INDEX

bold type = extended discussion; f = figure

Abacha, S. 132

abortion 92, 200

absolutism 1, 8, 134, 148, 211, 235, 236

accountability 2, 10, 52, 61, 67, 119, 122, 135, 147, 182, 196, 197

act-utilitarianism 227

additional member system (AMS) 61

administrative federalism 70

Adorno, T. 9, 47, 234, 240

affluence 208, 224

Afghanistan 68, 110, 111, 230

Africa 98, 122, 141, 193

African National Congress (ANC) 184

Agenda for Peace (UN, 1992) 155

agenda-setting 173, 190

Algeria 219

Allende, S. 143

Almond, G. A. 160, 240

al-Qaeda 110, 219

alternative vote 61

altruism 24, 103

American Revolution (1776) 198

Amnesty International 145

Analects (Confucius) 33

‘anarchical society’ (Bull) 108, 241

anarchism 24, 26, 31, 47, 75, 119, 129, 148, 213, 228, 236, 244

‘collectivist’ versus ‘individualist’ 3

anarchists xii, 99, 117, 126, 183, 219, 238

anarcho-capitalism 3, 18, 120f, 125

anarcho-communism 3

anarchy 45, 12, 67, 211

IR 26, 81, 87, 188, 189, 202, 239, 246

Ancient Greece 22, 25, 45, 164, 168, 234, 238

Athenian democracy 48, 49

Ancient Rome 98

Roman Republic 56, 196

animal rights 56, 59, 120, 200, 245

anomie 32

anthropocentrism 5, 59, 101

anti-colonial nationalism 141

Anti-Dühring (Engels, 1876) 129

anti-party parties 163

anti-politics 67, 174

anti-Semitism 69, 185

see also fascism

anti-Westernism 110

apartheid 184, 185

Aquinas, T. 113, 164, 234

Arab world 88, 110

Arab-Israeli conflict 33, 110, 211, 230

Arendt, H. 168, 208, 234

Argentina 8, 143, 144

Aristotle 31, 63, 85, 100, 115, 116, 164, 168, 234, 235

‘Armenian Genocide’ (191517) 46

arms race 78, 53, 102, 189

see also deterrence

Art of War (Sun Tzu) 1889

Aryanism 69, 142, 185

Asia 98, 122, 141, 193

Asian values 34

Augustine of Hippo 113, 164, 234

Augustus Caesar 56

Aum Shinryko 219

Austin, J. 116, 211

Australia 70, 71, 143, 153, 231

Austria 21, 38, 44, 70, 86, 238

authoritarianism 89, 10, 31, 49, 51, 56, 104, 120, 170, 199, 234, 238

‘new’ versus ‘old’ 8

versus ‘totalitarianism’ 223

authoritarian populism 8

authority xii, xi, 1, 2, 910, 11, 15, 17, 27, 31, 35, 39, 75, 117, 119, 120f, 125, 146, 148, 153, 175, 180, 191, 192, 196, 213, 228

Weberian types (charismatic, legal-rational, traditional) 10, 121

autocracy 56, 120, 242

versus ‘totalitarianism’ 223

autonomy 2, 1011, 19, 38, 71, 147, 222

Bakunin, M. 26, 234

balance of power 7, 1112, 174, 188

‘policy’ versus ‘system’ 11

balance of terror 7

Ball, T. xi, 240

Barber, B. 42, 240

behaviouralism 1213, 64, 100, 160, 164, 167, 170, 218

behaviouralists,

versus ‘traditionalists’ (IR) 106

behaviourism 12

Belgium 21, 38, 184

Bell, D. 97, 240

Bentham, J. 25, 99, 106, 191, 227, 234, 240

Berlin, I. 745, 240

Berman, P. 111, 240

Bernstein, E. 191, 240

Beveridge Report (1942) 231

bicameralism 1314, 20, 40, 71, 151, 152, 156, 236

bill of rights 1415, 23, 40

advisory 14

‘entrenched’ versus ‘statutory’ 14

see also constitution

Bill of Rights (1689) 39

bipolarity 11, 87, 157

Bismarck, O. von 56

black consciousness movement 95

Black Power 184

Blair, A. C. L. 220

Bloch, E. 229

Bodin, J. 1, 211, 234

Bonaparte, N. 56

Bonapartism 8

‘borderless world’ (Ohmae) 226, 244

Boulding, K. 173, 241

bourgeois ideology 89, 96, 124, 131, 200

see also ‘end of ideology’

‘bourgeois’ state 213

bourgeoisie 18, 161, 204

Brazil 44, 71, 143

Bretton Woods system (1944–) 136

Britain see United Kingdom

British National Party (BNP) 185

Brundtland Report (1987) 216, 241

‘Brunei’ [Negara Brunei Darussalam] 134

Brzezinski, Z. 223, 242

Buchanan, J. 187, 241

Buddhism xiv, 34, 149, 193, 235

Bull, H. 108, 241

bureaucracies 100, 151, 232

bureaucracy xi, 1516, 65, 66, 84, 180, 186

Burke, E. 36, 194, 195, 224, 235

Bush administration (20019) 88

cabinet 1617, 28, 65, 66, 173

presidential systems 176

cabinet (France/EU) 16

cabinet government 16, 152, 17980

cadre party 162

Canada 6, 38, 70, 71, 88, 143, 192, 235

capitalism xi, 8, 1718, 20, 29, 41, 52, 59, 78, 89, 91, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 131, 133, 154, 157, 159, 161, 179, 181, 191, 198, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 222, 223, 229, 231

susceptibility to reform 192

see also collectivism

capitalist systems 17

Care International 145

Carter, J. E. 175, 177, 244

Catholic Church 208, 211

social theory 20, 43

central government 54, 70, 70f, 126

central planning (communism) 21213

centralization 1820, 71, 126

decentralization 10, 1820, 40, 55, 191, 208, 214

Chamberlain, H. S. 185

chancellor (Germany) 179

charisma 57, 69, 118, 121, 132, 169, 224

checks and balances 20, 52, 122, 176f, 203, 203f, 211

federal systems 70f, 71

Chile 132, 143, 144

China 17, 27, 29, 334, 87, 93, 98, 189, 215

Chinese Communist Party 34

Chinese Revolution (1949) 198

Christian democracy 201

Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 21

Christianity 149, 193, 234, 239

Churchill, Lord Randolph 222

CIA 143

Cicero 196

citizens 116

‘duty of obedience’ 120

citizenship 201, 92, 138, 139, 146, 155, 160

active 22, 196

social 22

‘citizenship of duty ‘,

versus ‘citizenship of rights’ 21

Civic Culture (Almond and Verba, 1963/1980) 160, 240

civic nationalism 185, 193

‘civic republicanism’ 196

civil disobedience 223, 149

civil liberty 14, 23, 39, 41, 92, 116, 122, 199

see also freedom

civil rights xii, 23, 92, 184

civil society 8, 24, 26, 49, 89, 117, 122, 163, 179, 212, 223

see also global civil society

civil war 67, 229

clash of civilizations 323, 110, 220, 236, 243

class see social class

‘classical’ anarchism 3

classical liberalism 18, 75, 99, 123, 124, 125, 212, 227, 239

see also neo-liberalism

climate change 48, 102, 107

Clinton administration (19932001) 220

co-operation 71, 186, 191, 203, 209, 213, 226, 230, 238

see also internationalism

coalition governments 61, 147, 157, 163, 180, 182

coalition/s 245, 35

coercion 2, 3, 87, 116, 146, 199, 201, 212, 218

cohabitation (France) 177

Cold War 7, 11, 53, 83, 87, 96, 97, 150, 158, 215, 223

failure to predict end 189

see also post-Cold War

collective capitalism 17

collective responsibility 16

collective security 256, 203

see also security

collectivism 267, 115, 119, 209, 210, 237

see also communism

‘collectivist anarchism’ (Bakunin) 26, 234

collectivization 26, 278, 29, 221

collectivized states 21213

colonialism 33, 68, 97, 98, 184, 219, 225

see also post-colonialism

‘command power’ 87

‘commercial liberals’ 124

committee 16, 28, 197

‘ad hoc’ versus ‘permanent/standing’ 28

Commonwealth of Nations 102

communism 8, 18, 21, 2830, 57, 97, 110, 112, 119f, 119, 120f, 129, 162, 192, 209, 210, 212, 219, 220, 223, 229, 238

