INDEX
bold type = extended discussion; f = figure
absolutism 1, 8, 134, 148, 211, 235, 236
accountability 2, 10, 52, 61, 67, 119, 122, 135, 147, 182, 196, 197
act-utilitarianism 227
additional member system (AMS) 61
administrative federalism 70
African National Congress (ANC) 184
Agenda for Peace (UN, 1992) 155
Algeria 219
Allende, S. 143
alternative vote 61
American Revolution (1776) 198
Amnesty International 145
Analects (Confucius) 33
‘anarchical society’ (Bull) 108, 241
anarchism 2–4, 26, 31, 47, 75, 119, 129, 148, 213, 228, 236, 244
‘collectivist’ versus ‘individualist’ 3
anarchists xii, 99, 117, 126, 183, 219, 238
anarcho-capitalism 3, 18, 120f, 125
anarcho-communism 3
IR 26, 81, 87, 188, 189, 202, 239, 246
Ancient Greece 22, 25, 45, 164, 168, 234, 238
Ancient Rome 98
animal rights 5–6, 59, 120, 200, 245
anomie 32
anti-colonial nationalism 141
Anti-Dühring (Engels, 1876) 129
anti-party parties 163
see also fascism
anti-Westernism 110
Arab-Israeli conflict 33, 110, 211, 230
Aristotle 31, 63, 85, 100, 115, 116, 164, 168, 234, 235
‘Armenian Genocide’ (1915–17) 46
see also deterrence
Asian values 34
Augustine of Hippo 113, 164, 234
Augustus Caesar 56
Aum Shinryko 219
Australia 70, 71, 143, 153, 231
Austria 21, 38, 44, 70, 86, 238
authoritarianism 8–9, 10, 31, 49, 51, 56, 104, 120, 170, 199, 234, 238
‘new’ versus ‘old’ 8
versus ‘totalitarianism’ 223
authoritarian populism 8
authority xii, xi, 1, 2, 9–10, 11, 15, 17, 27, 31, 35, 39, 75, 117, 119, 120f, 125, 146, 148, 153, 175, 180, 191, 192, 196, 213, 228
Weberian types (charismatic, legal-rational, traditional) 10, 121
versus ‘totalitarianism’ 223
autonomy 2, 10–11, 19, 38, 71, 147, 222
balance of power 7, 11–12, 174, 188
‘policy’ versus ‘system’ 11
balance of terror 7
behaviouralism 12–13, 64, 100, 160, 164, 167, 170, 218
behaviouralists,
versus ‘traditionalists’ (IR) 106
behaviourism 12
Bentham, J. 25, 99, 106, 191, 227, 234, 240
Beveridge Report (1942) 231
bicameralism 13–14, 20, 40, 71, 151, 152, 156, 236
advisory 14
‘entrenched’ versus ‘statutory’ 14
see also constitution
Bill of Rights (1689) 39
Bismarck, O. von 56
black consciousness movement 95
Black Power 184
Blair, A. C. L. 220
Bloch, E. 229
Bonaparte, N. 56
Bonapartism 8
‘borderless world’ (Ohmae) 226, 244
bourgeois ideology 89, 96, 124, 131, 200
see also ‘end of ideology’
‘bourgeois’ state 213
Bretton Woods system (1944–) 136
Britain see United Kingdom
British National Party (BNP) 185
Brundtland Report (1987) 216, 241
‘Brunei’ [Negara Brunei Darussalam] 134
Buddhism xiv, 34, 149, 193, 235
bureaucracy xi, 15–16, 65, 66, 84, 180, 186
Burke, E. 36, 194, 195, 224, 235
Bush administration (2001–9) 88
cabinet 16–17, 28, 65, 66, 173
presidential systems 176
cabinet (France/EU) 16
cabinet government 16, 152, 179–80
cadre party 162
Canada 6, 38, 70, 71, 88, 143, 192, 235
capitalism xi, 8, 17–18, 20, 29, 41, 52, 59, 78, 89, 91, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 131, 133, 154, 157, 159, 161, 179, 181, 191, 198, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 222, 223, 229, 231
susceptibility to reform 192
see also collectivism
capitalist systems 17
Care International 145
central government 54, 70, 70f, 126
central planning (communism) 212–13
decentralization 10, 18–20, 40, 55, 191, 208, 214
Chamberlain, H. S. 185
chancellor (Germany) 179
charisma 57, 69, 118, 121, 132, 169, 224
checks and balances 20, 52, 122, 176f, 203, 203f, 211
China 17, 27, 29, 33–4, 87, 93, 98, 189, 215
Chinese Communist Party 34
Chinese Revolution (1949) 198
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 21
Christianity 149, 193, 234, 239
Churchill, Lord Randolph 222
CIA 143
Cicero 196
citizens 116
‘duty of obedience’ 120
citizenship 20–1, 92, 138, 139, 146, 155, 160
social 22
‘citizenship of duty ‘,
versus ‘citizenship of rights’ 21
Civic Culture (Almond and Verba, 1963/1980) 160, 240
‘civic republicanism’ 196
civil liberty 14, 23, 39, 41, 92, 116, 122, 199
see also freedom
civil society 8, 24, 26, 49, 89, 117, 122, 163, 179, 212, 223
see also global civil society
clash of civilizations 32–3, 110, 220, 236, 243
class see social class
‘classical’ anarchism 3
classical liberalism 18, 75, 99, 123, 124, 125, 212, 227, 239
see also neo-liberalism
Clinton administration (1993–2001) 220
co-operation 71, 186, 191, 203, 209, 213, 226, 230, 238
see also internationalism
coalition governments 61, 147, 157, 163, 180, 182
coercion 2, 3, 87, 116, 146, 199, 201, 212, 218
cohabitation (France) 177
Cold War 7, 11, 53, 83, 87, 96, 97, 150, 158, 215, 223
failure to predict end 189
see also post-Cold War
collective capitalism 17
collective responsibility 16
see also security
collectivism 26–7, 115, 119, 209, 210, 237
see also communism
‘collectivist anarchism’ (Bakunin) 26, 234
collectivization 26, 27–8, 29, 221
colonialism 33, 68, 97, 98, 184, 219, 225
see also post-colonialism
‘command power’ 87
‘commercial liberals’ 124
‘ad hoc’ versus ‘permanent/standing’ 28
Commonwealth of Nations 102
communism 8, 18, 21, 28–30, 57, 97, 110, 112, 119f, 119, 120f, 129, 162, 192, 209, 210, 212, 219, 220, 223, 229, 238
collapse 49, 51, 52, 69, 83, 98, 122, 128, 130, 182
see also government intervention
Communist International (Comintern) 109
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels, 1848) 28, 237, 244
communist revolutions 198
see also revolutions
