The Heart of the Brain

Index

A2 cell group, 151
Acetylcholine, 180
Actin filaments, 54, 187
Action potential. See Spikes
Activin, 49–50
Adaptation (photoreceptors), 20
Addiction, 9, 151, 167
Adenosine, 18, 105, 188
Adipocytes, 131, 135, 142–143, 164–166, 168–169, 175, 184, 197–198
Adipokine, 184
Adrenal gland, 10, 31, 33, 123–124, 128–129, 132, 181, 184, 219
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 33, 35, 38, 55, 116, 123–125, 127–130, 133, 184
Affinity (receptors), 118–119, 185–186
African clawed toad, 133
Aggression, 11, 30, 33, 175, 195, 207
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), 116, 165, 169, 208, 214–215
Alcohol intake, 197
Aldosterone, 181
Alpha-fetoprotein, 182
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), 33, 65, 116, 154–156, 158, 164, 166, 169, 172–175, 184, 187, 208, 214
Amphetamines, 151
Amygdala, 36, 175, 191–194
Amylin, 169
Anger, 8–9, 148, 197
Angiotensin, 33, 184, 196, 198
Annelids, 137, 202, 206
Annetocin, 202
Anterior hypothalamus, 73
Antidiuresis, 99–101, 127
Antidiuretic hormone. See Vasopressin
Antidromic spikes, 37, 60
Anxiety, 8, 188, 191, 196
Aplysia, 72
Appetite, 8, 31, 36, 131–132, 142, 144, 147–148, 151, 153–159, 161–166, 169, 171–174, 188, 190, 197–198, 209, 214–215
Arcuate nucleus, 35, 65, 72, 76, 79–82, 84, 115–116, 130, 132, 153–154, 156, 158, 164, 166, 198, 208–209, 214
Area postrema, 197
Aromatase, 182–183
Aspargtocin, 202
Asvatocin, 202
Atrial natriuretic peptide, 196
Autocrine secretion, 168, 184
Autonomic nervous system, 10, 123
Autoradiography, 194
Avogadro’s number, 111
Axon
of α-MSH neurons, 65, 154–155
dopaminergic, 181
of GnRH neurons, 70, 72, 74–75, 79–83
intermediate lobe, 34
of KNDy neurons, 81
of magnocellular neurons, 31, 33–36, 42, 59–60, 63, 66, 68, 88, 103, 112, 179, 187
oxytocin-containing, 59, 191, 193–194
properties, 9, 13–16, 18, 179
release from, 101, 120
of retinal ganglion cells, 136–137
spike propagation in , 82–83
to supraoptic nucleus, 58, 61–62, 65, 107
swellings, 66, 88, 101, 112–113, 120
terminals (endings), 14–16, 18, 34–35, 39, 44, 59, 63, 65–68, 71, 82, 88, 93, 101–105, 111–115, 117, 120, 137, 153, 157, 169, 173–174, 179–181, 186–187, 194, 197, 219
Bayliss, William, 184
Bell, Andrew, 26
Beta-endorphin, 116, 119, 158
Bicknell, John, 3, 67
Birds, 131, 202
Bistability, 87, 91, 93, 95, 208
Black, Joseph, 26
Blood-brain barrier, 41, 119, 158, 181, 197–199
Blood pressure, 10, 58, 89, 117, 123, 138, 140, 147, 151, 169, 184
Bloom, Steve, 158
Bluehead wrasse, social behavior of, 207
Body mass index (BMI), 142–144, 168
Body weight, 161–164
Bolam, Paul, 181
Bonding, 9, 190, 194–195
Bone, 33, 100–101, 169, 176, 184
Bourque, Charles, 92–93
Bowed Joseph, 139
Brattleboro rat, 100, 127
Breastfeeding, 39, 131
Brown, Colin, 92
Burns, Robert, 139, 148–149
Bursts (of spikes), 18–19, 21
Aplysia, 72
dopamine cells, 116
endocrine cells, 72, 186
GnRH, 71–76, 80, 82–83
milk-ejection, 37–43, 57–64, 67–68, 87, 117–119, 207, 219
NPY cells, 72
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), 155–157, 211–212
Caffeine, 188
Calcium
channels, 16, 52, 72, 82, 186
entry, 14, 16, 52, 74, 82, 92, 102–103, 186
homeostasis, 184
intracellular concentration, 43, 52–53, 66, 72–74, 186
intracellular stores, 15, 43–44, 49, 52, 59, 65–66, 74, 174, 186–187
Calcitonin gene-related transcript (CGRP), 196