collapse 49, 51, 52, 69, 83, 98, 122, 128, 130, 182

see also government intervention

Communist International (Comintern) 109

Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels, 1848) 28, 237, 244

communist revolutions 198

see also revolutions

communists 91, 1812

communitarianism 3, 21, 301, 32, 165, 167, 172, 206, 220, 242

‘high’ versus ‘low’ forms 31

communitarians 923, 99, 124, 147, 188, 196, 200

community 21, 30, 32, 50, 65, 75, 99, 115, 116, 132, 167, 182, 206

competition 209, 221, 222, 228

transnational 212

‘competition states’ 84

Comte, A. 170

Confederation of Independent States (CIS, 1991–) 103

conflict of civilizations 323, 110, 220, 236, 243

see also cosmopolitanism

‘conflict of laws’ 104

conflict resolution 168, 169

Confucianism 334

Congo (DRC) 67

Congress of Vienna (1815) 86

consensus 25, 345, 38, 61, 156, 169, 183, 231

‘procedural’ versus ‘substantive’ 35

consent 8, 10, 356, 50, 121, 123, 135, 209, 236, 241

conservatism 3, 20, 21, 367, 97, 119f, 120f, 172, 174, 186, 188, 222, 224, 235, 245

types (authoritarian, libertarian, paternalistic) 367

conservative nationalism 141, 142

Conservative Party 162, 222

conservatives 23, 32, 75, 923, 96, 109, 117, 131, 138, 139, 147, 148, 155, 167, 181, 200, 206, 213, 218, 231

see also traditional conservatives

consociationalism 378, 243

constitution/s 3840, 63, 66, 85, 100, 160, 203

codified (written) 389, 71, 100, 11213, 204

uncodified (unwritten) 38, 39, 100

constitutional and administrative law 116

constitutionalism 1, 2, 13, 20, 37, 39, 401, 124, 198, 201, 204, 209, 211, 236

constructivism 12, 412, 107, 158, 203, 239

types (holistic, systemic, unit-level) 41

consumerism 423

‘contingent pacifism’ 149

contingently contested concepts xi

conventional constructivism 42

core-periphery analysis 19, 54, 74, 98, 185

corporatism 434, 178, 179, 220

‘authoritarian’ versus ‘liberal’ 43, 44

corruption 2, 3, 91, 103, 110, 163, 199, 238

cosmopolitanism 445, 46, 80, 82

‘moral’ versus ‘political’ 445

see also culture

coup d’état,

versus ‘revolution’ 198

crime 90, 107, 148

crimes against humanity 456

criminal law 53, 116

‘crisis of nation-state’ 140

‘crisis of party politics’ 163

critical constructivism 42

critical theory 467, 107, 234, 235

see also dialectical materialism

Cromwell, O. 56

cross-generational justice 48

Cuba 27, 29

Cuban Revolution (1959) 198

cultural nationalism 140

cultural revolutions 198

culture 83, 84, 89, 95, 98, 108, 109, 117, 133, 138, 139, 140, 157, 167, 171, 184, 222

versus ‘nature’ 15960

see also multiculturalism

currently contested concepts xi

Czech Republic 175

Czechoslovakia 185

Czenpiel E.-O. 84, 245

Dahl, R. 157, 241

Dalai Lama 88

Daoism 34

Darwinism 185

‘death of socialism’ 210

decision-making 100, 1589, 1724, 190, 195, 214, 216

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (France, 1789) 39

deep ecology 59, 101, 217

‘deformed polyarchies’ 156

delegation 194, 195

democracy xii xiii, 2, 11, 12, 35, 37, 4850, 57, 62, 84, 98, 118, 120, 121, 141, 142, 153, 1567, 160, 170, 172, 174, 178, 187, 190, 195, 211

‘direct’ versus ‘representative’ 49

economic theory 63

parliamentary 62

democratic centralism (Lenin) 163

democratic mandate 127

democratic peace 501, 52, 124, 230

democratic socialism 209, 212, 213

democratization 512, 80, 122

Denmark 13

dependency 54, 232

deserts 207, 208

‘despotism of custom’ (J. S. Mill) 2245

deterrence 7, 523, 158, 183

see also security dilemma

development 534

see also economic growth

developmental states 212

Devlin, P. 117, 241

devolution 12, 36, 534, 136f, 136, 190, 213

‘administrative’ versus ‘legislative’ 53

versus ‘federalism’ 68

Dewey, J. 174

dialectic 556

dialectical materialism (Plekhanov) 29, 56, 89, 129

see also historical materialism

dictatorship/s 8, 52, 567, 69, 104, 132, 163, 169, 189

‘totalitarian’ versus ‘traditional’ 56

see also totalitarianism

dictatorship of proletariat 29, 56

Diogenes of Sinope 45

diplomacy 578, 108, 203

direct democracy 189

disabilities 133, 200

discourse 589, 157, 172

‘discursive formation’ (Foucault) 58

Disraeli, B. 36

diversity 168, 228, 229

divine right 1, 134

Donne, J. 209

‘due process’ doctrine (USA) 200

Durkheim, É. 32

East Asia 17, 212

‘East India Company’ [Dutch VOC] 225

East Timor 93

Eastern Europe 21, 29, 69

Eastern European Revolutions (1989–91) x, 18, 21, 27, 30, 128, 130, 182, 210

Easton, D. 12, 100, 1689, 218, 241

eco-anarchism 59

eco-feminism 59

eco-socialism 59

ecologism 4, 5, 5960, 97, 101, 120, 167, 208, 217, 228

economic development 19, 79

economic growth 43, 48, 54, 212

see also sustainable development

economic liberalism 54, 123, 124

economic superpowers 215

economic theory 63, 167, 186

economics and economists 8, 80, 89, 90, 115, 150, 186, 206, 207, 235, 2379

see also political economy

economies of scale 74, 2256

education 34, 90, 205, 208, 231

egoism 24, 188, 200

Egypt 98, 230

election/s 3, 35, 50, 602, 100, 122, 126, 127, 152, 162, 175, 194, 197

‘bottom-up’ versus ‘top-down’ functions 61

‘democratic’ versus ‘non-democratic’ 60

versus ‘referendum’ 189

‘elective dictatorship’ (Hailsham) 153, 242

‘elective kingship’ 175

electoral systems 127

‘majoritarian’ versus ‘proportional’ 612

electorate 176f, 197

Eleventh of September terrorist attacks (2001) 33, 87, 137, 214, 219

elites 21, 68, 104, 109, 139, 142, 156, 169, 198, 222, 225, 231

political 6, 61

social 14, 195

elitism 623, 101, 122, 157, 173, 237, 238

types (classical, modern, normative) 62

empiricism 634, 81, 94, 99, 164, 165, 166, 185, 191

versus rationalism 187

see also positivism

‘end of history’ 49, 122, 124, 235, 242

‘end of ideology’ (Bell) 97, 240

see also ideology

Engels, F. 29, 56, 89, 129, 235, 244

England 211, 235, 236

England and Wales 126

English Revolution (1642–60) 196, 198

‘English School’ (IR) 108

Enlightenment 172, 187

environment 43, 48, 202, 216, 217

environmentalism,

versus ‘ecologism’ 59

epistemology 63, 164

equality 2, 27, 31, 37, 49, 59, 645, 68, 72, 73, 78, 91, 94, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 164, 167, 182, 200, 206, 209, 231, 239