communitarianism 3, 21, 30–1, 32, 165, 167, 172, 206, 220, 242
‘high’ versus ‘low’ forms 31
communitarians 92–3, 99, 124, 147, 188, 196, 200
community 21, 30, 32, 50, 65, 75, 99, 115, 116, 132, 167, 182, 206
competition 209, 221, 222, 228
transnational 212
‘competition states’ 84
Comte, A. 170
Confederation of Independent States (CIS, 1991–) 103
conflict of civilizations 32–3, 110, 220, 236, 243
see also cosmopolitanism
‘conflict of laws’ 104
Congo (DRC) 67
Congress of Vienna (1815) 86
consensus 25, 34–5, 38, 61, 156, 169, 183, 231
‘procedural’ versus ‘substantive’ 35
consent 8, 10, 35–6, 50, 121, 123, 135, 209, 236, 241
conservatism 3, 20, 21, 36–7, 97, 119f, 120f, 172, 174, 186, 188, 222, 224, 235, 245
types (authoritarian, libertarian, paternalistic) 36–7
conservative nationalism 141, 142
conservatives 23, 32, 75, 92–3, 96, 109, 117, 131, 138, 139, 147, 148, 155, 167, 181, 200, 206, 213, 218, 231
see also traditional conservatives
constitution/s 38–40, 63, 66, 85, 100, 160, 203
codified (written) 38–9, 71, 100, 112–13, 204
uncodified (unwritten) 38, 39, 100
constitutional and administrative law 116
constitutionalism 1, 2, 13, 20, 37, 39, 40–1, 124, 198, 201, 204, 209, 211, 236
constructivism 12, 41–2, 107, 158, 203, 239
types (holistic, systemic, unit-level) 41
‘contingent pacifism’ 149
contingently contested concepts xi
conventional constructivism 42
core-periphery analysis 19, 54, 74, 98, 185
corporatism 43–4, 178, 179, 220
‘authoritarian’ versus ‘liberal’ 43, 44
corruption 2, 3, 91, 103, 110, 163, 199, 238
cosmopolitanism 44–5, 46, 80, 82
‘moral’ versus ‘political’ 44–5
see also culture
coup d’état,
versus ‘revolution’ 198
‘crisis of nation-state’ 140
‘crisis of party politics’ 163
critical constructivism 42
critical theory 46–7, 107, 234, 235
see also dialectical materialism
Cromwell, O. 56
cross-generational justice 48
Cuban Revolution (1959) 198
cultural nationalism 140
cultural revolutions 198
culture 83, 84, 89, 95, 98, 108, 109, 117, 133, 138, 139, 140, 157, 167, 171, 184, 222
see also multiculturalism
currently contested concepts xi
Czech Republic 175
Czechoslovakia 185
Dalai Lama 88
Daoism 34
Darwinism 185
‘death of socialism’ 210
decision-making 100, 158–9, 172–4, 190, 195, 214, 216
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (France, 1789) 39
‘deformed polyarchies’ 156
democracy xii xiii, 2, 11, 12, 35, 37, 48–50, 57, 62, 84, 98, 118, 120, 121, 141, 142, 153, 156–7, 160, 170, 172, 174, 178, 187, 190, 195, 211
‘direct’ versus ‘representative’ 49
economic theory 63
parliamentary 62
democratic centralism (Lenin) 163
democratic mandate 127
democratic peace 50–1, 52, 124, 230
democratic socialism 209, 212, 213
Denmark 13
‘despotism of custom’ (J. S. Mill) 224–5
see also security dilemma
see also economic growth
developmental states 212
devolution 12, 36, 53–4, 136f, 136, 190, 213
‘administrative’ versus ‘legislative’ 53
versus ‘federalism’ 68
Dewey, J. 174
dialectical materialism (Plekhanov) 29, 56, 89, 129
see also historical materialism
dictatorship/s 8, 52, 56–7, 69, 104, 132, 163, 169, 189
‘totalitarian’ versus ‘traditional’ 56
see also totalitarianism
dictatorship of proletariat 29, 56
Diogenes of Sinope 45
direct democracy 189
‘discursive formation’ (Foucault) 58
Disraeli, B. 36
Donne, J. 209
‘due process’ doctrine (USA) 200
Durkheim, É. 32
‘East India Company’ [Dutch VOC] 225
East Timor 93
Eastern European Revolutions (1989–91) x, 18, 21, 27, 30, 128, 130, 182, 210
Easton, D. 12, 100, 168–9, 218, 241
eco-anarchism 59
eco-feminism 59
eco-socialism 59
ecologism 4, 5, 59–60, 97, 101, 120, 167, 208, 217, 228
economic growth 43, 48, 54, 212
see also sustainable development
economic liberalism 54, 123, 124
economic superpowers 215
economics and economists 8, 80, 89, 90, 115, 150, 186, 206, 207, 235, 237–9
see also political economy
education 34, 90, 205, 208, 231
election/s 3, 35, 50, 60–2, 100, 122, 126, 127, 152, 162, 175, 194, 197
‘bottom-up’ versus ‘top-down’ functions 61
‘democratic’ versus ‘non-democratic’ 60
versus ‘referendum’ 189
‘elective dictatorship’ (Hailsham) 153, 242
‘elective kingship’ 175
electoral systems 127
‘majoritarian’ versus ‘proportional’ 61–2
Eleventh of September terrorist attacks (2001) 33, 87, 137, 214, 219
elites 21, 68, 104, 109, 139, 142, 156, 169, 198, 222, 225, 231
elitism 62–3, 101, 122, 157, 173, 237, 238
types (classical, modern, normative) 62
empiricism 63–4, 81, 94, 99, 164, 165, 166, 185, 191
versus rationalism 187
see also positivism
‘end of history’ 49, 122, 124, 235, 242
‘end of ideology’ (Bell) 97, 240
see also ideology
Engels, F. 29, 56, 89, 129, 235, 244
England and Wales 126
English Revolution (1642–60) 196, 198
‘English School’ (IR) 108
environment 43, 48, 202, 216, 217
environmentalism,
versus ‘ecologism’ 59
equality 2, 27, 31, 37, 49, 59, 64–5, 68, 72, 73, 78, 91, 94, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 164, 167, 182, 200, 206, 209, 231, 239
‘absolute’ versus ‘relative’ 207
‘formal’ versus ‘foundational’ 64
equality before law 64
equality of opportunity 64, 114, 123, 131
equality of outcome 64
essentially contested concepts (Gallie) xiii, 49, 96, 114, 242
ethics 80, 113, 157, 164, 167, 234, 236
ethnic nationalism 140
ethnicity 33, 68, 84, 95, 135, 137, 138, 139, 154, 178, 184–5, 219, 220, 227
Europe 1, 17, 21, 37, 38, 51, 141, 161, 171, 184, 198, 200, 208, 243
