____________
Abbott, T. K., 152n18
accumulation: in Aristotle, 55; in Hobbes, 88
Achilles, 237
Adeimantus, 33
Adkins, Arthur W. H., 9, 10, 42n92
aesthetic value, 211–22, 222–24, 233–36; and health, 216–17
Alcibiades, 23
Alcidamas, 20
Alexander the Great, 49
alienation: and abstraction, 266–67; and capitalists, 258–67; of man/machine, 254–58; and money, 260–63; and the pre-Sophists, 8–9; of process and product, 254–56; in production, 247–58, 295–96; and will, 264–66
Althusserian, 85
Anaximander of Miletus, 7n8, 8, 13, 26
Anderson, Elizabeth, 339
Antiphon, 4n3, 14, 16n36, 18, 19
anti-Semitism, 203–4, 221, 225
Aquinas, Thomas, viii, 54, 138–40, 270
Arendt, Hannah, 262n37
aristocracy: and Aristotle, 46, 49, 56, 62; and Hobbes, 87; and Nietzsche, 209–10, 230–31; and Plato, 34; and the pre-Sophists, 6, 10–13, 15; and Socrates, 22–23; and the Sophists, 20
Aristotle, viii, 21n52, 27, 30, 46–64, 69
Arneson, Richard, 338
artificial and natural duties, 129–33
Augustine, 64
authoritarianism: in Plato, 36–37
authority: in Hobbes, 65–66, 87, 92, 94, 99, 305–8; in Hume, 120–27; in Locke, 114–19; in Plato, 27, 31–32
authorization: in Hobbes, 87, 90, 97–98, 100n98, 102
autonomy, 4
Ayer, A. J., 161
Baillie, J. L., 188n6
Bardhan, Pranab, 334
Barker, Ernest, 52
Barnes, Jonathan, 8n13, 13n29, 16n36, 18n43
Bennett, John, 118, 119n60, 128
Berle, A. A., and G. C. Means, 266
Berlin, Isaiah, 327
Bierce, Ambrose, 82
Bismarck, Otto von, 204, 276n8
Bottomore, T. B., 263
bourgeoisie: in Aristotle, 56; and Hobbes, 86–87; in Locke, 111; in Marx, 247–67
Breener, Robert, 334
Burkhardt, Jason, 207
Burnyeat, Miles, 7n7, 11n22, 13n28, 14n31, 16n36, 17n40, 18n41, 19n43, 21n49, 22n54, 36n76
Butler, Joseph, 208
Caesar, 212
Callicles, 16n35
Calvin, 282
capitalism: in Aristotle, 54–55; and capitalists, 258–63; and justice, 297, 299–302; and money, 260–63; and motives, 84; and proletariat, 199–200, 330–35, 341–42
Castiglione, Dario, 126n21, 132n46, 137n58
categorical imperative: and freedom, 144; and motives, 167, 176; and noumenal, 143; and particular/universal, 170; and rational being, 152
character: in Aristotle, 53; in the pre-Sophists, 9–11
Charmides, 23
Christianity: and Cohen, 342; and morals/value, 225, 226n45, 227, 229–31, 236–37, 239; and Nietzsche, 202; and noumenal, 181; and oppositional thought, 184n2; and politics, 64; and self-realization, 49
Cleinias, 30
Cohen, Gideon, 342
Cohen, M.F.L., 118n57
Cohen, Sarah, 342
Cohen Christofidis, Miriam, 342
Cole, G.D.H., 327
commonwealth: in Hobbes, 90–101; in Locke, 113, 116
communism, in Aristotle, 46, 58; and Cohen, 328; in Plato, 34–36; and self-ownership, 331
community: in Aristotle, 47–49, 62–63; and character, 53, 59; and the guardians, 40–41; and justice, 33–39
consent, express: and authority, 110–12; in Hobbes, 87, 90, 93–94, 98; and legitimacy, 122–25, 128, 133–37; and liberalism, 103; and self-ownership, 114–19, 121
consent, hypothetical, 89–90, 97–98; in Locke, 112–17; in Plato, 3, 27–29
consent, tacit: in Hobbes, 92–94; in Hume, 122, 127–29; in Locke, 115–19
consequentialism, 134
contractualism: in Aristotle, 50; in Hobbes, 87, 89, 92, 96–98; in Hume, 120–37
Crick, Francis, 9
Critias, 23
Danto, Arthur, 203n6
democracy: in Aristotle, 49, 61–63; in Nietzsche, 237; and order of value, 26; in Plato, 25, 30, 36–37; and the Sophists, 12–14
Descartes, René, 162, 168, 171
desire: and categorical imperative, 143; and dignity, 152–53; and duty, 157; in Hegel, 190; in Marx, 250; and will, 156–57
dialectic: in Marx, 304; in Nietzsche, 225–27, 237–41
dichotomies: and Hegel, 183–84
divinity: in Locke, 111; in Plato, 25; and the pre-Sophists, 6–9
Dixon, R., 247n1
Dodds, E. R., 8, 14n32, 16n35, 17n37, 22n53
