Academy Awards 1928–2010
The “Oscars” are officially known as the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Awards. They were inaugurated in 1928 as part of Hollywood’s drive to improve its less-than-respectable image. Academy librarian and eventual executive director Margaret Herrick remarked that the statuette looked like her uncle Oscar, and the nickname has stuck ever since. Membership in the Academy (currently over 6,000) is by invitation only, with members divided into 15 branches. Each branch selects up to five nominees for awards in its area of expertise; the entire membership makes“Best Picture” nominations and then votes on all the categories. Beginning in 2011, between five and 10 films can be nominated for Best Picture. Major awards are shown in the chart. The award for Best Cinematography is shown in a separate table. Awards for actors and directors are named for films winning Best Picture except where otherwise indicated.
Source: Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences. www.oscars.org
| Year | Cinematographer, Film |
|---|---|
| 1928 | Charles Rosher, Karl Struss, Sunrise |
| 1929 | Clyde DeVinna, White Shadows, In the South Seas |
| 1930 | Joseph T. Rucker, Willard Van Der Veer, With Byrd at the South Pole |
| 1931 | Floyd Crosby, Tabu |
| 1932 | Lee Garmes, Shanghai Express |
| 1933 | Charles Bryant Lang Jr.,A Farewell to Arms |
| 1934 | Victor Milner, Cleopatra |
| 1935 | Hal Mohr,A Midsummer Night’s Dream |
| 1936 | Gaetano Gaudio,Anthony Adverse |
| 1937 | Karl Freund, The Good Earth |
| 1938 | Joseph Ruttenberg, The Great Waltz |
| 1939 | Gregg Toland, Wuthering Heights Ernest Haller, Ray Rennahan, Gone With the Wind |
| 1940 | George Barnes, Rebecca George Perinal, Thief of Baghdad |
| 1941 | Arthur Miller, How Green Was My Valley Ernest Palmer, Ray Rennahan, Blood & Sand |
| 1942 | Joseph Ruttenberg, Mrs.Miniver Leon Shamroy, The Black Swan |
| 1943 | Arthur Miller, The Song of Bernadette Hal Mohr, W. Howard Greene, The Phantom of the Opera |
| 1944 | Joseph LaShelle, Laura Leon Shamroy, Wilson |
| 1945 | Harry Stradling, The Picture of Dorian Gray Leon Shamroy, Leave Her to Heaven |
| 1946 | Arthur Miller, Anna and the King of Siam Charles Rosher, Leonard Smith, Arthur Arling, The Yearling |
| 1947 | Guy Green, Great Expectations |
| 1948 | William Daniels, The Naked City Joseph Valentine, William V. Skall, Winton Hoch, Joan of Arc |
| 1949 | Paul C. Vogel, Battleground Winton Hoch, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon |
| 1950 | Robert Krasker, The Third Man Robert Surtees, King Solomon’s Mines |
| 1951 | William C. Mellor, A Place in the Sun Alfred Gilks, John Alton (ballet), An American in Paris |
| 1952 | Robert Surtees, The Bad and the Beautiful Winton Hoch, Archie Stout, The Quiet Man |
| 1953 | Burnett Guffey, From Here to Eternity Loyal Griggs, Shane |
| 1954 | Boris Kaufman, On the Waterfront Milton Krasner, Three Coins in the Fountain |
| 1955 | James Wong Howe, The Rose Tattoo Robert Burks, To Catch a Thief |
| 1956 | Joseph Ruttenberg, Sombody Up There Likes Me Lionel Lindon, Around the World in 80 Days |
| 1957 | Jack Hildyard, The Bridge on the River Kwai |
| 1958 | Sam Leavitt, The Defiant Ones Joseph Ruttenberg, Gigi |
| 1959 | William C. Mellor, The Diary of Anne Frank Robert L. Surtees, Ben-Hur |
| 1960 | Freddie Francis, Sons and Lovers Russell Metty, Spartacus |
| 1961 | Eugene Shuftan, The Hustler Daniel L. Fapp, West Side Story |
| 1962 | Jean Bourgoin, Walter Wottitz, The Longest Day Freddie Young, Lawrence of Arabia |
| 1963 | James Wong Howe, Hud Leon Shamroy, Cleopatra |
| 1964 | Walter Lassally, Zorba the Greek Harry Stradling, My Fair Lady |
| 1965 | Ernest Laszlo, Ship of Fools Freddie Young, Dr. Zhivago |
| 1966 | Haskell Wexler, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Ted Moore, A Man for All Seasons |
| 1967 | Burnett Guffey, Bonnie and Clyde |
| 1968 | Pasqualino De Santis, Romeo and Juliet |
| 1969 | Conrad Hall, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid |
| 1970 | Freddie Young, Ryan’s Daughter |
| 1971 | Oswald Morris, Fiddler on the Roof |
| 1972 | Geoffrey Unsworth, Cabaret |
| 1973 | Sven Nykvist, Cries and Whispers |
| 1974 | Fred Koenekamp, Joseph Biroc, The Towering Inferno |
| 1975 | John Alcott, Barry Lyndon |
| 1976 | Haskell Wexler, Bound for Glory |
| 1977 | Vilmos Zsigmond, Close Encounters of the Third Kind |
| 1978 | Nestor Almendros, Days of Heaven |
| 1979 | Vittorio Storaro, Apocalypse Now |
| 1980 | Geoffrey Unsworth, Ghislain Cloquet, Tess |
| 1981 | Vittorio Storaro, Reds |
| 1982 | Billy Williams, Ronnie Taylor, Gandhi |
| 1983 | Sven Nykvist, Fanny & Alexander |
| 1984 | Chris Menges, The Killing Fields |
| 1985 | David Watkin, Out of Africa |
| 1986 | Chris Menges, The Mission |
| 1987 | Vittorio Storaro, The Last Emperor |
| 1988 | Peter Biziou, Mississippi Burning |
| 1989 | Freddie Francis, Glory |
| 1990 | Dean Semler, Dances With Wolves |
| 1991 | Robert Richardson, JFK |
| 1992 | Philippe Rousselot, A River Runs Through It |
| 1993 | Janusz Kaminski, Schindler’s List |
| 1994 | John Toll, Legends of the Fall |
| 1995 | John Toll, Braveheart |
| 1996 | John Seale, The English Patient |
| 1997 | Russell Carpenter, Titanic |
| 1998 | Janusz Kaminski, Saving Private Ryan |
| 1999 | Conrad L. Hall, American Beauty |
| 2000 | Peter Pau, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon |
| 2001 | Andrew Lesnie, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring |
| 2002 | Conrad L. Hall, Road to Perdition (posthumous) |
| 2003 | Gus Van Sant, Elephant |
| 2004 | Robert Richardson, The Aviator |
| 2005 | Dion Beebe, Memoirs of a Geisha |
| 2006 | Guillermo Navarro, Pan’s Labyrinth |
| 2007 | Robert Elswit, There Will Be Blood |
| 2008 | Anthony Dod Mantle, Slumdog Millionaire |
| 2009 | Mauro Fiore, Avatar |
| 2010 | Wally Pfister, Inception |
The Emmy Awards, 1951–2010
The Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, formed in 1946, presented the first Emmy Awards in 1949. The number and names of awards have changed over the years, but since 1965, the Academy has recognized an outstanding comedy and drama, as well as an actor and an actress in a comedy and in a drama.
The Tony Awards, 1947–2010
The Tony Awards are presented each year by the American Theatre Wing for distinguished achievement in the Broadway theater. Named for Antoinette Perry, an actress, producer, director, and chairman of the American Theatre Wing who died in 1946, the Tonys were first presented in 1947. Listed here is a selection of major awards for each year: best play (author), performance by an actor in a play, performance by an actress in a play, best musical (composer and lyricist), performance by an actor in a musical, performance by an actress in a musical.
PLAYS
MUSICALS
Source: Isabelle Stevenson, The Tony Award 1989; American Theatre Wing.
The Grammys, 1958–2010
The “Grammys” are officially known as the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Awards. Winners (in almost 70 categories) are selected yearly by the 6,000 or so voting members of the academy. The five award categories listed below have remained fairly constant over the years, although the overall “Best Vocal Performance” awards were phased out in 1968. From that year on, we list “Best Pop Vocal Performance” (male and female), except where indicated.
Named for the man who created the endowment, Joseph Pulitzer (1847–1911), a Hungarian-born American newspaper publisher. He ran the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World at the end of the 19th century and helped to create many bedrock technologies of modern journalism—some good, some a bit sleazy. He also endowed the famous school of journalism at Columbia University. The Pulitzer Prize for Reporting is the oldest prize given in journalism and was first awarded in 1917 together with the Pulitzer Prizes for History and Biography.
