The Hawk and The Dove

Cold War. See also communism and communists; containment; nuclear war; nuclear weapons; Soviet Union; and specific conflicts, countries, individuals, organizations, programs, and weapons

CIA and weird part of, 86

détente and, 2, 239–40, 244–45, 269, 274

early postwar cleavages and hardening of, 71, 89–92

end of, with collapse of Soviet empire, 4, 309–13, 315–17

Forrestal as architect and casualty of, 89

JFK call to reduce tensions, 193

Kennan and Nitze involved in policy, from outset to end of, 2–6

term coined by Lippmann, 77

Cold War, The (Lippmann), 77

colonial independence movements, 134

Cominform, 96

command missiles, 281

Commentary, 214, 269

Committee on the Present Danger, 263–64, 270, 273, 275, 289

Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy, 224, 277

Common Sense and World Affairs (Fosdick), 95

communism and communists, 10, 71–73, 76, 83–84, 86, 89, 110, 113, 180, 200, 203–4. See also Soviet Union; and other specific countries

colonial independence and, 134

détente and political containment of, 245–46

Eisenhower proposes pushing back, not containing, 150

fissure of, 95–96, 161

Kennan and Nitze’s first conversation on dangers of, 42

Oppenheimer and, 103, 152

totalitarianism and, 18

Communist Party (Soviet), 8, 174

Connally, John, 275

Conrad, Joseph, 28, 317

containment, 236, 309

first articulated by Kennan, in 1946, 62–64, 76–79

Kennan and détente and, 244–45

Kennan and Gaddis book on, 272

Kennan and Solarium Project for Eisenhower and, 150–51

Kennan argues for political, vs. military, 77, 79, 83–86

Kennan in USSR and, 137

Kennan pursues, at PPS, 95–97

Kennan’s political, vs. Nitze’s military, 3, 113–14, 254–57, 311–12

Nitze and Iraq and, 314

Nitze on hijacking of, from Kennan, 316

Vietnam and, 204

conventional weapons, 113

correlation of forces, 140, 142, 156, 191, 234

Corrigan, Frank, 129

Cory, Thomas, 129

Council of Foreign Ministers, 92–93

Council on Foreign Relations, 157, 169, 255–56,269–70

counterforce strategy, 76, 164, 251

Coup d’Etat (Luttwak), 226

covert operations, 83–89, 95, 113, 135–36, 151, 172, 198, 211

Crowley, Leo, 12

Cuba, 274, 282

Bay of Pigs invasion, 172, 173, 185

Missile Crisis, 183–94, 232

Cumming, Hugh, 138

Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de, 190

Czechoslovakia, 34–35, 75, 89–90, 101, 239, 310

Soviet invasion of 1968, 220, 226

Dangerous Capabilities (Callahan), 297

Danilevich, Andrian, 262, 282, 284

Darkness at Noon (Koestler), 103

Darrow, Clarence, 27

Davies, John Paton, 95, 125

Davies, Joseph, 10

Davies, Richard, 137

Day, Clarence, 94

Declaration of Independence, 112

Decline of Bismarck’s European Order, The (Kennan), 240

DEFCON 3, 240

Defense, Department of (Pentagon), 12, 111, 113–14, 146, 170–71, 210–11, 216–19, 253–54, 261–62. See also specific agencies and offices

democracy, 4, 64, 70–72, 110, 132–33, 166–67, 214, 267–68

Democratic National Committee, 239

Democratic Party, 12, 142, 148, 158–60, 169, 252–53, 263

De Profundis (Wilde), 51

Der Spiegel 291–92

détente, 2, 239–40, 244–45, 269, 274

“Deterring Our Deterrent” (Nitze), 251

Detinov, Nikolai, 274–75, 286

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 180

Die Zeit, 278

Dillon, Clarence, 36–37, 231

Dillon Read and Co., 36–38, 40, 86–88

Dobrynin, Anatoly, 191, 233, 242–44, 280, 299

domestic intelligence, 211, 221–23

Dönhoff, Marion, 238

doomsday machine, 281

double agents, 86

Dr. Strangelove (film), 280–81

Dr. Zhivago (Pasternak), 208

Dulles, John Foster, 119, 142, 145–46, 150–51, 158, 165, 175, 181

Duncan, Isadora, 27

Eagleburger, Lawrence, 182, 190

Earle, Ralph, 274

Earley, Pete, 216

Eastern Europe, 10, 61, 75, 137, 160–63, 236, 310. See also specific countries

East Germany, 18, 85, 101, 175–76, 179. See also Berlin; Germany

Education of Henry Adams, The (Adams), 236

Egypt, 162

Ehrlichman, John, 234

Einstein, Albert, 43, 149

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4, 20, 49, 142, 144–46, 149–51, 158–60, 162–66, 169, 180, 231, 292

elections

of 1938, 40

of 1946, 93

of 1952,142, 150

of 1954,148

of 1956, 158–60

of 1960,169

of 1964,223

of 1968, 217–19, 226–28

of 1972, 234

of 1976, 252, 259

of 1980,275

elections, foreign, 85

Eliot, T. S., 186

Elliott, William Yandell, 80

Ellsberg, Daniel, 189, 233–34

Elsey, George, 60, 112, 216

Encounter, 246–47

Environmental Defense Fund, 314

Esperanto, 48

Estonia, 18, 310

Europe, 4, 8, 17, 42, 92, 96, 308. See also Eastern Europe; Western Europe

intermediate-range nuclear forces and, 245

Marshall Plan and, 70–75, 79–82

ExComm, 184, 186–89, 191

Fairlie, Henry, 270

fallout, 163

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 110, 214, 244

Kennan and, 4, 142, 221–23

Nitze and, 39–40, 81

Federalist Papers, The, 16

first or preemptive strike, 176–78, 197, 224, 250–51, 261–62, 271, 281–83, 286, 295, 313

