Index
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
abandonment, 276n10
abdication, 41–42
“Absolute Loyalty” (fascicle in Chen Gui), 142–43
Admonitions for Women (Nüjie), 62, 75–76, 268n14, 271n3. See also Ban Zhao
agelessness, 156–57
agriculture, 97, 99, 100, 100
Allen, Sarah, 85, 96, 276n10
Altair, 73
altar, 55, 64–65, 71, 186, 270n38
Altar of Audiences (Chaojin), 92
Ames, Roger, 233
Amoghapāśa, 192
Amplifying the Dao (Hongdao reign era) 35–36, 173, 181
Analects (Lunyu), 109, 119, 248n8
ancestors, 277n24; blood, 102–5, 120–22; in pluralistic society, 12–15; political, 1–22, 102, 113, 210, 227–35, 232; worship of, 5–9
ancestral temples, 100–102, 104, 107–8, 278n39, 280n39
ancestress (xian bi), 107, 116
Ancient China (Schafer), 27–28
Anle Princess, 73–74
An Lushan, 234
An Lushan Rebellion, 28
Annals of Dengfeng, 86
Annals of the States of Jing and Chu (Jing-Chu sui shiji), 288n41
Annals of Revelations of Diverse States (Bieguo dongming ji), 153
“Annals of Zhou” (in Records of the Grand Historian), 98, 103–4
apocryphal texts, 48, 222, 265n52, 265n57, 307n31
apotheosis, 86
apotropaic purification, 45
apsara, 216
Ascended Immortal Crown Prince, 91. See also Wang Zijin; Zijin
Ascended Immortal Observatory, 159
Aśoka (king), 14–15, 252n67
Atargatis, 26
Attestation Sutra. See Sutra of Attestation
augural stones, 141–42, 214, 263n27. See also Precious Diagram
August Heaven Plateau, 173–74
auspicious omens 85, 103, 105, 155, 197, 202, 264n45. See also phoenix; white elephant; three-legged bird
avaivartika, 220
Avalokiteśvara cult, 192. See Guanyin
Axis of Sky, 48, 285n74
axle. See loom
A Bag of Pearls from the Three Caverns (Sandong zhunang), 181
Ban (Han Lady of Handsome Fairness), 112
Ban Zhao, 62, 75–76, 272n12. See Admonitions for Women
Barrett, Timothy, 13, 88, 147, 215, 307n33
Bendix, Richard, 5
“Benefiting the People” (fascicle in Regulations for Ministers), 71
“Benevolent Persons” (category of women in History of the Han Dynasty), 95
Benn, Charles, 148, 169, 171–72, 189, 294n49
Bingzhou, 206, 305n68
“Biographies of Empresses and Consorts” (in Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms) 113
Biographies of Exemplary Women (Liu Xiang’s Han ed.), 76–78, 98–100, 102, 109, 272n11; paragons in, 125, 136, 228, 233, 272n15; on Woman of Tushan, 80. See also Kuo of Zhao; Wen (mother); Zifa of Chu
Biographies of Exemplary Women (Wu Zhao’s ed.), 125, 126, 127, 133–35, 134, 280n2
“Biographies of Exemplary Women” (in History of Jin), 77–78, 82–83
“Biographies of Exemplary Women” (in History of the Wei Dynasty), 82
Biographies of Filial Daughters, 280n2
Biographies of Filial Sons, 127
Biographies of Immortals, 150
“Biographies of the Benign and Wise” (in Liu Xiang’s ed. of Biographies of Exemplary Women), 81, 272n8
Biography of King Mu, 150
bird, three-legged, 155, 288n47, 289nn49–50. See also solar crow; sunbird
Birrell, Anne, 23, 26, 85, 149, 229–30
“The Birth of a People” (“Shengmin” in Book of Songs), 96–97, 105
Bi Xiuling, 61, 71, 269n27
Black Spirit, 89
blood ancestor, 102–5, 120–22
Bodhiruci, 202
bodhisattvas (Buddhas-to-be), 186, 192, 219–21, 252n69; feminization of, 213; mother of all, 197
Bo Juyi, 182
Bokenkamp, Stephen, 16, 88, 172
Book of Changes, 50, 113, 278n8
Book of History, 47, 146, 249n11, 263n29
Book of Rites, 132, 234
Book of Songs, 99, 101, 110, 234, 278n8; in connection to “Come-as-sons,” 285n74. See also “The Birth of a People”
Book of the Inner Exegesis of the Three Heavens (Santian neijie jing) 198
Book of Transformations of Laozi (Laozi bianhua jing), 168
Boyi, 272n7
Bozhou, 170
Bray, Francesca, 61, 234, 268n14
Bright Hall complexes, 54–55, 153, 229
Brightstar Jade Girl, 297n52
Buddha, 195–97, 196, 199–200, 203–4, 205–6, 210, 211–15, 302n4. See also Laozi; Sutra of the Rain of Jewels; white elephants
Buddha mother, 19, 207. See also Māyā
Buddhapālita, 206, 305n70
Buddharāja (fowang), 252n69
Buddhism, 191, 192–93, 218–19, 228–29, 265n57, 305n74; Daoism and, 169, 191, 308n48; political authority legitimized by, 13–15, 192–93, 299n1, 300n24
Buddhist festival (pañcavārṣika), 14, 224, 252n67
Buddhist goddesses, 193–94. See also Māyā and Vimalaprabhā
Buddhist monks, 202–3, 274n39, 289n49. See also Yijing; Fazang; Xue Huaiyi; Śikṣānanda; Bodhiruci
Buddhist motherhood, 199–200
Buddhist nuns, 203–4, 219
Buddhist propagandists, 20, 300n18. See also Xue Huaiyi; Commentary on the Meanings of the Prophecies About the Divine Sovereign in the Great Cloud Sutra
Buddhist relics (stūpas), 14–15, 307n33
Buddhist rites, 191
Buddhist sovereignty, 308n58. See also Aśoka; cakravartin; Golden Wheel
Buddhist treasures, 200–202. See also Daoist relics
butchering, 191
Butler, Judith, 76
Cahill, Suzanne, 151, 164, 165, 185–86, 306n24
Cai Junsheng, 26–27, 28
Cai Mo, 114
cakravartin, 13–15, 186–87, 211, 220, 252n69, 306n19
calendar 10, 11, 21, 65, 156
Campany, Robert, 97
Candraprabha (Yueguang), 15, 220, 308n54
Canetti, Elias, 10–11
can mu. See silkworm mothers
cannibalism, 29
Canon of Filial Piety (Xiaojing), 229
“Canon of Yao” (in Book of History), 260n45
can shen. See silkworm goddess
Cao Pi, 44, 60
Cao Rui, 100, 113
Cao Zhi, 44, 45, 53
cavern heavens (dongtian), 182
Celestial Altar, 182
Celestial Emperor. See Gaozong
Celestial Empress (title of Wu Zhao) 69, 267n81, 298n53
celestial light, 154–56
Celestial Masters, 292n3
celestial world, poets and, 147
central Asian steppe cultures, 234
Central Marchmount (Zhongyue), 79, 80
Central Peak of Five Marchmounts. See Mount Song
ceremonial dance, 31–32
Chang, K. C., 5
Chang’an, 231, 270n38, 275n70