‘absolute’ versus ‘relative’ 207

‘formal’ versus ‘foundational’ 64

equality before law 64

equality of opportunity 64, 114, 123, 131

equality of outcome 64

Esping-Andersen, G. 231, 242

essentially contested concepts (Gallie) xiii, 49, 96, 114, 242

ethical socialism 206, 209

ethics 80, 113, 157, 164, 167, 234, 236

ethnic cleansing 94, 140

ethnic nationalism 140

ethnicity 33, 68, 84, 95, 135, 137, 138, 139, 154, 178, 1845, 219, 220, 227

Etzioni, A. 31, 242

Europe 1, 17, 21, 37, 38, 51, 141, 161, 171, 184, 198, 200, 208, 243

European Convention on Human Rights (1953) 14, 92

European Court of Human Rights 112

European Court of Justice 112

European Economic Community (EEC) 103

European Union 70, 72, 81, 103, 138, 139, 214

evolutionary socialism 209

Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein, 1898) 191

executive 16, 19, 657, 85

executive branch 66, 70, 151, 176, 177, 180, 182, 203, 203f

executive federalism 70

expansionist nationalism 141, 142

Fabian Society 191

‘facts’ xixii, 165

failed state 678

Falklands War (1982) 230

false consciousness 96

family 24, 31, 72, 76, 85, 99, 117, 123, 134, 153, 166, 169, 235

fascism 1, 31, 37, 434, 57, 689, 76, 96, 110, 119f, 119, 120f, 130, 138, 155, 162, 184,185, 187, 208, 220, 222, 223

‘leader principle’ 118

‘1789 is dead’ (slogan) 68

see also Nazism

‘fear of freedom’ (Fromm) 76, 208, 235, 242

federalism 13, 20, 38, 54, 55, 6972, 100, 103, 125, 138, 156, 191, 196, 211, 214, 236

see also devolution

Federalist Papers (17879) 156, 236

feminism 27, 723, 95, 97, 107, 108, 120, 129, 153, 165, 167, 169, 228

new types 73

second-wave 73, 154

traditions (liberal, radical, socialist) 72, 78

waves 73

feminists xii, 22, 31, 86, 117, 122, 145, 159, 201, 213

feudalism 124, 198, 222

Finland 177

‘First Nations’ 135

‘first-past-the-post’ (SMP) system 182

Five-Year Plans (USSR, 1928–) 27

FLN (Algeria) 219

food aid/food dumping 104

Fordism/post-Fordism 205

foreign aid see international aid

‘formal political theory’ (rational choice) 167, 186

Foucault, M. 58, 235

Fox, W. 215, 242

France 8, 52, 55, 86, 98, 126, 171, 177, 192, 211, 215, 237, 238

Fourth Republic 21, 153

Franco y Bahamonde, F. 8

Frankfurt School 467, 234, 235

free trade 51, 734, 80, 102, 103, 124, 144, 191, 230

free-market capitalism 16

freedom/liberty 2, 8, 10, 14, 20, 24, 27, 31, 37, 39, 40, 50, 65, 68, 746, 90, 92, 100, 114, 117, 119, 120f, 122, 123, 126, 130, 142, 147, 149, 156, 164, 167, 177, 178, 181, 196, 201, 209, 210, 211, 221, 228, 231, 237, 240, 242

versus ‘licence’ 75

‘negative’ versus ‘positive’ 745, 99, 125, 244

see also civil liberty

freedom of movement 23, 199

‘freedom of pike, death to minnows’ (Tawney) 75

freedom of speech 23, 199

French Revolution (1789) x, 37, 68, 119, 196, 198, 235, 236

Friedrich, C. J. 223, 242

Fromm, E. 76, 208, 235, 242

Fukuyama, F. 122, 124, 235, 242

full employment 206, 212, 231

functionalism 767

fundamentalist socialism 209

future generations 216, 224

futurity 48

Gallie, W. B. xiii, 242

game theory 778, 161, 186

Gandhi, M. K. 22, 95, 149, 171

Gemeinschaft versus Gesellschaft (Tönnies) 32

gender 31, 72, 78, 95, 109, 152, 154, 227

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 74

‘general will’ (Rousseau) 57, 146, 169, 196, 211

genocide 143

Genocide Convention (1948) 46

Gentile, G. 69

geographical determinism 79

geopolitics 79

Georgia 51

Germany 7, 17, 21, 35, 44, 60, 70, 79, 86, 126, 1423, 152, 174, 213, 214, 215, 231, 235, 236, 237, 239

Gettysburg Address (1863) 49

global civil society 7980, 81, 146

see also civil society

global financial crisis (20079) 144, 214

global governance 45, 58, 79, 801, 85, 137

see also governance

global hegemon 215

global interdependencies 83f

global justice 45, 80, 812, 245

see also justice

global South 54

global terrorism 219

‘global tribes’ 227

globalization 4, 60, 67, 69, 80, 824, 102, 107, 128, 135, 137, 140, 141, 144, 146, 175, 185, 189, 193, 202, 210, 212, 216, 219, 225, 226, 230, 231, 235

types (cultural, economic, political) 83

see also regionalism

Glorious Revolution (England, 1688) 1978

Gobineau, J. A., Count 185

God 1, 92, 116, 134, 199, 211, 224, 234

Goodman, P. 229

Gosplan (State Planning Committee, USSR) 27

governance 51, 845, 86, 100, 124, 155

see also multi-level governance

‘governance without government’ 84

governing mandate 127

government xii, 1, 2, 23, 63, 6970, 856, 137, 152f, 168, 169, 234, 236, 237

‘effective’ versus ‘representative’ 61

‘rowing’ versus ‘steering’ 85

‘strong but responsible’ 153

see also parliamentary government

government coalitions 25

‘government gridlock’ (USA) 20, 177, 204

government institutions 116, 165, 169

government intervention 115, 116, 119, 123, 124, 125, 157, 175, 220

see also individualism

government ‘of, by, for people’ (Lincoln) 49

government policy 1589

government power 1623

governments 35, 44, 49, 57, 61, 67, 83, 102, 121, 144, 151, 156, 174, 190, 194, 195, 196, 197, 206, 212, 217f, 218, 225

Gramsci, A. 889, 967, 235, 242

grand coalition 25

great power/s 11, 867, 215

Greece 52, 132

greed 144, 182, 188

green movement/parties 60, 163, 208

Greenpeace 145

Grotius, H. 108

Gulf War (1991) 216

Habermas, J. 47, 121, 235, 242

Hailsham, Lord 153, 242

Haiti 67

Hamas 110

hard/soft power 878

‘harm principle’ (J. S. Mill) 117

Hart, H. L. A. 116

Hay, C. 107, 242

head of government 152, 176, 177

see also prime minister

head of state 66, 152, 176, 177, 179

hedonism 42, 228

Hegel, G.W.F. 24, 56, 94, 129, 235

hegemonic powers 105, 106

hegemony 57, 878, 95, 120, 129, 135, 157, 159, 188, 232

Heywood, A. 24243

Hezbollah 110

hierarchy 34, 64, 84, 112, 119, 131, 135, 172, 222, 230

Hinduism 149, 171, 193

historical materialism 76, 8990, 129, 164

see also Marxism

history 27, 56, 138, 140, 141, 165, 166, 174, 188, 204, 224, 225, 237

Hitler, A. 57, 69, 132, 140, 1423, 189, 213, 223, 243

Hobbes, T. 1, 4, 99, 100, 117, 121, 146, 148, 164, 173, 186, 188, 211, 212, 213, 235

holistic approach 56, 101, 218

Holy Roman Empire 211

Hong Kong 34

Horkheimer, M. 47

human development 54, 90, 210, 228, 245

Human Development Index (HDI) 90

Human Development Report (UN, 1990–) 90

human nature 2, 26, 36, 37, 42, 63, 75, 912, 99, 113, 117, 148, 166, 186, 188, 213, 228, 235

versus ‘culture’ 15960

see also biology

human rights xiii, 23, 45, 80, 82, 923, 95, 102, 105, 108, 116, 155, 189, 199, 228