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 26, 88

flexible response, 176–77

Ford, Gerald, 251–52, 259, 273

Foreign Affairs, 64, 75–79, 137, 156–57, 282–83

foreign aid, 167. See also Marshall Plan

Foreign Economie Administration, 12

Foreign Policy, 251, 264

Foreign Relations of the United States (State Department), 106

Foreign Service, 9, 16, 30, 34–35, 49, 57–58, 172, 181

Forrestal, James, 37–38, 40, 58, 62, 73, 75, 86–89, 92–93

Fosdick, Dorothy, 95, 225

Fox, William, 63

France, 12, 38, 63, 71, 89, 122, 134, 162, 197, 200, 284, 287

Friendly, Fred, 205

Fuchs, Klaus, 19, 44

Fulbright, J. William, 172, 203, 223, 267

Gaddis, John Lewis, 138, 246, 272, 282, 301

Gaither, Rowan, 164

Gaither Report, 164–66, 168, 308

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 14

game theory, 176–77

Garrison, Mark, 248

Gelb, Leslie, 263, 264

Gellhorn, Martha, 35

Geneva Convention, 130

Geneva summit (1985), 302–3

German language, 12

Germany, 134. See also Berlin; East Germany; West Germany

division of, and proposals to reunify, 89–92, 151, 155, 167–68, 193

as global strategic center, 95

Kennan and, 16–19, 34–36

Kennan and Nitze in, before WW II, 12–13, 28, 30–31

Khrushchev and, 174–75

Marshall Plan and, 71, 74

Nazi, 7–8, 10, 11, 13–19, 34–36, 38–40, 44, 48–49, 84–85, 190, 237–39, 303

Nitze and, 12–15, 39–40

question of future of, at end of WWII, 1–2, 4, 16–18

rearmament of, 134

reunified, with collapse of Soviet empire, 3

WW I and, 38–40

Gibbon, Edward, 18–19, 63

Gilpatric, Roswell, 193

glasnost, 2

GLCMs (ground-launch cruise missiles), 284–85, 287, 289

Gödel, Escher, Bach (Hofstadter), 277

Gödel, Kurt, 149

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 12

Gogol, Nikolai, 48

Goldwater, Barry, 223, 241, 263

Goodman, Constance, 206

“G.O.R Won the Cold War? Ridiculous, The” (Kennan), 312

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 298–300, 302–8, 310–11

Göring, Hermann, 15

Grass, Günter, 291

Gray, Gordon, 154

Great Britain, 38–39, 71, 84, 95, 97, 134–35, 162

Great Depression, 10, 33, 37

“Great Foreign Policy Fight, The” (Herken), 300–302

Grechko, Andrei, 234, 262

Greece, 63, 71–72, 79, 89, 95, 256

Greenbaum, Maurice, 228

Grenada, 280

Gromyko, Andrei, 286, 298

Gross, Ernest, 80

Guatemala, 71

Guevara, Che, 210

Hachiya, Michihiko, 43

Haig, Alexander, 288

Halberstam, David, 236

Halle, Louis, 58, 292

Hamburg bombing, 91, 100, 231, 271

Hamilton, Alexander, 64

Hammarskjöld, Dag, 72–73

Hard, Eleanor, 31–32

Hard, William, 31, 158

Harriman, W. Averell, 44–45, 58

Harvard University, 23, 29, 37, 120

Havel, Václav, 310

Hegel, G. W. F., 12

Helms, Jesse, 308

Hemingway, Ernest, 35, 185

Heraclitus, 313

Herken, Gregg, 300–302

Hersey, John, 46–47

Herter, Christian, 148–49

Hessman, Dorothy, 91, 132

Hilger, Gustav, 84–85

Hilken, Paul, 38–39

Himmler, Heinrich, 15

Hiroshima, 43–47, 49, 53, 66, 103, 177

“Hiroshima” (Hersey), 46–47

Hiss, Alger, 111, 126

History of French Literature, A (William Nitze), 27

Hitler, Adolf, 13–16, 24, 35, 39–40, 44, 238, 281, 291

Ho Chi Minh, 200

Hochschild, Harold, 238

Hofstadter, Douglas, 277

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 94, 96

Holocaust, 85, 237–39, 291

Hoover, J. Edgar, 221, 222

Hungary, 18, 90, 101, 103, 310

revolution of 1956, 161–63

hydrogen bomb (H-bomb, Super), 1, 101–9, 111, 114, 141–42, 152–54

ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 163–64, 224, 230, 240, 250–51, 253, 262, 272–73, 281, 292, 299–300, 303, 320

idealism (moralistic approach), 3, 72, 132–33, 245, 258

Immerman, Richard, 150

imperialism, 55, 60, 134, 173, 223

Inchon, Battle of, 121–23, 127

Indonesia, 134, 204

INF (intermediate-range nuclear forces), 232, 276, 284–92, 296, 308

INF Treaty (1987), 308

Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), 149, 240, 278, 281

International Association for Cultural Freedom, 214

“International Control of Atomic Weapons” (Fox), 63

International Herald Tribune, 278

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 58

International Security Affairs (ISA), 170, 189, 200, 223, 241, 243

Iran, 58, 61, 79

Mossadegh and, 134–36, 142

revolution and hostage crisis of 1979, 5, 136, 278

Iraq

war of 1991, 314

war of 2003, 4, 23, 200, 226, 318 “iron curtain,” 61, 310

isolationism, 92

Israel, 96, 160

Suez War and, 162

Yom Kippur War, 239–40, 243–44

Italy, 63, 83, 86, 89, 95

Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 95, 196, 242, 252, 263–64

Jameson, Donald, 206, 208, 228

Japan, 203, 236. See also Hiroshima

postwar occupation of, 95, 122–23

WW II and, 20–22, 42–47, 49–51, 66, 101,117,120,280

Jenkins, Nancy, 276, 277

Johnson, Louis, 101, 108–9, 111, 113–14

Johnson, Lyndon B., 200–203, 205, 216–20, 223, 253, 263

Johnson, U. Alexis, 186

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 42, 92, 187–88, 201, 299

Jones, T. K., 280

Kampelman, Max, 299

Kapler, Alexei, 143

Katyn Forest massacre, 10

Kennan, Annelise Sorensen (wife), 2, 16, 32, 147, 190, 229, 240, 248–49, 257, 267, 278, 318