Chang E, 73, 74, 150, 155
Chao Fu, 295n17
chapels (neidaochang), 192, 300n18
characters (invented in 689), 11, 21, 155–56, 217
charity, 252n67
Charleux, Isabelle, 207
chastity, cult of, 231
Chen, Jack, 7–8, 235
Cheng (Han emperor), 112
Cheng Chubi, 266n60
Chengdu, 81
Chen gui. See Regulations for Ministers
Cheng of Zhou (king), 279n26
Cheng Tang, 279n14, 280n33
Cheng Zhijie, 266n60
Chen Jinhua, 191, 205, 215, 300n18, 305n70
Chen Jo-shui, 62–63, 69, 231, 270n46
Chen Shou, 113
Chen Yinke, 192
Chen Zhenjie, 85, 107
Chenzhou, 152
Chen Zi’ang, 118–19, 123, 229, 266n60, 273n22; on Laozi, 92; memorial of, 52, 276n72; vocabulary created by, 36–37
chickens, 3, 249n11
children, 75, 271n2
Chinese Buddhism. See Buddhism
Chiu-Duke, Josephine, 128, 134–35, 282n21, 283n47
Chong (earl), 272n3
Chronicle of Dragon Ladies (Longnüzhuan), 46
Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo zhi) 113
Chu (Warring States era state), 77
Chuigong (reign era), 146
Chu Suanzi, 114
Chuzhou, 287n31
cinnabar, 183, 188
civic duty, 126
Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing), 127
Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhai jing), 26, 86, 149, 152, 229–30
Clear Purity. See Jinpyeong
“Climbing the Celestial Altar to View the Sea at Night” (Li Yi), 182
cloak, 161, 291n84
Coiling Dragon Terrace stele inscription, 84, 121–22
coins, 270n40
Collected Records of Court and Country (Chaoye jianzai), 105
come-as-sons (zi lai) idea, 285n74
Commentary on the Meanings of the Prophecies About the Divine Sovereign in the Great Cloud Sutra (Dayunjing shenhuang shouji yishu), 48, 57, 183, 186–87, 204, 209–26
Communing with Heaven Palace (Tongtian gong), 201
Como, Michael, 288nn41–42, 289n49
compass (gui), 26, 279n17
Complete Anthology of Tang Poetry (Quan Tangshi), 92, 266n72
Complete Anthology of Tang Prose (Quan Tangwen), 185
Composition of Pearls (Bianzhu), 288n41
Comprehensive Commentary on Popular Customs (Fengsu tongyi), 26, 35
Comprehensive Mirror for the Advancement of Governance (Zizhi tongjian), 32, 105, 170, 219
concubines, 310n11
Confucian authority, of widowhood, 128–29
Confucianism, 9–11, 228–29, 230, 248n8; Buddhism’s subordination of, 218–19; Daoism placed above, 169; women influenced by, 75–76
Confucian mothers, 18–19, 128–29
Confucian values, 124–25, 128–29. See also weaving-government analogy
Confucius, 6, 218–19, 248n8, 249n25, 283n37; investment of, 11; on Ji of Lu, 132. See also Analects
Consort Fu. See Luo River Goddess
consorts, 113
Convent of Devi (Tiannü nisi), 211
Cook, Constance, 5–6
coup, 107, 277n37
courtesans, 231
Court of State Ceremonial, 191
crane, 159, 291n86
“Crane” (Li Qiao), 164
Cui Rong, 29–31; edict drafted by, 273n21; effusion of, 161, 163; inscription of, 87–90, 92, 172–73, 181; memorials of, 33–34, 36, 53, 56, 84, 85–86, 92, 120; poem of, 291n88
Cui Shen, 152
Cui Shu, 218, 308n45
Cui Xuanwei, 277n37
Cundī, 301n30
Daizong (Tang emperor), 185
damming, 159
dance, 31–32
dao, 145–46, 147
Daodejing (Laozi), 145–46, 186
Daoism, 191, 228–29, 265n57, 308n48; Tang, 169–70; Tushan women elevated by, 90–92
Daoist canon, 181
Daoist convent, 91
Daoist divinities, 147, 182, 237
Daoist emperorship, 12–13, 149–51
Daoist establishment, 92, 145, 173–75, 180–81
Daoist governance, 145,
Daoist monasteries, 86
Daoist nuns, 91
Daoist observatory, 275n58
Daoist paradise, 157–66, 162
Daoist relics, 186–87. See also Buddhist treasures; white elephants
Daoists, 90–92, 212
Daoxuan, 197
Dark Tortoise plateau, 186
daughters, 73–74, 75
Day of Humans, 288n41
Dazu (reign era), 277n31
Declarations of the Perfected, 180
Degan, 305n68
deities. See divinities
demiurge, 168–69
demiurgic energy, 195
Deng (Han empress), 78, 272n12
Despeux, Catherine, 167–68, 265n57
devas, 223
Devi of Pure Radiance. See Jingguang
devis, 194, 209–10, 219, 230, 301n29; identification with, 221; prophecies and, 211–15
Dhāraṇī Sūtra of the Buddha’s Crowning Victory, 206
Dharmakṣema, 305n3
“Diagram Regurgitated by the Dragon” (Longtu tu) 214
Di Ku, 34
Di Renjie, 291n84
Distant Vision (Jiushi reign era), 157
Divākara, 301n30
Divine Capital (Shendu). See Luoyang
divine footprint, 105–6
divine mother (shenmu), 204–5. See also Māyā
Divine Palace of Myriad Images, 309n68
Divine Peak. See Mount Song
divine wife, 180
The Divine Woman (Schafer), 16–17, 46, 259n18
divinities, 67, 182, 197, 229–30, 235, 276n10; female, 23–24, 147, 172–73, 229–30; of three faiths, 13–15. See also Daoist divinities; Four Divinities
Di Yi, 279n8
Dizang, 192
“Domestic Rules” (“Neize” in Book of Rites), 132
Dongfang Shuo, 150, 153, 166
Dong Zhongshu, 56
Doran, Rebecca, 50, 55, 226, 247n2, 264n45
Dou (Ruizong’s consort, posthumously named empress), 85, 107, 116, 117–18, 207–8, 278n2
dowager, 31–32, 136
dragonspawn, 38–39, 261n71
dream conception, 203–4
drought, 45, 184
Duan Tali, 128
Du Doucheng, 217
Du Gongzhan, 288n41
Dugu (Sui empress), 265n56
Duke of Zhou, 2, 11, 47, 103, 249n25
Du Guangting, 46, 156, 158–59, 179–80, 290n69, 293n25; on Li (mother), 168, 171; on Nine Tripods, 182–83
Du Mu, 46
Dunhuang grottoes, 191, 206, 216
Du You, 269n15
dynastic mothers, 98–102, 100, 237
earth god, sacrifice to, 157
Eastern Capital, 182. See also Luoyang
Ehuang, 60, 71, 81, 82, 83, 122, 268n1, 272n11, 279n10
Elegies of Chu (Chuci), 25. See also Qu Yuan
elephants, 200–205. See also white elephants
Eliade, Mircea, 9, 72, 105
emperor, 1–5, 4, 6, 12–13, 87, 175–76
Emperor of Central Heaven, 90
empire, 5–9
Empress Day, 38
empresses, 31–32, 114, 116, 117–18, 310n11
Empress of Central Heaven, 90
“Enchanting Miss Wu,” 212, 306n18