Cambrian explosion, 202, 204
Campbell, Rachel, 74
Cannabinoid receptors, 153, 174
Cannabis, 10, 153
Caraty, Alain, 48, 84
Carbohydrate, 140–141, 166, 168, 170, 181, 191
Carbon monoxide, 10
Carter, Sue, 194
Cats, GnRH agonists in, 49
Caudal hypothalamus, 70
Cephalotocin, 202–3
Cerebral cortex, 8, 70, 113, 188, 218
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 41, 61, 117–119
Cervix, 39, 184, 191–192, 195
C-fos, 58, 172–175
Channelrhodopsin2, 81–82, 193
Chicken (vasotocin gene), 203
Chicks (mesotocin actions in), 171
Cholecystokinin (CCK), 169, 173–175, 184, 196–197
Cingulate cortex, 194
Circadian rhythm, 9, 30, 116, 124, 125, 133–136, 138, 197
Circumventricular organs, 169, 197–198
Clarke, Iain, 48
Clock gene, 135
Cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), 116, 169
Coelocanths, 202
Coleman, Douglas, 163–164
Comfort eating, 167
Compensation (body weight), 147
Computer
analog, 220–221
digital, 21–23, 132, 220–221
Confirmation bias, 114, 199–200
Connectome, 9, 156
Conopressin, 202–203
Constantin, Stephanie, 75
Constitutive secretion, 49
Contraception, 49
Corpus luteum, 50
Corticosterone, 123–124, 127, 129
Corticotrophs, 34, 55, 72, 124
Corticotropin-releasing hormone/factor (CRH/CRF), 35, 116, 124, 127–130, 196
Cortisol, 123, 181
Cow, LH secretion in, 47
Cross, Barry, 2, 36, 40–41, 194
Cullen, William, 26
Cummins, James, 48
Cuttlefish (oxytocin-like peptide in), 202
Cytoskeleton, 54, 187
Dawkins, Richard, 20, 198
db/db mice, 163–165
Degeneracy, 203, 211–216
Dehydration, 99, 103, 114, 206
Deisseroth, Karl, 81
Dendrite
computational model, 67–68
GnRH neurons, 74, 80, 82–83
oxytocin release, 59–63, 65–68, 74–75, 117–118, 155, 175, 186–187, 191, 193, 209, 219
spiny neurons, 180
structure, 13, 15, 82–83, 179–180, 187
synapse, 14, 16, 18
vasopressin release, 92, 105, 187, 219
vesicles, 44, 66, 75, 187
Dendron, 82–83
Depolarizing afterpotential, 17, 21, 88, 91–92
Depression, 29, 49, 152
Dexfenfluramine, 152
Diabetes (type 2), 29, 145–146, 157–158, 163, 165
Diabetes insipidus, 100
Diet
calorie restriction, 145, 148, 167–168
fat content, 141
sodium content, 99, 198
Digestion, 10, 184
Dogs, GnRH agonists in, 49
Dopamine, 18, 35, 72, 116, 130–132, 151, 167, 179–181, 198
Dorsal vagal complex, 171, 197
Dorsomedial nucleus, 115
Dose Response to Exercise in Women study, 147
Doubly labeled water technique, 146
Drifty phenotype, 144
Drosophila, circadian rhythms in, 135
Duodenum, 169, 173, 184–185
Dyball, Richard, 3, 5, 59, 89
Dynorphin, 81, 92, 105, 116, 169, 207–208, 219
Electron microscopy, 13, 53, 60, 111, 181
Emergent behavior, 68
Emotions, 30, 189, 198, 211
Endocannabinoids, 10, 65, 67, 153, 174, 187–188
Endocrine cells, 51–52, 54–55, 65, 72, 82, 186–187, 208, 211, 218
Endoplasmic reticulum, 14, 15, 53, 186
Engaler, Josef, 20
Enkephalin, 116, 132
Enlightenment (Scottish), 25–26, 89
Enteric nervous system, 175, 188
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), 46
Epigenetics, 22, 145
Erythropoietic protoporphyria, 155
Esophagus, 171
Estrogen, 46, 49–54, 64, 77, 79–81, 84, 181–183, 191
Estrogen receptors 79–80
Estrus, 50–51
Evolution
behavior, 153
brain, 38, 47, 137, 201–203, 211–212
language, 193, 202–203
Evolvability, 197, 213
Excitatory postsynaptic potential, 17
Excitotoxicity, 103
Exercise, 29, 99, 133, 141, 144, 147–148, 161–162, 166, 175