Kennan, Christopher (son), 213, 228

Kennan, Florence James (mother), 24

Kennan, George Frost

Acheson and, 93–94, 97, 126

Air War College speech of, 255

Albania and, 83, 85–86

Albert Einstein Peace Prize speech of, 279

Alsop and, 120–21

ambassador to USSR for Truman, 136–40

ambassador to Yugoslavia for JFK, 171–74, 180–83, 193–94

American culture and, 10, 40–41, 222, 246–47

American Family published by, 316

anti-Semitism, accused of, 237–39

antiwar movement and, 212–14, 221–23

awarded National Book Award and Pulitzer, among others, for Russia Leaves the War, 166

awarded National Book Award and Pulitzer for memoirs, 235–36

awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 311

Bad Nauheim internment and, 16, 35–36, 237

Berlin Airlift and, 90–92

Berlin Wall and, 176, 178–79, 312

calls on Reagan to repudiate nuclear first strike, 282–83

career of, spans Cold War, 2–3

career options considered by, 66–68

Carter and, 266–67, 278

Chicago lectures collected in American Diplomacy, 131–33

childhood and education of, 23–26

CIA consulting by, 148–49

Cloud of Danger published by, 266–70

competition and friendship with Nitze despite differences, 1, 3–6, 212, 266, 270–72, 313, 316

considers run for Congress, 148

containment as political, and covert actions, 3, 83–89

containment as political vs. military, and dispute with Wright, 254–57

containment as political vs. military, and Nitze, 113–14, 316

Council on Foreign Relations and, 169, 269–70

Cuban Bay of Pigs invasion and, 172

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 189–90, 191

cyanide pill request as ambassador to USSR, 138

Dartmouth commencement address of 1950, 115

death of, 5, 318

death of Stalin and, 145

democracy critiqued by, 4, 40–41, 64, 133, 166–67

détente and, 244–46

diary of, 9, 63, 67–68

as dove, vs. Nitze, 4–5, 100–102, 231

early Foreign Service career of, in Moscow and Prague, 34–35

early Foreign Service education of, in Berlin, 30

Eastern European protests of 1956 and, 161–63

Eisenhower and, 142–43, 147, 151

Encounter interview of, 246–47

ex-Nazi Hilger and, 84–85

farm of, 67, 147

finances of, 24, 26

first meets Nitze, in WW II, 42

Forrestal’s breakdown and death and, 88, 92–93

German memo of, in 1949, and reputation of, 91–92

German reunification proposed by, 90–92, 151

in Germany before and at end of WW II and, 16–19, 34–35, 91–92, 231

global strategic centers theory of, 95–96

Gorbachev and, 298

Greece and, 71

H-bomb opposed by, 101, 105–7, 109, 142, 153

Herken article on Nitze and, 300–302

IAS and, 149

Iran and, 136

Iraq War and, 318

JFK and, 172–74, 194

Kissinger and, 227, 244–46

Korean War and, 115–20, 122–23, 125–26, 129

Latin America report of, suppressed byAcheson, 109–10

Long Telegram of, 58–64

loses influence in 1949, and rise of Nitze, 96–97

MacArthur firing by Truman and, 128

marriage and family life and, 9, 105, 147, 213

marries Annelise Sorensen, 32

Marshall Plan and, 72–75, 78–82

E. McCarthy and, 217

memoirs of, 23, 235–37, 254

memo of May 1945

warns about Soviet threat, 18–19

Nitze “broad interpretation” of ABM and, 297–98

Nitze op-ed on eliminating nuclear arsenal and, 315–16

Nitze replaces, at PPS, 107–8

nuclear weapons knowledge of Nitze and, 230–31

old age of, 23, 278

old age of, and letter on Christianity, 316–17

OPC and, 84–87

Oppenheimer and, 102–3, 151–54

Pennsylvania Bar Association speech on Stalin, 142

personality, dark side, and self-control of, 4, 8–9, 24–26, 34–36, 80, 102–3, 131–32, 212, 226, 257–58

Poland in WW II and, 10

PPS headed by, 95–97, 115

at PPS under Marshall, and work with Nitze, 70

predictions of, 4

Princeton library documents and, 256

Reagan and, 278–82, 291–92

as realist, 3, 132–33

Reith Lectures of, 166–69

romance with Eleanor Hard, 31–32

Russia Leaves the War published by, 158, 166

SALT II and, 273

Solarium Project and, 150–51

Soviet atomic bomb and, 100

Soviet collapse at end of Cold War and, 309–12

Soviet entry into WW II vs. Japan after Hiroshima and, 44–45

Soviet nuclear weapons as concern of, at end of WW II, 10, 53–54

in Soviet Union, at U.S. embassy before and after WW II, 7–11, 42, 51–52

Stalin and, 10, 49, 54–56

Stalin’s daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva and, 206–9, 227–29, 247–49, 257–58, 293–94

State Department left by, 114–15, 147

Stevenson and, 158–60, 162

strategy of fighting communism, only when crucial interest and success likely, 71–72