“Examining the fire pearl atop the Bright Hall” (Cui Shu), 218
extended self, 24
extraordinary woman (feichang furen), 115
faiths, 228–29
Fajing, 309n67
family, 5–9, 128–29, 142–43
“Family Genealogies” (in Records of the Grand Historian), 110
famine, 29
Fang Xuanling, 35, 62, 77–78, 82–83, 272n12
Fan Ye, 77, 265n56
fathers, 80–81, 176–77
Fazang, 202, 307n34
Fei (Northern Qi emperor), 304n62
female adepts, 184
female body, 219–21
female divinities, 23–24, 147, 172–73, 229–30
female exemplars, 125–28
female political ancestors, 1–22, 102, 113, 210, 227–35, 232
female potency, 229–30
female sovereign, 231–32, 232
Feng (Wei empress), 175
Feng (Zhou capital), 8
feng and shan rites, 115–16, 117–18, 153, 260n44, 275n62, 279n26
fenghuang. See phoenix
Fengxian Observatory, 40–41
Fengxian Temple, 225
Fifth Master. See Zhang Yizhi
filial piety (xiao), 126, 134–35, 142–43
filicide, 75
finial, 218
First Agriculturalist altar (xiannong tan), 71
First Sericulturist (xian can), 60–72, 64, 67, 153–54, 231, 270n38, 270n46. See also Leizu
Five Classics, 233, 248n8
Five Impediments (wuzhang), 213
Five Marchmounts, 266n59
Five Phases (wuxing), 60, 183, 204, 265n57, 270n40
Five Precepts, 213
five princes (wu wang), 107, 277n37
flock of kingfishers, cloak, 161
flood, 26, 80, 159, 258n9. See also Yu the Great
The Flood Myths of Early China (Lewis), 80–81, 273n8
Flower Garland Sutra (Huayan jing), 197, 202–3, 205, 304n40
Flower Maid. See Huang Lingwei
footprint (lü di), 104, 105–6
Foremost Sage (xian sheng), 249n25
Forte, Antonino, 51, 186–87, 202, 204, 209, 211, 220, 222, 223, 224, 267n82, 267n90, 305n3, 307n41
The Fountainhead of Chinese Erotica, 291n88
Four Marchmounts, 266n59
four virtues (side), 268n14
fowang. See Buddharāja
Frankfort, Henri, 150–51
Frazer, James George, 24
Fu. See Luo River Goddess
Fuqiu (duke), 159, 161
Future Pure Radiance, 219
Fuxi, 26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 275n52. See also Nüwa; Yellow River Chart
Fuzhou, 184–88
galactic polity, 308n58
Gandhāra, 198
Gao Pu, 89
Gao Shiyu, 231
Gao Ying, 107–8
Gaozong (Tang emperor), 2, 47, 90, 106, 129, 225, 260n43; death of, 29–30, 31–32, 40–41, 119, 174–75; edict promulgated by, 35–36; illness of, 126–27; inscription of, 40–41, 83; petition to, 115–16, 117. See also Li Zhi, Two Sages
Gaozu (Tang emperor), 13, 39, 122, 169
Garrison of Imperial Bodyguards. See Institute for Reining Cranes
Gate of Solemn Righteousness, 65
gender, 95–96, 143, 221, 226; Buddhism and, 14, 178, 193, 213, 221–22, 226, 300n11; Chinese and Western differences in, 233; labor and 60–61, 72
“Genealogies of Prime Ministers” (in New Tang History), 102–3
Genealogies of the Perfected (Zhenxi), 296n30
generals, 137–40, 284n58. See also “Good Generals”; Mother of Kuo of Zhao; Mother of Zifa of Chu
generalship, 137–41
Gernet, Jacques, 209–10
ghostbuster (yiguizhe), 106–7
goddesses, 23, 73–74, 88, 193–94, 237. See also female divinities
gold, 14
Golden Age, 9–11; and Mother Wen, 120, 122, 123
golden age, rite and, 10–11
The Golden Bough (Frazer), 24
golden sparrow, 152
golden tally, 298n61
Golden Tower, 91–92, 172, 275n68, 294n30
Golden Wheel, 192, 220
Goldtower (lady), 91
Goldtower Gate, 91
Goldtower Pavilion, 91
Gongliu, 107–8
“Good Generals” (fascicle in Regulations for Ministers), 136–41, 140
Goujian of Yue (king), 138
Goushi County, 159
Grand Canal, 47
Grand Dowager of Anterior Heaven, 171, 174–75, 183, 228
Grand Dowager of Jade Capital, 90–91
grand dowagers, 173–75, 233
“Grand huo,” 277n16
great cloud, 225–26
Great Cloud (bodhisattva), 210,
Great Cloud (monastery), 214–15, 260n37
Great Cloud Sutra, 209–10, 211–15, 216, 217. See also Commentary on the Meanings of the Prophecies About the Divine Sovereign in the Great Cloud Sutra
Greater Room (Taishi), 80, 86, 93, 159. See also Mount Song
Great Footprint (reign era), 105–6. See also Dazu
Great Spell of Unsullied Pure Radiance (Wugou jingguang tuoluonijing), 215, 217
Great Zhou Catalog of Buddhist Scriptures (Da Zhou kanding zhongjing mulu) 198, 200–201
Green Fields (Qingtian), 164
grottoes, 191, 206–7, 216, 305n71
guan. See ritual tube; white jade
Guangwu inscription, 212
Guangyuan 38–39
Guangzhai (reign era), 174–75
Guanxiu, 188
Guanyin, 300n11, 306n24
Guanzhong 47
Guanzhong families, 47
Guidance City (Huacheng), 223
Guishui River, 78, 83, 102, 122
Guisso, Richard, 31, 193, 233, 300n24
Gu Kaizhi, 44–45, 45, 262n11
Gu Kuang, 207
Guṇabhadra, 301n29
Guo Pu, 275n53
Guo Xian, 150
Guozhou, 173–74, 294n35
Guyang County. See Zhenyuan County
Gu Yanwu, 274n38
Gu Yewang, 88
Gu Zhengmei, 175–76
Hall, David, 233
Han court, 78
Han Gan, 231
Han Wendi, 62
Han Wudi, 79, 150, 154, 159, 165
Hanyuan Basilica, 308n49
Haotian shangdi, 264n44
headdress, 44, 150, 235, 288nn41–42. See also sheng
heaven, 30, 85–86
“Heaven-bestowed Diagram of the Sage.” See Precious Diagram
Heaven Bestowed (Tianshou reign era), 215, 217
Heaven’s Ford Bridge, 49
Henei, 40, 183, 188, 219
Highest Clarity Palace, 180
Hinsch, Bret, 60, 61, 72, 283n42
Historical Records Exalting Daoism (Lidai chongdao ji), 173–74
History of the Han Dynasty (Han shu), 50, 79, 87
History of Jin (Jin shu), 35, 62, 77–78, 82–83
History of the Sui Dynasty (Sui shu), 63, 260n45
History of the Wei Dynasty (Wei shu), 82
Holmgren, Jennifer, 128
homage to stone, 79, 80
hometown, 206, 262n74
hoofprint, 308n49
Hou Ji, 8, 77, 83, 96–98, 100, 108, 273n17. See also Qi, Lord Millet
households, 250n48
Hsi-ling, 269n27
Hu (Wei empress), 198
Huainan, 163
Huainanzi, 26, 28–29, 79, 150
Huaizhou, 181–84
Huandi (Han emperor), 251n54
Huang Lingwei, 184–88