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in Newspaper Journalism, 1918–2011
| Year | Paper |
| 1918 | The New York Times |
| 1919 | Milwaukee Journal |
| 1920 | No award |
| 1921 | Boston Post |
| 1922 | New York World |
| 1923 | Memphis Commercial Appeal |
| 1924 | New York World |
| 1925 | No award |
| 1926 | Columbus (Ga.) Enquirer Sun |
| 1927 | Canton (Ohio) Daily News |
| 1928 | Indianapolis Times |
| 1929 | New York Evening World |
| 1930 | No award |
| 1931 | Atlanta Constitution |
| 1932 | Indianapolis News |
| 1933 | New York World-Telegram |
| 1934 | Medford (Oreg.) Mail Tribune |
| 1935 | Sacramento Bee |
| 1936 | Cedar Rapids Gazette |
| 1937 | St. Louis Post-Dispatch |
| 1938 | Bismarck (N.D.) Tribune |
| 1939 | Miami Daily News |
| 1940 | Waterbury (Conn.) Republican & American |
| 1941 | St. Louis Post-Dispatch |
| 1942 | Los Angeles Times |
| 1943 | Omaha (Nebr.) World-Herald |
| 1944 | The New York Times |
| 1945 | Detroit Free Press |
| 1946 | Scranton (Pa.) Times |
| 1947 | Baltimore Sun |
| 1948 | St. Louis Post-Dispatch |
| 1949 | Nebraska State Journal |
| 1950 | Chicago Daily News and St. Louis Post-Dispatch |
| 1951 | Miami Herald and Brooklyn Eagle |
| 1952 | St. Louis Post-Dispatch |
| 1953 | Whiteville (N.C.) News Reporter and Tabor City (N.C.) Tribune |
| 1954 | Newsday (Garden City, N.Y.) |
| 1955 | Columbus (Ga.) Ledger and Sunday Ledger-Enquirer |
| 1956 | Watsonville (Calif.) Register-Pajaronion |
| 1957 | Chicago Daily News |
| 1958 | Arkansas Gazette |
| 1959 | Utica Observer-Dispatch and Utica Daily Press (N.Y.) |
| 1960 | Los Angeles Times |
| 1961 | Amarillo (Tex.) Globe-Times |
| 1962 | Panama City (Fla.) News-Herald |
| 1963 | Chicago Daily News |
| 1964 | St. Petersburg Times |
| 1965 | Hutchinson (Kans.) News |
| 1966 | Boston Globe |
| 1967 | Louisville Courier Journal and Milwaukee Journal |
| 1968 | Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise |
| 1969 | Los Angeles Times |
| 1970 | Newsday (Garden City, N.Y.) |
| 1971 | Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel |
| 1972 | The New York Times |
| 1973 | Washington Post |
| 1974 | Newsday (Garden City, N.Y.) |
| 1975 | Boston Globe |
| 1976 | Anchorage Daily News |
| 1977 | Lufkin (Tex.) News |
| 1978 | Philadelphia Inquirer |
| 1979 | Point Reyes (Calif.) Light |
| 1980 | Gannett News Service |
| 1981 | Charlotte Observer |
| 1982 | Detroit News |
| 1983 | Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger |
| 1984 | Los Angeles Times |
| 1985 | Fort Worth Star-Telegram |
| 1986 | Denver Post |
| 1987 | Pittsburgh Press |
| 1988 | Charlotte Observer |
| 1989 | Anchorage Daily News |
| 1990 | Philadelphia Inquirer and Washington (N.C.) Daily News |
| 1991 | Des Moines Register |
| 1992 | Sacramento Bee |
| 1993 | Miami Herald |
| 1994 | Akron Beacon Journal |
| 1995 | Virgin Islands Daily News |
| 1996 | Raleigh News and Observer |
| 1997 | New Orleans Times-Picayune |
| 1998 | Grand Forks (N.D.) Herald |
| 1999 | Washington Post |
| 2000 | Washington Post |
| 2001 | The Oregonian (Portland, Ore.) |
| 2002 | The New York Times |
| 2003 | The Boston Globe |
| 2004 | The New York Times |
| 2005 | Los Angeles Times |
| 2006 | Times-Picayune (New Orleans); Sun Herald (Biloxi- Gulfport, Miss.) |
| 2007 | The Wall Street Journal |
| 2008 | The Washington Post |
| 2009 | Las Vegas Sun |
| 2010 | Bristol (VA) Herald Courier |
| 2011 | Los Angeles Times |
Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting, 1942–2011
| Year | Winner, Newspaper |
|---|---|
| 1942 | Louis Stark, The New York Times |
| 1943 | No award |
| 1944 | Dewey L. Fleming, Baltimore Sun |
| 1945 | James B. Reston, The New York Times |
| 1946 | Edward A. Harris, St. Louis Post-Dispatch |
| 1947 | Edward T. Folliard, Washington Post |
| 1948 | Bert Andrews, New York Herald Tribune Nat S. Finney, Minneapolis Tribune |
| 1949 | C.P. Trussell, The New York Times |
| 1950 | Edwin O. Guthman, Seattle Times |
| 1951 | No award1 |
| 1952 | Anthony Leviero, The New York Times |
| 1953 | Don Whitehead, Associated Press |
| 1954 | Richard Wilson, Des Moines Register and Tribune |
| 1955 | Anthony Lewis, Washington Daily News |
| 1956 | Charles L. Bartlett, Chattanooga Times |
| 1957 | James B. Reston, The New York Times |
| 1958 | Relman Morin, Associated Press Clark Mollenhoff, Des Moines Register and Tribune |
| 1959 | Howard Van Smith, Miami News |
| 1960 | Vance Trimble, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance |
| 1961 | Edward R. Cony, Wall Street Journal |
| 1962 | Nathan G. Caldwell and Gene S. Graham, Nashville Tennessean |
| 1963 | Anthony Lewis, The New York Times |
| 1964 | Merriman Smith, United Press International |
| 1965 | Louis M. Kohlmeier, Wall Street Journal |
| 1966 | Haynes Johnson, Washington Evening Star |
| 1967 | Stanley Penn & Monroe Karmin, Wall Street Journal |
| 1968 | Howard James, Christian Science Monitor Nathan K. (Nick) Kotz, Des Moines Register and Minneapolis Tribune |
| 1969 | Robert Cahn, Christian Science Monitor |
| 1970 | William J. Eaton, Chicago Daily News |
| 1971 | Lucinda Franks and Thomas Powers, United Press International |
| 1972 | Jack Anderson, (Syndicated columnist) |
| 1973 | Robert Boyd and Clark Hoyt, Knight Newspapers |
| 1974 | James R. Polk, Washington Star-News Jack White, Providence Journal and Evening Bulletin |
| 1975 | Donald L. Bartlett and James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer |
| 1976 | James Risser, Des Moines Register |
| 1977 | Walter Mears, Associated Press |
| 1978 | Gaylord D. Shaw, Los Angeles Times |
| 1979 | James Risser, Des Moines Register |
| 1980 | Bette Swenson Orsini and Charles Stafford, St. Petersburg Times |
| 1981 | John M Crewdson, The New York Times |
| 1982 | Rick Atkinson, Kansas City Times |
| 1983 | Staff, Boston Globe |
| 1984 | John Noble Wilford, The New York Times |
| 1985 | Thomas J. Knudson, Des Moines Register |
| 1986 | Arthur Howe, Philadelphia Inquirer; Craig Flournoy and George Rodrigues, Dallas Morning News |
| 1987 | Staff, Miami Herald; Staff, The New York Times |
| 1988 | Tim Weiner, Philadelphia Inquirer |
| 1989 | Donald L. Bartlett and James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer |
| 1990 | Ross Anderson, Bill Dietrich, Mary Ann Gwinn, and Eric Nalder, Seattle Times |
| 1991 | Marji Lundstrom and Rochelle Sharpe, Gannet News Service |
| 1992 | Jeff Taylor and Mike McGraw, Kansas City Star |
| 1993 | David Maraniss, Washington Post |
| 1994 | Eileen Welsome, Albuquerque Tribune |
| 1995 | Tony Horwitz, Wall Street Journal |
| 1996 | Alix M. Freedman, Wall Street Journal |
| 1997 | Staff, Wall Street Journal |
| 1998 | Russell Carollo and Jeff Nesmith, Dayton Daily News |
| 1999 | Staff, The New York Times |
| 2000 | Staff, Wall Street Journal |
| 2001 | Staff, The New York Times |
| 2002 | Staff, Washington Post |
| 2003 | Alan Miller and Kevin Sack, Los Angeles Times |
| 2004 | Staff, Los Angeles Times |
| 2005 | Walt Bogdanich, The New York Times |
| 2006 | James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, The New York Times; Staffs of San Diego Union-Tribune and Copley News Service |
| 2007 | Charlie Savage, The Boston Globe |
| 2008 | Jo Becker and Barton Gellman, The Washington Post |
| 2009 | Staff, St. Petersburg Times |
| 2010 | Matt Richtel and staff, The New York Times |
| 2011 | Jesse Eisinger and Jake Bernstein, ProPublica |
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, 1942–2011
| Year | Winner, Newspaper |
|---|---|
| 1942 | Lawrence Edmund Allen, Associated Press |
| 1943 | Ira Wolfert, North American Newspaper Alliance, Inc. |
| 1944 | Daniel DeLuce, Associated Press |
| 1945 | Mark S. Watson, Baltimore Sun |
| 1946 | Homer William Bigart, New York Herald Tribune |
| 1947 | Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press |
| 1948 | Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun |
| 1949 | Price Day, Baltimore Sun |
| 1950 | Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor |
| 1951 | Keyes Beech, Chicago Daily News |
| Homer William Bigart, New York Herald Tribune | |
| Marguerite Higgins, New York Herald Tribune | |
| Relman Morin, Associated Press | |
| Fred Sparks, Chicago Daily News | |
| Don Whitehead, Associated Press | |
| 1952 | John M. Hightower, Associated Press |
| 1953 | Austin Wehrwien, Milwaukee Journal |
| 1954 | Jim G. Lucas, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance |
| 1955 | Harrison E. Salisbury, The New York Times |
| 1956 | William Randolph Hearst Jr., Kingsbury Smith, and Frank Conniff, International News Service |
| 1957 | Russell Jones, United Press |
| 1958 | Staff, The New York Times |
| 1959 | Joseph Martin and Philip Santora, New York Daily News |
| 1960 | A.M. Rosenthal, The New York Times |
| 1961 | Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press |
| 1962 | Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune Syndicate |
| 1963 | Hal Hendrix, Miami News |
| 1964 | Malcolm W. Browne, Associated Press David Halberstam, The New York Times |
| 1965 | J. A. Livingston, Philadelphia Bulletin |
| 1966 | Peter Arnett, Associated Press |
| 1967 | R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor |
| 1968 | Alfred Friendly, Washington Post |
| 1969 | William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times |
| 1970 | Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service |
| 1971 | Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post |
| 1972 | Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal |
| 1973 | Max Frankel, The New York Times |
| 1974 | Hedrick Smith, The New York Times |
| 1975 | William Mullen (reporter), Ovie Carter (photographer), Chicago Tribune |
| 1976 | Sydney H. Schanberg, The New York Times |
| 1977 | No award |
| 1978 | Henry Kamm, The New York Times |
| 1979 | Richard Ben Cramer, Philadelphia Inquirer |
| 1980 | Joel Brinkley (reporter), Jay Mather (photographer), Louisville Courier-Journal |
| 1981 | Shirley Christian, Miami Herald |
| 1982 | John Darnton, The New York Times |
| 1983 | Thomas L. Friedman, The New York Times |
| Loren Jenkins, Washington Post | |
| 1984 | Karen Elliott House, Wall Street Journal |
| 1985 | Josh Friedman and Dennis Bell (reporters) and Ozier Muhammad (photographer), Newsday (Garden City, N.Y.) |