versus ‘civil rights’ 92

see also minority rights

Human Rights Act (UK, 1998) 14, 201

human security 90, 202

humanitarian intervention 45, 934, 105, 108, 149

Hume, D. 63

Huntington, S. 323, 52, 236, 243

‘ideal types’ (Weber) xiii

idealism 56, 945

‘metaphysical’ versus ‘political’ 94

ideals xi, 109, 132

‘ideas’ versus ‘things’ xi

identity politics 95

ideology x, xi, xii, 2, 3, 7, 18, 20, 29, 30, 35, 37, 40, 58, 59, 60, 62, 68, 72, 73, 76, 80, 85, 88, 91, 967, 109, 110, 112, 11832 passim, 142, 144, 159, 160, 162, 167, 169, 172, 173, 174, 177, 181, 205, 209, 213, 215, 219, 220, 222, 223, 231

political ideology 96f

see also meta-ideology

image 17, 118

‘imagined communities’ (Anderson) 139, 240

Impartiality,

versus ‘neutrality’ 144

impeachment 176, 177

imperialism 978, 109, 185, 245

versus ‘colonialism’ 97

‘final stage of capitalism’ (Lenin) 98, 236

‘imperial presidency’ 175

income 115, 204

India 22, 52, 71, 152, 174, 182, 192, 193

Indifference,

versus ‘toleration’ 221

individual responsibility 232

individualism 3, 20, 21, 52, 69, 73, 91, 989, 101, 108, 115, 119, 122, 123, 171, 199, 209, 210, 220, 221, 222, 237

types (developmental, egoistical, methodological) 989

see also laissez-faire

industrialization 48, 207, 229, 231

inequalities 18, 19, 23, 84, 128, 131, 144, 154, 157, 169, 183

information 15, 82, 83, 130, 171

input-output 198, 217f, 21718

insecurity 143, 186

institutionalism 1001, 102

‘new’ versus ‘traditional’ 100

institutionalized racism 185

institutional public choice theory 186

institutions 3, 68, 76, 100, 190, 203, 204, 210, 222

‘private’ versus ‘public’ 212

insurrectionary terrorism 219

inter-paradigm debate (IR) 106

interdependence 20, 51, 74, 83f, 87, 95, 1012, 105, 107, 136, 158, 212, 216, 236, 243

interdisciplinarity 150

interest groups see pressure groups

intergovernmentalism 1023, 149, 191, 216

versus ‘supranationalism’ 215

internal markets 85, 128

international aid 1034, 145

‘bilateral’ versus ‘multilateral’ 103

‘developmental’ versus ‘humanitarian’ 103

international anarchy 45, 216

International Court of Justice (ICJ, UN) 104, 105

International Criminal Court (ICC, 2002–) 46, 105

international governmental organization (IGO) 105

international law 14, 46, 80, 92, 94, 1045, 108, 1389, 149, 199, 230

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 54, 81, 136, 144

international organization/s26, 57, 78, 80, 83, 103, 104, 1056, 108, 137f, 203, 214, 245

actors, arenas, instruments 105

international relations (IR) 11, 25, 47, 1067, 237, 239

anarchy 45

constructivism 412

deterrence 523

diplomacy 578

friction 58

game theory 778

geopolitics 79

global governance 801

great debates 1067

great powers 867

‘hard’ versus ‘soft’ power 878

idealism 945

liberalism 1234

neutrality 1445

polarity 1578

versus ‘political science’ 106, 107

‘positive-sum’ versus ‘zero-sum’ game 78

realism 1889

‘repeat-play’ versus ‘single-play’ games 78

security 2012

state 212

war 22930

international society 1078

‘pluralist’ versus ‘solidarist’ 108

internationalism 29, 1089, 119, 123, 139, 189, 216

versus ‘transnationalism’ 226

‘invisible hand’ (Smith) 18, 161

Iranian Revolution (1979) 110, 193

Iraq 68, 92, 93, 216, 230

Ireland 179

‘iron law of oligarchy’ (Michels) 62, 163

Islam 84, 88, 171, 220, 234, 243

Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) 110

Islamism 323, 10911, 171, 193, 219

see also religious fundamentalism

Israel 38, 174, 193, 230

issue terrorism 219

Italy 21, 26, 43, 52, 68, 69, 86, 153, 160, 184, 196, 220, 223, 23438

Jainism 149

James, W. 174

Japan 6, 26, 44, 52, 86, 153, 215

jihad 111, 240

Jordan 230

judicial independence (principle) 112

judiciary 14, 40, 66, 100, 11113, 117, 144, 201, 203, 203f

Julius Caesar 56

junta 57, 132

junzi (virtuous person) 34

jus ad bellum 113, 114

jus in bello 113, 114

just war 11314

see also militarism

justice 23, 37, 48, 65, 92, 94, 100, 105, 108, 111, 11415, 116, 118, 123, 149, 164, 167, 202, 238, 245

‘concrete’ versus ‘formal’ 114

‘procedural’ versus ‘substantive’ 114

see also social justice

Kant, I. 25, 45, 50, 94, 109, 236, 243

Kautsky, K. 129

Keohane, R. 102, 236, 243

Keynes, J. M. 18, 116, 236

Keynesianism 21, 144, 150, 206, 220

demand management 115, 236

King, M. L. 22, 95, 184

Kirchheimer, O. 162, 243

Kong Fuzi 33

Kosovo 51

Kropotkin, P. 3, 31, 148, 236

Kuhn, T. 150, 243

Kymlicka, W. 133, 243

Labour Party (UK) 162

laissez-faire 18, 31, 37, 101, 11516, 124, 125, 161

see also socialism

language xiv, 6, 58, 78, 133, 135, 140, 172

bias-free terminology xii

Latin America 6, 21, 52, 122, 141, 175, 177

law xii, 2, 14, 22, 23, 24, 56, 63, 64, 76, 85, 89, 111, 11617, 180, 193

versus ‘international law’ 104

versus ‘justice’ 114

‘natural’ versus ‘positive’ 116

‘primary’ versus ‘secondary’ (Hart) 116

‘private’ versus ‘public’ 11617

see also parliament

law-breaking (civil disobedience) 22

law and order 67, 117, 148

laws 19, 36, 121, 146, 237, 238

leadership 17, 52, 66, 68, 11719, 151, 169, 179, 180, 236

‘collective’ versus ‘personal’ 1756

‘pattern of behaviour’ 117

‘personal quality’ 117

‘political value’ 117

League of Nations 26, 86, 102, 149

leagues 102, 109

left/right 18, 22, 64, 11920, 174, 181

horseshoe spectrum 120f

linear spectrum 119f

two-dimensional spectrum 120f

legal justice 114

‘legal positivism’ (Austin) 116

legal rights 199

legal sovereignty 210, 212

legislative branch 66, 70, 152, 176, 176f, 177, 180, 203, 203f

legitimacy 8, 9, 35, 51, 55, 61, 67, 1201, 126, 139, 144, 151, 169, 171, 182, 189, 212, 219

versus ‘legality’ 120

‘legitimation crises’ (Habermas) 121, 235, 242

Lenin, V.I. 98, 118, 163, 236, 243

‘primacy of economics’ 90

Leninism 29, 130

Lewis, B. 110, 243

liberal democracies 43, 112, 152, 203, 204

liberal democracy 24, 33, 40, 49, 84, 1213, 124, 130, 147, 157, 177, 194, 211, 218, 223

liberal feminists 154

liberal individualism 27, 238

liberal institutionalism 778, 1056

liberal internationalism 106, 108

liberal nationalism 141, 142

liberal realism (IR) 108

liberalism 3, 21, 24, 31, 35, 37, 40, 42, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 109, 119f, 1234, 129, 155, 165, 167, 171, 172, 187, 190, 193, 221, 227, 228, 236, 237, 238, 245

