Adams, John, 57
Alaric, 34
Alkibiades, 22
Aquinas, Thomas, 36
Aristophanes, 7
aristocracy, 5, 19, 25, 36, 41, 45, 93–94, 149
Aristotle, 8, 17–19, 24–27, 34, 36, 125, 151; Constitution of Athens, 7, 17; Politics, 17, 26, 33–34, 35, 194n110
Athens, xix–xx, xxii, xxiv, 2–23, 29, 40, 46, 108, 139–41, 148, 157, 186n2, 187nn6–7, 190n54; Assembly and Council of, 13, 14, 15, 34, 108, 124–25, 138, 151, 173, 181, 189n48; influence on U.S., 49, 89; juries in, 21, 191n64
Austrian Netherlands. See Belgium
Babeuf, Gracchus, 99–102, 104–6, 112, 114, 115, 119–20, 124–26, 134, 143, 144, 153, 212n1
Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 36
Berlusconi, Silvio, 158
Bismarck, Otto von, 127
Blair, Tony, 188n29
Bolshevik Revolution, 119
Brabant. See Belgium
Brienne, Loménie de, 75
Brunswick-Lüneberg, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of, 62, 65
Buonarroti, Filippo Michele, 99–106, 112, 119–20, 134, 158, 159–60, 170
Cambodia, 119
Cameron, David, 173
capitalism, 117, 123, 159–60. See also economies
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count of, 127
Charles II, 42
Chiaramonti, Barnaba. See Pius VII
Chile, 132
China, 119, 150, 153, 154, 186n2
Churchill, Winston, 3
Civil War (American), 3, 50, 58
Civil War (English), 18, 37–38, 47
Clinton, Hillary, 174
Cold War, 131
colonialism, 154
Conspiracy of the Equals. See Babeuf, Gracchus; Buonarroti, Filippo Michele; equality (egalitarianism)
Constant, Benjamin, 40, 121, 138–39, 165
Court, Johan de la, 37
Court, Pieter de la, 37
Danton, Georges, 79
D’Argenson, René-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, Marquis, 69–74, 80, 204n80
democracy: ancient vs. modern, 148–50, 158; authorization of, xii, 31, 72, 109, 164, 170; capitalist, xxiv, 30, 159; Christian, 88; class conflict in, 5–6, 10, 20, 24–25, 27, 72, 80; deliberative, 151–52; demands of, xxii–xxiii, 2, 6, 39–40, 118, 121, 142; democratization vs., 152–53; etymology of, xix, xxii, 4, 11–12; forms and features of, xxii–xxiii, 4–5, 27, 31, 35–36, 43, 107, 123–24, 127, 134, 137–39, 147–48, 158, 171–72, 175–76; future of, 158–62; limitations of, 156–60, 164, 167–68, 172, 178–79; misunderstandings about, xi–xiii, xxii, 111, 123–24, 158; opposition to, 6, 9, 18–24, 27, 39–42, 59, 80, 106, 135, 140, 158; origin of (see Athens); in peacetime, 45, 198n153; as a political value, xx–xxi, 94, 106, 136, 142–45; vs. polity (constitutional government), 24–25, 35–36; predominance of, xiii–xix, xxiv, 1, 9, 19, 28, 30, 50, 60–61, 68, 103–4, 107, 111–15, 117, 123–24, 133, 144, 154–56, 165–66; representative, xxiii–xxiv, 30, 40, 49, 43, 55, 80–81, 88–89, 91, 98, 128, 134, 153–54, 156, 158–59, 173–74; social, 106, 130–31; values associated with, xx, 4, 6, 8, 88, 93, 136, 142–43; word uses and connotations of, xi–xii, xix–xx, 2, 16–17, 28–30, 35, 36, 55–56, 57, 87, 92–93, 96–97, 101, 103, 106–10, 113–14, 118, 125, 128–29, 131, 135, 138, 149, 158, 163, 186n1. See also individual countries
Demosthenes, 8
Desmoulins, Camille, 91
Dewey, John, 145
de Witt, Cornelis, 44
de Witt, Johan, 44, 46, 199n157
Dio Cassius, 32
Disraeli, Benjamin, 127
Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, 91
economies, 52, 99, 103, 110–11, 112, 123–24, 144, 160, 170–72; current crisis in, 166, 171, 175, 178–79
Edict of Nantes, 72
equality (egalitarianism), 13–14, 22, 46, 57–59, 90, 93, 99, 113, 126, 129, 143, 147, 199n160; vs. order of egoism, 99–106, 109, 112–13, 119–22, 129–32, 133–34, 141–45, 147–48, 152–53, 159–60, 170
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 176
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 31
faction, 53–54, 94, 98–99, 105
Farage, Nigel, 158
Federalist Papers, 51–56, 58, 103
Fillon, François, 218n3
France, 40, 48–49, 68–94, 95–101, 140–41, 176–77; aristocracy in, 70, 73, 74–76, 82–86, 96, 207n110; Constitution of, 91; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 89, 90, 91; democracy in, 68–69, 70–74, 86–88, 92–93, 97–98, 101; Estates system in, 66, 75–77, 79, 81–85, 90; franchise in, 90–91, 140; republic form in, 92–94, 96, 127, 140; Revolution (and Jacobin Terror), xviii, xx, xxi, 40, 49, 51, 63, 66, 68–69, 73–74, 77–79, 83, 88–90, 94, 95–100, 119–20, 124–25; Second Empire, 78; taxation in, 71, 74, 76, 90
Franco-Prussian War, 141
freedom. See liberty
Fukuyama, Francis, 164
Gallie, Bryce, xii
Gaza, 133
Germany, 153, 166, 169; Nazi era, 3, 31, 79, 129–130, 154
Gladstone, William Ewart, 50
Goya, Francisco, 78
Gracchus, Tiberius and Gaius, 32
Great Britain, 37–38, 96, 127–28, 168, 175, 178; Brexit referendum, 164, 167, 171, 172–73, 175, 177–78; colonialism and, 154; political representation in, 57, 73, 127
Greece, xvii, xx–xxi, 12, 26, 56, 93, 106, 134. See also Athens; Sparta
Grégoire, Abbé, 91
Hamilton, Alexander, 51–52, 59, 98, 103, 209n7
Hannibal, 33
Hansen, Mogens, 192n94
Harrington, James, 38
Hitler, Adolf, 130; Big Lie technique, 109
Hobbes, Thomas, 18, 22, 25, 27, 37–38, 39–42, 168, 172
Hogendorp, Gijsbert Karel van, 64
Holland. See Netherlands
Hong Kong, 154
Hornblower, Simon, 187n11
imperialism, 31
Indonesia, 131
Iran, 106
Isocrates, 8
Israel, 133
Italy, 35–36, 130, 148–49, 164
James, Henry, 60
Japan, 129, 130, 153–54, 177, 178–79
Joseph II, 65
Kashmir, 132
Kent, James, 59
Kim Jong Un, 118
Kleisthenes, xix–xx, 11, 14, 20
Korea: North, 118–19; South, 131
Kritias, 22
labour, division of, 138, 147, 149, 151
Latrobe, Benjamin 60
legislatures, 15, 49, 52, 56, 60, 80
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 44
Leopold II, 67
liberty, 23, 40, 45–46, 50, 52–53, 58, 140; guns and, 61; Hobbes on, 198n152; as inalienable right, 62–63; of thought and expression, 43–44, 45, 63, 182
Lincoln, Abraham, 3
Locke, John, 218n56
Louis Napoleon, 127
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, 70
Madison, James, 51–56, 58–60, 89, 98, 103, 104–6, 109, 128, 158
Maistre, Joseph de, 117
Marx, Karl, 83, 99, 110, 214n10
Mazzei, Philip, 60
media, influence of, 148–49, 180–81
Merkel, Angela, 114, 125, 165–66, 179
Mill, John Stuart, 148
Milton, John, 38
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriele Riqueti, Comte de, 70, 79
mob rule. See ochlocracy
Mobutu Sese Seko, 7
monarchy, 20, 25, 39–41, 45, 89, 108, 118; in France, 70–73, 93
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 70–71