Extraocular photoreceptors, 206
Extrasynaptic receptors, 180–181
Fallopian tubes, 50
Fasting, 167, 174, 214
Fear, 8, 36, 69, 175, 193, 196–197, 203, 221
Fecal-matter transplants, 146
Feeding behavior, 156, 177
Fenfluramine, 152–154
Fen-phen cocktail, 152, 157
Ferguson, Adam, 26
Ferguson, James, 39
Ferguson reflex, 39
Ferrets, vomiting in, 175
Fertility, 49, 81
Fetus, 70, 182
Fink, George, 52, 64–65
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
function, 33, 46, 184
secretion, 35, 38, 45, 47–50, 54, 80
self-priming action, 53
synthesis, 49
Folliculo-stellate cells, 49
Follistatin, 49–50
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 151–152
Food
choice, 19, 122, 126, 144, 148, 167, 170–171
consumption, by country, 140–143
intake, 36, 142, 145, 147, 151, 157–158, 162, 164–166, 169, 171, 175–176
intake recommendations, 148
reward, 122, 142, 161, 166–167, 170–171, 196
supply, 139–141, 144–145, 148
surveys, 140–141
Food-entrained oscillator, 135
Foster, Russell, 138
Free fatty acids, 125, 175
Freund-Mercier, Marie-José, 41, 59
Fuchs, Anna-Rita, 40
Fuxe, Kyell, 180
G protein-coupled receptor, 137, 158
GABA, 14, 17, 77, 180, 193, 215
Galanin-like peptide, 169
Gap junctions, 62, 74
Gasser, Herbert, 20
Gastric acid secretion, 184
Gastric bypass surgery, 157
Gastric motility, 175, 184
Gastrin, 184
Gastrin-releasing peptide, 136
Gene
duplication, 203–206
expression, 28, 32, 58, 79–81, 107, 120, 125, 129–132, 135–136, 145, 158, 172–175, 177, 181, 184, 186, 196–197, 204–208, 214–216, 219–221
imprecision of concept, 122
mutation, 76, 80–81, 100, 110, 134–135, 144, 165, 197, 204–205, 212–214, 216
Genome, 156, 204–205, 209
Ghrelin, 116, 165–169, 172, 184, 214–215
Gillies, Glenda, 128
Glial cells, 32, 61–62, 68, 74, 103
Glucagon, 169, 175, 184
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP–1), 157–158, 169
Glucocorticoid, 33, 55, 123, 125–127, 133, 176. See also Cortisol; Corticosterone
Glucocorticoid receptors, 125–126, 209
Glucose, 10, 33, 123, 148, 153, 157, 164, 168, 174–175, 184
homeostasis, 148, 153, 157, 175, 184
Glumitocin, 202
Glutamate, 14, 17, 63, 65, 68, 95, 117, 137, 180–181, 193
Glycerol, 164, 175
Goat, LH secretion in, 47, 72, 195
Golgi apparatus, 14
Gonadal steroids, 49, 209
Gonadotroph, 33, 45, 49–54, 64–65, 72
Gonadotropin, 33, 45, 49, 81
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
agonists, 49
gene, 73
neurons (or cells), 35, 46–49, 51, 69–75, 77, 79–83, 85, 131
receptors, 49–50, 52, 75
secretion (or release), 48–52, 54, 65, 71, 73, 75–77, 79–84, 116
self-priming action, 52–54, 64
Gonads, 8, 31, 33, 49–51, 132, 181, 184, 219
Granulosa cells, 50
Grattan, Dave, 132
Green fluorescent protein, 131
Grinevich, Valery, 136, 193
Growing Up Today study, 168
Growth, 31–32, 46, 54, 145, 184
Growth factors, 32–33, 55, 168, 184
Growth hormone, 33, 35, 38, 54–55, 72, 76, 116, 133, 140, 184, 215
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), 35, 55, 76, 116, 184
GT1 cells, 73–75
Guillemin, Roger, 47
Guinea pig, 39, 47
Gunter, Mavis, 39
Guppy, parturition in, 203
Gut (gastrointestinal tract), 10, 31, 146, 151, 156–158, 166–167, 169, 173, 175, 184, 188, 197
microbiota, 146
motility, 36
Hadley, Mac, 155
Hamster, 134, 137, 195
Harris, Geoffrey, 2, 34, 36, 38–39, 47, 127, 194
Harris, Ruth, 163
Hatton, Glenn, 61–62