European Convention on Human Rights (1953) 14, 92
European Court of Human Rights 112
European Court of Justice 112
European Economic Community (EEC) 103
European Union 70, 72, 81, 103, 138, 139, 214
evolutionary socialism 209
Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein, 1898) 191
executive branch 66, 70, 151, 176, 177, 180, 182, 203, 203f
executive federalism 70
expansionist nationalism 141, 142
Fabian Society 191
Falklands War (1982) 230
false consciousness 96
family 24, 31, 72, 76, 85, 99, 117, 123, 134, 153, 166, 169, 235
fascism 1, 31, 37, 43–4, 57, 68–9, 76, 96, 110, 119f, 119, 120f, 130, 138, 155, 162, 184,185, 187, 208, 220, 222, 223
‘leader principle’ 118
‘1789 is dead’ (slogan) 68
see also Nazism
‘fear of freedom’ (Fromm) 76, 208, 235, 242
federalism 13, 20, 38, 54, 55, 69–72, 100, 103, 125, 138, 156, 191, 196, 211, 214, 236
see also devolution
Federalist Papers (1787–9) 156, 236
feminism 27, 72–3, 95, 97, 107, 108, 120, 129, 153, 165, 167, 169, 228
new types 73
traditions (liberal, radical, socialist) 72, 78
waves 73
feminists xii, 22, 31, 86, 117, 122, 145, 159, 201, 213
Finland 177
‘First Nations’ 135
‘first-past-the-post’ (SMP) system 182
Five-Year Plans (USSR, 1928–) 27
FLN (Algeria) 219
food aid/food dumping 104
Fordism/post-Fordism 205
foreign aid see international aid
‘formal political theory’ (rational choice) 167, 186
France 8, 52, 55, 86, 98, 126, 171, 177, 192, 211, 215, 237, 238
Franco y Bahamonde, F. 8
Frankfurt School 46–7, 234, 235
free trade 51, 73–4, 80, 102, 103, 124, 144, 191, 230
free-market capitalism 16
freedom/liberty 2, 8, 10, 14, 20, 24, 27, 31, 37, 39, 40, 50, 65, 68, 74–6, 90, 92, 100, 114, 117, 119, 120f, 122, 123, 126, 130, 142, 147, 149, 156, 164, 167, 177, 178, 181, 196, 201, 209, 210, 211, 221, 228, 231, 237, 240, 242
versus ‘licence’ 75
‘negative’ versus ‘positive’ 74–5, 99, 125, 244
see also civil liberty
‘freedom of pike, death to minnows’ (Tawney) 75
French Revolution (1789) x, 37, 68, 119, 196, 198, 235, 236
Fukuyama, F. 122, 124, 235, 242
fundamentalist socialism 209
futurity 48
Gandhi, M. K. 22, 95, 149, 171
Gemeinschaft versus Gesellschaft (Tönnies) 32
gender 31, 72, 78, 95, 109, 152, 154, 227
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 74
‘general will’ (Rousseau) 57, 146, 169, 196, 211
genocide 143
Genocide Convention (1948) 46
Gentile, G. 69
geographical determinism 79
geopolitics 79
Georgia 51
Germany 7, 17, 21, 35, 44, 60, 70, 79, 86, 126, 142–3, 152, 174, 213, 214, 215, 231, 235, 236, 237, 239
Gettysburg Address (1863) 49
global civil society 79–80, 81, 146
see also civil society
global financial crisis (2007–9) 144, 214
global governance 45, 58, 79, 80–1, 85, 137
see also governance
global hegemon 215
global interdependencies 83f
global justice 45, 80, 81–2, 245
see also justice
global South 54
global terrorism 219
‘global tribes’ 227
globalization 4, 60, 67, 69, 80, 82–4, 102, 107, 128, 135, 137, 140, 141, 144, 146, 175, 185, 189, 193, 202, 210, 212, 216, 219, 225, 226, 230, 231, 235
types (cultural, economic, political) 83
see also regionalism
Glorious Revolution (England, 1688) 197–8
Gobineau, J. A., Count 185
God 1, 92, 116, 134, 199, 211, 224, 234
Goodman, P. 229
Gosplan (State Planning Committee, USSR) 27
governance 51, 84–5, 86, 100, 124, 155
see also multi-level governance
‘governance without government’ 84
governing mandate 127
government xii, 1, 2, 23, 63, 69–70, 85–6, 137, 152f, 168, 169, 234, 236, 237
‘effective’ versus ‘representative’ 61
‘rowing’ versus ‘steering’ 85
‘strong but responsible’ 153
see also parliamentary government
government coalitions 25
‘government gridlock’ (USA) 20, 177, 204
government institutions 116, 165, 169
government intervention 115, 116, 119, 123, 124, 125, 157, 175, 220
see also individualism
government ‘of, by, for people’ (Lincoln) 49
governments 35, 44, 49, 57, 61, 67, 83, 102, 121, 144, 151, 156, 174, 190, 194, 195, 196, 197, 206, 212, 217f, 218, 225
Gramsci, A. 88–9, 96–7, 235, 242
grand coalition 25
green movement/parties 60, 163, 208
Greenpeace 145
Grotius, H. 108
Gulf War (1991) 216
Habermas, J. 47, 121, 235, 242
Haiti 67
Hamas 110
‘harm principle’ (J. S. Mill) 117
Hart, H. L. A. 116
head of government 152, 176, 177
see also prime minister
head of state 66, 152, 176, 177, 179
Hegel, G.W.F. 24, 56, 94, 129, 235
hegemony 57, 87–8, 95, 120, 129, 135, 157, 159, 188, 232
Hezbollah 110
hierarchy 34, 64, 84, 112, 119, 131, 135, 172, 222, 230
historical materialism 76, 89–90, 129, 164
see also Marxism
history 27, 56, 138, 140, 141, 165, 166, 174, 188, 204, 224, 225, 237
Hitler, A. 57, 69, 132, 140, 142–3, 189, 213, 223, 243
Hobbes, T. 1, 4, 99, 100, 117, 121, 146, 148, 164, 173, 186, 188, 211, 212, 213, 235
holistic approach 56, 101, 218
Holy Roman Empire 211
Hong Kong 34
Horkheimer, M. 47
human development 54, 90, 210, 228, 245
Human Development Index (HDI) 90
Human Development Report (UN, 1990–) 90
human nature 2, 26, 36, 37, 42, 63, 75, 91–2, 99, 113, 117, 148, 166, 186, 188, 213, 228, 235
see also biology
human rights xiii, 23, 45, 80, 82, 92–3, 95, 102, 105, 108, 116, 155, 189, 199, 228
versus ‘civil rights’ 92
see also minority rights
Human Rights Act (UK, 1998) 14, 201
humanitarian intervention 45, 93–4, 105, 108, 149
Hume, D. 63
Huntington, S. 32–3, 52, 236, 243