Huangze Temple, 38, 39
Huan Yanfan, 277n37, 283n47
Huanyuan Pass, 86
Huaxu, 88, 275n52
Huazhu, 89
Hu Chao, 157, 186, 187, 188, 189
Hufa. See Jingguang
Hui (Han emperor), 41
Hu Ji, 193, 217
Hu Sanxing, 32–33, 170
Hu Yanqing, 297n52
Illustration of Opposing Backs (Tuibeitu), 214
immortality, 156–66, 162, 294n49
Immortal Maiden, 290n66
Immortals and Gods of the Wang Clan (Wangshi shenxian zhuan), 290n69
imperial crown prince (shaoyang), 281n13
inaugural address, 174–75
Indra, 303n28
inexhaustible storehouse (wujin cang), 192, 300n17
infanticide, 276n9
Inner Chapters of Mystery and Wonder (Xuanmiao neipian), 198
Institute of Reining Cranes (Konghejian), 161, 163, 229, 291n82
Iravati River, 303n38
Irwin, Lee, 26
Iryeon, 199
Jabi (king), 302n17
jade, 152–54, 270n40
Jade Capital (Yujing), 90–91
Jade Verity, 158
Jajang, 199
Jambudvipa, 212, 306n19
Japan, 215, 250n34, 289n49
Jia Jinhua, 166
Jiandi, 34, 96, 114, 273n16, 279n14
Jiang Yonglin, 9
Jiang Yuan, 95, 96–108, 100, 118, 273n17, 278n39
Jiaye Zhizhong, 70
Ji clan, 78, 102–3, 108, 121, 282n28
Jihu people, 308n54
Jin (Zhou prince), 91, 157–66, 162, 290n69, 290n73, 291n83
Jingguang, 210, 211–15, 216, 228, 237; gender and, 226; name of, 217; reincarnation and, 226, 234. See also Commentary on the Meanings of the Prophecies About the Divine Sovereign in the Great Cloud Sutra; Pure Radiance
Jing Jiang. See Ji of Lu
Jin Hui, 277n37
Jinpyeong, 198–99
Jin Wudi, 45–46
Ji of Lu (lady), 130–36, 131, 134, 235, 237, 282n28
Ji Shanxing, 169
Jiu Tangshu. See Old Tang History
Jñāngupta, 205
Kagan, Richard, 177
Karetzky, Patricia, 44–45, 191, 205, 213, 225
Kasyapa, 196
Khitan, 137
King Father of East, 151
kingfishers cloak, 291n84
King of Central Heaven, 90
kingship, 12–15, 211
Kinney, Anne, 76, 97, 276n9
Kirkland, Russell, 180, 186
Knauer, Elfriede, 149, 286n2, 288n41
Ko, Dorothy, 76
Koguryo, 199, 260n43
Kohn, Livia, 180
Kongwang, 307n41
Kory, Stephan, 52
Kōtoku (emperor), 289n49
Kou Qianzhi, 13
Ku (emperor), 96, 102
Ku, Kathy Cheng-mei, 14
Kuhn, Dieter, 60–61, 62, 269n27
Kunlun (mountain) 150, 153
Kuodizhii. See Treatise of the Vast Earth
Kuo of Zhao (general). See mother of Kuo of Zhao
Kybele, 286n2, 288n41
Kyoto Museum, 153
Lady of Southern Marchmount. See Wei Huacun
Lagerway, John, 12
Lao (lord). See Laozi
Laojun, 293n20
Laojun Temples, 170, 174–75
Lao-tzu Goddess, 146
Laozi (Lao Tzu), 12–13, 40, 145–46, 147, 157, 161, 163, 168, 169–70, 173–74, 178, 180, 186, 198, 293n25; as ancestor, 293n9; as Buddha’s disciple, 308n48; cult of, 294n49; father of, 176–77; hometown of, 262n74; as sage, 293n17; tomb of, 92. See also Laojun; Li (mother); Li Er; Li Hong;
Later Han History, 77, 265n56
learned instructresses, 128–29, 282n22
Leizu, 17, 64, 67, 122–23, 227, 235, 237, 269n27; aura surrounding, 72; cults of, 61; overview of, 60–62; sacrifices to, 62–72
Lesser Clear Barrens Grotto (Xiaoyou qingxu), 182
lesser goddesses, 73–74
Lesser Room (Xiaoshi), 56, 86–87, 93, 158, 275n62
Lewis, Mark, 9, 42, 50, 80–81
Li (mother), 167–70, 173–78, 232, 237, 292n4. See also Grand Dowager of Anterior Heaven
Liang Wudi, 14, 252n69
Lian Po, 139, 140
Li Bo, 28, 158, 296n30
Li clan, 145, 176. See also Li family, House of Tang
Li Dan, 173, 200, 271n56. See also Ruizong
Li Deyi, 40
Li Er, 13, 167
Liezi, 26
Li family, 13, 40–41, 147–48, 173–75, 293n9
Li Gongxie, 40
Li Hexian, 126
Li Hong, 75, 91, 199–200
Li Ji, 115–16, 117, 117–18, 123, 279n22
Li Jing, 176–77
Li Lingxuan, 32
Li Longji, 84
Ling (Zhou king), 103, 277n23
Lingwei (duke), 161
Linyi, 200
Li princes, 40–41
Li Qiao, 30–31, 164, 204, 259n36, 297n52; inscription of, 84; on Precious Diagram, 52–53, 57
Li Ruyi, 40
“Li Sao,” 43–44
Li Shan, 44
Li Shangyin, 37–38, 151
Li Shenji, 40, 41
Li Tai, 274
literary masters. See propagandists
Li Tong, 89, 275n54
Little Auntie. See Shaoyi
Liu (Tang empress), 85
Liu An, 26, 150, 163
liu shang. See Six Matrons
Liu Sung, 14
Liu Xiang, 150. See also Biographies of Exemplary Women
Liu Yizhi, 91, 126
Liu Yu, 13
Lives of Eminent Monks (Song Gaoseng zhuan), 215
Li Xián, 75, 87–88, 127
Li Xiǎn, 31, 40–41, 56, 87, 88, 163, 173. See also Zhongzong
Li Yi, 182
Li Zhaode, 264n33
Li Zhi, 8
Li Zu’e, 205, 304n62
Loewe, Michael, 150, 288n41
Lofty and Pacific Senior Princess (Gao’an changgognzhu), 284n49
longevity potion, 157, 187
Longlife Hill, 8
Longmen grottoes, 191, 224–25
Longtai, 173–74
Longxing Observatory, 294n31
loom, 130–36, 131, 134, 153–54, 283n42
Lord on High, 97
Lord Millet 8, 18
loyalty (zhong), 134–36, 142–43, 283n47. See also Regulations for Ministers
Lü (Han empress), 41
Lu Cangyong, 73
lü di. See footprint
Lü Huayu, 142
Lu Jingchun, 183–84, 188, 296n36
Lunar Pure-radiance, 219–21
Lunar Radiance, 220, 308n54
Luo Binwang, 2–3, 189, 248n7
Luo River, 23, 49–55, 214. See also Consort Fu
Luo River goddess, 229, 237, 262n20, 266n58; inscription and, 56–57; overview of, 43–46, 57–59; picture of, 44–45, 45; in rhetoric, 56–57; stele, 56–57; in text, 56–57; trysts with, 46
Luo River Writing, 50–51, 53, 227, 265n57. See also Precious Diagram
Luoyang, 163, 174, 182, 218, 219, 263n29; elevation of, 47–49; sanctification of, 43, 47–49
Lu Tong, 93
Lu Yuanming, 88
Lu Zhaolin, 79
Ma (Han empress), 72, 78
Ma (master), 306n12
magpie bridge, 73
Mahācīna, 206
Mahāmegha, 210
maid, 310n11
Mair, Victor, 195
Maitreya, 192, 219, 221–24, 226, 260n37
Mañjuśrī, 199, 206, 305n68, 305n70
Mann, Susan, 23–24, 233
Maoshan, 179–80
Mao Ying, 180
Marquise Who Reveals the Sage. See Consort Fu
matriarchs, as martial, 136–41, 139, 140, 233–34