| 1986 | Lewis M. Simons, Pete Carey, and Katherine Ellison, San Jose Mercury News |
| 1987 | Michael Parks, Los Angeles Times |
| 1988 | Thomas L. Friedman, The New York Times |
| 1989 | Glenn Frankel, Washington Post Bill Keller, The New York Times |
| 1990 | Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, The New York Times |
| 1991 | Caryle Murphy, Washington Post Serge Schmemann, The New York Times |
| 1992 | Patrick J. Sloyan, Newsday (Garden City, N.Y.) |
| 1993 | John F. Burns, The New York Times |
| Roy Gutman, Newsday (Garden City, N.Y.) | |
| 1994 | Team of reporters, Dallas Morning News |
| 1995 | Mark Fritz, Associated Press |
| 1996 | David Rohde, Christian Science Monitor |
| 1997 | John F. Burns,The New York Times |
| 1998 | Staff, The New York Times |
| 1999 | Staff, Wall Street Journal |
| 2000 | Mark Schoofs, Village Voice (N.Y. City) |
| 2001 | Ian Johnson, Wall Street Journal |
| Paul Salopek, Chicago Tribune | |
| 2002 | Barry Bearak, The New York Times |
| 2003 | Kevin Sullivan and Mary Jordan, Washington Post |
| 2004 | Anthony Shadid, Washington Post |
| 2005 | Kim Murphy, Los Angeles Times |
| 2006 | Joseph Kahn, Jim Yardley, The New York Times |
| 2007 | Staff, Wall Street Journal |
| 2008 | Steve Fainaru, Washington Post |
| 2009 | Staff, The New York Times |
| 2010 | Anthony Shadid, Washington Post |
| 2011 | Clifford J. Levy and Ellen Barry, The New York Times |
The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, 1918–2011
| Year | Author, Title |
|---|---|
| 1918 | Ernest Poole, His Family |
| 1919 | Booth Tarkington, The Magnificent Ambersons |
| 1920 | No award |
| 1921 | Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence |
| 1922 | Booth Tarkington, Alice Adams |
| 1923 | Willa Cather, One of Ours |
| 1924 | Margaret Wilson, The Able McLaughlins |
| 1925 | Edna Ferber, So Big |
| 1926 | Sinclair Lewis, Arrowsmith |
| 1927 | Louis Bromfield, Early Autumn |
| 1928 | Thornton Wilder, The Bridge of San Luis Rey |
| 1929 | Julia Peterkin, Scarlet Sister Mary |
| 1930 | Oliver LaFarge, Laughing Boy |
| 1931 | Margaret Ayer Barnes, Years of Grace |
| 1932 | Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth |
| 1933 | T.S. Stribling, The Store |
| 1934 | Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom |
| 1935 | Josephine Winslow Johnson, Now in November |
| 1936 | Harold L. Davis, Honey in the Horn |
| 1937 | Margaret Mitchell, Gone With the Wind |
| 1938 | John Phillips Marquand, The Late George Apley |
| 1939 | Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, The Yearling |
| 1940 | John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath |
| 1941 | No award |
| 1942 | Ellen Glasgow, In This Our Life |
| 1943 | Upton Sinclair, Dragon’s Teeth |
| 1944 | Martin Flavin, Journey in the Dark |
| 1945 | John Hersey, A Bell for Adano |
| 1946 | No award |
| 1947 | Robert Penn Warren, All the King’s Men |
| 19481 | James A. Michener, Tales of the South Pacific |
| 1949 | James Gould Cozzens, Guard of Honor |
| 1950 | A.B. Guthrie Jr., The Way West |
| 1951 | Conrad Richter, The Town |
| 1952 | Herman Wouk, The Caine Mutiny |
| 1953 | Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea |
| 1954 | No award |
| 1955 | William Faulkner, A Fable |
| 1956 | MacKinlay Kantor, Andersonville |
| 1957 | No award |
| 1958 | James Agee, A Death in the Family |
| 1959 | Robert Lewis Taylor, The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters |
| 1960 | Allen Drury, Advise and Consent |
| 1961 | Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird |
| 1962 | Edwin O’Connor, The Edge of Sadness |
| 1963 | William Faulkner, The Reivers |
| 1964 | No award |
| 1965 | Shirley Ann Grau, The Keepers of the House |
| 1966 | Katherine Anne Porter, Collected Stories |
| 1967 | Bernard Malamud, The Fixer |
| 1968 | William Styron, The Confessions of Nat Turner |
| 1969 | N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn |
| 1970 | Jean Stafford, Collected Stories |
| 1971 | No award |
| 1972 | Wallace Stegner, Angle of Repose |
| 1973 | Eudora Welty, The Optimist’s Daughter |
| 1974 | No award |
| 1975 | Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels |
| 1976 | Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift |
| 1977 | No award |
| 1978 | James Alan McPherson, Elbow Room |
| 1979 | John Cheever, The Stories of John Cheever |
| 1980 | Norman Mailer, The Executioner’s Song |
| 1981 | John Kennedy Toole, A Confederacy of Dunces |
| 1982 | John Updike, Rabbit Is Rich |
| 1983 | Alice Walker, The Color Purple |
| 1984 | William Kennedy, Ironweed |
| 1985 | Alison Lurie, Foreign Affairs |
| 1986 | Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove |
| 1987 | Peter Taylor, A Summons to Memphis |
| 1988 | Toni Morrison, Beloved |
| 1989 | Anne Tyler, Breathing Lessons |
| 1990 | Oscar Hijuelos, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love |
| 1991 | John Updike, Rabbit at Rest |
| 1992 | Jane Smiley, A Thousand Acres |
| 1993 | Robert Olen Butler, A Good Scent From a Strange Mountain |
| 1994 | E. Annie Proulx, The Shipping News |
| 1995 | Carol Shields, The Stone Diaries |
| 1996 | Richard Ford, Independence Day |
| 1997 | Steven Millhauser, Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer |
| 1998 | Philip Roth, American Pastoral |
| 1999 | Michael Cunningham, The Hours |
| 2000 | Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies |
| 2001 | Michael Chabon, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay |
| 2002 | Richard Russo, Empire Falls |
| 2003 | Jeffrey Eugenides, Middlesex |
| 2004 | Edward P. Jones, The Known World |
| 2005 | Marilynne Robinson, Gilead |
| 2006 | Geraldine Brooks, March |
| 2007 | Cormac McCarthy, The Road |
| 2008 | Junot Diaz, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao |
| 2009 | Elizabeth Stout, Olive Kitteridge |
| 2010 | Paul Harding, Tinkers |
| 2011 | Jennifer Egan, A Visit from the Goon Squad |
| In 1948, the name of the category was changed from “The Novel” to “Fiction.” 2. Awarded posthumously. | |
The Pulitzer Prize for History, 1917–2011
| Year | Author, Title |
|---|---|
| 1917 | J.J. Jusserand, With Americans of Past and Present Days |
| 1918 | James Ford Rhodes, A History of the Civil War |
| 1920 | Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico |
| 1921 | William Sowden Sims, with Burton J. Hendrick, The Victory at Sea |
| 1922 | James Truslow Adams, The Founding of New England |
| 1923 | Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History |
| 1924 | Charles Howard McIlwain, The American Revolution |
| 1925 | Frederic L. Paxson, A History of the American Frontier |
| 1926 | Edward Channing, The History of the United States |
| 1927 | Samuel Flagg Bemis, Pinckney’s Treaty |
| 1928 | Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought |
| 1929 | Fred Albert Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–1865 |
| 1930 | Claude H. Van Tyne, The War of Independence |
| 1931 | Bernadotte E. Schmitt, The Coming of the War: 1914 |
| 1932 | John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War |
| 1933 | Frederick J. Turner, The Significance of Sections in American History |
| 1934 | Herbert Agar, The People’s Choice |
| 1935 | Charles McLean Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History |
| 1936 | Andrew C. McLaughlin, The Constitutional History of the United States |
| 1937 | Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England |
| 1938 | Paul Herman Buck, The Road to Reunion 1856–1900 |
| 1939 | Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines |
| 1940 | Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years |
| 1941 | Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860 |
| 1942 | Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington |
| 1943 | Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In |
| 1944 | Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought |
| 1945 | Stephen Bonsal, Unfinished Business |
| 1946 | Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson |
| 1947 | James Phinney Baxter III, Scientists Against Time |
| 1948 | Bernard DeVoto, Across the Wide Missouri |
| 1949 | Roy Franklin Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy |
| 1950 | Oliver W. Larkin, Art and Life in America |
| 1951 | R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest |
| 1952 | Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted |
| 1953 | George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings |
| 1954 | Bruce Catton, A Stillness at Appomattox |
| 1955 | Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History |
| 1956 | Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform |
| 1957 | George F. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War: Soviet American Relations, 1917–1920 |
| 1958 | Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America |
| 1959 | Leonard D. White, with Miss Jean Schneider, The Republican Era: 1869–1901 |
| 1960 | Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley |
| 1961 | Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference |
| 1962 | Lawrence H. Gipson, The Triumphant Empire: Thunder Clouds in the West |
| 1963 | Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington, Village and Capital, 1800–1878 |
| 1964 | Sumner Chilton Powell, Puritan Village |
| 1965 | Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era |
| 1966 | Perry Miller1, Life of the Mind in America |
| 1967 | William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire |
| 1968 | Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution |
| 1969 | Leonard W. Levy, Origins of the Fifth Amendment |
| 1970 | Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation |
| 1971 | James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt, The Soldier of Freedom |
| 1972 | Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White |
| 1973 | Michael Kammen, People of Paradox |
| 1974 | Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience |
| 1975 | Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time |
| 1976 | Paul Horgan, Lamy of Santa Fe |
| 1977 | David M. Potter1, The Impending Crisis |
| 1978 | Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business |
| 1979 | Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case |
| 1980 | Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long |