Suez War and, 162–63

summer home of, in Norway, 147–48

Truman Doctrine and, 72

UN and, 116–17

Vietnam War and, 202–6, 219, 226

War College lectures by, 61–64, 95

writing style and talent of, 4, 25–26, 61, 105–6, 114, 158, 235–37, 258

WW II and, 41–42

X article on containment published by, 64, 75–79, 95

Yugoslavia and, 96, 193–94

Kennan, George (older relative with same name), 9

Kennan, Grace (daughter), 76, 139, 159

Kennan, Jeanette (sister), 24, 25, 26, 31–32

Kennan, Joan (daughter), 7, 9, 34, 139, 227

Kennan, Kossuth (father), 24

Kennan, Wendy (daughter), 213

Kennedy, Edward M. “Ted,” 275

Kennedy, Jacqueline, 120

Kennedy, John F., 64, 169, 223, 243, 252, 282

assassination of, 194

Berlin Wall and, 175–79

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 184–94

Kennan and, 35, 148

Kennan as ambassador to Yugoslavia under, 171–72, 182–83, 194

Khrushchev and, 171–75

missile gap, 150

Nitze as secretary of the navy nominee for, 192–93, 195–96, 199

Nitze at ISA under, 170–71, 200

Profiles in Courage and, 166

Vienna speech on Cold War tensions, 193–94

Vietnam and, 179–80

Kennedy, Robert, 185–86, 191–92, 218–19

KGB, 2, 85–86, 137, 179, 186, 228, 247–49

Khrushchev, Nikita

background of, 154–55, 174–75

Berlin Wall and, 177, 179

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 185–87, 190–91

Eastern Europe and, 161–63

nuclear testing and, 182

Twentieth Congress speech on Stalin, 160–61

Vienna summit with JFK, 172–73

Kim Il Sung, 117, 121–22, 127

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 222

Kirov, Sergey, 34

Kissinger, Henry, 157–58, 225, 227, 231–35, 239–46, 251, 260, 263, 273

China and, 244–45

Kennan and, 245–46

Nitze and, 251, 260, 263

SALT and, 233–35, 239–42, 273

Zumwalt and, 242–44

Koestler, Arthur, 103

Koltunov, Viktor, 283, 308

Komplektov, Viktor, 289

Konoye, Fumimaro, 49–51, 66

Korean Air Lines Flight 007, 290

Korean War, 2, 4, 115–30, 140–41, 144, 200, 231, 236

Kornienko, Georgi, 77, 289

Kosygin, Alexei, 206–7, 220

Koval, George, 44

Kraft, Joseph, 286

Krimsky, George, 248, 249

Krock, Arthur, 75

Kuczynski, Jürgen, 19–20

Kurchatov, Igor, 98–99, 307

Kuril Islands, 18

Kurpel, Alexander, 248–49

Kvitsinsky, Yuli, 285–87, 289–91, 293, 297, 299, 308, 315

KW-7 encryption machine and keylist, 215–16

Ky, Nguyen Cao, 200–201

Laird, Melvin, 223, 226, 233, 243

land mines, 314

Laos, 204

Latin America, 109–10

Latvia, 310

Lausche, Frank, 204

Lawn, Jack, 244

Leach, W. Barton, 65

Lehman, John, 280

LeMay, Curtis, 187

Lend-Lease aid, 108

Lenin, V. I., 18, 75–76, 84, 186

Levin, Carl, 297

Levitan, Yuri, 191

Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 65

Liberia, 69

Life, 75, 217

Lilienthal, David, 99, 101, 108–9

Lindsay, Frank, 86

Lippmann, Helen Armstrong, 78

Lippmann, Walter, 77–79, 111, 147, 171, 254

Lithuania, 310

Long Telegram, 57–62, 73, 87, 132, 256

Longworth, Nicholas, 29

Lorenz, Konrad, 276

Lovett, Robert, 81, 84, 91

LSD, 86

Luttwak, Edward, 224–26

MacArthur, Douglas, 45, 119–20, 122–24, 128

Macmillan, Harold, 173

MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour (TV program), 310

Mailer, Norman, 210

Malenkov, Georgy, 154

Malik, Jacob, 129–30, 136

Manhattan Project, 102–4, 302

Mannes, Marya, 206

Mao Zedong, 89, 117, 121, 227

March on Washington (1963), 222

Marcy, Carl, 223

Marshall, Charles Burton, 80, 198, 269, 307

Marshall, George Catlett, 69–70, 73–74, 76–77, 123, 125, 223

Marshall Plan, 1–2, 72–75, 78–82, 89, 95, 108, 134

Martin, Joe, 128

Martin, Jurek, 315

Marx, Karl, 84

Marxism, 58–60. See also communism and communists

Master of the Game, The (Talbott), 312

Matthews, Freeman “Doc,” 49, 51

Maury, John, 162

Mautner, Martha, 57–59, 61, 139

McCarthy, Eugene, 217–18, 293

McCarthy, Joseph, 64, 146, 151–53

McCloy, John, 39

McCone, John, 189

McDonald, David, 197

McFarlane, Robert, 299

McGhee, George, 135

McGovern, George, 293

Mclntyre, Thomas, 265

McMillan, Priscilla, 166

McNamara, Robert, 170, 178–80, 189, 192, 197–201, 205, 211, 216–17, 219, 282–83

Meet the Press (TV program), 191

Meir, Golda Mabovitch, 24–25

Metropolitan Club, 111, 263

Mexico, 109–10

Middle East, 163

Mikoyan, Anastas, 160, 173, 185

military-industrial complex, of USSR, 261–62

militaryspending, 111, 113–14, 140–42, 150

Millikan, Glenn, 27

Mills, Wilbur, 183

MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles), 230, 251, 299

missile defense system, 224–25, 232–34, 295–97, 300, 304–7

missile gap, 150, 169

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 55, 154

Moltke, Freya von, 17

Moltke, Helmuth von, 16–18

Monroe Doctrine, 190

Moody, Helen Wills, 31

Morgenthau Plan, 17

Morocco, 226

Morse, Wayne, 204

Moses, Robert, 53

Mossadegh, Mohammed, 134–36

Mother Jones, 284

“Mr. ‘X’ and Containment” (Wright), 254–57

Murphy, Robert, 241

Muskie, Edmund, 226–27

mutually assured destruction, 250–51

Nagasaki, 44, 46, 53, 66, 177

National Committee for a Free Europe, 84

National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), 259–62

nationalism, 134, 310

National Security Agency, 128

National Security Council, 118

National War College, 62–64, 67, 95, 100, 243

neoconservatives, 263

“net assessment,” 259

Neumann, John von, 149

New Deal, 10

Newhouse, John, 241

New Republic, 214, 270

Newsweek, 75

New York

bomb shelters and, 53

munitions explosion of 1916, 38–39

New Yorker, 2, 3, 46, 93, 206, 241, 291, 292

New York Herald Tribune, 120

New York Review of Books, 236–37

New York Times, 5, 38, 52, 75, 92, 160, 173, 177, 183, 193, 197, 208, 221, 233–34, 268, 270, 278–79, 283, 290, 298, 309, 312, 315

Magazine, 212, 270

Nitze, Anina Hilken (mother), 27, 30, 40, 97, 108

Nitze, Elizabeth (sister), 28, 88

Nitze, Paul Henry

auto accident of, and death of pedestrian, 32–33

Acheson and, 93–95, 111

Alsop and, 120

antiwar movement and, 211–12

Arab-Israeli conflict and, 239–40

Asilomar “grand fallacy” speech of, 195–97

atomic bombing of Japan and Hiroshima report by, for USSBS, 12, 20–22, 42–43, 45–47, 49–51, 53, 64–66