Morocco, 96
Myanmar, 176
Napoleon Bonaparte, 40, 63, 68, 87, 96, 206
Netherlands, 45, 61–64, 96; democracy in, 37, 61, 62–64
ochlocracy, 34, 44; Polybius on, 194n106
Old Oligarch (Pseudo-Xenophon), 5–6, 20, 106, 187n16
“order of egoism.” See equality (egalitarianism)
Orwell, George, 181
Paullus, Aemilius, 33
Peloponnesian War, 2–3, 5, 15, 18, 21
Pericles, 2–6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 106, 108, 140, 158, 187n5; Aspasia and, 189n40
Petty, William, 200n1
Physiocrats, 70
Plato, 5, 8, 17–24, 56, 80, 120, 125, 147, 157, 189n40, 190n57; Apology, 21; Crito, 21; Republic, 20–24
Pocock, J. G. A., 193
Poland, 176
politicians, current distrust of, 181–82
Polybius, 32–35, 193n102, 194n103
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 127
Ptolemy of Lucca, 36
Quesnay, François, 70
Radicati, Alberto, 48
representation. See democracy:
representative republic (term), 96, 108. See also under France; United States
Robespierre, Maximilien, 68, 78, 79, 88, 90–98, 101, 114, 124, 134, 158
Roman Republic, 31–35, 93, 96, 154; Vergil on, 193n97
Rossini, Gioachino, 178
Rouhani, Hassan, 106
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 70–71, 100; The Social Contract, 95–96, 209n2
Rumbold, Richard, 199n160
Russia, 132, 134, 153. See also USSR
Saddam Hussein, 1
Sainte-Croix, G. E. M. de, 189n38
Saint–Just, Louis Antoine de, 134
Schumpeter, Joseph, 108, 139, 157
Scipio Aemilianus, 33, 193n102
September 11 attacks, 132
Sidney, Algernon, 45
Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, 74, 79–87, 89–90, 98, 109, 143, 158
slavery: in Greece, 5, 13; in United States, 58, 102
Sorel, Georges, 140
South Africa, 104
sovereignty, 43, 63, 91; Maistre on, 212n39; Spinoza on, 197n145
Sparta, 11
Spinoza, Benedict de, 37, 42–45, 197n145; Hobbes on, 42, 197n133
Stalin, Joseph, 78
stewardship, 139
Stolypin, Pyotr, 134
suffrage, 59–60, 105–6, 127, 139–40
terrorism, 116, 117, 132–33, 167, 180; Robespierre on, 93–94
Thucydides, 3–6, 8, 15, 17–20, 108, 186n4
Timmermans, Frans, 180
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 49–50, 101, 135, 136, 147
Tongerloo, Abbot of, 66
Trump, Donald, 114, 124, 158, 166–67, 171–72, 174–75, 218n3
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 70
Turkey, 176
tyranny, 22, 23, 25, 97, 116, 117, 132–33
United Nations Security Council, 1
United States, 30, 48–61, 68, 101–5, 116, 126, 132–33, 135, 153, 155, 170, 211n33; Constitution of, 49, 50–53, 57–60, 74, 102, 174; Declaration of Independence, 53; equality in, 57–59, 101–5; Presidential campaigns, 102, 141, 174–75; as republic, 54–56; terrorism and, 132–33; War of Independence, xvii, 48, 49–52, 56–57. See also Civil War (American); Federalist Papers
USSR, 119, 129–30; democracy in, 130; disintegration of, 116, 131, 154. See also Russia
Van den Enden, Franciscus, 37
van der Capellen tot den Pol, Joan Derk, 61
Venice, Republic of, 96
Vietnam, 132
Weber, Max, 182
West Bank, 133
Wilhelmina, Princess of Orange, 62, 64
women, exclusion of, 5, 13, 43, 90, 111, 128, 137
World War II, 116, 129–130, 154
Xenophon. See Old Oligarch (Pseudo-Xenophon)
Zaire, 7