| 1981 | Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education |
| 1982 | C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War |
| 1983 | Rhys L. Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790 |
| 1985 | Thomas K. McCraw, Prophets of Regulation |
| 1986 | Walter A. McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age |
| 1987 | Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West |
| 1988 | Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science 1846–1876 |
| 1989 | Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era |
| 1990 | Stanley Karnow, In Our Image |
| 1991 | Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale |
| 1992 | Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty |
| 1993 | Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution |
| 1995 | Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt |
| 1996 | Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town |
| 1997 | Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution |
| 1998 | Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion |
| 1999 | Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 |
| 2000 | David M. Kennedy, Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression |
| 2001 | Joseph P. Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation |
| 2002 | Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America |
| 2003 | Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 |
| 2004 | Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration |
| 2005 | David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing |
| 2006 | David M. Oshinsky, Polio: An American Story |
| 2007 | Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff, The Race Beat |
| 2008 | David Walker Howe, What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 |
| 2009 | Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family |
| 2010 | Liaquat Ahmed, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World |
| 2011 | Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery |
| Notes: No award given in 1919, 1984, or 1994. 1. Awarded posthumously. | |
The Pulitzer Prize for Biography/ Autobiography, 1917–2011
| Year | Author, Title |
|---|---|
| 1917 | Laura E. Richards and Maude Howe Elliott, with Florence Howe Hall, Julia Ward Howe |
| 1918 | William Cabell Bruce, Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed |
| 1919 | Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams |
| 1920 | Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall |
| 1921 | Edward Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok |
| 1922 | Hamlin Garland, A Daughter of the Middle Border |
| 1923 | Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page |
| 1924 | Michael Idvorsky Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor |
| 1925 | M.A. DeWolfe Howe, Barrett Wendell and His Letter |
| 1926 | Harvey Cushing, The Life of Sir William Osler |
| 1927 | Emory Holloway, Whitman |
| 1928 | Charles Edward Russell, The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas |
| 1929 | Burton J. Hendrick, The Training of an American. The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H.Page |
| 1930 | Marquis James, The Raven |
| 1931 | Henry James, Charles W. Eliot |
| 1932 | Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt |
| 1933 | Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland |
| 1934 | Tyler Dennett, John Hay |
| 1935 | Douglas S. Freeman, R.E.Lee |
| 1936 | Ralph Barton Perry, The Thought and Character of William James |
| 1937 | Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish |
| 1938 | Odell Shepard, Pedlar’s Progress Marquis James, Andrew Jackson |
| 1939 | Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin |
| 1940 | Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters, vols. 7 & 8 |
| 1941 | Ola Elizabeth Winslow, Jonathan Edwards |
| 1942 | Forrest Wilson, Crusader in Crinoline |
| 1943 | Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea |
| 1944 | Carleton Mabee, The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F.B. Morse |
| 1945 | Russell Blaine Nye, George Bancroft |
| 1946 | Linnie Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness |
| 1947 | William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White |
| 1948 | Margaret Clapp, Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow |
| 1949 | Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins |
| 1950 | Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy |
| 1951 | Margaret Louise Coit, John C. Calhoun |
| 1952 | Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evan Hughes |
| 1953 | David J. Mays, Edmund Pendleton 1721-1803 |
| 1954 | Charles A. Lindbergh, The Spirit of St. Louis |
| 1955 | William S. White, The Taft Story |
| 1956 | Talbot Faulkner Hamlin, Benjamin Henry Latrobe |
| 1957 | John F. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage |
| 1958 | Douglas Southall Freeman, John Alexander Carroll, Mary Wells Ashworth, George Washington, vols. 1–4; and vol. 7, written after Dr. Freeman’s death in 1953. |
| 1959 | Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson, American Prophet |
| 1960 | Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones |
| 1961 | David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War |
| 1962 | No award |
| 1963 | Leon Edel, Henry James |
| 1964 | Walter Jackson Bate, John Keats |
| 1965 | Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams |
| 1966 | Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days |
| 1967 | Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain |
| 1968 | George F. Kennan, Memoirs |
| 1969 | Benjamin Lawrence Reid, The Man From New York: John Quinn and His Friends |
| 1970 | T. Harry Williams, Huey Long |
| 1971 | Lawrance Thompson, Robert Frost |
| 1972 | Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin |
| 1973 | W.A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire |
| 1974 | Louis Sheaffer, O’Neill, Son and Artist |
| 1975 | Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker |
| 1976 | R.W.B. Lewis, Edith Wharton: A Biography |
| 1977 | John E. Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T.E. Lawrence |
| 1978 | Walter Jackson Bate, Samuel Johnson |
| 1979 | Leonard Baker, Days of Sorrow and Pain |
| 1980 | Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt |
| 1981 | Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great |
| 1982 | William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography |
| 1983 | Russell Baker, Growing Up |
| 1984 | Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington |
| 1985 | Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather |
| 1986 | Elizabeth Frank, Louise Bogan: A Portrait |
| 1987 | David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference |
| 1988 | David Herbert Donald, Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe |
| 1989 | Richard Ellmann1, Oscar Wilde |
| 1990 | Sebastian de Grazia, Machiavelli in Hell |
| 1991 | Steven Naifeh, Gregory White Smith, Jackson Pollock |
| 1992 | Lewis B. Puller Jr., Fortunate Son |
| 1993 | David McCullough, Truman |
| 1994 | David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. DuBois |
| 1995 | Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe |
| 1996 | Jack Miles, God: A Biography |
| 1997 | Frank McCourt, Angela’s Ashes |
| 1998 | Katharine Graham, Personal History |
| 1999 | A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh |
| 2000 | Stacy Schiff, Véra (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov) |
| 2001 | David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. DuBois (vol. 2) |
| 2002 | David McCullough, John Adams |
| 2003 | Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate |
| 2004 | William Taubman, Khruschev: The Man and His Era |
| 2005 | Mark Stevens, Annalyn Swan de Kooning: An American Master |
| 2006 | Kai Bird, Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer |
| 2007 | Debby Applegate, The Most Famous Man in America |
| 2008 | John Matteson, Eden’s Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father |
| 2009 | Jon Meacham, American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House |
| 2010 | T.J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt |
| 2011 | Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life |
| Note: 1. Awarded posthumously. | |
The Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1922–2011
| Year | Author, Title |
|---|---|
| 1922 | Edward Arlington Robinson, Collected Poems |
| 1923 | Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver; A Few Figs from Thistles; Eight Sonnets in American Poetry, 1922, A Miscellany |
| 1924 | Robert Frost, New Hampshire: A Poem with Notes and Grace Notes |
| 1925 | Edward Arlington Robinson, The Man Who Died Twice |
| 1926 | Amy Lowell1, What’s O’Clock |
| 1927 | Leonora Speyer, Fiddler’s Farewell |
| 1928 | Edward Arlington Robinson, Tristram |
| 1929 | Stephen Vincent Benét, John Brown’s Body |
| 1930 | Conrad Aiken, Selected Poems |
| 1931 | Robert Frost, Collected Poems |
| 1932 | George Dillon, The Flowering Stone |
| 1933 | Archibald MacLeish, Conquistador |
| 1934 | Robert Hillyer, Collected Verse |
| 1935 | Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush |
| 1936 | Robert P. Tristram Coffin, Strange Holiness |
| 1937 | Robert Frost, A Further Range |
| 1938 | Marya Zaturenska, Cold Morning Sky |
| 1939 | John Gould Fletcher, Selected Poems |
| 1940 | Mark Van Doren, Collected Poems |
| 1941 | Leonard Bacon, Sunderland Capture |
| 1942 | William Rose Benét, The Dust Which Is God |
| 1943 | Robert Frost, A Witness Tree |
| 1944 | Stephen Vincent Benét1, Western Star |
| 1945 | Karl Shapiro, V-Letter and Other Poems |
| 1947 | Robert Lowell, Lord Weary’s Castle |
| 1948 | W.H. Auden, The Age of Anxiety |
| 1949 | Peter Viereck, Terror and Decorum |
| 1950 | Gwendolyn Brooks, Annie Allen |
| 1951 | Carl Sandburg, Complete Poems |
| 1952 | Marianne Moore, Collected Poems |
| 1953 | Archibald MacLeish, Collected Poems 1917–1952 |
| 1954 | Theodore Roethke, The Waking |
| 1955 | Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems |
| 1956 | Elizabeth Bishop, Poems—North & South |
| 1957 | Richard Wilbur, Things of This World |
| 1958 | Robert Penn Warren, Promises: Poems 1954-1956 |