Berlin Wall crisis and JFK and, 175–78

G. H. W. Bush and, 308–9

career of, spans Cold War, 2–3

Carter and, 252–54, 259, 262–63

childhood, youth, and education of, 23–24, 27–30, 37

CIA and Team B report on Soviet arms buildup under Ford and, 259–62

CIA consulting by, 148–49

Committee on the Present Danger and, 263–64

Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy and, 224–26

competition and friendship with Kennan despite differences, 1–6, 212, 270–72, 313

containment as military strategy and, 3, 316

correlation of forces concept of, and military spending, 140–42, 156, 191

Council on Foreign Relations and, 169

counterforce argument of, 164

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 183–93

death of, 5, 318

death of Stalin and, 144

Defense Department and, under Clifford, 217–21

desire to be secretary of state or defense, 3

détente opposed by, 269

Dulles and, 145–46

early career of, in finance, 12, 30–31, 36–38

Eisenhower and, 145, 147, 163–66, 169

farm of, 147

FBI investigation of, and uncle’s spying in WW I, 39–40

FDR and work under Forrestal and, 38

finances of, 24

first meets Kennan, 42

flexible response idea of, vs. SIOP-62, 176–77

Foreign Affairs article of, arguing U.S. can win nuclear war, 156–57

Forrestal’s breakdown and suicide and, 86–89, 92–93

Gaither Report on civil defense by, 163–66

in Germany at end of WW II, for USSBS, and interview of Speer, 11–15, 19–20

in Germany before WW II, 12, 30–31

Gorbachev and, 298

as hawk, vs. Kennan, 3–4, 100–102, 231

H-bomb and, 101–2, 104–5, 107–9, 141–42

health problems of, and hepatitis, 29–30

Herken article on Kennan and, 300–302

as idealist, 3, 28–29, 133

influence of, rises, as Kennan falls, and NATO, UN, and Truman Doctrine, 96–97

INF negotiations and “walk in the woods” by, under Reagan, 284–91, 308

Iran and, 134–36

Iraq war of 1991 and, 314

ISA headed by, under JFK and McNamara, 169–70, 173, 200

JFK and loss of favor, 192–93

Kennan and Yugoslav trade bill and, 193–94

Kennan Council on Foreign Relations speech and, 270

Kennan cyanide pills and, 138

Kennan “no first strike” article and, 283

Kennan on, 272

Kennan poetry and, 115

Kennan proposals to reunify Germany and, 90–92, 167

Kennan Reith Lectures and, 168

Kennan works with, on Marshall Plan, 75, 79–82

Kissinger and, 157–58, 233, 240–46, 251–52

Korean War and, 115, 118–20, 122–25, 127–30, 140

Kuczynski spies on, for Soviets at end of WW II, 19–20

letter of 1999 to grandson, 5–6

limited nuclear war and, 156–58

MacArthur firing and, 128

marriage and family life, 115, 147

marries Phyllis Pratt, 33–34

Marshall as mentor of, 69–70

Marshall Plan and, 72–73, 75, 80–81

memoir begun by, 223

Nixon and, 223, 233–34

NSC-68 on H-bomb and PPS and, 111–14

nuclear program cost estimates kept secret by, 111

nuclear weapons systems details and, vs. Kennan, 230–31

old age and final days of, 23, 314–15, 317–18

Pentagon Papers and, 233–34

Pentagon protest of 1967 and, 211

personality of, 3, 11–12, 24, 42, 103, 212

PPS and, as deputy to Kennan, 96–97

PPS headed by, 107–8, 133–34, 142, 277

preventive war rejected by, 156

Pueblo incident and, 215–16

Reagan and, 275–77, 295–96, 304–5

Reagan-Gorbachev talks and, 299–300, 302–8

romance of, with Mary Ames, 32–33

Safeguard missile defense and, 224

SALT I and, 226, 232–35

SALT II and, 240–42, 273–75

School of Advanced International Studies and, 148–49

secretary of the navy nominee under JFK, 193, 195–99

Shultz and, 298–99

Solarium Project and, 150

Soviet atomic bomb and, 100

Soviet collapse and end of Cold War and, 311–13

Soviet threat warnings of, in 1970s, 250–51, 272–73, 292–93

Soviet trip of 1955 and, 155–56

START and, 308

starts own firm, 38

State Department left by, 147

Stevenson and, 158, 160

summer home of, 147, 277

Teller and, 103

Tension Between Opposites published by, 313

Truman Doctrine and, 72

uncle works with German saboteurs in WW I, 38–40

Vietnam and, 179–80, 198–202, 210–11, 216–19

Vladivostok accord and, 252

Warnke opposed by, 264–66

Nitze, Phyllis Pratt (wife), 2, 12, 33–34, 93, 147–48, 155–56, 240, 302

Nitze, William Albert (father), 27, 37

“Nitze plan,” 134

Nixon, Richard, 64, 150, 158–59, 198, 218, 220, 223–24, 227, 231–35, 239–41, 243–44, 267

China and, 244–45

Watergate and, 239, 241, 251

Noguchi, Isamu, 31

nonaligned nations, 182

Norstad, Lauris, 21

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 4, 96, 114, 167–68, 179, 193, 220, 252, 268, 284, 290

North Korea

Korean War and, 115–18, 127

Pueblo and, 215

North Vietnam

bombing of, 200, 220, 221

USSR and, 232

Novak, Robert, 222

Novaya Zemlya bombing proposal, 177–78

NSC-20/4, 113

NSC-68, 112–14, 118, 133, 140, 164, 195, 272, 289, 308

nuclear alert, DEFCON 3 and, 240

nuclear disarmament demonstrations of 1982, 286

nuclear submarines, 242, 250–51

nuclear war

Kennan on, 256

limited, 156–58, 163–66, 176–78, 185, 191–92, 271

Nitze on winnability of, 53, 156–58, 164, 260, 262, 280

Nitze recommends preparing for to prevent, 3

Nixon and Kissinger fake beginning of, 231–32

SIOP-62 vs. flexible response of Nitze and, 176–77

Soviet preparations for and Perimeter, 281–82

Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (Kissinger), 157

nuclear weapons. See also specific weapons, negotiations, and treaties

Alamogordo test of, 21–22

argument for buildup of, 111–14, 140–42, 156, 164–66, 261–62, 271, 279–80

arms management thesis and, 101

arms race and, 2–4, 104–9, 140–42, 150, 164–66, 236, 240, 245, 251–52, 264, 269–70

