_2/A12182.short; Neeper, Shawne A., et al. “Physical Activity Increases Mrna for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Rat Brain.” Brain Research 726, no. 1 (1996): 49–56.

15. Erickson, Kirk I., et al. “Exercise Training Increases Size of Hippocampus and Improves Memory.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 3017–22. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108.

16. Ferris, Lee T., James S. Williams, and Chwan-Li Shen. “The Effect of Acute Exercise on Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Cognitive Function.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39 (2007): 728–34; Best, John R. “Effects of Physical Activity on Children’s Executive Function: Contributions of Experimental Research on Aerobic Exercise.” Developmental Review 30, no. 4 (2010): 331–51.

17. Wikgren, Jan, et al. “Selective Breeding for Endurance Running Capacity Affects Cognitive but Not Motor Learning in Rats.” Physiology & Behavior 106, no. 2 (2012): 95. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.01.011.

18. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). “Road to Fountain of Youth Paved with Fast Food . . . and Sneakers? Exercise May Prevent or Delay Fundamental Process of Aging.” ScienceDaily. April 28, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140428163639.htm.

19. Rönn, Tina, et al. “A Six Months Exercise Intervention Influences the Genome-wide DNA Methylation Pattern in Human Adipose Tissue.” PLoS Genetics 9, no. 6 (2013): e1003572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003572.

20. Russomano, Thais. “GRAVITY: Learning about Life on Earth by Going into Space—an Interview with Joan Vernikos.” Aviation in Focus-Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 4, no. 2 (2013): 5–9; Cotman, Carl W., and Nicole C. Berchtold. “Exercise: A Behavioral Intervention to Enhance Brain Health and Plasticity.” Trends in Neurosciences 25, no. 6 (2002): 295–301; Hillman, Charles H., Kirk I. Erickson, and Arthur F. Kramer. “Be Smart, Exercise Your Heart: Exercise Effects on Brain and Cognition.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (2008): 58–65; Colcombe, Stanley J., et al. “Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans.” The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 61, no. 11 (2006): 1166–70.

21. Ferris et al., “The Effect of Acute Exercise”; Carro, Eva, et al. “Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Mediates Effects of Exercise on the Brain.” The Journal of Neuroscience 20, no. 8 (2000): 2926–33; van Praag, Henriette. “Exercise and the Brain: Something to Chew On.” Trends in Neurosciences 32, no. 5 (2009): 283–90.

Chapter 20: Twelve Tips to Beat It

1. Freiberger, Marianne. “Schrödinger’s Equation—What Is It?” PlusMaths.org. August 2, 2012; Freiberger, Marianne. “Schrödinger’s Equation—What Does It Mean?” PlusMaths.org. August 2, 2012.

2. “Erwin Schrödinger—Facts.” Nobelprize.org.

3. Hameroff, S. “How Quantum Brain Biology Can Rescue Conscious Free Will.” Front Integr Neurosci 6 (2012): 93.

4. Stapp, Henry P. “Quantum Collapse and the Emergence of Actuality from Potentiality.” Process Studies 38, no. 2 (2009): 319–39.

5. My twenty-one-day brain detox can be found at http://perfectlyyou.com and http://21daybraindetox.com.

6. Pollan, Food Rules, 132.

7. The Daniel Fast omits meat, dairy, and other foods. Look up “Daniel Fast food list” online.

8. Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 255–56.

9. Jiménez-Monreal, A. M., et al. “Influence of Cooking Methods on Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables.” Journal of Food Science 74, no. 3 (2009): H97–H103. http://www.naturaleater.com/Science-articles/133-cooking-methods-vegetable-antioxidants.pdf.

10. Everts, Sarah. “The Maillard Reaction Turns 100.” Chemical and Engineering News. October 1, 2012. http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i40/Maillard-Reaction-Turns-100.html; Goldberg, T. “Advanced Glycoxidation End Products in Commonly Consumed Foods.” J Am Diet Assoc 104 (2004): 1287–91; Sutandyo, N. “Nutritional Carcinogenesis. Acta Med Indones-Indones.” J Intern Med 42 (2010): 36–43; Parzefall, W. “Minireview on the Toxicity of Dietary Acrylamide.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (2008): 1360–64; Uribarri, J., et al. “Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet.” J Am Diet Assoc 110 (2010): 911–16.