| 1959 | Stanley Kunitz, Selected Poems 1928–1958 |
| 1960 | W.D. Snodgrass, Heart’s Needle |
| 1961 | Phyllis McGinley, Times Three: Selected Verse From Three Decades |
| 1962 | Alan Dugan, Poems |
| 1963 | William Carlos Williams, Pictures from Breughel |
| 1964 | Louis Simpson, At the End of the Open Road |
| 1965 | John Berryman, 77 Dream Songs |
| 1966 | Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems |
| 1967 | Anne Sexton, Live or Die |
| 1968 | Anthony Hecht, The Hard Hours |
| 1969 | George Oppen, Of Being Numerous |
| 1970 | Richard Howard, Untitled Subjects |
| 1971 | William S. Merwin, The Carrier of Ladders |
| 1972 | James Wright, Collected Poems |
| 1973 | Maxine Kumin, Up Country |
| 1974 | Robert Lowell, The Dolphins |
| 1975 | Gary Snyder, Turtle Island |
| 1976 | John Ashberry, Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror |
| 1977 | James Merrill, Divine Comedies |
| 1978 | Howard Nemerov, Collected Poems |
| 1979 | Robert Penn Warren, Now and Then |
| 1980 | Donald Justice, Selected Poems |
| 1981 | James Schuyler, The Morning of the Poem |
| 1982 | Sylvia Plath, The Collected Poems |
| 1983 | Galway Kinnell, Selected Poems |
| 1984 | Mary Oliver, American Primitive |
| 1985 | Carolyn Kizer, Yin |
| 1986 | Henry Taylor, The Flying Change |
| 1987 | Rita Dove, Thomas and Beulah |
| 1988 | William Meredith, Partial Accounts:New and Selected Poems |
| 1989 | Richard Wilbur, New and Collected Poems |
| 1990 | Charles Simic, The World Doesn’t End |
| 1991 | Mona Van Duyn, Near Changes |
| 1992 | James Tate, Selected Poems |
| 1993 | Louise Glück, The Wild Iris |
| 1994 | Yusef Komunyakaa, Neon Vernacular |
| 1995 | Philip Levine, Simple Truth |
| 1996 | Jorie Graham, The Dream of the Unified Field |
| 1997 | Lisel Mueller, Alive Together: New and Selected Poems |
| 1998 | Charles Wright, Black Zodiac |
| 1999 | Mark Strand, Blizzard of One |
| 2000 | C.K. Williams, Repair |
| 2001 | Stephen Dunn, Different Hours |
| 2002 | Carl Dennis, Practical Gods |
| 2003 | Paul Muldoon, Moy Sand and Gravel |
| 2004 | Franz Wright, Walking to Martha’s Vineyard |
| 2005 | Ted Kooser, Delights & Shadows |
| 2006 | Claudia Emerson, Late Wife |
| 2007 | Natasha Trethewey, Native Guard |
| 2008 | Robert Hass, Time and Materials |
| 2009 | W.S. Merwin, The Shadow Series |
| 2010 | Rae Armantrout, Versed |
| 2011 | Kay Ryan, The Best of It: New and Selected Poems |
| Note: No award given in 1946. 1. Awarded posthumously. | |
The Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, 1962–2011
| Year | Author, Title |
|---|---|
| 1962 | Theodore H. White, The Making of the President,1960 |
| 1963 | Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August |
| 1964 | Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life |
| 1965 | Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World |
| 1966 | Edwin Way Teal, Wandering Through Winter |
| 1967 | David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture |
| 1968 | Will and Ariel Durant, Rousseau and Revolution |
| 1969 | René Jules Dubos, So Human An Animal Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night |
| 1970 | Erik H. Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth |
| 1971 | John Toland, The Rising Sun |
| 1972 | Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 |
| 1973 | Robert Coles, Children of Crisis, vols. 2 & 3 Frances Fitzgerald, Fire in the Lake |
| 1974 | Ernest Becker1, The Denial of Death |
| 1975 | Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek |
| 1976 | Robert N. Butler, Why Survive? Being Old in America |
| 1977 | William N. Warner, Beautiful Swimmers |
| 1978 | Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden |
| 1979 | Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature |
| 1980 | Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid |
| 1981 | Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture |
| 1982 | Tracy Kidder, The Soul of A New Machine |
| 1983 | Susan Sheehan, Is There No Place on Earth for Me? |
| 1984 | Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine |
| 1985 | Studs Terkel, The Good War |
| 1986 | Joseph Lelyveld, Move Your Shadow |
| J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground | |
| 1987 | David K. Shipler, Arab and Jew |
| 1988 | Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb |
| 1989 | Neil Sheehan, A Bright and Shining Lie |
| 1990 | Dale Maharidge, Michael Williamson, And Their Children After Them |
| 1991 | Bert Holldobler, Edward O. Wilson, The Ants |
| 1992 | Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power |
| 1993 | Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg |
| 1994 | David Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire |
| 1995 | Jonathan Weiner, The Beak of the Finch |
| 1996 | Tina Rosenberg, The Haunted Land |
| 1997 | Richard Kluger, Ashes to Ashes |
| 1998 | Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies |
| 1999 | John McPhee, Annals of the Former World |
| 2000 | John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II |
| 2001 | Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan |
| 2002 | Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution |
| 2003 | Samantha Power, “A Problem From Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide |
| 2004 | Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History |
| 2005 | Steve Coll, Ghost Wars |
| 2006 | Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya |
| 2007 | Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower |
| 2008 | Saul Friedlander, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews |
| 2009 | Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II |
| 2010 | David E. Hoffman, The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy |
| 2011 | Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer |
| 1. Awarded posthumously. | |
The Pulitzer Prize for Music, 1943–2011
| Year | Author, Title |
|---|---|
| 1943 | William Schuman, Secular Cantata No. 2, A Free Song |
| 1944 | Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 4, Opus 34 |
| 1945 | Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring |
| 1946 | Leo Sowerby, The Canticle of the Sun |
| 1947 | Charles Ives, Symphony No. 3 |
| 1948 | Walter Piston, Symphony No. 3 |
| 1949 | Virgil Thomson, Music for the film, Louisiana Story |
| 1950 | Gian-Carlo Menotti, Music for the opera The Consul |
| 1951 | Douglas S. Moore, Music for the opera, Giants in the Earth |
| 1952 | Gail Kubik, Symphony Concertante |
| 1953 | No award |
| 1954 | Quincy Porter, Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra |
| 1955 | Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Saint of Bleecker Street (opera) |
| 1956 | Ernest Toch, Symphony No. 3 |
| 1957 | Norman Dello Joio, Meditations on Ecclesiastes |
| 1958 | Samuel Barber, Vanessa (opera) |
| 1959 | John LaMontaine, Concerto for Piano and Orchestra |
| 1960 | Elliott Carter, Second String Quartet |
| 1961 | Walter Piston, Symphony No. 7 |
| 1962 | Robert Ward, The Crucible (opera) |
| 1963 | Samuel Barber, Piano Concerto No. 1 |
| 1964 | No award |
| 1965 | No award |
| 1966 | Leslie Bassett, Variations for Orchestra |
| 1967 | Leon Kirchner, Quartet No. 3 |
| 1968 | George Crumb, Echoes of Time and the River orchestral suite |
| 1969 | Karel Husa, String Quartet No. 3 |
| 1970 | Charles Wuorinen, Time’s Encomium |
| 1971 | Mario Davidovsky, Synchronisms No. 6 for Piano and Electronic Sound |
| 1972 | Jacob Druckman, Windows |
| 1973 | Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 3 |
| 1974 | Donald Martino, Notturno (chamber music) |
| 1975 | Dominick Argento, From the Diary of Virginia Woolf |
| 1976 | Ned Rorem, Air Music: Ten Etudes for Orchestra |
| 1977 | Richard Wernick, Visions of Terror and Wonder |
| 1978 | Michael Colgrass, Deja Vu for Percussion Quartet and Orchestra |
| 1979 | Joseph Schwantner, Aftertones of Infinity |
| 1980 | David Del Tredici, In Memory of a Summer Day |
| 1981 | No award |
| 1982 | Roger Sessions, Concerto for Orchestra |
| 1983 | Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, Symphony No. 1 |
| 1984 | Bernard Rands, “Canti del Sole” for Tenor and Orchestra |
| 1985 | Stephen Albert, Symphony RiverRun |
| 1986 | George Perle, Wind Quintet IV |
| 1987 | John Harbis on, The Flight Into Egypt |
| 1988 | William Bolcom, 12 New Etudes for Piano |
| 1989 | Roger Reynolds, Whispers Out of Time |
| 1990 | Mel Powell, Duplicates: A Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra |
| 1991 | Shulammit Ran, Symphony |
| 1992 | Wayne Peterson, The Face of the Night, The Heart of the Dark |
| 1993 | Christopher Rouse, Trombone Concerto |
| 1994 | Gunther Schuller, Of Reminiscences and Reflections |
| 1995 | Morton Gould, Stringmusic |
| 1996 | George Walker, Lilacs |
| 1997 | Wynton Marsalis, Blood on the Fields |
| 1998 | Aaron Jay Kernis, String Quartet No.2 |
| 1999 | Melinda Wagner, Concerto for Flute, Strings, and Percussion |
| 2000 | Lewis Spratalan, Life is a Dream, Opera in Three Acts: Act II, Convert Version |
| 2001 | John Corigliano, Symphony No. 2 for String Orchestra |
| 2002 | Henry Brant, Ice Field |
| 2003 | John Adams, On the Transmigration of Souls |
| 2004 | Paul Moravec, Tempest Fantasy |
| 2005 | Steven Stucky, Second Concerto for Orchestra |
| 2006 | Yehudi Wyner, Piano Concerto: ‘Chiavi in Mano’ |
| 2007 | Ornette Coleman, Sound Grammar |
| 2008 | David Lang, The Little Match Girl Passion |
| 2009 | Steve Reich, Double Sextet |
| 2010 | Jennifer Higdon, Violin Concerto |
| 2011 | Zhou Long, Madame White Snake |
First awarded in 1901, the Nobel Prizes were established through a bequest of $9.2 million from Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833–96), a Swedish chemical engineer and the inventor of dynamite and other explosives, and by a gift from the Bank of Sweden. Nobel’s will directed that the interest from the fund be divided annually among people who have made significant discoveries or inventions in the fields of chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, and literature, as well as to that individual or group that has “done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” In 1968, an additional prize for outstanding work in the economic sciences was established; it was first granted the following year.