Health Canada, 148
Heart (organ), 31, 38, 152, 161, 168, 184
Heart disease, 138, 145
Heart rate, 10, 123
Heat adaptation genes, 144
Hedonic system, 166–7
Hemolymph, 202
Herbison, Allan, 81–82
Heritability of body weight, 143–144
Herkenham, Miles, 196
Herring bodies, 112
Hervey, G. R., 161–162
Heteronuclear RNA, 129
Hierarchy
social, 131, 206
systems, 188, 218
Hippocampus, 70, 125–126
Histamine, 180
Hobbes, Thomas, 25
Hodgkin, Alan, 16
Homologs of oxytocin/vasopressin, 40, 137, 171, 176–177, 202–203, 205–207, 211
Homosexuals, suprachiasmatic nucleus in, 183
Hormone, origin of concept, 184
Horse, LH secretion in, 47, 76
Human genome project, 156
Hume, David, 27, 30
Hunger, 10, 33, 122, 152, 155, 161, 164–168, 173
Hunger Winter, 145
Hutton, James, 26, 201, 209, 211
Huxley, Andrew, 16
Hyperpolarizing afterpotential, 17, 21, 60, 67, 91–92, 94
Hypertension, 29, 152
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 80
Immediate-early genes, 58, 172
Immune system, 167
Immunocytochemistry, 58
Impulsivity, 196
Infertility, 29, 49, 51, 71, 131
Inhibin, 49
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, 17
Insel, Tom, 193–195
Insulin, 33, 55, 72, 145, 156, 158, 163–166, 168–169, 174–175, 184, 186, 197, 209
Insulin resistance, 165
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), 33, 55, 184
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), 145
Interleukin, 168
Intracellular calcium mobilization, 49, 52, 59, 65, 74, 174, 185–187
Intramammary pressure, 36–38, 42
Ioannidis, John, 200
Ion channel, 14, 17, 76, 81, 216
Isotocin, 202–203, 206
Israel, Jean-Marc, 62
Jealousy, 195
Jet lag, 138
Johnstone, Louise, 172–174
Junk DNA, 204–205
Kallman syndrome, 71
Kallman, Franz Josef, 71
Karsch, Fred, 48, 84
Kidney, 8, 10, 29, 31–32, 38, 93, 95, 101, 112–113, 143, 177, 184, 198, 204, 208
Kisspeptin, 77, 79–84, 116, 215
KNDy neurons, 81–84
Knobil, Ernst, 47–49, 71–72, 75, 80
Kreitzman, Leon, 138
Labor, 39–40, 181, 184
Lactation, 10, 31, 36, 38, 40, 61–65, 75, 106, 132, 147, 177, 191–194, 208, 213
Lactotroph, 33, 131
Lamprey, vasotocin in, 205
Landgraf, Rainer, 62
Lateral hypothalamus, 115, 172–173, 198
Lentivirus, 81
Leptin, 164–169, 174, 184, 197, 209, 214
Leptin resistance, 165–168
Lettvin, Jerry, 19
Levkowitz, Gil, 203
Libido, 131, 151, 155, 168
Lightman, Stafford, 125, 129
Lincoln, Dennis, 36, 42, 45, 57, 87, 176, 207
Lipolysis, 175
Liraglutide, 157
Liver, 10, 31, 33, 55, 112–113, 123, 131, 143, 168, 184
Locupressin, 202
Lorcaserin, 153–154
Lordosis reflex, 35, 182
Love, 8–10, 30, 189, 190–192, 193, 217
Lowry, Phil, 128
Luciferase, 131
Luckman, Simon, 40
Ludwig, Mike, 61, 65, 136, 190, 199
Lungfish, 202, 205
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
receptor, 50, 77
releasing factor (LRF), 47
rhesus monkey, 47–48, 54, 71–73
secretion, 35, 38, 45–54, 69, 71–77, 79–84, 131, 184
synthesis, 49, 52
vesicles, 65
Luteolysis, 50
Ma, Ming, 129
Macfarquhar, Colin, 26
Macgregor, Duncan, 92, 96
Macrophage chemotactic protein 1, 168
Mammillary nucleus, 115
Mammary gland, 32–33, 36–38, 176–177, 204, 208
Mammary nerve, 57–58
Maternal behavior, 11, 31, 33, 191–192, 194
Mating, 9, 35, 36, 131, 155–156, 165, 175, 192, 195–196
MC1 receptor, 154
MC3 receptor, 154–155, 174
MC4 receptor, 65, 154–155, 158, 174, 187, 214–215
McCormick, David, 97