Berlin Wall and, 176–78

capabilities vs. attitudes and, 101–2

concerns about Soviet acquisition of, after WW II, 53–54

control or reduction of, 100–101, 105, 170–71, 193, 233, 274, 279–80

cost of, 113–14

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 184–94

demonstration bomb issue, 177–78

details, and Nitze vs. Kennan, 230–31

Eisenhower and, 151

Gorbachev-Reagan summit and, 302–8

H-bomb and fusion vs. fission, 101–9, 111, 114

Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing and, 43–47

international control of, proposed, 100, 106–8, 195–96

Kennan argues vs. dependence on, 4–5

Kennan attacks Nitze position on, in BBC lectures, 167–68

Kennan containment policy and, 63–64, 255

Kennan vs. Nitze on possible use of, 113

Khrushchev and testing of, 182

Korean War and, 124–25

leverage of, 101, 163–66, 255

missile defenses and, 224–26

mutally assured destruction and, 250–51

NATO and, 268

Nazi quest for, 44–45

Nitze and Shultz attempt to reduce, under Reagan, 299–300

Nitze argues for eliminating, in old age, 5, 315–16

Nitze arms management and leverage thesis on, 101

Nitze claims about Soviet supremacy in, 259–62, 272–73

Nitze leads INF talks to reduce, under Reagan, 284–92

Nitze vs. Kennan view on ability to handle, 270–71

radiation and fallout worries and, 163–64

Reagan and, 278, 292

SALT talks and, 232–35, 239–42, 273–75

sharing of technology, proposed, 94

Soviet atomic bomb detonated, 98–102, 105–6, 112–13

Stalin’s quest for, 19–20, 44–45, 92

nuclear winter, 286

Obukhov, Alexei, 232, 308

O’Connor, Carroll, 281

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 314–15

Office of International Trade Policy, 69

Office of Net Assessment, 261

Office of Northeast Asian Affairs, 119

Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 84–87, 95, 172

Ofstie, Ralph, 65

Ogarkov, Nikolai, 281

oil, 85, 110, 134–36

On Aggression (Lorenz), 276

Operation Urgent Fury, 280

Oppenheimer, Robert, 21, 46, 99, 102–5, 149, 151–54, 166, 238, 265

Orwell, George, 72

Paisley, John, 260–61

Palestine, 129

Paloesik, Albert, 209

paramilitary units, 168

Pearl Harbor bombing, 16, 45, 120

Pell, Claiborne, 280, 311

Pentagon Papers, 233–34

Pepper, Claude, 52, 267

Perera, Guido, 12

Peretz, Martin, 214

Perimeter system, 281–82

Perle, Richard, 224–26, 241–42, 263, 277, 284–85, 287–89, 299, 305–6, 311

Perón, Juan, 110

Pershing II missiles, 284–89, 291

Peters, Wesley, 229

Peter the Great, czar of Russia, 63

Philby, Kim, 86

Philippines, 204

Pipes, Richard, 259, 263, 269–70

Pirsig, Robert, 277

Plan A, 163, 167

Plato, 48

Pleiku attack, 200, 203

Podhoretz, Norman, 214, 263

Poland, 10, 18, 75, 101, 161, 276, 310

Policy Planning Staff (PPS), 1, 73–74, 80, 90, 95–97, 104–5, 107–8, 111–15, 119, 122–23, 125, 127–28, 133–34, 142, 144, 146, 153, 200, 221, 225, 247, 267, 277, 290, 292

political warfare, Kennan on, 83–84

“Politics and the English Language” (Orwell), 72

Porcellian Club, 29, 120

Portugal, 41–42, 83

Pozen, Walter, 83, 238–39

Pratt, Phyllis, 33–34

Pratt, Ruth Baker, 33

Pravda, 118, 145, 249, 269

“Prerequisites, The” (Kennan), 40

Princeton University, 23, 26, 50, 86, 125–26, 149, 203

Program A, 91–92, 96

Proust, Marcel, 102

Pueblo incident, 215

Pushkin, Alexander, 51

Q clearances, 111

Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 54

radiation, 46, 163

Radio Free Europe, 84, 246

RAND Corporation, 164, 225

Rasputin, Grigori, 51

Rayle, Robert, 207

RDS-1 “Joe-1” (first Soviet atomic bomb), 99, 104

Reader’s Digest, 65, 75, 77

Reagan, Ronald, 3–4, 263, 275–76, 278–82, 285, 289–91, 299–300, 302–8, 313

realism, 3, 52, 132–33, 245, 317

“Rebels Without a Program” (Kennan), 212–14

Red Army, 7–8, 19–20, 44, 55, 127

Reith Lectures, 166–69, 279

“Removing the Fig Leaf from the Hard Core of Soviet Responsibility” (PPS memo), 128

Republican Party, 79–81, 93, 128, 142, 159, 218, 252, 263, 275, 282

Reston, James, 92, 173, 268, 271, 279

“Review of Current Trends: U.S. Foreign Policy” (Kennan), 267

Reykjavík summit (1986), 302–8

Reza Pahlavi, shah of Iran, 134–36

Rhee, Syngman, 117, 130

Rhinelander, John, 297

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 85

Roberts, Chalmers, 165–66

Rogers, William, 225

Romania, 75, 101, 310

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 3, 10, 16, 29, 38–40, 42, 87, 259

Roosevelt, Theodore, 29, 120, 185

Rostow, Eugene, 270, 276–77, 280–81, 288, 290

Rostow, Walt, 278

Rowny, Edward, 304

Rumsfeld, Donald, 196

Rusk, Dean, 116, 171, 177–78, 180, 184–86, 188, 193–94, 263

Russell, Bertrand, 166

Russell, Richard, 218

Russia. See also Soviet Union

Bolshevik revolution of 1917, 158

late-nineteenth century, 9

Russia Leaves the War (Kennan), 158, 166

Russian language, 9, 30

Russian literature, 9, 48

Safeguard missile defense system, 224–26

St. John’s Military Academy, 25, 26

Sakharov, Andrei, 109, 245

Saltonstall, Leverett, 29

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 226

I, 2, 234–35, 239–43

II, 240–42, 253, 264, 273–75

Santayana, George, 221

Saturday Evening Post, 161

Savelyev, Aleksandr, 3

Schelling, Thomas, 134

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 176, 192, 311

Schlesinger, James, 241

Schmidt, Helmut, 286, 290

School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), 148–49, 157, 312

Scotti Brothers gang, 27–28

September 11, 2001, attacks, 317

Shakespeare, William, 139–40

Shepilov, Dmitrii, 174

Sherwin, Martin, 102

Shevardnadze, Eduard, 298

Shultz, George, 3, 288, 298–99, 303–7, 311–12

Simpson, Christopher, 85

Singh, Brajesh, 206–7

SIOP-62, 176

Slavic Review, 254–56

SLBMs (submarine launched ballistic missiles), 230

Slocombe, Walter, 253

Smith, Gerard, 233, 282

Smith, Margaret Chase, 89

Socrates, 221

Sofaer, Abraham, 297

Solarium Project, 150–51

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 245

Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 242

Sophocles, 89

Soul of Man Under Socialism, The (Wilde), 50

“Sources of Soviet Conduct, The” (X article, Kennan), 62, 64, 75–79, 95–96, 151, 161, 246, 269, 279, 309–10