Matters of Renunciation in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (Genben shuo yiqie youbu Binaiye zashi), 203–4
Māyā, 195–98, 196, 199, 200–208
Māyā (lady), 198–99
Ma Yuanzhen, 306n12
McMullen, David, 12
McNair, Amy, 225
McNeill, William, 23
memorial, 34, 52, 57, 276n72, 282n26. See also Cui Rong
Mencius, 18, 77, 130, 133–35, 134
metaphor of axle, 130–36, 131, 134
Mingdi (Han emperor), 62
Ming (Jin emperor), 44–45, 45
Mingwang, 307n41
ministers, 100–102, 109, 116, 118–20, 135–36
Ministry of Rites, 184, 191
Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang (Youyang zazu), 289n50
Miscellaneous Records of the Taiping Era (Taiping guangji), 106–7, 152, 155
Miscellany from the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (Yijing), 204
Mitraśānta, 215, 307n34
“Models of Maternal Rectitude” (“Muyi,” opening chapter in Biographies of Exemplary Women), 76–78, 98–100, 130, 136–37
Mogao grottoes. See Dunhuang grottoes
monasteries, 86, 191, 214–15, 260n37
monks, 202–3, 207, 274n39, 289n49, 290n66
moon, 154, 155–56
mortality, 156–57
Mother and Sagely Thearch, 214
motherhood, 134–35, 141–43, 199–200, 232–34, 285n74
mother of Kuo of Zhao, 136–37, 139–41, 140, 233–34, 237, 272n8
Mother of Mencius, 133–35, 134, 136, 237, 283n42
Mother Meng. See Mother of Mencius
Mother of Qi. See Woman of Tushan
Mother Wen 83, 104, 109, 111, 115–23, 117, 176, 228, 237, 278n2, 278n8; in memorial, 34; as paragon of womanhood, 110–15
mother of Zifa of Chu, 78, 136–39, 139, 140–41, 233–34, 237
mothers, 128–29, 134–41, 139, 140, 196–97, 232–34; demiurge, 168–69; dynastic, 98–102, 100, 237; goddess, 88; overview of, 75–78; sons influenced by, 76, 80–81; state preserved by, 282n21; three, 112–13; twinned, 173–75; as virtuous, 95. See also Buddha mother; Confucian mothers; Kuo of Zhao; Mother of Mencius; Zifa of Chu
mountains, 3, 86, 150, 181. See also Mount Goushi; Mount Song
Mount Beimang, 169
Mount Felicity (Qingshan), 204
Mount Goushi, 103–4, 158–59, 160
Mount Kunlun, 294nn30–31, 297n52
Mount Mang, 69, 170–71, 180
Mount Song, 51, 157–58, 159–60, 189, 274n39. See also Woman of Tushan
Mount Tai, 260n44, 279n26
Mount Tiantai, 183
Mount Wangwu, 182–83, 296n29
Mount Wutai, 199, 206–7
Mount Yan, 150, 152
Mozi, 50, 85
mu. See tomb
Mu (Southern Qi empress), 82, 114
Mu (Zhou king), 150, 152, 165
Mujian inscription, 183–84
Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, 203–5
mulberries, 69–70
“Mulberry Branch Song” (sangtiao ge), 69–70
mulberry leaves, 153
Mu of Qin (duke), 73
murder, 75, 224
mushroom (zhi), 56, 85–86, 267n82
music, of heaven, 85–86
musical instruments, 260n45
“Music to Honor the Luo River with a Grand Sacrifice,” 54–55
Mysterious Girl of Nine Heavens (Jiutian xuannü), 292n4
Mysterious Woman (Xuannü), 183, 188
Myth and Reality (Eliade), 72, 105
Narendrayaśas, 15
Narrative of States (Guoyu), 282n28, 283n37, 287n37
neidaochang. See chapel
Nelson, Sarah Milledge, 15, 45
New Tang History (Xin Tangshu), 63, 102–3, 126–27, 183–84, 204, 304n40, 306n18
Nihon Shoki, 289n49
Nine Tripods, 48, 85, 183, 201, 291n87, 296n29, 303n37
Ning Qiang, 225
nirvana, after death (paranirvāṇa), 205–6
Niu Fengji, 54, 266n72
noblewomen, 64; ritual involvement of 62–65, 117
Nongyu, 73, 74Nüdeng, 88–89, 275n52
nuns, 91, 184, 203–4, 219
Nüwa, 25–38, 27, 40–42, 237, 260n45, 272n1
Nüying, 272n11, 279n10
Nylan, Michael, 110
Offerings of Jade and Silk (Wechsler), 12
Old Tang History (Jiu Tangshu), 31–32, 90–91, 176–77, 265n56, 276n75, 291n81, 291n88
omens, 56, 155
Omitted Events of the Three Kingdoms Period (Samguk yusa), 199
oracle bones, 5, 149
original forefather (yuan fu), 277n24
Origin of Records (Zaichu reign era), 10–11
Orthodox Patterns for Princes (Shaoyang zheng fan), 127
Otagi Hajime, 184
Ouyang Xiu, 204
Oxherd Boy, 73
Paekche, 199
Palace of Nine Perfections, 91
pañcavārṣika. See Buddhist festival
Pan Shizheng, 86, 181
paranirvāṇa. See nirvana, after death
patriarchal authority, 130
Pearce, Scott, 13–14
Pearls and Blossoms of the Three Faiths (Sanjiao zhuying), 163, 229
Pei (Southern Qi imperial consort), 114
Pei Yaoqing, 85
Penetrating Heaven Palace (Tongtiangong), 153
Penetrating Heaven Terrace (Tongtiantai), 153
peony (as symbol of Luoyang), 46
Perpetual and Eternal Luo. See Luo River
Persia, 202
petition, 33–34, 41–42, 115–16, 117
Pettit, Jonathan, 87
phoenix, 52–53, 152–54, 287n37
Phoenix Regulator (Yifeng reign era), 152
Piao, 202
pillar, 153, 197
Ping (Zhou king), 103–4
Pingyang Princess, 115
pitch pipes, 276n15
Plaks, Andrew, 25
Plan for an Emperor (Difan), 8, 250n34
plot, 127
pluralistic society, 12–15
poetry, 7–9, 70
poets, 147, 151
political ancestors, 1–22, 102, 113, 210, 227–35, 232
political authority, 13–15, 20–21, 122, 192–93, 299n1, 300n24
Political Propaganda and Ideology in China at the End of the Seventh Century (Forte), 209, 267n82, 305n3
political sons, 75, 127–28. See also Biographies of Exemplary Women; Regulations for Ministers
polo, 231
potion, 157, 187, 289n57
power blocs, 47
Precious Diagram (Bao tu), 49–54, 58, 264n48, 267n76
precious elephant, 201
Preface to the Former Collection of Miraculous Records of the Forest of Zen (Chanlin miaoji qianji xu), 199
priestesses, 165
primitive spirit, 149–51
primordial entity. See dao
Prince of Buddha Light. See Xuanzang
Prince Jin, 91, 104; Zhang Changzong and 157–66. See also Ascended Immortal Prince; Wang Zijin
princes, 40–41, 103, 107, 120–21, 277n37
propagandists, 20, 28–31, 300n18, 304n40, 306n19
prophecy (shouji), 199, 211–15. See also Commentary on the Meanings of the Prophecies About the Divine Sovereign in the Great Cloud Sutra