Nobel Peace Prize Recipients
| 1901 | Jean-Henri Dunant (Switzerland) |
| 1902 | Elie Ducommun (Switzerland) |
| 1903 | Sir William R. Cremer (U.K.) |
| 1904 | Institute of International Law |
| 1905 | Baroness Bertha S.F.von Suttner (Austria) |
| 1906 | Theodore Roosevelt (U.S.) |
| 1907 | Ernesto T. Moneta (Italy); Louis Renault (France) |
| 1908 | Klas P.Arnoldson (Sweden); Fredrik Bajer (Denmark) |
| 1909 | Auguste M.F. Beernaert (Belgium); Paul H.B.B. D’Estournelles de Constant (Baron Constant de Rebecque) (France) |
| 1910 | Permanent International Peace Bureau |
| 1911 | Tobias M.C. Asser (Netherlands); Alfred H. Fried (Austria) |
| 1912 | Elihu Root (U.S.) |
| 1913 | Henri Lafontaine (Belgium) |
| 1914–1916 | No awards given. |
| 1917 | International Committee of the Red Cross |
| 1918 | No award. |
| 1919 | Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) |
| 1920 | Léon Victor A. Bourgeois (France) |
| 1921 | Karl H. Branting (Sweden); Christian L. Lange (Norway) |
| 1922 | Fridtjof Nansen (Norway) |
| 1923–24 | No award. |
| 1925 | Sir Austen Chamberlain (U.K.); Charles G. Dawes (U.S.) |
| 1926 | Aristide Briand (France) and Gustav Stresemann (Germany) |
| 1927 | Ferdinand Buisson (France); Ludwig Quidde (Germany) |
| 1928 | No award. |
| 1929 | Frank B. Kellogg (U.S.) |
| 1930 | L.O. Nathan Söderblom (Sweden) |
| 1931 | Jane Addams (U.S.); Nicholas M. Butler (U.S.) |
| 1932 | No award. |
| 1933 | Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) (U.K.) |
| 1934 | Arthur Henderson (U.K.) |
| 1935 | Carol von Ossietzky (Germany) |
| 1936 | Carlos Saavedra Lamas (Argentina) |
| 1937 | Lord Edgar Algernon R.G. Cecil (U.K.) |
| 1938 | Nansen International Office for Refugees |
| 1939–1943 | No awards given. |
| 1944 | International Committee of the Red Cross |
| 1945 | Cordell Hull (U.S.) |
| 1946 | Emily G. Balch (U.S.); John R. Mott (U.S.) |
| 1947 | The Friends Service Council (U.K.) and The American Friends Service Committee (U.S.) |
| 1948 | No award. |
| 1949 | Lord John Boyd Orr (U.K.) |
| 1950 | Ralph Bunche (U.S.) |
| 1951 | Léon Jouhaux (France) |
| 1952 | Albert Schweitzer (France) |
| 1953 | George C. Marshall (U.S.) |
| 1954 | Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees |
| 1955–1956 | No awards given. |
| 1957 | Lester B. Pearson (Canada) |
| 1958 | Georges Pire (Belgium) |
| 1959 | Philip J. Noel-Baker (U.K.) |
| 1960 | Albert J. Lutuli (South Africa) |
| 1961 | Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) |
| 1962 | Linus C. Pauling (U.S.) |
| 1963 | International Committee of the Red Cross and League of Red Cross Societies |
| 1964 | Martin Luther King, Jr. (U.S.) |
| 1965 | United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). |
| 1966–1967 | No awards given. |
| 1968 | René Cassin (France) |
| 1969 | International Labour Organization |
| 1970 | Norman Borlaug (U.S.) |
| 1971 | Willy Brandt (Federal Republic of Germany) |
| 1972 | No award |
| 1973 | Henry A. Kissinger (U.S.) and Le Duc Tho (Democratic Republic of Viet Nam) |
| 1974 | Seán MacBride (Ireland); Eisaku Sato (Japan) |
| 1975 | Andrei Sakharov (USSR) |
| 1976 | Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan (Northern Ireland) |
| 1977 | Amnesty International |
| 1978 | Anwar el-Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin (Israel) |
| 1979 | Mother Teresa (India) |
| 1980 | Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina) |
| 1981 | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |
| 1982 | Alva Myrdal (Sweden) and Alfonso Garcia Robles (Mexico) |
| 1983 | Lech Walesa (Poland) |
| 1984 | Desmond M. Tutu (South Africa) |
| 1985 | Int’l Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War |
| 1986 | Elie Wiesel (U.S.) |
| 1987 | Oscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica) |
| 1988 | United Nations Peacekeeping Forces |
| 1989 | Dalai Lama (Tibet) |
| 1990 | Mikhail Gorbachev (USSR) |
| 1991 | Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar) |
| 1992 | Rigoberta Menchú (Guatemala) |
| 1993 | Pres. F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela (South Africa) |
| 1994 | Yitzhak Rabin (Israel), Shimon Peres (Israel), Yasir Arafat |
| 1995 | Joseph Rotblat (U.K. b. Poland) |
| 1996 | Bishop Carlos Ximenes Belo (Australia, b. East Timor) and Jose Ramos-Horta (East Timor) |
| 1997 | The International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams (U.S.) |
| 1998 | John Hume (Ireland) and David Trimble (Ireland) |
| 1999 | Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières) |
| 2000 | Kim Dae Jung (South Korea) |
| 2001 | United Nations and Kofi Annan (Ghana) |
| 2002 | Jimmy Carter (U.S.) |
| 2003 | Shirin Ebadi (Iran) |
| 2004 | Wangari Muta Maathai |
| 2005 | International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei |
| 2006 | Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank |
| 2007 | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore, Jr. (U.S.) |
| 2008 | Martti Ahtisaari (Finland) |
| 2009 | Barack Obama (U.S.) |
| 2010 | Liu Xiaobo (China) |
Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine
| 1901 | Emil A. von Behring (Germany) Marburg Univ. |
| 1902 | Sir Ronald Ross (U.K.) University College |
| 1903 | Niels R. Finsen (Denmark) Finsen Medical Light Institute |
| 1904 | Ivan P. Pavlov (Russia) Military Medical Academy |
| 1905 | Robert Koch (Germany) Institute for Infectious Diseases |
| 1906 | Camillio Golgi (Italy) Pavia Univ., and Santiago Ramon Y Cajal (Spain) Madrid Univ. |
| 1907 | Charles L.A. Laveran (France) Institute Pasteur |
| 1908 | Il’ja I. Mecnikov (Russia) Institut Pasteur (Paris), and Paul Ehrlich (Germany) Goettingen Univ. and Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy |
| 1909 | Emil R. Kocher (Switzerland) Berne Univ. |
| 1910 | Albrecht Kossel (Germany) Heidelberg Univ. |
| 1911 | Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden) Uppsala Univ. |
| 1912 | Alexis Carrel (France) Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (New York) |
| 1913 | Charles R. Richet (France) |
| 1914 | Robert Bárány (Austria) Vienna Univ. |
| 1915–1918 | No awards |
| 1919 | Jules Bordet (Belgium) Brussels Univ. |
| 1920 | Schack A.S. Krogh (Denmark) Copenhagen Univ. |
| 1921 | No award |
| 1922 | Sir Archibald V. Hill (U.K.) London Univ.; Otto F. Meyerhof (Germany) Kiel Univ. |
| 1923 | Sir Frederick G. Banting (Canada) Toronto Univ. and John J.R. Macleod (Canada) Toronto Univ. |
| 1924 | Willem Einthoven (Netherlands) Leyden Univ. |
| 1925 | No award |
| 1926 | Johannes A.G. Fibiger (Denmark) Copenhagen Univ. |
| 1927 | Julius Wagner-Jauegg (Austria) Vienna Univ. |
| 1928 | Charles J.H. Nicolle (France) Institut Pasteur |
| 1929 | Christiaan Eijkman (Netherlands) Utrecht Univ.; Sir Frederick G. Hopkins (U.K.) Cambridge Univ. |
| 1930 | Karl Landsteiner (Austria) Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research (New York) |
| 1931 | Otto H. Warburg (Germany) Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut |
| 1932 | Sir Charles S. Sherrington (U.K.) Oxford Univ. and Lord Edgar D. Adrian (U.K.) Cambridge Univ. |
| 1933 | Thomas H. Morgan (U.S.) California Institute of Technology |
| 1934 | George H. Whipple (U.S.) Rochester Univ., George R. Minot (U.S.) Harvard Univ., and William P. Murphy (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1935 | Hans Spemann (Germany) Univ. of Freiburg |
| 1936 | Sir Henry H. Dale (U.K.) National Institute for Medical Research, and Otto Loewi (Austria) Graz Univ. |
| 1937 | Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt (Hungary) Szeged Univ. |
| 1938 | Corneille J.F. Heymans (Belgium) Ghent Univ. |
| 1939 | Gerhard Domagk (Germany) Munster Univ. |
| 1940–1942 | No awards given. |
| 1943 | Henrik C.P. Dam (Denmark) Polytechnic Institut; Edward A. Doisy (U.S.) St. Louis Univ. |
| 1944 | Joseph Erlanger (U.S.) Washington Univ. and Herbert S. Gasser (U.S.) Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research |
| 1945 | Sir Alexander Fleming (U.K.) London Univ., Sir B. Chain (U.K.) Oxford Univ., and Lord Howard W. Florey (U.K.) Oxford Univ. |
| 1946 | Hermann J. Muller (U.S.) Indiana Univ. |
| 1947 | Carl F. Cori (U.S.) Washington Univ. and his wife Gerty T. Cori (U.S.) Washington Univ.; Bernardo A. Houssay (Argentina) Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine |
| 1948 | Paul H. Müller (Switzerland) Laboratory of the J.R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co. |
| 1949 | Walter R. Hess (Switzerland) Zurich Univ.; Antonio Caetano de Abreu F.E. Moniz (Portugal) Univ. of Lisbon |
| 1950 | Edward C. Kendall (U.S.) Mayo Clinic, Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland) Basel Univ., and Philip S. Hench (U.S.) Mayo Clinic |
| 1951 | Max Theiler (Union of South Africa) Laboratories Division of Medicine and Public Health, Rockefeller Foundation (New York) |
| 1952 | Selman A. Waksman (U.S.) Rutgers Univ. |
| 1953 | Sir Hans A. Krebs (U.K., b. Germany) Sheffield Univ.; Fritz A. Lipmann (U.S., b. Germany) Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital |
| 1954 | John F. Enders (U.S.) Harvard Medical School and Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Medical Center; Thomas H. Weller (U.S.) Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Medical Center; and Frederick C. Robbins (U.S.) Western Reserve Univ. |
| 1955 | Axel H.T. Theorell (Sweden) Nobel Medical Institute |
| 1956 | Andre F. Cournand (U.S., b. France) Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory, Columbia Univ. Division. Bellevue Hospital; Werner Forssman (Germany) Mainz Univ. and Bad Kreuznach; and Dickinson W. Richards (U.S.) Columbia Univ. |
| 1957 | Daniel Bovet (Italy, b. Switzerland) Chief Institute of Public Health |
| 1958 | George W. Beadle (U.S.) California Institute of Technology, and Edward L. Tatum (U.S.) Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research; Joshua Lederberg (U.S.) Wisconsin Univ. |
| 1959 | Severo Ochoa (U.S.) New York Univ. College of Medicine, and Arthur Kornberg (U.S.) Stanford Univ. |
| 1960 | Sir Frank M. Burnet (Australia) Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, and Sir Peter B. Medawar (U.K.) Univ. College |
| 1961 | Georg von Békésy (U.S., b. Hungary) Harvard Univ. |