‘classical’ versus ‘modern’ 123

fragmentation 167

liberals 11, 81, 86, 106, 117, 118, 138, 139, 157, 158, 181, 185, 200, 202, 206, 207, 212, 213, 230, 231

Liberia 67

libertarianism 3, 4, 22, 117, 120, 125, 207, 231, 238

liberty see freedom

Libya 67

Lijphart, A. 378, 243

Lincoln, A. 49

Lindblom, C. 159, 244

local government 54, 1256, 137f, 214

Locke, J. 4, 63, 99, 100, 117, 121, 146, 156, 164, 181, 213, 221, 236, 238

loner terrorism 219

Louis Napoleon 8

Lukes, S. xiii, 173, 244

Luxembourg 38

Lyotard, J.-F. 172, 244

Maastricht Treaty (1993) 214

MacCallum, G.C. 75, 244

Machiavelli, N. 63, 100, 188, 236

MacIntyre, A. 31, 244

Mackinder, H. 79

Madison, J. 156, 236

Magna Carta (1215) 39

Mahan, A. 79

Maistre, J. de 8, 236

majoritarianism 37, 156

mandate 49, 61, 127, 153, 194, 195

Marcuse, H. 47, 224, 229, 237, 244

market/s 3, 18, 29, 102, 115, 122, 123, 1278, 143, 205, 214

market economics 206

market economy 122, 124, 128

market forces 17, 103, 119, 120, 125, 1278, 213

market reforms (shock therapy) 144

market socialism 128

Marx, K. 18, 2830, 56, 88, 89, 96, 161, 164, 166, 169, 2045, 229, 235, 236, 237, 244

prediction failure 30, 205

Marxism 27, 29, 30, 59, 63, 72, 78, 88, 101, 12830, 141, 165, 167, 172, 173, 191, 192, 209, 229, 239

economic base, political superstructure 89

theory of revolution 198

types (classical, modern, orthodox) 129

see also critical theory

Marxism-Leninism 29, 34, 112

‘Marxism of Marx’ 129

Marxists 1516, 22, 24, 86, 93, 106, 117, 122, 124, 1323, 145, 157, 159, 1601, 179, 198, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 213

‘modern Marxists’ 11, 205

mass media 42, 67, 80, 89, 1301, 146, 151, 178, 223

broadcast media 130, 180

‘freedom of press’ 23

‘new’ media 130

print media 130

television 17, 93, 110, 118, 130, 175

mass party 162

May the Fourth Movement (191519 ) 34

Mazzini, G. 139, 237

McLuhan, M. 131

McWorld (Barber) 42, 240

‘medium is message’ (McLuhan) 131

Mein Kampf (Hitler, 1925) 142

meritocracy 34, 64, 115, 123, 1312, 207, 223

meta-ideology 124

see also bourgeois ideology

meta-narratives 172

metaphysics 94, 164, 170, 174

‘methodological collectivism’ (Marxism) 27

Mexico 44, 71, 160

Michels, R. 62, 163, 237, 244

Middle East 33, 110, 193

militant Islam see Islamism

militarism 7, 1323

see also war

military rule 57, 163

military -industrial complex 63

Mill, J. 237

Mill, J. S. 76, 115, 117, 126, 164, 2212, 2245, 228, 237

Millett, K. 153, 169, 237, 244

Mills, C. Wright 62, 244

‘minarchists’ 125

minimal state 187, 212

ministerial responsibility

‘collective’ versus ‘individual’ (UK) 197

minority rights xii, 5, 1334, 135, 156, 200

types (polyethnic, representational, self-governmental) 133

see also rights

mixed member proportional (MMP) system 182

modern liberalism 18, 75, 115, 123, 1489, 206, 231

modernization 134, 193

‘monarch in Parliament’ (Austin) 211

monarchy 77, 1345, 177, 195, 196, 222

‘absolute’ 1, 134, 211

‘constitutional’ 1345, 151

monopoly of coercive power 210, 211, 212

Montesquieu, C.-L. de S. 63, 156, 204, 237

morality xi, 83, 95, 109, 113, 114, 169, 170, 189, 193, 197, 200, 205, 209, 210, 212, 219, 227, 228, 238

moral relativism 157, 221

moral responsibility 34, 184

moral rights 199

More, T. 29, 228, 244

Morgenthau, H. 237

Mosca, G. 62, 237

most-favoured nation status 136

motive-utilitarianism 227

Mujahideen 111

multiculturalism 95, 133, 1356, 184, 185, 201

see also conflict of civilizations

multidimensional peacekeeping 155

multilateralism 1367, 245

multilevel governance 85, 1378

see also world government

multinational corporations (MNCs)

versus ‘TNCs’ 225

multiparty systems 147, 163, 182

multipolarity 11, 137, 159, 230

Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt, 1928–) 110

Mussolini, B. 43, 69, 132, 220

‘mutual aid’ (Kropotkin) 3

mutually assured destruction (MAD) 53

Napoleon III 56

nation 3, 68, 83, 1389, 140, 154

‘cultural’ versus ‘political’ 138

Nation of Islam 184

nation-building 141, 155

nation-state/s 4, 81, 82, 102, 106, 109, 135, 137, 13940, 185, 192, 214, 215, 216

National Front (France) 185

national interest/s 15, 58, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 174, 237

national security 25, 74

national self-determination 141

national sovereignty 210, 211, 214

nationalism 7, 8, 27, 37, 55, 69, 84, 95, 98, 108, 119, 132, 137, 139, 1402, 184, 192, 200, 212, 226

developing-world 109

types (cultural, ethnic, political) 140

nationalist terrorism 219

nationality 84, 92

nationalization 181, 206

nationhood,

‘civic’ versus ‘organic’ concept 138

NATO 24, 50, 201

natural law 116, 211, 234

‘natural order of things’ 207

natural rights 199, 227

natural sciences 12, 165, 166, 170

Nazi Germany 26, 69, 112, 201, 223

Nazism (national socialism) 32, 59, 140, 1423, 184, 185

see also racialism

need (Brundtland) 216

needs 76, 207

neo-classical economics 186, 236

neo-classical liberalism see neo-liberalism

neo-colonialism 68, 97, 98

neo-conservatism 8, 33, 224

neo-corporatism 43

neo-fascism 69

neo-idealism 95

neo-imperialism 97

neo-institutionalism 100

neo-liberal economics 8, 80

neo-liberal

institutionalists 102, 236, 239

neo-liberalism 4, 115, 1434

see also classical liberalism

neo-Marxism 47, 54, 90, 98, 121, 129

neo-Nazism 142, 143

neo-pluralism 156, 157

neo-realism 11, 158, 188, 189, 236, 239

same as ‘structural realism’ 4, 188

neo-revisionist socialists 174

Netherlands 21, 38, 44, 98, 134

networks 80, 84, 85

Neustadt, R. 175, 204, 244

neutrality 14, 112, 1445, 166

‘new’ Labour 220

New Left 34, 47, 167, 208, 229

‘new man’ (fascist) 68

‘new political economy’ 161

‘new politics’ 208

New Right 34, 18, 21, 22, 37, 44, 73, 75, 97, 99, 115, 117, 120f, 125, 157, 167, 179, 182, 196, 200, 206, 212, 213, 222, 231, 238