Prophecy of Master Ma of the Central Peak, 211
proto-feminist agenda, 270n46
Protracted Longevity era, 156–57
public-mindedness, 126, 144
“Public-mindedness and Rectitude” (fascicle in Regulations for Ministers), 126
Puett, Michael, 105–6
Pure Radiance, 215–17, 216, 219, 222–23
purification, 45–46
Qaghan, Ilterish, 137
Qin (first emperor Qinshihuang), 6, 87
Qin (as one of Warring States), 137–39
Qingmiao, 198
Qi of Xia (emperor), 85–86, 90, 103, 272n7, 273n8, 276n11; birth of, 79, 98–100; overview of, 79–81. See also Woman of Tushan
Queen Mother of West, 156–66, 162, 228, 229, 237, 286n2. See also bird, three-legged; headdress; Mount Wangwu; solar crow; sunbird
Qu Yuan, 25, 43–44
Rain of Jewels. See Sutra of Rain of Jewels
Ram’s Horn Peak (Yangjiaoshan), 169
Raphals, Lisa, 95, 131, 134, 138, 282n22, 282n28
Realities and Categories of Highest Clarity (Shangqing daolei shixiang), 181
recluse, 152, 291n86
Record of Heaven-bestowed Diagram of the Sage, 55
Record of Master Yitong, 57
Record of Penetrating Mysteries (Dongming ji), 150
Records of Mount Songgao, 88
Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), 79, 103–4, 110, 111
Records of Traces of Saints on Celestial Altar Peak of Mount Wangwu (Du Guangting), 182–83
Red Emperor, 88–89
reform, 282n26
Register of the Assembled Transcendents of the Walled City (Tiantan Wangwushan shengji ji), 46, 168
Regulations for Ministers (Chen Gui), 71, 119–20, 125–28, 143–44, 146; loom lessons, 130–36, 131, 134; maternal rectitude models in, 130–36, 131, 134; political position buttressed by, 281n12
regulator (yi), 152
reincarnation, 226, 234
relics, 14–15, 186–87, 307n33
resurrection, 44. See also reincarnation
retirement, 41–42
revolt, 40–41, 308n54
“Rhapsody of a Great Man” (Sima Xiangru), 154
“Rhapsody of the Luo Goddess” (Cao Zhi), 44
rhetoric, 56–57, 154–56
rhetoricians. See propagandists
rice cakes, 138
rings, 152, 287n31
rites, golden age and, 10–11
Rites of Zhou, 6, 11, 47, 101
ritual, 45–46, 176–77, 270n40
ritual tube (guan), 287n32
River Chart (Hetu), 53
River Guishui. See Guishui River
Robinet, Isabel, 179, 180
Robson, James, 179
Ru Chun, 44
Ruizong (Tang emperor), 31, 85, 128, 175, 187, 278n2. See Li Dan
ruler-minister dynamic, 146–47. See also Regulations for Ministers
rulers, 80–81, 126, 200–205, 248n5. See also Commentary on the Meanings of the Prophecies About the Divine Sovereign in the Great Cloud Sutra; Great Cloud Sutra
Runzhou 184
Ruzhou hot springs, 86
sacred field altar, 270n54
sacred topography, 51, 86, 93
sacrifices, 53, 90, 100–102, 172, 176–77, 250n48; creation of, 97; to earth god, 157; to Leizu, 62–72; Two Sages influenced by, 58. See also feng and shan rites; Leizu
sage (sheng), 12–15, 175–76, 197, 293n17. See also Two Sages
sage-kings, 51, 57, 82, 201–2
Sagely and Divine Emperor (Shengshen huangdi), 176
Sage Mother (Shengmu), 17, 141–42, 175–76
sage mother (shengmu), 205
sage-rulers, 51–52, 80–81, 82
saintly mother (shengmu), 175–76
Śākya clan, 199
Śākyamuni, 206
Samanthabhadra, 223
“The Same Organism” (fascicle in Regulations for Minsiters), 126, 146
sanctification, of Luo River, 49–55
sangtiao ge. See “Mulberry Branch Song”
sangu. See Three Solitaries
Sanzang, 200, 205, 303n23
Śāriputra, 221
Schafer, Edward, 26, 27–28, 43, 46, 73, 146, 147, 259n18
Schimmel, Solomon, 1
Schipper, Kristofer, 146, 168, 178
scholar-recluse, 152
Scholars of the Northern Gate (Beimen xueshi), 91, 126–27, 143, 281n13
Secret Jade Tally Record (Yuzhang bi jue), 168
Seidel, Anna, 12–13, 168
Selections of Refined Literature (Wenxuan), 44
self-fashioning, 235
Sen Tansen, 193
Seondok (Sillan queen), 198–99, 302n17
sericulture, 60–61, 269n15. See also Leizu
sericulturist. See First Sericulturist
sexism, 233
Shaanbei, 308n54
Shaanxi, 117
Shandong, 47
Shang dynasty, 5, 96–97, 103
Shang gods, 249n14
Shangguan Wan’er, 70, 73–74
Shangguan Yi, 265n56
Shangqing Abbey, 170–71
Shangqing Daoism, 91–92. See also Daoist establishment; Wei Huacun
Shangyang Palace, 91, 107
shan rites. See feng and shan rites
Shao Sheng, 73
shaoyang. See imperial crown prince
Shaoyi, 86–87
Shaping the Lotus Sutra, 157
sheatfish, 183–84, 296n36
Shen (ancient state), 278n8
sheng. See crown; sage
sheng headdress 152–53; golden victory headdress (jin sheng), 153–54
shengmu. See sage mother; saintly mother
shenmu. See Māyā
Shennong, 35, 71, 201, 269n16, 275n52, 287n34
Sheshou, 279n26
Shi Anchang, 155
Shi Jiao, 285n9
Shizi, 285n9
“Shizong” (Wu Zhao), 164
shouji. See prophecy
shrines, 87–90, 159, 183–84, 187
Shun (emperor), 108, 272n11
Shuowen jiezi, 32, 33
side. See four virtues
Śikṣānanda, 197, 202–3, 205, 302n5, 304n40, 307n34
silk, 70, 152–54, 269n15. See also First Sericulturist
silk divinities, 67
Silk Road, 20, 192, 208
silkworm goddess (can shen), 62
silkworm mothers (can mu), 62
Silla, 198–99, 302n17
Sima Chengzhen, 183, 296n30
Sima Guang, 32, 105, 170, 188–89, 219
Sima Qian, 79, 103–4, 110, 111
Sima Xiangru, 154
Sima Zhen, 32–33
sisters, 86, 274n38
six forms of proper conduct, 273n10
Six Matrons (liu shang), 63
Sixth Master. See Zhang Changzong
sky-mending, 28–31, 40–41
slave, 219
smothering, 75
solar crow, 155, 156, 289n49
solar disk, 154
Song dynasty, 137
“Song for the Fifth Day of the Eighth Month” (Gu Kuang), 207
Songyang Monastery, 86
Song Yingxing, 131–32
Song Zhiwen, 73
sons, 75, 76, 80–81, 127–28
Soper, Alexander, 206
Southern Marchmount, 295n5
Southland, 122, 123
sovereignty, 34–37, 201, 222–23, 308n58. See also cakravartin
“Speech at Mu” (in Book of History), 249n11
spells. See Great Spell of Unsullied Pure Radiance