| 1962 | Francis H.C. Crick (U.K.) Institute of Molecular Biology, James D. Watson (U.S.) Harvard Univ., and Maurice H.F. Wilkins (U.K.) University of London |
| 1963 | Sir John E. Eccles (Australia) Australian National Univ. Sir Alan L. Hodgkin (U.K.) Cambridge Univ., and Sir Andrew F. Huxley (U.K.) University of London |
| 1964 | Konrad Block (U.S., b. Germany) Harvard Univ. and Feodor Lymen (Germany) Max-Planck-Institut fur Zellchemie |
| 1965 | Francois Jacob (France), André Lwoff (France), and Jacques Monod (France), Institut Pasteur |
| 1966 | Peyton Rous (U.S.) Rockefeller Univ.; Charles B. Huggins (U.S.) Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research, Univ. of Chicago |
| 1967 | Ragnar Granit (Sweden, b. Finland) Karolinska Institutet, Haldan K. Hartline (U.S.) Rockefeller Univ., and George Wald (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1968 | Robert W. Holley (U.S.) Cornell Univ., Har G. Khorana (U.S., b. India) Univ. of Wisconsin, and Marshall W. Nirenberg (U.S.) National Institutes of Health |
| 1969 | Max Delbrück (U.S., b. Germany) California Institute of Technology, Alfred D. Hershey (U.S.) Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Salvador Luria (U.S., b. Italy) M.I.T. |
| 1970 | Sir Bernard Katz (U.K.) University College, Ulf von Euler (Sweden) Karolinska Institutet, and Julius Axelrod (U.S.) National Institutes of Health |
| 1971 | Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (U.S.) Vanderbilt Univ. |
| 1972 | Gerald M. Edelman (U.S.) Rockefeller Univ. and Rodney R. Porter (U.K.) Oxford Univ. |
| 1973 | Karl von Frisch (W. Germany) Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Munchen; Konrad Lorenz (Austria) Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut fur vergleichende Verhaltensforschung, and Nikolaas Tinbergen (U.K.) University Museum |
| 1974 | Albert Claude (Belgium) Université Catholique de Louvain, Christian de Duve (Belgium) Rockefeller Univ. (New York), and George E. Palade (U.S., b. Romania) Yale Univ. |
| 1975 | David Baltimore (U.S.) M.I.T., Renato Dulbecco (U.S., b. Italy) Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory (London), and Howard M. Temin (U.S.) Univ. of Wisconsin |
| 1976 | Baruch S. Blumberg (U.S.) Institute for Cancer Research, and D. Carleton Gajdusek (U.S.) National Institutes of Health |
| 1977 | Roger Guillemin (U.S., b. France) Salk Institute, and Andrew V. Schally (U.S., b. Poland) Veterans Administration Hospital, New Orleans; Rosalyn Yalow (U.S.) Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx |
| 1978 | Werner Arber (Switzerland) Biozentrum der Universitat, Daniel Nathans (U.S.) John Hopkins Univ., and Hamilton O. Smith (U.S.) John Hopkins Univ. |
| 1979 | Alan M. Cormack (U.S., b. South Africa) Tufts Univ., and Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield (U.K.) Central Research Laboratories, EMI |
| 1980 | Baruj Benacerraf (U.S., b. Venezuela) Harvard Medical School; Jean Dausset (France) Université de Paris, Laboratoire Immuno-Hemetologie; and George D. Snell (U.S.) Jackson Laboratory |
| 1981 | Roger W. Sperry (U.S.) California Institute of Technology; David H. Hubel (U.S., b. Canada) Harvard Medical School, and Torsten T. Wiesel (Sweden) Harvard Medical School |
| 1982 | Sune K. Bergström (Sweden) Karolinska Institute, Bengt I. Samuelsson (Sweden) Karolinska Institute, and Sir John R. Vane (U.K.) Wellcome Research Laboratories |
| 1983 | Barbara McClintock (U.S.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |
| 1984 | Niels K. Jerne (Denmark) and Georges J.F. Köhler (W. Germany) of the Basel Institute for Immunology; and César Milstein (U.K. and Argentina) Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Cambridge) |
| 1985 | Michael S. Brown (U.S.), and Joseph L. Goldstein (U.S.), Univ. of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas |
| 1986 | Stanley Cohen (U.S.) Vanderbilt Univ., and Rita Levi-Montalcini (Italy and U.S.) Institute of Cell Biology of the C.N.R. (Rome) |
| 1987 | Susumu Tonegawa (U.S.) MIT |
| 1988 | Sir James W. Black (U.K.) King’s College Hospital Medical School, Gertrude B. Elion (U.S.) Wellcome Research Laboratories, and George H. Hitchings (U.S.) Wellcome Research Laboratories |
| 1989 | J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus (U.S.) Univ. of California, San Francisco |
| 1990 | Joseph E. Murray (U.S.) Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston), and E. Donnall Thomas (U.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle) |
| 1991 | Erwin Neher (Germany) Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, and Bert Sakmann (Germany) Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, |
| 1992 | Edmond H. Fischer (U.S.) and Edwin G. Krebs (U.S.), both of the Univ. of Washington |
| 1993 | Richard J. Roberts (U.K.), New England Bio Labs, and Phillip A. Sharp (U.S.), MIT |
| 1994 | Alfred G. Gilman (U.S.) Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and Martin Rodbell (U.S.) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
| 1995 | Edward B. Lewis (U.S.) California Institute of Technology, Eric F. Wieschaus (U.S.) Princeton Univ., and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Germany) Max-Planck Institute in Tübingen |
| 1996 | Peter C. Doherty (Australia) St. Jude’s Medical Center in Memphis, and Rolf Zinkernagel (Switzerland) University of Zurich |
| 1997 | Stanley B. Prusiner (U.S.), Univ. of California |
| 1998 | Robert F. Furchgott (U.S.), SUNY Health Science Center; Louis J. Ignarro (U.S.), UCLA School of Medicine; and Ferid Murad (U.S.), Univ. of Texas |
| 1999 | Günter Blobel (U.S., b. Germany), Rockefeller Univ. |
| 2000 | Arvid Carlsson (Sweden), Univ. of Gothenburg; Paul Greengard (U.S.), Rockefeller Univ., N.Y.; and Eric Kandel (U.S.), Columbia Univ. |
| 2001 | Leland H. Hartwell (U.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, and R. Timothy Hunt (U.K.) and Sir Paul M. Nurse (U.K.) |
| 2002 | Sydney Brenner, (U.K.), Molecular Sciences Institute, H. Robert Horvitz, (U.S.), M.I.T., and John E. Sulston, (U.K.), Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute |
| 2003 | Paul C. Lauterbur (U.S.) and Peter Mansfield (U.K.) |
| 2004 | Richard Axel (U.S.) and Linda B. Buck (U.S.) |
| 2005 | Barry J.Marshall (Australia) and J.Robin Warren (Australia) |
| 2006 | Andrew Z. Fire (U.S.) and Craig C. Mello (U.S.) |
| 2007 | Mario R. Capecchi (U.S.) University of Utah, Sir Martin J. Evans (U.K.) Cardiff University, and Oliver Smithies (U.S.) UNC Chapel Hill |
| 2008 | Francoise Barre-Sinoussi (France) Institut Pasteur, Paris, and Luc Montagnier (France) World Foundatiion for AIDS Research and Prevention, Paris |
| 2009 | Elizabeth H. Blackburn (U.S.) University of California, San Francisco, Carol W. Greider (U.S.) John Hopkins University School of Medicine and Jack W. Szostak (U.S.) Harvard Medical School, Mass. General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute |
| 2010 | Robert G. Edwards (U.K.) University of Cambridge |
Nobel Prizes in Economic Sciences
| 1969 | Ragnar Frisch (Norway) Oslo Univ. and Jan Tinbergen (Netherlands) Netherlands School of Economics |
| 1970 | Paul A. Samuelson (U.S.) M.I.T. |
| 1971 | Simon Kuznets (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1972 | Sir John R. Hicks (U.K.) All Souls College, and Kenneth J. Arrow (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1973 | Wassily Leontief (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1974 | Gunnar Myrdal (Sweden), Friedrich A. von Hayek (U.K.) |
| 1975 | Leonid Kantorovich (USSR) Academy of Sciences, and Tjalling C. Koopmans (U.S.) Yale Univ. |
| 1976 | Milton Friedman (U.S.) Univ. of Chicago |
| 1977 | Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) Stockholm School of Economics, and James E. Meade (U.K.) Cambridge Univ. |
| 1978 | Herbert A. Simon (U.S.) Carnegie-Mellon Univ. |
| 1979 | Theodore W. Schultz (U.S.) Univ. of Chicago, and Sir Arthur Lewis (U.K.) Princeton Univ. |
| 1980 | Lawrence R. Klein (U.S.) Univ. of Pennsylvania |
| 1981 | James Tobin (U.S.) Yale Univ. |
| 1982 | George J. Stigler (U.S.) Univ. of Chicago |
| 1983 | Gerard Debreu (U.S.) Univ. of California |
| 1984 | Sir Richard Stone (U.K.) Cambridge Univ. |
| 1985 | Franco Modigliani (U.S.) M.I.T. |
| 1986 | James M Buchanan Jr. (U.S.) Center for Study of Public Choice |
| 1987 | Robert M. Solow (U.S.) M.I.T. |
| 1988 | Maurice Allais (France) Centre d’analyse économique |
| 1989 | Trygve Haavelmo (Norway) Univ. of Oslo |
| 1990 | Harry Markowitz (U.S.) Baruch College (of the City Univ. of New York; William F. Sharpe (U.S.) Stanford Univ.; and Merton Miller (U.S.) Univ. of Chicago |
| 1991 | Ronald H. Coase (U.K.) Univ. of Chicago Law School |
| 1992 | Gary S. Becker (U.S.), Univ. of Chicago |
| 1993 | Robert W. Fogel (U.S.), Univ. of Chicago, and Douglass C. North (U.S.), Washington Univ. |
| 1994 | John F. Nash (U.S.) Princeton Univ., John C., Harsanyi (U.S., b. Hungary) Univ. of California, and Reinhard Selten (Germany) Univ. of Bonn |
| 1995 | Robert E. Lucas, Jr., (U.S.) Univ. of Chicago |
| 1996 | James A. Mirrlees (U.K.) Cambridge, Univ. and William Vickrey (U.S., b. Canada), Columbia Univ. |
| 1997 | Robert Merton (U.S.), Harvard University, and Myron Scholes (U.S.), Stanford University |
| 1998 | Amartya Sen (India), Cambridge Univ. and Harvard Univ. |
| 1999 | Robert A. Mundell (U.S.,b. Canada), Columbia University |
| 2000 | James J. Heckman (U.S.), Univ. of Chicago and Daniel L. McFadden (U.S.), Univ. of California |
| 2001 | George A. Akerlof (U.S.) Univ. of California, A. Michael Spence (U.S.), Stanford Univ., and Joseph E. Stiglitz (U.S.), Columbia Univ. |
| 2002 | Daniel Kahneman, (U.S. and Israel), Princeton University and Vernon L. Smith, (U.S.), George Mason University |
| 2003 | Robert F. Engle (U.S.), New York University, and Clive W. Granger (U.K.) |
| 2004 | Finn E. Kydland (Norway) and Edward C. Prescott (U.S.) |
| 2005 | Robert J.Aumann (Israel) and Thomas C.Schelling (U.S.) |
| 2006 | Edmund S. Phelps (U.S.) |
| 2007 | Leonid Hurwicz (U.S.) University of Minnesota, Eric S. Maskin (U.S.) Institute for Advanced Study and Roger B. Myerson (U.S.) University of Chicago |
| 2008 | Paul Krugman (U.S.) Princeton University |
