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Various electronic components join forces to achieve fantastic applications such as your home TV or computer, inside you go and find cards with resistors, capacitors, integrated circuits, transistors, among others.

A microcontroller is a programmable integrated circuit capable of to execute the orders recorded in his memory. A microcontroller has inside it three main functional units: central processing unit, memory, input, and output peripherals.

The microcontrollers are different from the processors because, besides the logical components and usual arithmetic of a general-purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller integrates additional elements into its internal structure, such as memory read and write for data storage, read-only memory for storage of programs, EEPROMs for permanent data storage, peripheral devices such as analog / digital converters (ADC), digital-to-analog (DAC) converters in some cases; and, data input and output interfaces.

They are generally used in automation and control of products and peripherals, such as automotive engine control systems, remote controls, office and residential machines, toys, supervisory systems, etc. By reducing the size, cost, and energy consumption, and when compared to the way of the use of conventional microprocessors, allied to the ease of application design, along with its low price, the microcontrollers are an efficient alternative for controlling many processes and applications.

It is a reusable board used to build prototypes of seamless electronic circuits. A protoboard is made of perforated plastic blocks and several thin sheets of copper, tin, and phosphorus alloy.

It is a component formed by carbon and other resistant elements used to limit the electric current in a circuit. It opposes the passage of the current. The maximum current in a resistor is conditioned by the maximum power that can dissipate your body. This power can be visually identified from the diameter without another indication being necessary. The most common values are 0.25 W, 0.5 W, and 1 W.

Due to their very small size, it is not possible to print their respective resistors on the resistors. The color-coding was then chosen, which consists of colored stripes on the resistor body indicated as a, b, c, and % tolerance. The first three ranges are used to indicate the nominal value of its resistance and the last range, the percentage by which the resistance can vary its nominal value, according to the following equation:

The value of the electrical resistance is obtained by reading the figures as a one, two, or three-digit number; it is multiplied by the multiplier, and the result is obtained in Ohms (Ω).

The NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistor is a temperature-sensitive semiconductor electronic component used for control, measurement, or polarization of electronic circuits. It has a coefficient of resistance variation that varies negatively as the temperature increases, i.e., its electrical resistance decreases with increasing temperature.

It is the simplest type of semiconductor electronic component. It is a component that allows the chain to cross only in one direction.

It is mainly used as an amplifier, an electrical signal switch, and an electric rectifier in a circuit. The term comes from the English transfer resistor (resistor/ transfer resistance), as its inventors knew it.

The process of resistance transfer in the case of an analog circuit, it means that the characteristic impedance of the component varies upwards or downwards from the pre-assigned polarization.

Thanks to this function, the electrical current passing between collector (C), base (B), and emitter (E) of the transistor varies within specific pre-set parameters and processes the signal amplification.

The term "amplify" means the procedure for making a weaker electrical signal on a stronger one. A low-intensity electrical signal, such as the signal generated by a microphone, is injected into an electronic circuit (transistorized, for example), whose main function is to transform this weak signal generated by the microphone into electrical signals with them.

This whole process is called signal gain. Nowadays, transistors are found in all appliances for household and everyday use: radios, televisions, recorders, stereos, microwaves, washing machines, cars, calculators, printers, mobile phones, etc.

The capacitor is an electrical device capable of storing electrical charges. In electronic circuits, some components require DC power, while the power supply is connected to AC power. Solving this problem is one example of the usefulness of a capacitor.

This element is capable of storing electrical potential energy during a time interval and is constructed using a uniform electrical field. A capacitor consists of two conductive parts, called armatures and insulating material with specific properties called the dielectric.

The LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a diode that emits light when energized. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources such as lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, smaller size, exceptional durability, and reliability. The LED has a polarity, an order of connection. Connecting it upside down will not work correctly. Check the drawings for a match between the negative and the positive.

They are mainly used in microelectronic products, such as a warning signal. It is also widely used in panels, curtains, and led tracks. They can be found in larger sizes, such as some models of traffic lights or displays.

An RGB LED is an LED that incorporates in a single package three LEDs, one red, one green, and one red, blue. In this way, it is possible to form thousands of colors by adjusting each color individually. The three LED's are joined by a negative or cathode.

A liquid crystal display, or LCD (liquid crystal display), is a thin panel used to display information by electronic means, such as text, images, and videos. An LCD consists of an electrically controlled light polarizing liquid that is compressed into cells between two transparent polarizing blades. Its main features are lightness and portability. Its low power consumption allows it to be used in portable equipment, powered by electronic battery.

An LCD can vary the number of lines and characters per line, the color of the characters, and the background color, as well as having or not backlighting. The models with backlight have better visualization.

A button, or push button, is used to activate some function. The buttons are usually activated by pressing them. A button on an electronic device often functions as an electrical switch. There are two contacts inside, and if it is a normally closed or normally open device, pressing the button will activate the opposite function to the one currently being performed.

It is an electrical switch activated by a magnetic field, for example, with a magnet. When the contacts are open, they close in the presence of a magnetic field. When they're closed, they open.

It is commonly used in the door and window sensors for anti-theft alarms. The magnet is attached to the door and the reed switch to the stop.

A potentiometer is a resistance whose value is variable. In this way, indirectly, you can control the current intensity that flows through a circuit if it is connected in parallel, or control the voltage by connecting it in series. They are suitable for use as a control element in electronic devices. You can activate it to vary the normal operating parameters. An example is the volume button of a radio.

The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a resistance whose value in ohms varies according to the incident light. A photocell has a low resistance value in the presence of light and a high value in its absence.

It can be found in various consumer goods, such as cameras, light meters, radio clocks, security alarms, or public lighting systems.

A piezoelectric transducer is efficient for detecting vibrations or blows. It can be used as a sensor by reading the output voltage. This electroacoustic transducer can also be used as a small buzzer to produce a continuous or intermittent sound or buzz.

The direct current (DC) motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, causing a rotary motion. This direct current machine is one of the most versatile. Its easy control of position, pause, and speed makes it one of the best options in process control and automation applications. For example, you can find yourself in the traction of battery-powered toy cars or on the wheels of a robot.

It is an electromechanical switch used to turn devices on or off. When a current circulates through the internal coil, it creates a magnetic field that attracts one or a series of contacts by the closing or opening circuits. When the coil current ceases, the magnetic field also ceases, causing the connections to return to their original position.