Spirit of Lesser Room, 86–87
spouse, 81–83
Śrīmālā (queen), 194
Star Ford Bridge, 49
state, 126, 128–29, 142–43, 282n21
statecraft. See weaving-government analogy
state cultic sacrifices, 172
statue, 174, 224–25
“Stele Inscription for Little Auntie Temple of the Lesser Room” (Yang Jiong), 56–57
steles, 55, 86, 87–90, 92, 121–23, 181; at Mount Goushi, 160; on turtles, 297n52
steppe cultures, 234
stones, 79–80, 141–42, 204, 214, 263n27, 272n3. See also Precious Diagram
stone tortoises, 297n52
Stony Torrents, 164, 165, 166
“Stony Torrents.” See “Shizong”
stupa pillar, 197
stūpas. See Buddhist relics
Su Anheng, 41, 42
“Successes of Wu” (“Wucheng” in Book of History), 146
Śuddhodana, 195, 199
Sudhana, 197
suicide, 75
Suiren, 35
Sui Wendi, 14–15, 265n56
Sui Yangdi, 47, 107, 182, 299n1, 310n11
sun, 155–56
sunbird (yang niao), 154, 155, 288n47, 289nn49–50
Supreme Thearch of Boundless Heaven, 49–50. See also Haotian shangdi
Su Ting, 135, 284n49
Sutra of Attestation (Zhengming jing), 222–23, 309n67
Sutra of Great Māyā, 197–98
Sutra of Primal Causes (Benyin jing), 222
Sutra of the Lion’s Roar of Queen Śrīmālā, 301n29
Sutra of the Rain of Jewels (Baoyu jing), 204, 219–21, 223
Sutra on the Collection of the Buddha’s Original Practices, 205
sutras, 197–98, 301n30
Su Weidao, 52
“Table of Persons Ancient and Modern” (in History of the Han Dynasty), 95
Taijiang, 109
Taiping Princess, 73–74, 84, 146
Taiqing Palace, 176–77
Tairen, 78, 109, 111, 113
Taishang. See Laozi
Taisi. See Mother Wen
Taiwu, 13
Taizong (Tang emperor), 2, 7–9, 169, 170, 250n34, 296n20, 306n18; on Nüwa, 35; self-fashioning of, 235; Seondok contacting, 199
Tambiah, Stanley, 13
Tang (dynasty), 121, 163–64, 231; Buddhism influencing, 193; court, 169; Daoism, 169–70; dynasty, 6–7, 28, 127, 137, 176; emperor, 12–13; imperial family, 40; mirror, 153; mothers, 128–29; poets, 151
Tang (Shang king), 272n12
Tang Administrative and Legal Compendium of the Six Ministries (Tang liudian), 202
Tang Lingze, 306n18
“Tangtang” (song), 306n18
Tang the Successful, 277n16. See also Cheng Tang
Tang Tongtai, 49
Tanjing, 197–98
Tanling, 202
Tao Hongjing, 180
Tathāgata, 13–14, 211
teeth, 289n56
Temple of Mysterious Origin, 176–77
Temple of the Ascended Immortal Prince, 160
Temple of Western Light (Ximing si), 200
Temple of Worship of the Immortals (Fengxian guan), 174
temples, 86, 169, 197, 293n21; ancestral, 100–102, 104, 107–8, 278n39, 280n39; sacrifice, 172
Ten Thousand Years Peak (Wansui feng), 79, 80
textiles. See weaving
texts, 56–57, 124–25, 307n33
textual amplification, 202–5
Three Consorts, 63
Three Dukes, 63
Three Dynasties, 17–18
three faiths, 4–5, 13–15, 228–29. See also political ancestors
three-legged bird, 155, 288n47, 289nn49–50
three mothers, 112–13
Three Mothers of Zhou, 110, 111. See also Taijiang, Tairen, Taisi
Three Solitaries (sangu), 269n25
Three Sovereigns (Sanhuang), 34–36
Tiancheng Weft of the Jade Plan of the Lady Ziwei, 211
Tibetans, 137
timelessness, 156–57
toad, 154, 155
tokens, 152, 155
tomb (mu), 28, 92, 117, 121, 197
tonsure, 91, 212
topography, 51, 86, 93
Tortoise Mountain (Guishan). See Mount Kunlun
tortoises, 297n52
tower, 70, 223, 285n74
tradition, 3, 10, 122
treasures of state, 152
“Treatise of Music” (in Old Tang History) 31–32
Treatise of the Vast Earth, 87, 274n42
“Treatise on Rites and Ceremonies” (in Old Tang History), 90–91
“Treatise on Rites and Music” (in New Tang History), 63
“Treatise on the Five Phases” (in New Tang History), 183–84
“Tripod-Dragging Anthem” (Wu Zhao), 201–2
tripods, political authority buttressed by, 300n24. See also Nine Tripods
Tumulus of Nüwa, 28
Turner, Victor, 1
turtles, 297n52
Tushan, 83. See also Woman of Tushan
Tushan, Woman of, 18, 77, 79–86, 80, 87–90, 114, 227–8, 272n1; overview of, 93–94; stone of, 79–80, 272n3. See also Shaoyi
Tushan sisters, Daoist elevation of, 90–92
Twitchett, Denis, 7, 126, 137, 140, 280n2, 281n12, 282n26
Two Sages (Ersheng), 115–16, 170–72, 177, 188, 211, 275n70; Buddha prayed to by, 199–200; Daoist establishment supported by, 180–81; elephants presented to, 200; Luoyang appended to by, 182; as nickname, 265n56; sacrifice influencing, 158; temples refurbished by, 206. See also feng and shan rites; Precious Diagram
Unicorn’s Hoof Temple (Linzhi si), 219, 308n49
Vairocana, 221, 224–25, 226
vanity industry, 231
Vega, 73
Verellen, Franciscus, 13
“Verse of Immortal Cranes” (Wu Sansi), 161
Vimalakirti Sutra, 221
Vimalaprabhā. See Jingguang
virtue ethics, 95–96
vitality, 276n9
wandering bard, 218
Wang (Tang empress), 106–7
Wang, Eugene, 154, 157
Wang, Robin, 134
Wang Aihe, 5, 6, 12
Wang Bao, 182
Wang Ji, 109
Wang Jian, 290n69
Wang Mang, 60
Wang Shuanghuai, 193
Wang Wanche, 106–7
Wang Xuanhe, 180–81
Wang Yi, 25–26
Wang Zijin, 290n69
water, women as, 17
watermill, 183–84
Weaver Maiden, 288n42
weaving, as womanhood, 61–62
weaving-government analogy, 130–36, 131, 134, 234–35
Weaving Maid, 73
Wechsler, Howard, 6–7, 12, 264n44
Wei (family), 184
Wei (Tang empress), 69–70, 73–74, 166
Wei (lady). See Wei Huacun
Wei Daijia, 273n21
Wei dynasty, 78
Wei Huacun, 19, 158–59, 179–90, 237, 290n66
Weinstein, Stanley, 193, 264n48
Wei Shuxia, 270n54
Welch, Michael, 215
Wen (king), 11, 103, 111, 277n24, 278n8; capital established by, 8; titular elevation to emperor, 121; in Two Sages, 265n56. See also come-as-sons idea; Taisi; Wu princeling
Wen, Mother. See Mother Wen
Wenbo, 78, 130–36, 131, 134, 282n28
Wencheng (Wei emperor), 13–14
Wenmu. See Mother Wen
Wenxiang County, 173–74
Wen Yucheng, 225
wet nurse, 84, 273n22
white elephants, 198, 199, 200–205, 304n40