‘new’ social democracy 206

‘new’ social movements 47, 163, 208

‘new’ wars 229

New Zealand 13, 143, 153

Nicaraguan Revolution (1979) 198

Nietzsche, F. 118, 187, 2378

Nigeria 132

night-watchman states 212

Nixon, R. M. 175

non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 7980, 105, 1456

‘advocacy’ versus ‘operational’ 145

international 145, 1778

World Bank’s definition 145

non-state actors 105, 189, 214, 229

normative approach 62, 81, 96, 99, 121, 141, 156, 164, 165, 166, 170

see also values

North America 51

Northern Ireland Assembly 55

Norway 88

Nozick, R. 167, 238, 244

nuclear weaponry 53, 149, 189, 215, 219, 230

‘horizontal’ versus ‘vertical’ proliferation 7

Nuremberg Charter (1945) 456

nurture -nature debate 91

Nye, J. 102, 236, 243, 244

Oakeshott, M. 96, 238, 244

Obama administration (2009 -) 88

objectivity 106, 164, 165, 166

obligation/s 4, 35, 82, 85, 121, 1467, 213

‘legal’ versus ‘moral’ 146

official executive 65, 67

Ohmae, K. 226, 244

oligarchy 62, 163, 244

‘one-dimensional societies’ (Marcuse) 224, 237, 244

one-nation conservatism 37, 206, 222

one-party states 29, 30, 57, 162, 223

one-worldism 107, 109

opposition 1478, 224

oppression 22, 47, 95, 199, 201

order 1, 2, 3, 10, 38, 75, 100, 117, 119, 123, 125, 1489, 181, 201, 224

‘natural’ versus ‘political’ 148

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 102

‘organization is mobilization of bias’ 173

Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) 102

‘organized interests’ 178

see also pressure groups

Orientalism (Said, 2003) 171, 245

orthodox communism 29, 112

overseas aid see international aid

Owen, R. 31, 238

pacifism 149

see also terrorism

Pakistan 193

Papadopoulos, G. 132

paradigm/s 107, 150, 245

paradigm shift 101, 150

Pareto, V. 238

‘foxes’ versus ‘lions’ 62

parliament/s 13, 16, 19, 25, 39, 61, 65, 66, 100, 134, 1501, 169, 179, 180, 195, 197

committee system 151

‘policy-influencing’ versus ‘policy-making’ 151

see also US Constitution

parliamentary democracy 157, 170, 237

parliamentary executives 656

parliamentary

government 152f, 1523, 174, 176, 198

see also government

parliamentary socialism 209

parliamentary sovereignty 211

parliamentary systems 13, 67, 69, 100, 147, 179, 182, 204

party leaders 180

party list system 61, 182

party politics,

‘de-ideologized’ 174

party systems 100, 151, 153, 163, 178

paternalism 18, 206

patriarchy 22, 59, 72, 78, 95, 117, 123, 124, 1534, 213

see also women

patriotism 132, 134, 138, 141, 1545, 177, 196

peace 93, 106, 158, 174

peace-building 155

peace movement 208

Peloponnesian War 188

‘peoplism’ 17

perception 63, 78, 82, 203, 218

‘perfect competition’ 115

Permissiveness,

versus ‘toleration’ 221

Peronism 8

Perpetual Peace (Kant) 45

Persian Empire 98

personality 17, 118

‘personal is political’ (slogan) 153

Peru 44

philosopher-kings (Plato) 62

philosophical anarchists 147

philosophical materialism 94

philosophy 1634, 165

Pinochet y Ugarte, A. 132

Plato 29, 556, 62, 94, 100, 115, 116, 146, 164, 166, 238

Plekhanov, G. 56, 129

pluralism 63, 69, 101, 122, 123, 130, 135, 1567, 170, 173, 178, 194, 211, 221, 236

‘classical’ versus ‘reformed’ 156

‘descriptive’ versus ‘normative’ 156

varieties (cultural, moral, political) 156

‘pluralistic stagnation’ 157

Plymouth Brethren 149

Poland 175

polarity 11, 87, 1578

policing 213, 223

policy 2, 15, 16, 44, 61, 85, 112, 118, 132, 1589, 197, 218

policy-making stages 158

policy mandate 127

policy networks 85

polis 168

political correctness (PC) xii

political culture 62, 88, 153, 15961, 178, 183

types (parochial, participant, subject) 160

political economy 143, 1612

see also economics

political executive 65, 66

political Islam see Islamism

political nationalism

types (anti-colonial, conservative, expansionist, liberal) 1401

see also nationalism

‘political obligation’ 146

political participation 6, 190

political party/parties 3, 245, 35, 59, 60, 65, 66, 119, 126, 127, 151, 1623, 175, 1789, 180, 182, 194, 206, 208, 209, 218, 222, 237, 243, 244

‘cadre’ versus ‘mass’ 162

‘catch-all’ (Kirchheimer) 162

‘constitutional’ versus ‘revolutionary’ 162

distinguishing characteristics 162

‘integrative’ versus ‘representative’ (Neumann) 162

versus ‘pressure groups’ 177

social class 205

see also law

political philosophy 85, 120, 148, 156, 1635, 167, 170

political revolutions 198

political science 85, 106, 120, 1656, 167, 170, 204, 218

political spectrum 119, 119f

political system 21718

political theory 4, 62, 75, 115, 154, 164, 1667, 171, 196, 213, 229

politicians (professional) x

politics 1, 4, 12, 23, 35, 84, 117, 165, 1689, 189

‘domestic’ versus ‘international’ 107

identification with ‘government’ 85

‘Politics’ (academic subject) 168, 173

Politics (Aristotle) 234

Popper, K. 165, 238

popular mandate 127

popular sovereignty 211

population size 79

populism 6, 8, 16970, 221

Portugal 44, 52, 98

‘positive’ discrimination 133

positive law 116

positive rights 23

positivism xi, 12, 42, 64, 107, 165, 167, 170

see also empiricism

post-behaviouralism 13

post-Cold War 41, 47, 81, 105, 136, 155, 215

post-colonialism 107, 108, 135, 141, 1701, 193

post-communist states 160, 175

post-feminism 73, 154

post-industrial society 60, 1712, 205, 208

‘post-liberal’ perspective 135

post-materialism 208

post-modernism xiv, 42, 58, 73, 158, 167, 1712, 188, 244

post-positivists 107

post-structuralism 172, 235

poverty 33, 45, 53, 54, 65, 68, 82, 90, 104, 115, 128, 145, 183, 202, 207, 210, 212, 231

poverty trap 103

power xiii, 1, 3, 7, 10, 1112, 13, 18, 19, 20, 23, 40, 49, 56, 58, 61, 63, 67, 68, 73, 79, 101, 106, 108, 114, 119, 120, 131, 151, 156, 157, 161, 163, 168, 169, 1724, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 190, 195, 197, 208, 212, 222, 225, 226