Median eminence, 48, 70, 79–82, 115, 124, 127, 198
Mediobasal hypothalamus, 35, 48, 71–72
Melanin, 34, 154–155, 180, 184
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), 169, 172
Melanocytes, 154
Melanopsin, 124, 133, 136–137
Melanotan, 155
Melanotrophs, 34, 130
Melatonin, 137–138
Membrane potential, 14, 16, 72, 92, 94
Mens, Wim, 41
Menstrual cycle, 47
Mesotocin, 41, 171, 176, 177, 203
Metabolic rate, 33, 143–144, 146–147, 166–167, 170
Metabolism, 31, 33–34, 153, 161, 168, 181
Microdialysis, 61
Milk-ejection reflex, 34, 36–38, 40–43, 57–59, 62–64, 67, 69, 74, 103, 117–119, 176–177, 207–208
Milk letdown, 32, 34, 36, 38–39, 42, 57, 172, 176–177, 194–195
Mineralocorticoid receptor, 125
Models
Fitzhugh-Nagumo, 220
Hodgkin-Huxley, 110, 220
neuronal, 2, 16, 55, 67–68, 84, 90, 92–93, 96, 109–110, 125
neuronal population, 67, 104
Watson and Crick’s, 110
Molecular password, 206
Monboddo, Lord, 26
Monogenetic obesity, 144
Monro, Alexander (primus and secundus), 26
Montane voles, social behavior of, 193–195
Mood, 30, 138, 159, 196, 198
Moore, Donald, 21
Moore’s law, 22
Moos, Françoise, 43, 58, 63–64, 67
Morphine, 40, 158
Morris, John, 60, 111–112
Moss, Jonathan, 181
Murphy, David, 206
Muscle, 9, 33, 123, 140, 143, 156, 161, 168–169, 184, 202
Naltrexone, 158
Natriuresis (salt excretion), 38, 175, 177, 203
Natural selection, 19, 76, 110, 144, 212–213, 216
Negoro, Hideo, 63
Nesfatin, 169, 174
Network (neuronal), 4, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18–19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 41, 68, 76–77, 97, 102, 126, 188, 215, 217
Neural stalk, 36–39, 60, 63, 65
Neuroendocrine system, 29–31, 33, 35, 49, 203
Neuroendocrinology, 2, 31, 34, 38, 79
Neurokinin B, 81, 116
Neuromelanin, 180
Neurons
clan organization, 10, 11, 28–29, 44, 116, 136, 208–209, 211–212, 214, 217–219
heterogeneity, 11, 68, 76, 96–97, 102, 107, 179, 208, 219
intrinsic properties, 18–19, 21–22, 28, 51, 76, 83, 97, 107, 134
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 33, 72, 116, 156, 158, 165–166, 169, 172, 196–197, 208, 214–215
Neuropeptides, 10, 18, 44, 115–117, 145, 148, 155–156, 169, 173, 189, 196–199, 207
Neurophysin, 111, 118
Neurosteroids, 10, 18
Neurotensin, 196
Neurotransmitters, 10, 14, 17, 32, 44, 52, 106, 115–117, 120, 122, 151, 174, 179–180, 185–186, 196, 208, 211, 216, 218–219
Nitric oxide, 10, 18, 105, 188
Nociceptive behavior, 196
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis, 147
Noradrenaline, 58, 77, 151–152, 173, 180, 198
Nordmann, Jean, 111–112
Nucleus accumbens, 171
Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), 151, 157, 173
Obesity, 9, 29, 139–148, 151–154, 158–159, 161–167
ob/ob mice, 163–165
O’Byrne, Kevin, 72
Octopressin, 202–203
Octopus (oxytocin-like peptide in), 202–203
Oleoylethanolamide, 174
Olfactory bulb, 117, 136, 191–192
Opioid peptides, 116, 119, 196
Opioid receptors, 81, 197
Optogenetics, 81, 191, 193, 214
Orexin, 33, 169, 172, 198
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), 93–95, 136, 197
Orgasm, 194
Orlistat (Xenical), 153
Orthopedia, 206
Osmoreceptor, 94–95, 99
Osmotic pressure, 10, 88, 93, 96, 99, 202, 209, 211
Ovarian cycle, 9, 45, 47, 49–51, 54, 71, 77, 82, 84–85, 182
Ovary, 10, 33, 45–46, 49–51, 77, 80–81, 182, 184
Oxyntomodulin, 158
Oxytocin
actions in the supraoptic nucleus, 65, 68, 95, 193