South Korea, 116–18

South Vietnam, 200

Soviet Union (USSR, Russia) 299. See also specific leaders, negotiations, treaties, and weapons systems

Acheson and, 93, 94

Afghanistan and, 274–75

air defenses of, 251

Alliluyeva surveillance of, 228

American officials not allowed to talk to citizens, 54

Arab-Israeli conflict and, 239–40

arms buildup of 1970s, 261–62

arms race and correlation of forces, 140–42

atomic bomb detonated by, 98–102, 104–6, 108–9, 112–13, 307

atomic bombing of Hiroshima and entry into war vs. Japan, 44–45

balance of power and, 245

becomes enemy, at end of WW II, 2–3

Berlin Airlift and, 89–91

Berlin Wall and, 175–79

Carter and, 253

collapse of, in 1991, 309–13

Communist Party Central Committee, 298

“containment” translated as “deterrence” by, 255

Cuban Missile Crisis and, 184–94, 274

Czechoslovakia invaded by, in 1968, 220

death of Stalin and, 143–46

détente and, 244–45

dissolution of, 3

Eisenhower and Solarium debated over containment of, 150–51

end of WW II celebrated in, 7–11

ex-Nazi Hilger advises U.S. on, 84–85

first Sputnik launched by, 165

first strike issue and, 224, 262

Forrestal’s distrust of, 87

Gaither committee, 164

German occupation by, at end of WW II, 7, 13–15

as global strategic center, in Kennan theory, 95

Gorbachev-Reagan talks and, 298, 302–8

H-bomb and, 102, 109, 153

Hungarian revolution of 1956 and, 161–63

ICBM test of 1957, 163

IMF and World Bank rejected by, 58

INF negotiations with Nitze and, 284–91

INF Treaty and, 308

Iran and, 134

JFK and, 171–74

Kennan and, 4, 247

Kennan as ambassador to, post–WW II and kicked out by Stalin, 136–40

Kennan briefs JFK on, 171–73

Kennan foresees difficulty of, managing non-Russian territories 18–19

Kennan in, after WW II, and Long Telegram on, 51–63

Kennan memoir and, 236

Kennan on, in Cloud of Danger of 1977, 268–70

Kennan predicts seeds of own destruction, 246

Kennan proposes overt and covert action to sow dissent in, 151

Kennan Reith Lectures on, 167–69

Kennan’s early foreign service in, 1933–37, 34

Kennan’s early speech on containment of, 62–64

Kennan’s foreign service in, 9–10

Kennan’s proposal to reunify Germany and, 92

Kennan’s secret sources in, 83

Kennan’s X article on, 75–79

Kennan warns of threat of, at end of WW II, 18–19

Khrushchev becomes leader of, following death of Stalin, 154–55

Khrushchev’s Twentieth Congress speech on Stalin and, 160–61

Korean War and, 116–19, 125, 127, 129–30, 140–41

Marshall Plan and, 74–75

missile defense system and, 224–25

mutually assured destruction and, 250–51

Nitze and arms reduction negotiations for Gorbachev and Reagan, 299–300

Nitze and broad interpretation of ABM Treaty and, 297

Nitze assesses threat of, at end of WW II, 53–54

Nitze NSC-68 assumes hostility of, vs. Kennan, 113

Nitze on “designs” of, and argument for arms buildup, 112–14

Nitze on need to respond to surprise nuclear attack by, 164–65

Nitze Team B report on arms buildup of, 259–62

Nitze underestimates humanity of, 262

Nitze visits, in 1955, 155–56

Nitze vs. Kennan and, during Reagan years, 292–93

Nitze warns of military supremacy of, 272–73

Nixon’s fake nuclear war and, 231–32

nuclear balance with, and arms negotiations of 1970s, 230

occupation of Germany, post–WW II and, 17–18, 92

Politburo of, 298

political vs. military containment and, 254–57

Pueblo incident and, 214–16

Reagan and, 1–2, 278–83, 295–96

SALT I and, 232–35, 239, 241–43

SALT II and, 240–42, 273–75

sharing nuclear technology with, proposed, 94, 100

spies in West send nuclear secrets to, 19–20

Stalin’s daughter defects from, 206–8

Stalin’s rise and leadership of, 48–49

suffering of, during WW II, 44

Supreme Soviet elections of 1946 and, 55

Truman and, 47–48

U.S. aid to, during WW II, 7–8

U.S. attitude toward, hardens, 100–101

Vietnam and, 220–21

Vladivostok accord and Ford and, 251–52

WW II and, 49

Yugoslavia and, 182

Spanish-American War, 122, 132

Speer, Albert, 13–15, 17, 20–21, 50, 231

Spengler, Oswald, 37

spheres of influence, 17

Sputnik, 165, 167, 169

spying and intelligence, 44, 86, 138. See also specific agencies

Srodes, James, 316

SS-18 “Stan” missiles, 240

SS-19 missiles, 240

SS-20 missiles, 284–85, 287, 303

Stalin, Joseph, 9–10, 18, 34, 47–49, 71, 87, 94, 101, 134, 181, 236, 245, 298, 307

atomic bomb and, 19–20, 44–45, 54–56

Berlin Airlift and, 89–90

daughter of, defects, 206–9, 228–29, 247–49 (see also Alliluyeva, Svetlana)

death of, 143–44, 154

Kennan and, 52, 58–61, 100, 136, 138–39, 142, 204

Khrushchev denounces, 160–61, 174

Korea and, 117, 127

Marshall Plan and, 74–75

Yugoslavia and, 96

START negotiations, 308–9

State, Department of, 1, 12, 18, 31–32, 42, 58–62, 69–70, 75, 78, 81, 84, 92, 99, 105–6, 111–14, 116–19, 125, 142–43, 160, 208, 280. See also specific divisions