versus ‘authority’ 173

‘faces’ 173, 241

‘radical’ face (Lukes) 173, 244

see also hard/soft power

power elite (Mills) 62, 63, 244

‘power over’ versus ‘power to’ 172

‘power to persuade’ (Neustadt) 175

power politics 95, 106, 173, 188

pragmatism 63, 162, 174, 219

president/s 1746, 179, 244

‘constitutional’ versus ‘executive’ 1745

non-executive 152, 174

versus ‘presidency’ xi

presidential appointments (USA) 177

presidential executives 66

presidential government 175, 1767

presidential systems 16, 38, 67, 70, 85, 100, 147, 151, 153, 203

pressure group/s 24, 59, 151, 157, 162, 1779, 208, 218

‘insider’ versus ‘outsider’ 178

‘promotional’ versus ‘sectional’ 178

prime minister 16, 66, 134, 152, 175, 176, 17980

see also head of government

Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham, 1789) 106, 234, 240

Prison Notebooks (Gramsci) 89, 235, 242

prisoners’ dilemma (PD) 77, 77f, 186

private interest groups (USA) 178

privatization 54, 143, 182, 196

professionals 131, 146, 204

profit motive 27, 98, 128, 220, 232

proletariat 18, 89, 108, 129, 161, 204

‘promotional pressure groups’ 145, 178

property 27, 28, 36, 93, 117, 125, 1802, 200, 201, 235, 238

types (common, private, state) 181, 182

property law 117

property rights 15, 23

‘property is theft’ (Proudhon) 3

proportional representation (PR) 61, 153, 1823

protective groups 178

protest politics 163, 208

see also ‘new’ social movements

Protestantism 20, 42, 239

Proudhon, P.-J. 3, 238

psychology 12, 138, 148, 149, 154, 160, 171, 173, 1934, 227, 238

public choice theory 16, 161, 186

public demands 217f, 21718

public interest 210

‘public interest groups’ 145, 178

public morality 117, 241

public opinion 61, 174, 190

versus ‘political culture’ 160

public policy 147, 158, 178, 189, 206

public-private divide 24, 81, 193, 228

public-private partnerships 85, 137

punishment 114, 116, 146, 148, 173, 1834

Qatar 134

Quakers 149

quality of life 208

quantitative research 12

quasi-state see failed state

race 26, 68, 92, 108, 135, 138, 154, 1845

racialism/racism 5, 22, 69, 97, 141, 142, 165, 1856, 222

see also anti-Semitism

radical democracy 122, 196

radical ecologists 217

radical feminism 124, 153, 237

radical Islam see Islamism

ratification powers 13

rational choice 78, 99, 101, 129, 159, 161, 167, 1867

rationalism 68, 123, 1878, 222, 224, 238

rationality 53, 170, 173, 221, 235

Rawls, J. 82, 131, 167, 238, 245

reactionary ecologism 59

Reaganism 143, 215, 220

realism 11, 41, 94, 104, 108, 109, 123, 173, 1889, 236

‘classical’ versus ‘structural’ 188

realists 26, 51, 58, 77, 79, 81, 87, 106, 202, 203, 230

reason 5, 117, 187, 234, 236, 237

reasoning,

‘inductive’ versus ‘deductive’ 164

rebellion/s 3, 198, 208

Rechtsstaat 200

referendum 49, 18990

reform 187, 1901, 205, 207, 209

reformist socialism 209

Regan, T. 5, 245

regional powers 86

regionalism 1912

‘international’ versus ‘sub-national’ 191

‘new’ 192

see also globalization

régions (France) 126

regions (sub-national) 71, 140

rehabilitation 1834

religion 21, 23, 95, 109, 133, 140, 149, 178, 219, 221, 227, 239

religious fundamentalism 76, 95, 97, 108, 141, 157, 171, 1924, 224

see also Islamism

ren (humanity) 34

representation 1, 13, 25, 35, 44, 49, 61, 127, 178, 1945, 197, 237

Republic (Cicero) 196, 241

republican liberals 124

republicanism 1956, 237, 238

resemblance model 1945

‘resource security’ 79

responsibility 2, 21, 27, 152, 152f, 190, 1967, 220

responsibility to protect (R2P) 94

retribution 183

revisionist socialism 209

revolution/s x, 69, 129, 147, 166, 1979, 205, 231, 236, 237

causes and consequences1989

versus ‘reform’ 190

types (cultural, political, social) 198

revolutionary socialism 191, 193, 209

rewards 65, 123, 205, 207, 212

Rhine-Alpine capitalism 17

Ricardo, D. 74, 115, 161

right [wing] see left/right

right to life 6

rights 1, 21, 22, 48, 72, 78, 95, 114, 116, 119, 125, 164, 177, 178, 181, 199200, 207, 208, 212, 219

‘legal’ versus ‘moral’ 199

‘negative’ 23, 199

‘positive’ 199

see also human rights

rising expectations 166, 198

Rittberger, V. 105, 245

‘rolling back state’ 37, 75

Rome Statute (1998) 46

Roosevelt, F. D. 244

Rosenau, J. 84, 245

Rousseau, J.-J. 100, 146, 164, 169, 211, 238

Ruggie, J. 136, 245

rule of law 112, 117, 2001

rule-utilitarianism 227

ruling class 37, 63, 89, 96, 156, 209, 213, 222, 237

Russian Federation 51, 93, 144, 175

Russian Revolution (1917) x, 69, 198

Russia (Tsarist) 86, 141

Rwanda 33, 46, 67

Saddam Hussein 132

Said, E. 171, 245

Saint-Simon, C.-H. 170

Salafism (Wahhabism) 110, 111

Salazar, A. 44

Sandel, M. 31, 245

Sartre, J.-P.,

‘existence comes before essence’ 92

satyagraha (Gandhi) 22

Saudi Arabia 110, 134

Schattschneider, E. E. 173, 245

Schumpeter, J. A. 63

science 164, 170, 172, 191, 241

‘can only falsify hypotheses’ (Popper) 165

science of muddling through (Lindblom) 159, 244

science of politics xixii

‘scientific method’ 165

‘scientific socialism’ 129, 209, 229

scientism 165

Scotland 237, 238

Scottish Parliament 55

sectional groups 178

secularism 193

security 12, 86, 123, 189, 192, 2012, 207, 214, 219

see also collective security

security dilemma 5, 7, 53, 2023, 241

‘dilemma of interpretation’ versus ‘dilemma of response’ 202

see also arms race

self-defence 94, 149

self-determination 141, 200, 237

self-government 142

‘self-help’ 5, 26, 58, 188, 202

self-interest 3, 99, 103, 104, 186, 188, 228

semi-presidential executives 66

semi-presidential systems 176, 177, 179, 204

Sen, A. 90, 245

separation of powers 20, 40, 70, 112, 152, 156, 176, 179, 196, 2034, 236

‘invitation to struggle’ 204

Serbia 51, 92

‘sex’ versus ‘gender’ 77

sexual politics 86, 237, 244

see also feminism

sexuality 95, 208, 235

shallow ecologism 60

Sharia law 109, 115

Shia Islam 110

Siberia 79

Sikhism 193

Simon, H. 159, 243

sin 183

Singapore 34

single transferable vote (STV) 61, 182

single-member plurality (SMP) system 182

Six-Day War (1967) 230

‘smart’ power 87, 88f

Smith, A. 18, 74, 99, 115, 161, 239

‘social’ anarchism 3

social capital 160

social capitalism 17

social choice theory 161, 186

social class 4, 16, 18, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 62, 69, 78, 86, 88, 89, 96, 117, 121, 122, 124, 129, 154, 161, 163, 166, 169, 171, 173, 198, 200, 201, 2045, 208, 209, 213, 218, 223, 227, 239

‘class consciousness’ (Marx) 2045

‘class-for-itself’ versus ‘class-in-itself’ (Marx) 205

definitions (Marxist versus non-Marxist) 204

international solidarity 108

marketing-based distinction (A-E ) 204

social cohesion 136, 141, 182, 185, 191, 209, 221, 224, 231

social constructivism,

same as ‘constructivism’ 41

social contract 4, 85, 99, 121, 146, 164, 199, 213, 238

social democracy 21, 22, 31, 80, 94, 120f, 123, 2056, 207, 209, 210, 220, 231

forms 206

modern 207

Social Democratic Party (SPD, Germany) 162

social democratic states 212

social justice 82, 114, 125, 131, 178, 206, 207, 219, 235

deserts, needs, rights 207

see also global justice

social liberalism 124

social movements 79, 80, 146, 162, 2078

versus ‘pressure groups’ 177

social responsibility 99, 196, 231

social revolutions 198

social sciences 15, 170

social status 34, 78, 114

socialism 3, 17, 21, 29, 37, 59, 62, 89, 97, 97, 115, 119f, 120f, 128, 129, 171, 181, 182, 187, 190, 192, 20910, 228, 239

‘ethical’ versus ‘scientific’ 209

‘fundamentalist’ versus ‘revisionist’ 209

‘reformist’ versus ‘revolutionary’ 209

top-down 210

types 209

see also third way

socialist feminists 154

socialist internationalism 109

‘socialist legality’ 112

socialist libertarianism 125

socialists 15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 31, 32, 41, 75, 99, 118, 127, 131, 138, 139, 1489, 162, 185, 200, 207, 231

society 99, 100, 101, 117, 159, 166, 184, 238, 239

society of states 108

sociobiologists 154

sociology and sociologists 63, 76, 86, 121, 159, 204, 239, 244

Socrates 56, 228

soft power 145, 244

Somalia 67

South Africa 184

South America 143

Southeast Asia 212

South Korea 34

sovereignty 10, 39, 54, 55, 67, 81, 98, 102, 105, 125, 133, 152, 191, 195, 21012, 216, 234