antagonist, 43, 59, 195
cells, 31, 35–38, 40–44, 57–69, 74–75, 87, 92, 103, 106, 112, 116–120, 154–155, 171–177, 179, 187, 191, 193–194, 206–209, 213, 219
central injection of, 41, 58, 63, 155, 171, 191, 200
central release, 43, 59, 61, 65, 67, 117–119, 172, 187, 191, 195, 198, 200
content of pituitary, 111–112
content of vesicle, 111–112
-deficient mice, 36, 39, 171, 215
dendrites, 60–61, 63, 65–67, 118, 155, 174–175, 187, 191, 209, 219
gene, 32
intranasal, 199–200
priming, 65–67
receptor, 41, 59, 75, 119, 171, 175, 177, 191, 193–196, 204, 208, 214
release during coitus, 51, 194–195
role in appetite, 36, 154–155, 169, 171–177
role in fear, 192–193
role in lactation, 32, 34–42, 57–69, 74–75, 87, 117–120, 176–177
role in maternal behavior, 33, 194
role in natriuresis, 38
role in parturition, 32, 35, 38–40, 43, 48, 176
role in reproductive behavior, 35, 154–155, 175–177, 189–196
role in sexual activity, 194
secretion, 34, 36, 38–42, 65–66, 103, 175, 177, 187, 194–195
stimulus-secretion coupling, 103, 118
systemic injection of, 38, 41, 57, 176
Oxytocinase, 39–40, 119
Oxytocin-like genes, 206
Oxytocin-like peptide, 202–203
Oxytocin/vasopressin homologs, 202–203
Pacemaker potential, 21
Pacific ratfish, 202
Pain, 36, 127, 171, 196
Pancreas, 72, 131, 135, 143, 158, 169, 175, 184, 197
Pancreatic polypeptide, 169
Panic, 196
Parabiosis, 162–163
Parabolic burster, 72
Paracrine, 54, 168, 184, 219
Paraventricular nucleus
MSH actions in, 173–174
parvocellular oxytocin neurons, 68, 171
parvocellular vasopressin neurons, 117, 127
projections to, 58, 65, 154, 157, 166, 174
role in ACTH secretion, 36, 123, 124–125, 127–130
role in behavior, 191
Parkinson’s disease, 22, 130, 180
Partner preference test, 195
Parturition, 5, 32, 35, 39–41, 43, 61–62, 172, 176–177, 194, 203, 208, 213, 215
Passmore, Reg, 161
Paulsen, Fredrik, 121–2
Penile erection, 35, 154
Peptides, inactivation by enzymes, 119
Peptide YY, 158, 169, 184
Periventricular nucleus, 35, 55, 76, 115
Phasic neurons, 37, 89–97, 102–108, 186, 207, 218
Phasitocin, 202
Phasvatocin, 202
Phentermine, 151–152
Pheromones, 51, 70
Photoreceptors, 20, 93, 133, 206
Pickles, Vernon, 194
Pig, LH secretion in, 47
Pigment-dispersing factor, 156
Pineal gland, 137–138
Pituitary
actions of vasopressin on, 204
anterior, 33–36, 45–55, 70–72, 76, 79, 116, 123–125, 127–128, 130–132, 183–184, 197, 204
composition of, 33–35
content of vesicles, 111
control by hypothalamus, 2,10, 31, 33–36, 183–184
gland, 2, 10, 33–34, 76, 113, 115
intermediate lobe , 34, 116, 130, 154, 169, 184
in marsupials, 176
posterior, 31, 34–36, 41–42, 63, 65, 88–89, 101, 103, 111–113, 117, 127, 177, 187, 206, 213
role in ACTH secretion, 116, 121–128, 166
role in GH secretion, 76
role in LH/FSH secretion, 45–55, 70–72, 76, 79,
role in prolactin, 131–132, 183, 197
size of , 33, 113
whale, 121–122
Plateau potential , 92
Playfair, John, 209
Popper, Karl, 25–27, 30, 83
Portal blood vessels, 46, 48, 71, 124, 128
Positive feedback system, 39
Postsynaptic density, 14
Potassium, in neuronal excitability, 14, 16, 102–103
Pow, David, 60
Prairie voles, social behavior of, 190, 193–196
Precocious puberty, 49
Precursor molecule, 32, 100–101, 112, 203
Pregnancy, 10, 31, 38, 61, 106, 131, 145, 174–175, 208, 213
Preoptic area, 115, 182, 206
Priming, 57–68, 120, 219, 221
Proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP), 169
Proestrus, 50, 53
Progesterone, 49–51, 79, 84, 181
Programming effects, 145–146
Project EAT, 168
Prolactin, 33, 35, 38, 72, 116, 130–132, 169, 183, 197, 209
Prolactin-releasing peptide, 169, 173
Pseudogene, 204–205
Puberty, 9–10, 49–50, 71, 80–81, 85
Publication bias, 199
Pufferfish genome, 205–206
Push-pull perfusion, 43
Quantum computing, 23
Radioimmunoassay, 46–48, 61, 111
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 13
Receptor affinity, 118–119, 185–186
Receptor mismatch, 196–197
Recurrent inhibition, 60
Reductionism, 25–27, 29
Redundancy, 22, 76, 211–216
Relaxin, 184, 198
Relaxin 3, 169
Reliability of the literature, 199–200
Renfrew, Marilyn, 176
Reporter gene, 131
Reproductive behavior, 80, 154
Resistin, 168
Respiration, 10, 58, 99
Retina, 19–20, 99, 116, 124, 133, 137, 209
Retinal ganglion cells, 133, 136–137
Retrograde signal, 18, 188
Retrovirus, 81
Reward, signals in brain, 18, 130, 142, 180
Rhesus monkeys, LH secretion in, 48, 72, 74, 81
Richard, Philippe, 41, 43
Rimonabant (Accomplia), 153
Robinson, Iain, 54–55
Robustness, 11, 23, 76, 107, 110, 153, 212, 215–216
Rosch, Paul, 123, 126
Rostral hypothalamus, 50, 51, 79–84, 115
Russell, John, 3, 95, 215
Rutheford, Daniel, 26
Sabatier, Nancy, 93
Salamander genome, 205
Salt appetite, 11, 198
Satiety, 36, 155, 159, 163–164, 166, 168, 172–173, 214
Scent marking, 195
Schally, Andrew, 47
Scott, Sir Walter, 139
Seasonal breeder, 51
Secretin, 169, 184–185
Self-priming (GnRH), 52–53, 64
Selye, Hans, 123, 126
Serotonin, 152–154, 156, 180, 198
Sex
gender, 111, 143, 183, 207
steroids, 54, 182–183
Sexual behavior, 7–10, 29–31, 33, 46, 70, 116, 153–155, 171, 175–177, 190–192
Sexual dimorphism of hypothalamus, 10, 51, 54–55, 182
Sexually dimorphic nucleus, 182
Sexual selection, 193
Sheep, 47, 195
Shroeder, Henry, 100–101
Sibtramine, 153–154
Silver, Rae, 134
Simple-minded 1, 206
Sleep, 11, 27, 134, 136, 138, 147, 172, 188
Small intestine, 157, 169, 174, 184
Smith, Adam, 26, 201
Social behavior, 29, 36, 70, 117, 136, 171, 176, 192, 194, 196, 199–200, 203, 206–207
Social hierarchy, 206
Sodium
in bones, 100–101
channels (voltage-sensitive), 14, 16–17, 74, 82
deprivation, 198
excretion, 36, 38, 101, 175–177, 184, 208
plasma, 88, 93–95, 97, 99–102, 104–105, 113, 202
Somatostatin, 35, 55, 76, 116, 184, 196
Somatotroph, 33, 55, 76
Sperm, 9, 195
Spermatogenesis, 45
Spikes
generation, 15–17, 92, 94
in GnRH cells, 71–74, 80–83
in oxytocin cells, 35–38, 42, 60–67, 61–62, 64–67, 119, 174, 177, 187, 213
role in information, 18–20, 28, 219
in vasopressin cells, 84, 88–92, 94–97, 101–104, 106–108, 111, 114–115, 117, 130, 186–187
Spiny neurons, 179–180
Starling, Ernest, 179, 185
Starlings (social behavior in), 196
Stern, Javier, 136
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 27
Stimulus-secretion coupling, 39, 102–103, 105
Stochasticity, 21, 212
Stochastic process, 186
Stochastic resonance, 94–95
Stomach, 9, 123, 157, 165–166, 169, 171–172, 174, 184, 214
Stress, 8–10, 29–31, 48, 122–125, 138, 188, 191, 217
current use of term, 122–123
effects on appetite, 145, 148, 166–167, 169, 174
effects on LH secretion, 48
hormone, 55 (see also Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
restraint stress, 129
Stress (HPA) axis, 123–124, 127, 166