Staubach, Roger, 198

Steel, Ronald, 89, 236, 269

Stephanson, Anders, 90

Stettinius, Edward, 69

Stevenson, Adlai, 95, 158–60, 162, 171

Strategic Air Command, 156, 164, 176, 188–89

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, Star Wars), 295–97, 300, 304–7. See also missile defense system

strategic superiority, 246

Strategies of Containment (Gaddis), 272

Straus, Beth, 149

Stuart, Victoria, 33

submarines, 164

Suez Canal war (1956), 162–63

Sullivan, William C., 221–23

Sweden, 72–73

Symington, Stuart, 205, 219

Taber, John, 79, 81–82

Taiwan, 118

Talbott, Strobe, 271, 312

Task Force 157, 198

Taylor, Maxwell, 180

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 54

Team B report (Nitze on CIA evaluations), 259–62

Teller, Edward, 102–4, 141, 154, 265, 295

Tension Between Opposites (Nitze), 313

Thackeray, William M., 48

Third World, 134, 136

This Side of Paradise (Fitzgerald), 26

This Simian World (Day), 94

Thompson, Bill, 198

303 Committee, 211

“Threat Mostly to Ourselves, A” (Nitze), 5

throw weight, 232, 251–52, 273, 280

Thucydides, 121

Thurmond, Strom, 196–97

Time, 69, 122, 216, 249, 312

Tito, Josip Broz, 96, 181–83, 193

“Today and Tomorrow” (Lippmann), 77

Tolstoy, Leo, 122, 155

Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 200, 223

Toon, Malcolm, 137

totalitarianism, 17–18, 64, 161, 213, 229

Toynbee, Arnold, 166

trade concessions, and Yugoslavia, 96, 182–83, 190–91, 193

Treasury, Department of the, 111

Trilateral Commission, 282

Truman, Harry S., 45, 47–48, 69, 79, 88, 93, 114, 134, 136–37, 150, 196, 200, 223

atomic bomb and, 43–46, 103

Berlin Airlift and, 90

H-bomb and, 1, 101, 108–9, 112

Korean War and, 117–18, 123–24, 127–28, 130

Long Telegram and, 58, 60–61

Soviet atomic bomb and, 99

Truman Doctrine, 71–72, 78–79, 96, 108

Tsarapkin, Semen, 129

Tsygichko, Vatalii, 178, 261

Tuchman, Barbara, 284

Turkey, 58, 61, 71, 79, 101, 187, 191

Ukraine, 10, 174, 302

Ulam, Stanislaw, 104

Ulbricht, Walter, 175

United Nations, 4, 96, 106, 116–17, 123, 128–29, 195

U.S. armed services, 7–8, 65, 92

U.S. Army, 118–19, 124

U.S. Army Air Force, 21, 65

U.S. Congress, 52, 64–65, 74–75, 79–82, 128, 200, 225, 267

Kennan and Nitze consider running for, 148

Yugoslav trade bill and, 181–83, 193–94

U.S. Constitution, 41, 267

U.S. House of Representatives Appropriations Committee, 79, 81–82

U.S. Marines, 200

U.S. Navy

Nitze as secretary of, 197–99

Pueblo incident and, 215–16

U.S. Navy Air Force, 65

U.S. News & World Report, 75, 107

“U.S. Plan Weighed” (Reston), 92

U.S. Senate, 47, 273–75

Armed Services Committee, 195–97, 241–42

Foreign Relations Committee, 52, 203–4, 218, 223, 264–66, 274, 311

U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), 11–15, 19–21, 45–47, 64–65, 69, 124, 197, 270

uranium, 45, 92, 99

Urban, George, 246

Ustinov, Dmitri, 261, 274

V-2 missiles, 13

Valenti, Jack, 202

Vance, Cyrus, 253

Vandenberg, Arthur, 80

Venezuela, 110

Vietcong, 200–202, 205

Vietnam War, 2, 4, 134, 150, 179–80, 198–206, 210–21, 226, 232–34, 236, 252, 254, 263, 266–67, 279, 301, 311

Vladivostok accord (1975), 251–52

Voice of America, 136–37

Volkenstein, Fyodor, 207

Wagner, Richard, 12, 54

Walker, John, 214–15

Walk in the Woods, A (play), 290

Wallace, Henry, 61–62

Wannsee Conference, 291

War and Peace (Tolstoy), 122, 155

Warnke, Paul, 234, 253, 263–66, 275, 284, 297, 302

Warsaw Pact, 193, 281

Warsaw uprising (1944), 10

Washington Post, 116, 142, 165–66, 269, 270, 279, 310

Washington Star, 107

Washington Times-Herald, 146

Wasserman, Harriet, 238

Watergate affair, 239, 241, 252

Weinberger, Caspar, 299

Western Europe, 134, 283–84, 286. See also specific countries

West Germany, 17, 96, 168, 223–24, 286, 291, 294

Westmoreland, William, 201, 219

Whitney, Richard, 29

Wilde, Oscar, 50–51

Williams, Ted, 311

Wilson, Peter, 224–25

Winthrop, Freddie, 29

Wisner, Frank, 84–86

Wohlstetter, Albert, 224

Wolfers, Arnold, 63

Wolfowitz, Paul, 224, 266, 277

women’s suffrage, 41

World Affairs Council, 296

World Bank, 58, 216

World War I, 12, 23–24, 38–40, 55, 74, 122, 158

World War II, 10, 24, 38, 41–42, 55–56, 117, 120, 122, 132, 199

atomic bombing of Japan and, 43–46

bombing of Germany and, 11–15

division of Germany at end of, 2

Kennan in USSR at end of, 7–11

Nitze in Germany at end of, 11–15, 19–20

Nitze and Japan at end of, 20–21, 64–66

World War III, Stalin on, 55–56

Wright, C. Ben, 41, 254–57

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 229

Wright, Olgivanna Lloyd, 229

“X” article, 62, 64, 75–79, 95–96, 151, 161, 246, 269, 279, 309–10

Yeltsin, Boris, 310

Yugoslavia, 96, 101

disintegration of, 311

Kennan as ambassador to, 172, 174, 180–83, 193, 236

Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (Pirsig), 277

zero-zero option, 285–86, 290

Zimmermann, Warren, 311

Zinn, Howard, 66

Zumwalt, Elmo “Bud,” 198, 242–45, 247, 253, 263

Zumwalt, Mouza, 244