‘ideal types’ (Weber) xiii
‘metaphysical’ versus ‘political’ 94
‘ideas’ versus ‘things’ xi
identity politics 95
ideology x, xi, xii, 2, 3, 7, 18, 20, 29, 30, 35, 37, 40, 58, 59, 60, 62, 68, 72, 73, 76, 80, 85, 88, 91, 96–7, 109, 110, 112, 118–32 passim, 142, 144, 159, 160, 162, 167, 169, 172, 173, 174, 177, 181, 205, 209, 213, 215, 219, 220, 222, 223, 231
political ideology 96f
see also meta-ideology
‘imagined communities’ (Anderson) 139, 240
Impartiality,
versus ‘neutrality’ 144
imperialism 97–8, 109, 185, 245
versus ‘colonialism’ 97
‘final stage of capitalism’ (Lenin) 98, 236
‘imperial presidency’ 175
India 22, 52, 71, 152, 174, 182, 192, 193
Indifference,
versus ‘toleration’ 221
individual responsibility 232
individualism 3, 20, 21, 52, 69, 73, 91, 98–9, 101, 108, 115, 119, 122, 123, 171, 199, 209, 210, 220, 221, 222, 237
types (developmental, egoistical, methodological) 98–9
see also laissez-faire
industrialization 48, 207, 229, 231
inequalities 18, 19, 23, 84, 128, 131, 144, 154, 157, 169, 183
information 15, 82, 83, 130, 171
input-output 198, 217f, 217–18
‘new’ versus ‘traditional’ 100
institutionalized racism 185
institutional public choice theory 186
institutions 3, 68, 76, 100, 190, 203, 204, 210, 222
‘private’ versus ‘public’ 212
insurrectionary terrorism 219
inter-paradigm debate (IR) 106
interdependence 20, 51, 74, 83f, 87, 95, 101–2, 105, 107, 136, 158, 212, 216, 236, 243
interdisciplinarity 150
interest groups see pressure groups
intergovernmentalism 102–3, 149, 191, 216
versus ‘supranationalism’ 215
‘bilateral’ versus ‘multilateral’ 103
‘developmental’ versus ‘humanitarian’ 103
international anarchy 4–5, 216
International Court of Justice (ICJ, UN) 104, 105
International Criminal Court (ICC, 2002–) 46, 105
international governmental organization (IGO) 105
international law 14, 46, 80, 92, 94, 104–5, 108, 138–9, 149, 199, 230
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 54, 81, 136, 144
international organization/s26, 57, 78, 80, 83, 103, 104, 105–6, 108, 137f, 203, 214, 245
actors, arenas, instruments 105
international relations (IR) 11, 25, 47, 106–7, 237, 239
friction 58
geopolitics 79
‘hard’ versus ‘soft’ power 87–8
versus ‘political science’ 106, 107
‘positive-sum’ versus ‘zero-sum’ game 78
‘repeat-play’ versus ‘single-play’ games 78
state 212
‘pluralist’ versus ‘solidarist’ 108
internationalism 29, 108–9, 119, 123, 139, 189, 216
versus ‘transnationalism’ 226
‘invisible hand’ (Smith) 18, 161
Iranian Revolution (1979) 110, 193
Ireland 179
‘iron law of oligarchy’ (Michels) 62, 163
Islam 84, 88, 171, 220, 234, 243
Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) 110
Islamism 32–3, 109–11, 171, 193, 219
see also religious fundamentalism
issue terrorism 219
Italy 21, 26, 43, 52, 68, 69, 86, 153, 160, 184, 196, 220, 223, 234–38
Jainism 149
James, W. 174
Japan 6, 26, 44, 52, 86, 153, 215
Jordan 230
judicial independence (principle) 112
judiciary 14, 40, 66, 100, 111–13, 117, 144, 201, 203, 203f
Julius Caesar 56
junzi (virtuous person) 34
see also militarism
justice 23, 37, 48, 65, 92, 94, 100, 105, 108, 111, 114–15, 116, 118, 123, 149, 164, 167, 202, 238, 245
‘concrete’ versus ‘formal’ 114
‘procedural’ versus ‘substantive’ 114
see also social justice
Kant, I. 25, 45, 50, 94, 109, 236, 243
Kautsky, K. 129
Keynesianism 21, 144, 150, 206, 220
Kong Fuzi 33
Kosovo 51
Labour Party (UK) 162
laissez-faire 18, 31, 37, 101, 115–16, 124, 125, 161
see also socialism
language xiv, 6, 58, 78, 133, 135, 140, 172
bias-free terminology xii
Latin America 6, 21, 52, 122, 141, 175, 177
law xii, 2, 14, 22, 23, 24, 56, 63, 64, 76, 85, 89, 111, 116–17, 180, 193
versus ‘international law’ 104
versus ‘justice’ 114
‘natural’ versus ‘positive’ 116
‘primary’ versus ‘secondary’ (Hart) 116
‘private’ versus ‘public’ 116–17
see also parliament
law-breaking (civil disobedience) 22
laws 19, 36, 121, 146, 237, 238
leadership 17, 52, 66, 68, 117–19, 151, 169, 179, 180, 236
‘collective’ versus ‘personal’ 175–6
‘pattern of behaviour’ 117
‘personal quality’ 117
‘political value’ 117
League of Nations 26, 86, 102, 149
left/right 18, 22, 64, 119–20, 174, 181
horseshoe spectrum 120f
linear spectrum 119f
two-dimensional spectrum 120f
legal justice 114
‘legal positivism’ (Austin) 116
legal rights 199
legislative branch 66, 70, 152, 176, 176f, 177, 180, 203, 203f
legitimacy 8, 9, 35, 51, 55, 61, 67, 120–1, 126, 139, 144, 151, 169, 171, 182, 189, 212, 219
versus ‘legality’ 120
‘legitimation crises’ (Habermas) 121, 235, 242
Lenin, V.I. 98, 118, 163, 236, 243
‘primacy of economics’ 90
liberal democracies 43, 112, 152, 203, 204
liberal democracy 24, 33, 40, 49, 84, 121–3, 124, 130, 147, 157, 177, 194, 211, 218, 223
liberal feminists 154
liberal institutionalism 77–8, 105–6
liberal internationalism 106, 108
liberal realism (IR) 108
liberalism 3, 21, 24, 31, 35, 37, 40, 42, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 109, 119f, 123–4, 129, 155, 165, 167, 171, 172, 187, 190, 193, 221, 227, 228, 236, 237, 238, 245
‘classical’ versus ‘modern’ 123
fragmentation 167
liberals 11, 81, 86, 106, 117, 118, 138, 139, 157, 158, 181, 185, 200, 202, 206, 207, 212, 213, 230, 231
Liberia 67
libertarianism 3, 4, 22, 117, 120, 125, 207, 231, 238
liberty see freedom
Libya 67
Lincoln, A. 49
local government 54, 125–6, 137f, 214
Locke, J. 4, 63, 99, 100, 117, 121, 146, 156, 164, 181, 213, 221, 236, 238