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 227
Dworkin, Gerald, 330
Dworkin, Ronald, 26, 89, 103, 337–39, 342
egoism: in Hobbes, 67–77; in Plato, 27; and the Sophists, 16
Einstein, Albert, 95
Elster, Jon, 195n19, 284, 290–97, 333, 334
engulfment, 5, 8–9, 13–14, 26, 49
Epicurus, 10
equality: in ability, 69–70, 73, 76, 96, 97; and justice, 61, 62; in Locke, 114, 121–22; and motivation, 339–40; natural, 20; and self-ownership, 336–37
eternal recurrence, 233
existentialism: and Marx, 249n4; and Nietzsche, 214; and the pre-Sophists, 9
expensive tastes, 339
exploitation, 255, 296–97, 302–4; and Prisoners’ Dilemma, 75
Faust, 237
fear of death: in Hegel, 196; and Prisoners’ Dilemma, 80
feudalism: in Aristotle, 55–56; in Hobbes, 96; in Marx, 261
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 8, 226, 232, 238n83, 260n31
Flew, Anthony, 103
flourishing, 41
Fodor, Jerry, 185n3
forms: in Aristotle, 51–52; in Plato, 26, 28, 43–45
Förster, Bernhard, 203
freedom: and capitalism, 335; in Frankfurt, 322–23; in Hegel, 193–200; from laws, 101–2; in Locke, 114–15, 118 (see also self-ownership); and moral law in Kant, 144–48, 170–71, 179–81; and the pre-Sophists, 6, 9–10; and self-ownership, 335–37; and the Sophists, 15, 50, 88–89; of the will in Kant, 161
functional explanation, 284–97, 329–30, 332–33
Galilean, 69
game theory: and Hobbes, 85; and Marxism, 291–92
Gast, Peter, 207
Gauthier, David, 27, 98, 100n98, 117n53
Glaucon, 3–4, 27, 33, 42, 44, 62, 126n21
God: and authority, 100; in Nietzsche, 217, 219, 231–32, 239; and oppositional thought, 184n2; and ownership, 104–7, 110, 112; and perfection, 163–64, 173; and reason, 138
Goering, Hermann, 130
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 237–40
golden rule, 182
good: and bad, 221–24, 230–31; and evil, 208, 211, 215–17, 225; and genetic fallacy, 220; and Platonic forms, 26, 28, 66; public, 113
Grice, Paul, 135
Grotius, Hugo, 132
Gulf War, 79
Guthrie, William K., 18n41
happiness: and justice, 42–45; and moral law, 173–74
Hare, Richard, 142–43, 156, 182, 313
Hart, H.L.A., 104
health: and value, 212, 215–17, 221–24, 227–28, 233, 240
hedonism, 167
Hegel, G.W.F., 8, 27, 52, 64, 162n41, 183–200, 238, 240–41, 275n5, 276n8, 332–33
Heraclitus of Ephesus, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 26
historical materialism, 289–90, 332, 334. See also functional explanation
Hobbes, Thomas, 65–102, 106, 107, 110–13, 114n37, 137, 150, 199, 204, 208, 270, 282, 305–11, 318n35, 323
Honderich, Ted, 298
human essence, 248–56, 260, 264–66, 299. See also alienation: in production
humanity: and aesthetics, 235–36; in Aristotle, 47; in Plato, 25, 28–29; and the pre-Sophists, 6–9; and the Sophists, 20–21; its worth in Nietzsche, 227
human nature: in Aristotle, 46–48; in Hobbes, 69, 80, 86, 110; and justice, 341; in Kant, 152–53, 163, 167, 309–11; in Marx, 256, 298; in Nietzsche, 209–16, 222; in Plato, 28, 47–48, 57–58; and the Sophists, 4, 19
Hume, David, 94, 120–37, 146–47, 161, 162, 199, 208, 309
Hussey, Edward, 7n10, 9, 10n18, 17n38, 19, 42
institutions: in Aristotle, 48–50; and the Sophists, 17, 28
Jacottet, Michèle, 342
justice: and capacity, 62; and capitalism, 297, 299–302; its currency, 338; and desert, 62; and equality, 61; and happiness, 42–44; and human nature, 28; in Hume, 129–31, 136–37; and nature for the Sophists, 13; and Plato, 30–34; and the pre-Sophists, 6–8; and Rawls, 90; and reciprocity, 43; and rules of regulation, 341; and Socrates, 22–25
Kant, Immanuel, 53, 75, 138–82, 183–88, 208, 224, 232, 308–9, 311, 314n27, 321, 323
Kareyev N. I., 271n2
Kavka, Gregory, 67, 79, 88, 91n61, 94n73, 95
Kierkegaard, Søren, 144n4, 206