White Elephant Ward, 198
White Emperor, 89
white jade, 152
widow, 129, 136, 283n42
widowhood, 128–29
“Wife of Yidu,” 37–38, 261n68
wine vat, 107
wives, 86, 113, 180, 261n69
womanhood, 61–62, 110–15, 234–35
womb, 86
women, 229–31, 232, 234–35, 272n12, 272n15, 284n48; Buddhism’s limitations for, 192–93; Confucianism influencing, 75–76; Daoists elevating, 90–92; as emperor, 1–5, 4; as extraordinary, 115; four virtues of, 268n14; as minister, 109, 118–20; proto-feminist agenda for, 270n46; texts for, 124–25; as water, 17. See also Biographies of Exemplary Women; motherhood; mothers
work (gong), 268n14
Wounds Not Healed By Time (Schimmel), 1
Wu (Liu Song emperor), 102, 114
Wu (Northern Zhou emperor), 13
Wu (Southern Qi emperor), 82, 102
Wu (Zhou king), 103–4, 109, 110, 111, 111, 118, 119, 121, 146, 265n52; birth of, 278n8; rule of, 146; place among political ancestors, 11, 29–30, 36, 58, 103, 248n8; and Yellow River Chart, 50; and Two Sages, 265n56
Wucheng (emperor), 304n62
Wu Chengsi, 49, 200
Wu clan, 277n24, 280n39
Wu Ding (Shang king), 41, 262n76
wu feng guan. See crown
Wugong, 8
Wu Hung, 45, 151
wujin cang. See inexhaustible storehouse
Wu Liang shrine, 152–53
Wu princeling (in Zhou, King Ping’s youngest son), 103, 120–21
Wu Sansi, 122–23, 161, 164, 291n83; and inscription composed for grandmother Madame Yang, 71
Wu Shiyue, 38, 121–22, 204
Wu Tse-t’ien. See Wu Zetian
wuxing. See Five Phases
Wu Yuanchong, 173–74, 294n36
Wu Zetian, 38–39, 39, 193, 210, 247n1, 291n88
Wu Zetian (Zheng Zhenduo), 4
wuzhang. See Five Impediments
Wu Zhao, 39, 232; birth of, 38, 39; name of, 217, 307n41; overview of, 1–22; retirement of, 41–42. See also Biographies of Exemplary Women; Biographies of Filial Daughters; Regulations for Ministers; texts; Two Sages; Wu Zetian; Zetian
Xia, 17–18, 47, 78, 81, 84, 272n7; and Woman of Tushan, 81, 82, 83. See also Yu the Great
xian bi. See ancestress
xian can. See First Sericulturist
xiannong tan. See First Agriculturalist altar
xian sheng. See Foremost Sage
xiao. See filial piety
Xiao Deyan, 274
Xiao Kuang, 46
Xia Tower, 84
Xie, 34, 83, 96, 273n16
Xiling, 63, 122–23. See also Leizu
Xiong, Victor, 176–77, 270n38
Xiongnu, 260n42
Xiuwu, 296n20
Xuan (Wei empress), 78
Xuanzong (emperor), 28, 55, 84, 85, 183, 187, 202, 207–8; Buddhism restricted by, 305n74; Laozi worshipped by, 294n49; ritual innovation of, 176–77. See also Li Longji
Xue Huaiyi, 209–26, 216, 219, 289n61, 309n68. See also Commentary on the Meanings of the Prophecies About the Divine Sovereign in the Great Cloud Sutra
Xu Lishi, 170–71, 293n22
Xu Ning, 46
Xunyu, 260n42
Xunzi, 149
Xu Shao, 293n22
Xu You, 295n17
Yan Chaoyin, 290n76
Yang, 84, 191, 274n24
Yang (Jin empress), 81, 102, 113
Yang (Madame), 71, 122–23, 271n56
Yang, C. K., 5
Yangdi, 275n51
Yang Jian, 205
Yang Jiong, 56–57, 83–84, 86–87, 90, 135, 218–19
Yang Lien-sheng, 34, 233
yang niao. See sunbird
Yang Xi, 180
Yan Shangwen, 252n69
Yan Shigu, 50, 79, 87
Yan Zhenqing, 185–86, 188
Yao (one of Five Emperors), 99, 261n71
Yao Chong, 164–65, 292n95
Yao Shu, 297n52
Ye Fashan, 187
Yellow Emperor, 26, 39, 53, 60–61, 183, 296n29
Yellow Path Bridge, 49
Yellow River, 29
Yellow River Chart, 50, 87, 265n52. See also River Chart
yi. See regulator
yiguizhe. See ghostbuster
Yijing, 203–5
Yin, 78, 114. See also Shang (dynasty)
Yingfu. See Li (mother)
Ying Shao, 16, 35
Yin Wencao, 181
Yin Xi, 198
Yi River, 158
Yishi, 205–6
Yi the Archer, 150
Yitong, 267n90
Yixing, 265n57
yize. See pitch pipes
Yoshiko Kamitsuka, 184
Youfang, 89, 275n52
Youshen, 272n12, 280n33
Yu the Great, 78, 113, 272n11
yuan fu. See original forefather
Yuan Shuji, 277n37
Yuanze, 199
Yü Chün-fang, 300n11
Yudizhi, 88
Yueguang, 308n54
yuezhuo. See phoenix
Yu the Great, 2, 6, 7, 50, 55, 77, 79, 80, 111–12, 272n1, 272n7; Luo River Writing revealed to, 53; Spirit of Lesser Room connected to, 86–87
Yuwen, 11
Yuwen Tai, 6
Yuwen Yu, 6
Zanning, 215
Zeng Qian, 225
Zengzhang, 210, 220. See also Jingguang
Zetian, 90–91
Zetian Gate, 48
Zhang (Tang empress), 270n38
Zhang Changling, 291n88
Zhang Changning, 276n72
Zhang Changzong, 157–66, 160–61, 162, 276n72, 291n84, 291n88
Zhang Jianzhi, 277n37
Zhang Mingxue, 45
Zhangsun (Tang empress), 65, 83, 116, 117–18
Zhang Yizhi, 160–61, 165, 276n72, 291n81, 291n83
Zhang Yue, 135
Zhan Qian, 60
Zhao (Wei empress), 78
Zhao Fengjie, 1
Zhao Kuo. See Kuo of Zhao
Zhao Wenrun, 193, 259n36
Zhao Yanzhao, 166
Zhen (Cao Wei empress), 44, 100–102, 278n39
Zheng Xuan, 120
Zheng Yin, 73
Zheng Zhenduo, 4
Zhenyuan County, 170, 171, 293n21
Zhenzong, 293n25
zhi fungus, 85–86. See also mushroom
Zhixian, 205
zhong. See loyalty
zhonglü. See pitch pipes
Zhongzong (Tang emperor), 40–41, 127–28, 166, 176, 270n54, 277n37; five princes helping, 107; removal of, 31
Zhou (Shang king), 167
Zhou Book of Rites, 62, 277n16
Zhou dynasty (of antiquity), 17–18, 41, 77, 96–100, 107–8, 113, 228, 277n24; idealization of, 18–20, 110–12
Zhou dynasty (of Wu Zhao, 690–705), 3, 20, 37, 58. 84, 163, 178; and Buddhist propaganda, 204, 214; and Daoism 186, 189; end of, 107; inauguration of, 10, 36–37, 48, 58, 92, 148, 229; linked to Zhou of antiquity, 18, 31, 102–5, 120–23, 124, 173
“Zhou yu” (in Narrative of States), 287n37
Zhuangzi, 149
Zhuanxu, 275n52
Zhu Fonian, 305n3
zhu pusa mu. See Buddhas-to-be
Zhu Zizhu, 35
Zifa of Chu (general). See mother of Zifa of Chu
Zijin. See Prince Jin
zi lai idea. See come-as-sons idea
Ziqiao (crown prince), 103. See also Prince Jin
Zi Si, 133
Ziwei (lady), 211
Zizhi tongjian. See Comprehensive Mirror for the Advancement of Governance
Zürcher, Erik, 14