loner terrorism 219
Louis Napoleon 8
Luxembourg 38
Maastricht Treaty (1993) 214
Machiavelli, N. 63, 100, 188, 236
Mackinder, H. 79
Magna Carta (1215) 39
Mahan, A. 79
mandate 49, 61, 127, 153, 194, 195
Marcuse, H. 47, 224, 229, 237, 244
market/s 3, 18, 29, 102, 115, 122, 123, 127–8, 143, 205, 214
market economics 206
market forces 17, 103, 119, 120, 125, 127–8, 213
market reforms (shock therapy) 144
market socialism 128
Marx, K. 18, 28–30, 56, 88, 89, 96, 161, 164, 166, 169, 204–5, 229, 235, 236, 237, 244
Marxism 27, 29, 30, 59, 63, 72, 78, 88, 101, 128–30, 141, 165, 167, 172, 173, 191, 192, 209, 229, 239
economic base, political superstructure 89
theory of revolution 198
types (classical, modern, orthodox) 129
see also critical theory
Marxists 15–16, 22, 24, 86, 93, 106, 117, 122, 124, 132–3, 145, 157, 159, 160–1, 179, 198, 200, 201, 204, 205, 206, 213
mass media 42, 67, 80, 89, 130–1, 146, 151, 178, 223
‘freedom of press’ 23
‘new’ media 130
print media 130
television 17, 93, 110, 118, 130, 175
mass party 162
May the Fourth Movement (1915–19 ) 34
McLuhan, M. 131
‘medium is message’ (McLuhan) 131
Mein Kampf (Hitler, 1925) 142
meritocracy 34, 64, 115, 123, 131–2, 207, 223
meta-ideology 124
see also bourgeois ideology
meta-narratives 172
‘methodological collectivism’ (Marxism) 27
militant Islam see Islamism
see also war
military -industrial complex 63
Mill, J. 237
Mill, J. S. 76, 115, 117, 126, 164, 221–2, 224–5, 228, 237
Millett, K. 153, 169, 237, 244
‘minarchists’ 125
ministerial responsibility
‘collective’ versus ‘individual’ (UK) 197
minority rights xii, 5, 133–4, 135, 156, 200
types (polyethnic, representational, self-governmental) 133
see also rights
mixed member proportional (MMP) system 182
modern liberalism 18, 75, 115, 123, 148–9, 206, 231
‘monarch in Parliament’ (Austin) 211
monarchy 77, 134–5, 177, 195, 196, 222
monopoly of coercive power 210, 211, 212
Montesquieu, C.-L. de S. 63, 156, 204, 237
morality xi, 83, 95, 109, 113, 114, 169, 170, 189, 193, 197, 200, 205, 209, 210, 212, 219, 227, 228, 238
moral rights 199
Morgenthau, H. 237
most-favoured nation status 136
motive-utilitarianism 227
Mujahideen 111
multiculturalism 95, 133, 135–6, 184, 185, 201
see also conflict of civilizations
multidimensional peacekeeping 155
multilevel governance 85, 137–8
see also world government
multinational corporations (MNCs)
versus ‘TNCs’ 225
multiparty systems 147, 163, 182
multipolarity 11, 137, 159, 230
Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt, 1928–) 110
Mussolini, B. 43, 69, 132, 220
‘mutual aid’ (Kropotkin) 3
mutually assured destruction (MAD) 53
Napoleon III 56
nation 3, 68, 83, 138–9, 140, 154
‘cultural’ versus ‘political’ 138
Nation of Islam 184
nation-state/s 4, 81, 82, 102, 106, 109, 135, 137, 139–40, 185, 192, 214, 215, 216
National Front (France) 185
national interest/s 15, 58, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 174, 237
national self-determination 141
national sovereignty 210, 211, 214
nationalism 7, 8, 27, 37, 55, 69, 84, 95, 98, 108, 119, 132, 137, 139, 140–2, 184, 192, 200, 212, 226
developing-world 109
types (cultural, ethnic, political) 140
nationalist terrorism 219
nationhood,
‘civic’ versus ‘organic’ concept 138
‘natural order of things’ 207
natural sciences 12, 165, 166, 170
Nazi Germany 26, 69, 112, 201, 223
Nazism (national socialism) 32, 59, 140, 142–3, 184, 185
see also racialism
need (Brundtland) 216
neo-classical economics 186, 236
neo-classical liberalism see neo-liberalism
neo-corporatism 43
neo-fascism 69
neo-idealism 95
neo-imperialism 97
neo-institutionalism 100
neo-liberal
institutionalists 102, 236, 239
see also classical liberalism
neo-Marxism 47, 54, 90, 98, 121, 129
neo-realism 11, 158, 188, 189, 236, 239
same as ‘structural realism’ 4, 188
neo-revisionist socialists 174
Netherlands 21, 38, 44, 98, 134
neutrality 14, 112, 144–5, 166
‘new’ Labour 220
New Left 3–4, 47, 167, 208, 229
‘new man’ (fascist) 68
‘new political economy’ 161
‘new politics’ 208
New Right 3–4, 18, 21, 22, 37, 44, 73, 75, 97, 99, 115, 117, 120f, 125, 157, 167, 179, 182, 196, 200, 206, 212, 213, 222, 231, 238
‘new’ social democracy 206
‘new’ social movements 47, 163, 208
‘new’ wars 229
Nicaraguan Revolution (1979) 198
Nigeria 132
night-watchman states 212
Nixon, R. M. 175
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 79–80, 105, 145–6
‘advocacy’ versus ‘operational’ 145
World Bank’s definition 145
non-state actors 105, 189, 214, 229
normative approach 62, 81, 96, 99, 121, 141, 156, 164, 165, 166, 170
see also values
North America 51
Northern Ireland Assembly 55
Norway 88
nuclear weaponry 53, 149, 189, 215, 219, 230
‘horizontal’ versus ‘vertical’ proliferation 7
nurture -nature debate 91
Obama administration (2009 -) 88
objectivity 106, 164, 165, 166
obligation/s 4, 35, 82, 85, 121, 146–7, 213
‘legal’ versus ‘moral’ 146
‘one-dimensional societies’ (Marcuse) 224, 237, 244
one-nation conservatism 37, 206, 222
one-party states 29, 30, 57, 162, 223
oppression 22, 47, 95, 199, 201
order 1, 2, 3, 10, 38, 75, 100, 117, 119, 123, 125, 148–9, 181, 201, 224
‘natural’ versus ‘political’ 148
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 102
‘organization is mobilization of bias’ 173
Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) 102
‘organized interests’ 178