kingdom of ends, 160
Kraut, Richard, 45
Kuhn, Thomas, 218n35
Kymlicka, Will, 334
labor: and freedom in Hegel, 194–200; and private property in Locke, 106–10; theory of value, 300–301
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 289, 293
Lancaster, K., 295
law: and agency, 7, 102; in Aristotle, 50; and authority, 31–32, 90, 92, 127; of nature, 100, 110–14; obedience to, 98–102, 305–8; and the pre-Sophists, 6–7; and the Sophists, 15–19
Lea, F. A., 201n1, 202n2, 203n6, 209n25, 227n50, 229n57, 241n96
legitimacy: and consent, 127–29; in Hobbes, 65; in Locke, 104; and self-interest, 123; and self-ownership, 110–11, 117, 125
Leonardo da Vinci, 212
Levine, Andrew, 333
liberalism: in Locke, 103; in Plato, 36
libertarianism, 103, 107; and Nietzsche, 232, 242; and Nozick, 330–31, 336–37
liberty: in Hobbes, 88–89, 91–92; in Hume, 120–21; in Locke, 110, 114–15; and Nozick, 331; in Plato, 36
life, 190
Lloyd Thomas, David, 108, 109n22
Locke, John, 27, 81, 82, 94, 103–19, 120, 199, 270, 282
Lukács, Georg, 251n7, 268, 271n2, 274n4, 275n6, 276n9, 278n13, 279n16, 280n17, 281n21
Lysander, 23
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 60
MacKay, D. M., 169
Mackie, J. L., 131n40
Major, John, 80
Marx, 8, 20, 54, 55, 56, 64, 66, 79, 196n20, 199–200, 247–304, 312n19, 328–35
Marxism. See Marx
master/slave: in Aristotle, 51; in Hegel, 183, 188, 192–200; in Nietzsche, 221, 230, 239; and the Sophists, 11
McMurty, John, 283
means: and glory, 79, 83; and power, 66–67
means of production: in Aristotle, 54; in Hobbes, 70; in Marx, 285–88, 295–96, 303–4
Mill, John, Stuart, 26n58, 171, 211, 222
Miller, Richard, 131n40, 312n19, 333–34
Mills, C. Wright, 265
moral law: and causes/freedom, 161; and contingent/necessary, 154–55; and desire, 143, 153, 156–57, 172–73; and empirical/a priori, 165, 174–77; and freedom, 144–48, 170–71, 179–81; and heteronomy/autonomy of, 161–64, 171–74; and human nature, 308–11; and hypothetical/categorical imperatives, 155–56; and motivation, 142–43, 166–67; and particular/universal, 170; and perfection, 163; and practical identity, 311–23; and purpose/principle, 157–61; and respect, 170; and selfish/selflessness, 164–65
moral worth, 166
Moses, 54
Murphy, Mark C., 82n35
Naess, Arne, 25n56
Napoleon, 212
Nathan, Otto, 95
nature: in Aristotle, 46–48, 58, 107; and convention, 3–7, 12, 18–19, 28, 47, 48, 50; and justice, 34; and Plato, 25, 39–40; and the pre-Sophists, 6–9, 13
needs: in Aristotle, 54–55; in Plato, 59
Newton, Isaac, 189
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 274, 276n9, 280–82
Nietzsche, Friederich, 153, 171n67, 191n10, 201–45
noumenal: and a priori, 177; and categorical imperative, 143; and causal explanation, 145–46; and freedom, 179; and moral law, 168–70, 177–80; and moral worth, 166; and practical reason, 151; and rational being, 141
Nozick, Robert, 103, 119, 125, 330–31, 335–37
Odysseus, 21n48
Oldenquist, Andrew, 312n19
ought: and can, 212–13; and is, 167
Overbeck, Franz, 207
overcoming, 216
Parijs, Philippe van, 334
passions: in Hume, 129; in Marx, 282–83; in Nietzsche, 242–43
Paton, H. J., 139, 144n6, 163n43, 166–67, 176
Pavlov, Ivan, 9
Pearce, Margaret, 342
Pears, David F., 169
phenomenal. See noumenal
Pinkard, Terry, 184n2, 196n22, 197
Piraeus, 56
Plato, 13, 15, 22, 25–49, 52, 56–61, 63, 126n21, 209
Plekhanov, N., 271n2
Popper, Karl, 32
power: in Hobbes, 66, 77, 83–84; in Nietzsche, 212–14, 223, 226–27, 241, 243
Prisoners’ Dilemma, 71–79, 86–89, 95; and cooperation, 73–77, 87–88, 95; and exploitation, 75; and fear of death, 80; and Pareto, 71, 74
production: in Aristotle, 54–56; in Marx, 249–55, 285–96, 302–4, 328–32; in Plato, 29–30, 35, 41
