ABBREVIATIONS

AIS

automatic ship identification

AMOC

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

AVHR

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

BAU

business as usual

CCN

cloud condensation nuclei

CE

Common Era

CFC

chlorofluorocarbon

CPM

common pool resources

DGVM

dynamic global vegetation model

DMS

dimethyl sulfide

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

EM

ecological modernization

E/MSY

extinctions per million species years

EMT

ecological modernization theory

ENSO

El Niño–southern oscillation

EOS

NASA Earth Observing System

EPA

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPME

end-Permian mass extinction

ESA

European Space Agency

ESM

Earth system model

FAO

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

FSC

Forest Stewardship Council

GCM

general circulation model

GDP

gross domestic product

GEF

Global Environmental Facility

GEOSS

Global Earth Observing System of Systems

GFW

Global Forest Watch

GPP

gross primary production

GRACE

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment

HCFC

hydrochlorofluorocarbon

IAM

integrated assessment model

ICESat

Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite

IGOS

Integrated Global Observing System

IMF

International Monetary Fund

INGO

international nongovernmental organization

IPBES

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IUCN

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

IWC

International Whaling Commission

LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

LUE

light use efficiency

MAT

mean annual temperature

MEA

millennium ecosystem assessment

MODIS

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

NASA

U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NCAR

National Center for Atmospheric Research

NDVI

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NEE

net ecosystem exchange

NGO

nongovernmental organization

NMHC

non-methane hydrocarbons

NOAA

U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPP

net primary production

NSIDC

National Snow and Ice Data Center

PETM

Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum

RCP

representative concentration pathway

REDD

Reduction in Deforestation and Forest Degradation

RNA

ribonucleic acid

SAL

structural adjustment lending

SES

socioecological system

THC

thermohaline circulation

UCB

UNCED Convention on Biodiversity

UNCCD

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNCED

United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UV

ultraviolet radiation

VIIRS

Visible Infrared Radiometer Suite

WEO

World Environmental Organization

WMO

World Meteorological Organization

WTO

World Trade Organization