see also pressure groups
Orientalism (Said, 2003) 171, 245
overseas aid see international aid
pacifism 149
see also terrorism
Pakistan 193
Papadopoulos, G. 132
Pareto, V. 238
‘foxes’ versus ‘lions’ 62
parliament/s 13, 16, 19, 25, 39, 61, 65, 66, 100, 134, 150–1, 169, 179, 180, 195, 197
committee system 151
‘policy-influencing’ versus ‘policy-making’ 151
see also US Constitution
parliamentary democracy 157, 170, 237
parliamentary
government 152f, 152–3, 174, 176, 198
see also government
parliamentary socialism 209
parliamentary sovereignty 211
parliamentary systems 13, 67, 69, 100, 147, 179, 182, 204
party leaders 180
party politics,
‘de-ideologized’ 174
party systems 100, 151, 153, 163, 178
patriarchy 22, 59, 72, 78, 95, 117, 123, 124, 153–4, 213
see also women
patriotism 132, 134, 138, 141, 154–5, 177, 196
peace-building 155
peace movement 208
Peloponnesian War 188
‘peoplism’ 17
perception 63, 78, 82, 203, 218
‘perfect competition’ 115
Permissiveness,
versus ‘toleration’ 221
Peronism 8
Perpetual Peace (Kant) 45
Persian Empire 98
‘personal is political’ (slogan) 153
Peru 44
philosopher-kings (Plato) 62
philosophical anarchists 147
philosophical materialism 94
Pinochet y Ugarte, A. 132
Plato 29, 55–6, 62, 94, 100, 115, 116, 146, 164, 166, 238
pluralism 63, 69, 101, 122, 123, 130, 135, 156–7, 170, 173, 178, 194, 211, 221, 236
‘classical’ versus ‘reformed’ 156
‘descriptive’ versus ‘normative’ 156
varieties (cultural, moral, political) 156
‘pluralistic stagnation’ 157
Plymouth Brethren 149
Poland 175
policy 2, 15, 16, 44, 61, 85, 112, 118, 132, 158–9, 197, 218
policy-making stages 158
policy mandate 127
policy networks 85
polis 168
political correctness (PC) xii
political culture 62, 88, 153, 159–61, 178, 183
types (parochial, participant, subject) 160
see also economics
political Islam see Islamism
political nationalism
types (anti-colonial, conservative, expansionist, liberal) 140–1
see also nationalism
‘political obligation’ 146
political participation 6, 190
political party/parties 3, 24–5, 35, 59, 60, 65, 66, 119, 126, 127, 151, 162–3, 175, 178–9, 180, 182, 194, 206, 208, 209, 218, 222, 237, 243, 244
‘cadre’ versus ‘mass’ 162
‘catch-all’ (Kirchheimer) 162
‘constitutional’ versus ‘revolutionary’ 162
distinguishing characteristics 162
‘integrative’ versus ‘representative’ (Neumann) 162
versus ‘pressure groups’ 177
social class 205
see also law
political philosophy 85, 120, 148, 156, 163–5, 167, 170
political revolutions 198
political science 85, 106, 120, 165–6, 167, 170, 204, 218
political theory 4, 62, 75, 115, 154, 164, 166–7, 171, 196, 213, 229
politicians (professional) x
politics 1, 4, 12, 23, 35, 84, 117, 165, 168–9, 189
‘domestic’ versus ‘international’ 107
identification with ‘government’ 85
‘Politics’ (academic subject) 168, 173
Politics (Aristotle) 234
popular mandate 127
popular sovereignty 211
population size 79
‘positive’ discrimination 133
positive law 116
positive rights 23
positivism xi, 12, 42, 64, 107, 165, 167, 170
see also empiricism
post-behaviouralism 13
post-Cold War 41, 47, 81, 105, 136, 155, 215
post-colonialism 107, 108, 135, 141, 170–1, 193
post-communist states 160, 175
post-industrial society 60, 171–2, 205, 208
‘post-liberal’ perspective 135
post-materialism 208
post-modernism xiv, 42, 58, 73, 158, 167, 171–2, 188, 244
post-positivists 107
poverty 33, 45, 53, 54, 65, 68, 82, 90, 104, 115, 128, 145, 183, 202, 207, 210, 212, 231
poverty trap 103
power xiii, 1, 3, 7, 10, 11–12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 23, 40, 49, 56, 58, 61, 63, 67, 68, 73, 79, 101, 106, 108, 114, 119, 120, 131, 151, 156, 157, 161, 163, 168, 169, 172–4, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 190, 195, 197, 208, 212, 222, 225, 226
versus ‘authority’ 173
‘radical’ face (Lukes) 173, 244
see also hard/soft power
power elite (Mills) 62, 63, 244
‘power over’ versus ‘power to’ 172
‘power to persuade’ (Neustadt) 175
power politics 95, 106, 173, 188
‘constitutional’ versus ‘executive’ 174–5
versus ‘presidency’ xi
presidential appointments (USA) 177
presidential executives 66
presidential government 175, 176–7
presidential systems 16, 38, 67, 70, 85, 100, 147, 151, 153, 203
pressure group/s 24, 59, 151, 157, 162, 177–9, 208, 218
‘insider’ versus ‘outsider’ 178
‘promotional’ versus ‘sectional’ 178
prime minister 16, 66, 134, 152, 175, 176, 179–80
see also head of government
Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham, 1789) 106, 234, 240
Prison Notebooks (Gramsci) 89, 235, 242
prisoners’ dilemma (PD) 77, 77f, 186
private interest groups (USA) 178
privatization 54, 143, 182, 196
profit motive 27, 98, 128, 220, 232
proletariat 18, 89, 108, 129, 161, 204
‘promotional pressure groups’ 145, 178
property 27, 28, 36, 93, 117, 125, 180–2, 200, 201, 235, 238
types (common, private, state) 181, 182
property law 117
‘property is theft’ (Proudhon) 3
proportional representation (PR) 61, 153, 182–3
protective groups 178
see also ‘new’ social movements
psychology 12, 138, 148, 149, 154, 160, 171, 173, 193–4, 227, 238
public choice theory 16, 161, 186
public interest 210
‘public interest groups’ 145, 178
versus ‘political culture’ 160
public policy 147, 158, 178, 189, 206
public-private divide 24, 81, 193, 228
public-private partnerships 85, 137
punishment 114, 116, 146, 148, 173, 183–4
Qatar 134
Quakers 149