‘external’ versus ‘internal’ 21011

federal systems 70, 70f

‘legal’ versus ‘political’ 210

‘pooled’/’shared’ 70, 72, 105

Spain 8, 52, 55, 134, 192, 211

Sri Lanka 193, 219

Stalin, J. 27, 57, 213, 223, 243

Stalinism 29, 46, 120f, 130

state/s 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 49, 58, 66, 75, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 100, 104, 105, 1078, 114, 116, 120, 121, 124, 125, 129, 137, 144, 146, 156, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 181, 188, 191, 193, 202, 203, 205, 210, 21214, 215, 220, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230, 235, 239, 244

‘decline’, ‘retreat’ 21314

‘five key features’ 212

‘four features’ (IR) 212

need for (debate) 213

sub-national 70f, 71, 72, 126

types 21213

‘withering away’ (Marx) 29, 30

state-building 68, 155

‘state of nature’ 4, 10, 213

state power (debate) 213

state socialism 130

state sovereignty/sovereign state 92, 105, 210

Stormont Parliament 55

subsidiarity 214

Sudan 193

Sulla 56

Sun Tzu 1889

Sunni Islam 110

superpower/s 11, 53, 83, 87, 93, 95, 136, 158, 189, 215, 242

supply and demand 84, 127

supranationalism 69, 105, 141, 191, 214, 21516

versus ‘intergovernmentalism’ 102, 103

supreme courts 71

sustainable development 54, 21617

see also development

Sweden 13, 44, 152, 220, 231

Switzerland 70, 189, 214

Syria 67, 230

system of states 107

systems theory 86, 100, 198, 21718, 239

‘tadpole philosophy’ (Tawney) 132

Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) 34

Taiwan 87

Taliban 110

Tamil Tigers 219

Tawney, R. H. 75, 132, 239

taxation 13, 19, 126, 146, 177, 218, 220, 232

taxation and welfare law 116

terrorism 33, 878, 107, 202, 21820, 229, 230

see also violence

Thailand 34

Thatcherism 8, 143, 162, 220, 242

‘no such thing as society’ 989

theocracy 193

‘think globally, act locally’ 60

third way 120, 2201

see also capitalism

Third World 54

Thoreau, H. D. 22

Thucydides 4, 188

Tibet 98

toleration 69, 123, 157, 202, 2212, 236

‘negative’ versus ‘positive’ 221

Tönnies, F. 32

Toryism 2223

totalitarian democracy 224

totalitarian states 69, 213

totalitarianism 1, 8, 24, 28, 119, 132, 169, 194, 208, 2234, 229, 234, 238, 242

traits 223

Tracy: A. L. C. Destutt, Comte de ~ 96

trade unions 24, 44, 85, 89, 178, 200, 205, 208, 226, 238

tradition/custom 36, 121, 125, 174, 187, 222, 2245, 237

versus ‘progress’ and ‘reaction’ 224

traditional conservatives 99, 131, 157, 174, 207, 238

‘transcendental idealism’ (Kant) 94

transnational corporations (TNCs) 54, 68, 79, 80, 98, 140, 145, 214, 2256

‘economies in own right’ 225

transnational terrorism 219

transnationalism 83, 225, 2267

treaties 102, 104, 177

Treaty of European Union (1993) 214

Treaty of Versailles (1919) 141, 143

trust 6, 58, 102, 106, 118, 203, 235

‘distrust’ 77

trusteeship model (Burke) 194, 195

truth xi, xiixiii, 22, 96, 165, 221

‘absolute’ versus ‘conventional’ xiv

Mahayana Buddhism xiv

‘social construct’ (Foucault) 58

see also postmodernism

Tulloch, G. 187, 241

two-party systems 147, 152, 163

‘tyranny of majority’ 50

Übermensch (superman) 118

ultra vires principle 113

ultra-liberalism 3

ultra-socialism 3

uncertainty 158, 218

underclass 205

unemployment 18, 33, 149, 157, 183, 205

unicameralism 13, 151

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 7, 27, 29, 41, 53, 71, 87, 89, 105, 110, 129, 141, 185, 201, 213, 215, 223, 242

collapse 98, 103

imperialism 109

‘socialist legality’ 112

unipolarity 158

United Kingdom 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 39, 41, 52, 55, 98, 112, 134, 143, 153, 160, 171, 184, 191, 205, 215, 220, 222, 227, 231, 238, 239, 242

responsible government 197

rule of law 200

United Nations 54, 81, 105, 145, 149, 202, 216, 230

UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 92

UN peacekeeping 155

UN Security Council 26, 87

United States of America (USA) 7, 8, 12, 17, 20, 21, 33, 47, 52, 53, 54, 63, 70, 71, 76, 878, 93, 105, 110, 112, 115, 1367, 143, 158, 160, 166, 171, 178, 182, 184, 193, 200, 203, 204, 205, 215, 220, 222, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242

black consciousness movement (1960s) 135

isolationist phase 86

president 175

municipalities and towns 126

republicanism 196

Southern states 23

US Congress 13, 151, 177

US House of Representatives 13

US Senate 13, 177

US Constitution (1787) 39, 177

1st–10th Amendments (Bill of Rights) 14

10th Amendment (state rights) 72

14th, 15th, 19th Amendments 14

see also bill of rights

utilitarian generalization 227

utilitarianism 3, 43, 45, 99, 159, 165, 186, 190, 200, 2278, 234, 237

Utopia (More, 1516) 228, 244

‘utopian socialism’ 209, 229, 238

utopianism 94, 189, 199, 210, 2289, 238

value judgements x

values xixii, xiv, 12, 34, 62, 96f, 108, 110, 117, 132, 133, 147, 148, 150, 156, 159, 165, 166, 167, 172, 184, 185, 187, 193, 208, 222, 224

versus ‘facts’ 63

see also normative approach

‘vanguard party’ (Lenin) 118

Vatican 88, 134

Verba, S. 160, 240

Vienna Circle 170

Vietnam 29, 167, 198

violence 148, 194, 198, 199, 229

see also pacifism

Virginia school 186

Völksgemeinschaft 32

voting and voting behaviour 7, 12, 127, 160, 166, 186

wages 207, 226

Waltz, K. 11, 239, 246

war 5, 7, 11, 53, 57, 74, 84, 102, 109, 144, 158, 175, 177, 201, 203, 214, 22930

see also just war

war crimes 46

‘wars of plunder’ 229

‘war on terror’ 87

Washington Consensus 54, 144

waves of democratization (Huntington) 52, 243

weak state see failed state

wealth 114, 115, 161

weapons of mass destruction (WMD) 8, 219

Weber, M. xiii, 15, 212, 239

authority (types) 9, 121

welfare 27, 75, 143, 205, 2312

welfare benefits 207

welfare liberalism 123

welfare rights 199

welfare state/s 206

types (Esping-Andersen) 231, 242

welfare Toryism 222

Welsh Assembly 55

Wendt, A. 12, 239, 246

Western Marxism 129

Western world 323, 75, 97, 105, 110, 124

West Germany 52, 160

Western Marxism 129

Western world 323, 75, 97, 105, 110, 124

Westminster model 37, 152

‘will to power’ (Nietzsche) 187, 237

Wilson, T. W. 50

women 90, 117, 133, 136, 171, 195, 200, 237

see also patriarchy

women’s liberation movement 73, 95, 208, 209

women’s suffrage 73

workers/workforce 79, 178

‘blue-collar versus ‘white-collar’ 204

‘manual’ versus ‘non-manual’ 204

working class 204, 208, 209

World Bank 54, 136, 144, 145

World Court 112

world government 45

see also global governance

World Trade Organization (WTO, 1995–) 74, 81

GATT 136

World War I 7, 25, 69, 105, 106, 141, 143, 230

World War II 26, 46, 105, 136, 141, 143, 215, 230

world-system theorists 54

Yugoslavia 33, 46, 185, 211

Zen xiv

zones of peace 51