11. Sell, D. R., and V. M. Monnier. “Conversion of Arginine to Ornithine by Advanced Glycation in Aging Human Collagen and Lens Crystallins.” J. Biol. Chem. 259 (2004): 54173–84; Mustata, G. T., et al. “Paradoxical Effects of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) and Antioxidant Vitamins in Experimental Diabetes: Improved Retinopathy and Renal Mitochondrial Defects but Deterioration of Collagen Matrix Glycoxidation and Crosslinking.” Diabetes 54 (2005): 517–26.

12. Tareke, Eden, et al. “Analysis of Acrylamide, a Carcinogen Formed in Heated Foodstuffs, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and AnalyCen Nordic AB, Box 905, S-531 19 Lidktockh, Sweden.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, no. 17 (2002): 4998–5006. doi:10.1021/jf020302f.

13. Cai, Weijing, et al. “Oral Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) Promote Insulin Resistance and Diabetes by Depleting the Antioxidant Defenses AGE Receptor-1 and Sirtuin 1.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 39 (2012): 15888–93.

14. Kimura, Mieko, and Yoshinori Itokawa. “Cooking Losses of Minerals in Foods and Its Nutritional Significance.” Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 36, no. 4, supplement I (1990): S25–S33. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv1973/36/4-SupplementI/36_4-SupplementI_S25/_article; Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side.

15. Zheng, W., and S. Lee. “Well-done Meat Intake, Heterocyclic Amine Exposure, and Cancer Risk.” Nutr Cancer. 61, no. 4 (2009): 437–46; Goldberg, “Advanced Glycoxidation End Products”; Uribarri et al., “Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid.

16. Sugimura, Takashi, et al. “Heterocyclic Amines: Mutagens/Carcinogens Produced During Cooking of Meat and Fish.” Cancer Science 95, no. 4 (2004): 290–99; Cantwell, Marie, et al. “Relative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire with a Meat-Cooking and Heterocyclic Amine Module.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 13, no. 2 (2004): 293–98; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 184; Anderson, Kristin. “Pancreatic Cancer Risk: Associations with Meat-Derived Carcinogen Intake.” American Association of Cancer Research Meeting, Denver, CO: April 18–22, 2009; Zheng and Lee, “Well-done Meat Intake”; Sutandyo, N. “Nutritional Carcinogenesis.” Acta Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med 42 (2010): 36–43. Uribarri et al., “Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid.

17. Andrews, Ryan. “All about Cooking & Carcinogens.” Precision Nutrition. http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-cooking-carcinogens; Uribarri et al., “Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods”; Melo, Armindo, et al. “Effect of Beer/Red Wine Marinades on the Formation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Pan-Fried Beef.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 22 (2008): 10625–32; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 268.

18. See Fallon, Nourishing Traditions; Gibson, R. S., et al. “Improving the Bioavailability of Nutrients in Plant Foods at the Household Level.” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65 (2006): 160–68; Gibson, R. S. “The Role of Diet- and Host-Related Factors in Nutrient Bioavailability and Thus in Nutrient-Based Dietary Requirement Estimates.” Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28 (2007): S77–S100; Hotz, C., and R. S. Gibson. “Traditional Food-Processing and Preparation Practices to Enhance the Bioavailability of Micronutrients in Plant-Based Diets.” J Nutr 137 (2007): 1097–1100; Sandberg, A. S. “Bioavailability of Minerals in Legumes.” British Journal of Nutrition 88, no. S3 (2002): S281–S285.

19. Poulsen, Pia Brunn, et al. “More Environmentally Friendly Alternatives to PFOS-Compounds and PFOA.” Environmental Project 1013 (2005): 2005; Posner, Stefan. “Perfluorinated Compounds: Occurrence and Uses in Products.” Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. 25–39; Begley, T. H., et al. “Perfluorochemicals: Potential Sources of and Migration from Food Packaging.” Food Additives and Contaminants 22, no. 10 (2005): 1023–31.

20. Pollan, Food Rules, 132.

21. See Wansink, Mindless Eating.

22. Buettner, Dan. The Blue Zone: Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2008. Kindle Edition.

23. Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 49; Wansink, Mindless Eating.

24. Wansink, Mindless Eating.

25. Gustafson, We the Eaters, 189–90.

26. See Gokhale, Esther, and Susan Adams. 8 Steps to a Pain-Free Back: Natural Posture Solutions for Pain in the Back, Neck, Shoulder, Hip, Knee, and Foot. Standford, CA: Pendo Press, 2008.

27. Barrès, Romain, et al. “Acute Exercise Remodels Promoter Methylation in Human Skeletal Muscle.” Cell Metabolism 15, no. 3 (2012): 405. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.001.