quality of life 208
quantitative research 12
quasi-state see failed state
race 26, 68, 92, 108, 135, 138, 154, 184–5
racialism/racism 5, 22, 69, 97, 141, 142, 165, 185–6, 222
see also anti-Semitism
radical ecologists 217
radical feminism 124, 153, 237
radical Islam see Islamism
ratification powers 13
rational choice 78, 99, 101, 129, 159, 161, 167, 186–7
rationalism 68, 123, 187–8, 222, 224, 238
rationality 53, 170, 173, 221, 235
Rawls, J. 82, 131, 167, 238, 245
reactionary ecologism 59
realism 11, 41, 94, 104, 108, 109, 123, 173, 188–9, 236
‘classical’ versus ‘structural’ 188
realists 26, 51, 58, 77, 79, 81, 87, 106, 202, 203, 230
reason 5, 117, 187, 234, 236, 237
reasoning,
‘inductive’ versus ‘deductive’ 164
Rechtsstaat 200
reform 187, 190–1, 205, 207, 209
reformist socialism 209
regional powers 86
‘international’ versus ‘sub-national’ 191
‘new’ 192
see also globalization
régions (France) 126
regions (sub-national) 71, 140
religion 21, 23, 95, 109, 133, 140, 149, 178, 219, 221, 227, 239
religious fundamentalism 76, 95, 97, 108, 141, 157, 171, 192–4, 224
see also Islamism
ren (humanity) 34
representation 1, 13, 25, 35, 44, 49, 61, 127, 178, 194–5, 197, 237
republican liberals 124
‘resource security’ 79
responsibility 2, 21, 27, 152, 152f, 190, 196–7, 220
responsibility to protect (R2P) 94
retribution 183
revisionist socialism 209
revolution/s x, 69, 129, 147, 166, 197–9, 205, 231, 236, 237
versus ‘reform’ 190
types (cultural, political, social) 198
revolutionary socialism 191, 193, 209
rewards 65, 123, 205, 207, 212
Rhine-Alpine capitalism 17
right [wing] see left/right
right to life 6
rights 1, 21, 22, 48, 72, 78, 95, 114, 116, 119, 125, 164, 177, 178, 181, 199–200, 207, 208, 212, 219
‘legal’ versus ‘moral’ 199
‘positive’ 199
see also human rights
Rome Statute (1998) 46
Roosevelt, F. D. 244
Rousseau, J.-J. 100, 146, 164, 169, 211, 238
rule-utilitarianism 227
ruling class 37, 63, 89, 96, 156, 209, 213, 222, 237
Russian Federation 51, 93, 144, 175
Russian Revolution (1917) x, 69, 198
Saddam Hussein 132
Saint-Simon, C.-H. 170
Salazar, A. 44
Sartre, J.-P.,
‘existence comes before essence’ 92
satyagraha (Gandhi) 22
Schattschneider, E. E. 173, 245
Schumpeter, J. A. 63
science 164, 170, 172, 191, 241
‘can only falsify hypotheses’ (Popper) 165
science of muddling through (Lindblom) 159, 244
‘scientific method’ 165
‘scientific socialism’ 129, 209, 229
scientism 165
Scottish Parliament 55
sectional groups 178
secularism 193
security 12, 86, 123, 189, 192, 201–2, 207, 214, 219
see also collective security
security dilemma 5, 7, 53, 202–3, 241
‘dilemma of interpretation’ versus ‘dilemma of response’ 202
see also arms race
self-determination 141, 200, 237
self-government 142
‘self-help’ 5, 26, 58, 188, 202
self-interest 3, 99, 103, 104, 186, 188, 228
semi-presidential executives 66
semi-presidential systems 176, 177, 179, 204
separation of powers 20, 40, 70, 112, 152, 156, 176, 179, 196, 203–4, 236
‘invitation to struggle’ 204
‘sex’ versus ‘gender’ 77
see also feminism
shallow ecologism 60
Shia Islam 110
Siberia 79
Sikhism 193
sin 183
Singapore 34
single transferable vote (STV) 61, 182
single-member plurality (SMP) system 182
Six-Day War (1967) 230
Smith, A. 18, 74, 99, 115, 161, 239
‘social’ anarchism 3
social capital 160
social capitalism 17
social class 4, 16, 18, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 62, 69, 78, 86, 88, 89, 96, 117, 121, 122, 124, 129, 154, 161, 163, 166, 169, 171, 173, 198, 200, 201, 204–5, 208, 209, 213, 218, 223, 227, 239
‘class consciousness’ (Marx) 204–5
‘class-for-itself’ versus ‘class-in-itself’ (Marx) 205
definitions (Marxist versus non-Marxist) 204
international solidarity 108
marketing-based distinction (A-E ) 204
social cohesion 136, 141, 182, 185, 191, 209, 221, 224, 231
social constructivism,
same as ‘constructivism’ 41
social contract 4, 85, 99, 121, 146, 164, 199, 213, 238
social democracy 21, 22, 31, 80, 94, 120f, 123, 205–6, 207, 209, 210, 220, 231
forms 206
modern 207
Social Democratic Party (SPD, Germany) 162
social democratic states 212
social justice 82, 114, 125, 131, 178, 206, 207, 219, 235
deserts, needs, rights 207
see also global justice
social liberalism 124
social movements 79, 80, 146, 162, 207–8
versus ‘pressure groups’ 177
social responsibility 99, 196, 231
social revolutions 198
socialism 3, 17, 21, 29, 37, 59, 62, 89, 97, 97, 115, 119f, 120f, 128, 129, 171, 181, 182, 187, 190, 192, 209–10, 228, 239
‘ethical’ versus ‘scientific’ 209
‘fundamentalist’ versus ‘revisionist’ 209
‘reformist’ versus ‘revolutionary’ 209
top-down 210
types 209
see also third way
socialist feminists 154
socialist internationalism 109
‘socialist legality’ 112
socialist libertarianism 125
socialists 15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 31, 32, 41, 75, 99, 118, 127, 131, 138, 139, 148–9, 162, 185, 200, 207, 231
society 99, 100, 101, 117, 159, 166, 184, 238, 239
society of states 108
sociobiologists 154
sociology and sociologists 63, 76, 86, 121, 159, 204, 239, 244
Somalia 67
South Africa 184
South America 143
Southeast Asia 212
South Korea 34
sovereignty 10, 39, 54, 55, 67, 81, 98, 102, 105, 125, 133, 152, 191, 195, 210–12, 216, 234
‘external’ versus ‘internal’ 210–11
‘legal’ versus ‘political’ 210
Spain 8, 52, 55, 134, 192, 211
Stalin, J. 27, 57, 213, 223, 243