promises: in Hobbes, 89–97; in Hume, 120–25, 130–37; in Locke, 112–16
property: private, 103–7, 115–18; public, 117–18
Protagoras, 10, 17n38, 18–19, 21, 32
Przeworski, Adam, 334
Pufendorf, Samuel von, 132, 310–11
Quine, W. V., 24
rational being, 140–41, 151–53; and autonomy, 172; and moral law, 154–55, 165; and the self, 164–65
Rawls, John, 4n2, 26, 77n18, 89, 103, 340–42
Raz, J., 136n56
reason: and freedom, 144–45; and happiness, 149–50; and knowledge and faith, 138–42; and motivation, 148–51; practical, and will, 143; theoretical and practical, 139–41, 144, 151–53
reciprocity: in Hegel, 191; and justice, 43; in Locke, 113
relativism: and the Sophists, 17
resentment, 223–24, 227, 231, 233, 235
Ritschl, Friederich Wilhelm, 202n3
Robinson, Richard, 61n140
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 64, 162–63
rule following and causal explanation, 145–48
Rustin, M., 192n11
Santayana, George, 26n57
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 181, 190, 214, 223
Scanlon, Tim, 330
scarcity, 69–70, 76, 80, 110n23
Schelling, T. C., 75
Schiller, Friedrich, 192n12, 197n23, 198
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 214, 241
Schulz, Wilhelm, 256
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 56, 262n37, 268
self-consciousness: in Hegel, 190–91, 196, 199
self-ownership: and aggression, 106, 110; and consent, 114–15, 119; and enforceability, 105; and freedom, 336–37; and legitimacy, 121, 125–26, 127, 133; and Marxism, 331; and private property, 103–8, 110–11
self-realization: in Aristotle, 49; in Marx, 298
Shaver, Robert, 76
Shklar, Judith, 195n19, 197n24
Skinner, B. F., 270
slavery: in Aristotle, 49–50, 54; in Hobbes, 92; in Hume, 123; in Nietzsche, 221–22, 230–31, 239–43; and Plato, 29; and the pre-Sophists, 6, 10–11
Smith, Adam, 252
socialism, 341–42; in Aristotle, 55; and Cohen, 335; in Hegel, 192n11; in Hobbes, 80
Socrates, 3, 4, 13, 21, 22, 23, 33, 49, 52, 63, 125
Sophists, 3–4, 8, 10, 13–16, 19, 21, 23, 27, 30, 47, 49, 50, 56, 63
Spinoza, Baruch, 168, 204, 208
state of nature, 65–66, 89–92, 94n73, 95, 97, 100n98; and competition, 68–74, 77–80, 84–87; and diffidence, 68, 76–79, 85–87; and glory, 68, 77–78, 80–83, 87; in Locke, 104–6, 110–12, 115, 118
Steiner, Hillel, 334
Stern, Karl, 219
Stoicism, 49
Strauss, Leo, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 112
Strawson, P. F., 169
Stuarts: and Tudors, 126
suffering: in Marx, 251–54; and truth, 278
superman, 233
Taine, Hippolyte, 206
Tawney, R. H., 54
Taylor, Charles, viii, 198, 327
Thales, 9
Theophrastus, 7n8
Thersites, 21n48
Theseus, 276n8
Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 134–35
Thrasymachus, 18
totalitarianism: and Aristotle, 53, 58, 63; and Plato, 32, 36–37
Tudors: and Stuarts, 126
Tully, James, 105
tyranny, 60
use-value, in Aristotle, 54–55
utilitarianism: and Kant, 181; and Nietzsche, 209–11, 221–24, 228–29, 240
utility: expected, 70, 87–88; in Hume, 133; and Kant, 181–82
Utopian Socialists, 280
van der Veen, Robert, 334
veil of ignorance, 90
virtue: in Aristotle, 50, 53, 58–60; in Hume, 127–29; in Nietzsche, 232–33; in Plato, 29–30, 34–38, 41; and Socrates, 22–25; and the Sophists, 12–13
Vlastos, G., 10
Wagner, Richard, 202
Warnock, G., 134
Watson, James D., 9
Weber, Max, 160
Wertheimer, Roger, 7n6
Whitman, Walt, 215
Widman, Herr, 206
Wilkins, Maurice, 9
will: causality/freedom of, 161; good, 171; and happiness, 172–73; heteronomy/autonomy of, 161–64, 171–74; and obedience, 100–101, 305–8; and perfection, 172–73; and purpose/principle, 157–61
Williams, Bernard, 309, 311–12, 317n33
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 210
Young, Gary, 300
Zeuthen, Frederik, and John Nash, 295