Stressors, 33, 36, 123, 125, 127, 129–130, 174
Striatum, 179–181
Subcommisural organ, 197
Subfornical organ, 197–198
Substantia nigra, 22, 179–181
Suckling, 34, 36–37, 39–43, 57–59, 61–64, 67–68, 75, 87, 103, 117, 131–132, 176, 195, 207, 219
Summerlee, Alastair, 40
Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 51, 115–116, 124, 133–138, 156
Suprachiasmatic nucleus transplants, 34
Supramammillary nucleus, 115
Supraoptic nucleus, 34–37, 43–44, 57–65, 68, 87, 107, 115, 136, 154, 173–175, 193, 209
Surge
GnRH, 48, 50, 52, 54, 80, 83–84
LH, 45, 47–48, 50–52, 54, 71–72, 77, 79–81, 83–84
progesterone, 50
Swaab, Dick, 183
Sympathetic nervous system, 166, 169
Synapse
classical, 13–16, 18, 21, 52, 120, 179–181, 185–187
shared (double), 61–62, 74–75
unreliability of, 22
Synaptic plasticity, 16–18, 32, 221
Synergy, 128
Tachykinins, 196
Talopin monkey, social behavior in, 131
Tanning, 154–155
Tau mutant hamster, 134–135
Thermoregulation, 170
Temperature, 9–10, 51, 117, 134, 147, 158, 167, 202, 209
Terasawa, Ei, 73
Territorial behavior, 195
Terry, John, 125
Testes, 10, 33, 71, 80, 83, 182
Testosterone, 45, 131, 181–183
Thalamus, 180, 194
Thapsigargin, 65
The Selfish Gene (Dawkins), 198
Theodosis, Dionysia, 61–2
Thermogenesis, 171
Thirst, 33, 94, 136, 170–171, 196
Thrifty phenotype, 144
Thyroid gland, 10, 31, 33
Thyroid hormone, 181, 183–184
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 33, 38, 72, 184
Thyrotrophs, 34
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 35, 47, 174, 184, 196
Transcription factors, 58, 135, 206
Transforming growth factor B, 168
Transgenic mice, 81, 171, 196, 214
Transposable elements, 205
Tumor necrosis factor, 168
Twin studies, 143, 146, 162
Ueta, Yoichi, 136
Urbilateria, 202
Urination, 10, 99
Uterine contractions, 32, 38–39, 177, 181, 194
Uterus, 35, 39–40, 48, 177, 194, 204, 208
Vagina, 51. 191–192, 195
Vagus nerve, 151, 157, 173, 197
Vale, Wylie, 128–129
Valitocin, 202
Valtin, Heinz, 100
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 136, 156, 196–197
Vasopressin
actions on kidney, 203, 215
expression and synthesis, 101, 129, 137, 174, 203, 205, 207–208
gene, 203
gene mutation, 100
half-life, 101, 113
magnocellular neurons, 29–37, 58, 62, 72, 87–97, 101–108, 111–114, 116, 179, 186–187, 207, 209, 211, 218
in olfactory bulb, 136
parvocellular neurons, 116–117, 124, 127–130
receptors, 100, 105, 195–196, 204–205, 208, 214
release in the brain, 61, 105, 119–120, 187, 219
in retinal neurons, 116, 136–137
role in behavior, 33, 195–196, 207
secretion, 34, 61, 87–89, 94, 96–97, 99–102, 105, 112–113, 116, 124, 127, 175
in suprachiasmatic nucleus, 135–138, 183
Vasotocin, 137, 203, 205–207, 211
Ventral medulla, 58
Ventral tegmental area, 167
Ventromedial nucleus, 115, 155, 162, 175, 191
Vesicle
peptidergic (LDCVs), 32, 44, 45, 49, 52–54, 60, 65–67, 92, 100–105, 111–117, 118–120, 137, 186–187, 219
synaptic, 14–15, 21, 44, 52, 115, 117, 120, 137, 180, 185–186
Volume transmission, 180, 191, 197
Vomeronasal organ, 70
Wakerley, Jonathan, 5, 36, 42, 45, 57, 87, 207
Walker, Jamie, 125
Wallaby, milk-ejection in, 176–177
Wang, Yu-Feng, 62
Weight-loss drugs, 151
Weintraub, Michael, 152
Whale pituitary, 121
Wray, Susan, 71
Yagi, Kinji, 36
Yalow, Rosalind, 46, 47
Yeo, Giles, 174
Zebrafish, 203, 206, 209, 211
Zeeman, Chris, 2
Zucker rats, 163, 165