state/s 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 49, 58, 66, 75, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 100, 104, 105, 107–8, 114, 116, 120, 121, 124, 125, 129, 137, 144, 146, 156, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 181, 188, 191, 193, 202, 203, 205, 210, 212–14, 215, 220, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230, 235, 239, 244
‘five key features’ 212
‘four features’ (IR) 212
need for (debate) 213
‘withering away’ (Marx) 29, 30
state power (debate) 213
state socialism 130
state sovereignty/sovereign state 92, 105, 210
Stormont Parliament 55
subsidiarity 214
Sudan 193
Sulla 56
Sunni Islam 110
superpower/s 11, 53, 83, 87, 93, 95, 136, 158, 189, 215, 242
supranationalism 69, 105, 141, 191, 214, 215–16
versus ‘intergovernmentalism’ 102, 103
supreme courts 71
sustainable development 54, 216–17
see also development
system of states 107
systems theory 86, 100, 198, 217–18, 239
‘tadpole philosophy’ (Tawney) 132
Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) 34
Taiwan 87
Taliban 110
Tamil Tigers 219
taxation 13, 19, 126, 146, 177, 218, 220, 232
taxation and welfare law 116
terrorism 33, 87–8, 107, 202, 218–20, 229, 230
see also violence
Thailand 34
Thatcherism 8, 143, 162, 220, 242
‘no such thing as society’ 98–9
theocracy 193
‘think globally, act locally’ 60
see also capitalism
Third World 54
Thoreau, H. D. 22
Tibet 98
toleration 69, 123, 157, 202, 221–2, 236
‘negative’ versus ‘positive’ 221
Tönnies, F. 32
totalitarian democracy 224
totalitarianism 1, 8, 24, 28, 119, 132, 169, 194, 208, 223–4, 229, 234, 238, 242
traits 223
Tracy: A. L. C. Destutt, Comte de ~ 96
trade unions 24, 44, 85, 89, 178, 200, 205, 208, 226, 238
tradition/custom 36, 121, 125, 174, 187, 222, 224–5, 237
versus ‘progress’ and ‘reaction’ 224
traditional conservatives 99, 131, 157, 174, 207, 238
‘transcendental idealism’ (Kant) 94
transnational corporations (TNCs) 54, 68, 79, 80, 98, 140, 145, 214, 225–6
‘economies in own right’ 225
transnational terrorism 219
transnationalism 83, 225, 226–7
Treaty of European Union (1993) 214
Treaty of Versailles (1919) 141, 143
trust 6, 58, 102, 106, 118, 203, 235
‘distrust’ 77
trusteeship model (Burke) 194, 195
truth xi, xii–xiii, 22, 96, 165, 221
‘absolute’ versus ‘conventional’ xiv
Mahayana Buddhism xiv
‘social construct’ (Foucault) 58
see also postmodernism
two-party systems 147, 152, 163
‘tyranny of majority’ 50
Übermensch (superman) 118
ultra vires principle 113
ultra-liberalism 3
ultra-socialism 3
underclass 205
unemployment 18, 33, 149, 157, 183, 205
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 7, 27, 29, 41, 53, 71, 87, 89, 105, 110, 129, 141, 185, 201, 213, 215, 223, 242
imperialism 109
‘socialist legality’ 112
unipolarity 158
United Kingdom 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 39, 41, 52, 55, 98, 112, 134, 143, 153, 160, 171, 184, 191, 205, 215, 220, 222, 227, 231, 238, 239, 242
responsible government 197
rule of law 200
United Nations 54, 81, 105, 145, 149, 202, 216, 230
UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 92
UN peacekeeping 155
United States of America (USA) 7, 8, 12, 17, 20, 21, 33, 47, 52, 53, 54, 63, 70, 71, 76, 87–8, 93, 105, 110, 112, 115, 136–7, 143, 158, 160, 166, 171, 178, 182, 184, 193, 200, 203, 204, 205, 215, 220, 222, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242
black consciousness movement (1960s) 135
isolationist phase 86
president 175
municipalities and towns 126
republicanism 196
Southern states 23
US House of Representatives 13
US Constitution (1787) 39, 177
1st–10th Amendments (Bill of Rights) 14
10th Amendment (state rights) 72
14th, 15th, 19th Amendments 14
see also bill of rights
utilitarian generalization 227
utilitarianism 3, 43, 45, 99, 159, 165, 186, 190, 200, 227–8, 234, 237
‘utopian socialism’ 209, 229, 238
utopianism 94, 189, 199, 210, 228–9, 238
value judgements x
values xi–xii, xiv, 12, 34, 62, 96f, 108, 110, 117, 132, 133, 147, 148, 150, 156, 159, 165, 166, 167, 172, 184, 185, 187, 193, 208, 222, 224
versus ‘facts’ 63
see also normative approach
‘vanguard party’ (Lenin) 118
Vienna Circle 170
violence 148, 194, 198, 199, 229
see also pacifism
Virginia school 186
Völksgemeinschaft 32
voting and voting behaviour 7, 12, 127, 160, 166, 186
war 5, 7, 11, 53, 57, 74, 84, 102, 109, 144, 158, 175, 177, 201, 203, 214, 229–30
see also just war
war crimes 46
‘wars of plunder’ 229
‘war on terror’ 87
waves of democratization (Huntington) 52, 243
weak state see failed state
weapons of mass destruction (WMD) 8, 219
welfare 27, 75, 143, 205, 231–2
welfare liberalism 123
welfare rights 199
welfare state/s 206
types (Esping-Andersen) 231, 242
welfare Toryism 222
Welsh Assembly 55
Western Marxism 129
Western world 32–3, 75, 97, 105, 110, 124
Western Marxism 129
Western world 32–3, 75, 97, 105, 110, 124
‘will to power’ (Nietzsche) 187, 237
Wilson, T. W. 50
women 90, 117, 133, 136, 171, 195, 200, 237
see also patriarchy
women’s liberation movement 73, 95, 208, 209
women’s suffrage 73
‘blue-collar versus ‘white-collar’ 204
‘manual’ versus ‘non-manual’ 204
World Court 112
world government 45
see also global governance
World Trade Organization (WTO, 1995–) 74, 81
GATT 136
World War I 7, 25, 69, 105, 106, 141, 143, 230
World War II 26, 46, 105, 136, 141, 143, 215, 230
world-system theorists 54
Zen xiv
zones of peace 51