| 2009 | Elinor Ostrom (U.S.) Indiana University, Arizona State University and Oliver E. Williamson (U.S.) University of California, Berkeley |
| 2010 | Peter A. Diamond (U.S.) MIT, Dale T. Mortensen (U.S.) Northwestern University, Aarhus University, Denmark and Christopher A. Pissarides (Cyprus) London School of Economics |
Nobel Prizes in Chemistry
| 1901 | Jacobus H. Van’t Holt (Netherlands) Berlin Univ. |
| 1902 | Hermann E. Fischer (Germany) |
| 1903 | Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden) Stockholm Univ. |
| 1904 | Sir William Ramsay (U.K.) London Univ. |
| 1905 | Johann F.W.A. von Baeyer (Germany) Munich Univ. |
| 1906 | Henri Moissan (France) Sorbonne Univ. |
| 1907 | Eduard Buchner (Germany) Agricultural College |
| 1908 | Lord Ernest Rutherfold (U.K.) Victoria Univ. |
| 1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany) Leipzig Univ. |
| 1910 | Otto Wallach (Germany) Goettingen Univ. |
| 1911 | Marie Curie (France) Sorbonne Univ. |
| 1912 | Victor Grignard (France) Nancy Univ.; Paul Sabatier (France) Toulouse Univ. |
| 1913 | Alfred Werner (Switzerland) Zurich Univ. |
| 1914 | Theodore W. Richards (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1915 | Richard M. Willstätter (Germany) Munich Univ. |
| 1916–1917 | No awards given. |
| 1918 | Fritz Haber (Germany) Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut |
| 1919 | No award |
| 1920 | Walther H. Nernst (Germany) Berlin Univ. |
| 1921 | Frederick Soddy (U.K.) Oxford Univ. |
| 1922 | Francis W. Aston (U.K.) Cambridge Univ. |
| 1923 | Fritz Pregl (Austria) Graz Univ. |
| 1924 | No award |
| 1925 | Richard A. Zsigmondy (Germany) Goettingen Univ. |
| 1926 | The (Theodor) Svedberg (Sweden) Uppsala Univ. |
| 1927 | Heinrich O. Wieland (Germany) Munich Univ. |
| 1928 | Adolf O.R. Windaus (Germany) Goettingen Univ. |
| 1929 | Sir Arthur Harden (U.K.) London Univ., Hans K.A. von Euler-Chelpin (Sweden) |
| 1930 | Hans Fischer (Germany) Institute of Technology |
| 1931 | Carl Bosch (Germany) Heidelberg Univ. I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., and Fredrich Bergius (Germany) Heidelberg Univ. and I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. |
| 1932 | Irving Langmuir (U.S.) General Electric Co. |
| 1933 | No award |
| 1934 | Harold C. Urey (U.S.) Columbia Univ. |
| 1935 | Frédéric Joliot and Iréne Joliot-Curie, (France) Institut du Radium |
| 1936 | Petrus (Peter) J.W. Debye (Netherlands) Berlin Univ. and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) |
| 1937 | Sir Walter N. Haworth (U.K.) Birmingham Univ.; Paul Karrer (Switzerland) Zurich Univ. |
| 1938 | Richard Kuhn (Germany) Heidelberg Univ. and Kaiser- Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) |
| 1939 | Adolf F.J. Butenandt (Germany) Berlin Univ. and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut); Leopold Ruzicka (Switzerland) Federal Institute of Technology |
| 1940–1942 | No awards |
| 1943 | George de Hevesy (Hungary) Stockholm Univ. |
| 1944 | Otto Hahn (Germany) Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) |
| 1945 | Artturi I. Virtanen (Finland) Helsinki Univ. |
| 1946 | James B. Sumner (U.S.) Cornell Univ.; John H. Northrop (U.S.) Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research |
| 1947 | Sir Robert Robinson (U.K.) Oxford Univ. |
| 1948 | Arne W.K. Tiselius (Sweden) Uppsala Univ. |
| 1949 | William F. Giauque (U.S.) Univ. of California, Berkeley |
| 1950 | Otto P.H. Diels (Germany) Kiel Univ. and Kurt Alder (Germany) Cologne Univ. |
| 1951 | Edwin M. McMillan (U.S.) and Glenn T. Seaborg (U.S.) both of Univ. of California, Berkeley |
| 1952 | Archer J.P. Martin (U.K.) Nations Institute for Medical Research, and Richard L.M. Synge (U.K.) Rowett Research Institute (Scotland) |
| 1953 | Herman Staudinger (Germany) State Research Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry |
| 1954 | Linus C. Pauling (U.S.) California Institute of Technology |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud (U.S.) Cornell Univ. |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood (U.K.) Oxford Univ. and Nikolaj N. Semenov (USSR) Institute for Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR |
| 1957 | Lord Alexander R. Todd (U.K.) Cambridge Univ. |
| 1958 | Frederick Sanger (U.K.) Cambridge Univ. |
| 1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovsky (Czechoslovakia) Polaro-Institute of the Czechoslovakia Academy of Science |
| 1960 | Willard F. Libby (U.S.) Univ. of California, Los Angeles |
| 1961 | Melvin Calvin (U.S.) Univ. of California, Berkeley |
| 1962 | Max F. Perutz (U.K.) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, and Sir John C. Kendrew (U.K.) Laboratory of Molecular Biology |
| 1963 | Karl Ziegler (Germany) Max-Planck-Institute for Carbon Research, and Giulio Natta (Italy) Institute of Technology |
| 1964 | Dorothy C. Hodgkin (U.K.) Royal Society, Oxford Univ. |
| 1965 | Robert B. Woodward (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1966 | Robert S. Mulliken (U.S.) Univ. of Chicago |
| 1967 | Manfred Eigen (W. Germany) Max-Planck-Institut, Ronald G.W. Norrish (U.K.) Institute of Physical Chemistry, and Sir George Porter (U.K.) The Royal Institution |
| 1968 | Lars Onsager (U.S.) Yale Univ. |
| 1969 | Sir Derek H.R. Barton (U.K.) Imperial College of Science and Technology, and Odd Hassel (Norway) Kjemisk Institut |
| 1970 | Luis F. Leloir (Argentina) Institute for Biochemical Research |
| 1971 | Gerhard Herzberg (Canada) National Research Council of Canada |
| 1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen (U.S.) National Institutes of Health; Stanford Moore (U.S.) Rockefeller Univ. and William H. Stein (U.S.) Rockefeller Univ. |
| 1973 | Ernst O. Fischer (W. Germany) Technical Univ. of Munich, and Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (U.K.) Imperial College |
| 1974 | Paul J. Flory (U.S.) Stanford Univ. |
| 1975 | Sir John W. Cornforth (Australia and U.K.) Univ. of Sussex; Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland) Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule |
| 1976 | William N. Lipscomb (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1977 | Ilya Prigogine (Belgium) Université Libre de Bruxelles, (Univ. of Texas, U.S.) |
| 1978 | Peter D. Mitchell (U.K.) Glynn Research Laboratories |
| 1979 | Herbert C. Brown (U.S.) Purdue Univ., and Georg Wittig (Germany) Univ. of Heidelberg |
| 1980 | Paul Berg (U.S.) Stanford Univ.; Walter Gilbert (U.S.) Biological Laboratories, and Frederick Sanger (U.K.) MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology |
| 1981 | Kenichi Fukui (Japan) Kyoto Univ. and Roald Hoffman (U.S.) Cornell Univ. |
| 1982 | Aaron Klug (U.K.) MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology |
| 1983 | Henry Taube (U.S.) Stanford Univ. |
| 1984 | Robert B. Merrifield (U.S.) Rockefeller Univ. |
| 1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman (U.S.) Medical Foundation of Buffalo, and Jerome Karle (U.S.) U.S. Naval Research Laboratory |
| 1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach (U.S.) Harvard Univ., Yuan T. Lee (U.S.) Univ. of California, and John C. Polanyi (Canada) Univ. of Toronto |
| 1987 | Donald J. Cram (U.S.) University of California, Los Angeles, Jean-Marie Lehn (France) Université Louis Pasteur, and Charles J. Pedersen (U.S.) Du Pont Laboratory |
| 1988 | Johann Deisenhofer (U.S.) Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robert Huber (W. Germany) Max-Planck-Institut, and Hartmut Michel (W. Germany) Max-Planck-Institut |
| 1989 | Sidney Altman (U.S.) Yale Univ., and Thomas Cech (U.S.) Univ. of Colorado |
| 1990 | Elias James Corey (U.S.) Harvard Univ. |
| 1991 | Richard R. Ernst (Switzerland) Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich |
| 1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus (U.S., b. Canada), Cal Tech. |
| 1993 | Kary B. Mullis (U.S.); and Michael Smith (Canada), Univ. of British Columbia |
| 1994 | George A. Olah (U.S., b. Hungary) Univ. of Southern California |
| 1995 | F. Sherwood Roland (U.S.) Univ. of California-Irvine, Mario Molina (U.S.) M.I.T., and Paul Crutzen (Netherlands) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry |
| 1996 | Robert F. Curl, Jr., (U.S.) and Richard E. Smalley (U.S.), of Rice University, and Harold W. Kroto (U.K.) of Univ. of Sussex |
| 1997 | Paul D. Boyer (U.S.), UCLA and John E. Walker (U.K.), Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Jens C. Skou (Denmark), Aarhus Univ. |
| 1998 | Walter Kohn (U.S., b. Austria), Univ. of California, Santa Barbara; John A. Pople (U.S., b U.K.), Northwestern Univ. |
| 1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail (U.S., b. Egypt), CalTech, |
| 2000 | Alan J. Heeger (U.S.), Univ. of California at Santa Barbara; Alan G. MacDiarmid (U.S.), Univ. of Pennsylvania; and Hideki Shirakawa (Japan), Univ. of Tsukuba |
| 2001 | William S. Knowles (U.S.) and Ryoji Noyori, (Japan), Nagoya Univ.; K. Barry Sharpless (U.S.), Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif. |
| 2002 | John B. Fenn, (U.S.), Virginia Commonwealth University, and Koichi Tanaka, (Japan), Shimadzu Corp.; and Kurt Wüthrich, (Switzerland), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif. |
| 2003 | Peter Agre (U.S.), Johns Hopkins Univ.; Koichi Tanaka (U.S.), Rockefeller Univ. |
| 2004 | Aaron Ciechanover (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), and Irwin Rose (U.S.) |
| 2005 | Yves Chauvin (France), Robert H. Grubbs (U.S.) and Richard R. Schrock (U.S.) |
| 2006 | Roger D. Kornberg (U.S.) |
| 2007 | Gerhard Ertl (Germany) Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |
| 2008 | Osamu Shimomura (Japan) Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA and Boston University, Martin Chalfie (U.S.) Columbia University and Roger Y. Tsein (U.S.) University of California at San Diego |
| 2009 | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (U.K.) MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Thomas A. Steitz (U.S.) Yale University Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Ada E. Yonath (Israel) Weizmann Institute of Science |
| 2010 | Richard F. Heck (U.S.) University of Delaware, Ei-ichi Negishi (China) Purdue University and Akira Suzuki (Japan) Hokkaido University |