1. MY ALPHABET; OR, HOW I AM A LETTER
1. Cf. Marcel Proust, Finding Time Again, in In Search of Lost Time, trans. Ian Patterson (New York: Penguin Classics, 2003).
2. Cf. “Diversity Is My Motto,” chap. 24 in this volume.
3. Cf. Thomas Mann, “Germany, My Suffering,” in Order of the Day: Political Essays and Speeches of Two Decades (Manchester, N.H.: Ayer, 1969).
4. Marcel Proust, Contre Sainte-Beuve, in Marcel Proust on Art and Literature: 1896–1919, trans. Sylvia Townsend Warner (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1997).
5. Proust, Finding Time Again.
6. Cf. Stéphane Mallarmé, “Verse Crisis,” in Mallarmé: The Poet and His Circle, trans. Rosemary Lloyd (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005).
2. RELIANCE
1. Stéphane Mallarmé, “Mystery in Literature,” in Mallarmé in Prose, trans. Mary Ann Caws (New York: New Directions, 2001).
2. Dante Alighieri, Paradise, canto 33, trans. Dorothy Sayers (New York: Penguin Classics, 1962).
3. Religious theme appearing in fifteenth-century Italian painting.
4. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Motherhood According to Giovanni Bellini,” in The Portable Kristeva, trans. Thomas Gora, Alice Jardine, and Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 303.
3. HOW TO SPEAK TO LITERATURE WITH ROLAND BARTHES
1. Philip Roth, Exit Ghost (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007).
2. Julia Kristeva, “How Does One Speak to Literature?” in Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art, trans. Tom Gora and Alice Jardine (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 93.
3. Cf. Georges Bataille, Inner Experience, trans. Leslie Anne Boldt (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988); and Philippe Sollers, Writing and the Experience of Limits, trans. Philip Barnard and David Hayman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).
4. Roland Barthes, Criticism and Truth, trans. Katrine Pilcher Keuneman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).
5. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Hannah Arendt, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
6. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
7. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
8. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
9. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Visible and the Invisible, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1968).
10. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Proust and the Sense of Time, trans. Stephen Bann (London: Faber and Faber, 1993).
11. Kristeva, Proust and the Sense of Time.
12. Julia Kristeva, The Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
13. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982).
14. Maurice Blanchot, The Space of Literature, trans. Ann Smock (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982).
15. Jean-Paul Sartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason, trans. Alan Sheridan-Smith (London: Verso, 2004).
16. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “The Novel as Polylogue,” in Desire in Language, trans. Thomas Gora (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980).
17. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
18. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
19. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
20. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Roland Barthes and Writing as Demystification,” in The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 187–216.
21. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
22. Barthes, Criticism and Truth; and Barthes, Writing Degree Zero, trans. Annette Lavers and Colin Smith (London: Jonathan Cape, 1967).
23. Marcel Proust, “Time Regained,” in In Search of Lost Time, trans. Ian Patterson (New York: Penguin Classics, 2003).
24. Proust, “Time Regained.”
25. Barthes, Criticism and Truth.
4. EMILE BENVENISTE
1. His mother, Maria Benveniste (born in Vilna, today Lithuania), taught Hebrew, French, and Russian at the Alliance Israelite Universelle school in Samokov (Bulgaria); his father, Mathatias Benveniste (born in Smyrna), spoke Ladino; his childhood environment was made up of Turkish, Arabic, modern Greek, and likely Slav. Many of the great linguists of the twentieth century, of Jewish origin, tended to study languages because of the multilingualism in their family milieu (the Darmesteter brothers, James and Arsène, Michel Bréal, Sylvain Lévi).
2. A “Talmud Torah” would give students a Jewish cultural baggage, preparing them for the baccalaureate and enabling them to prepare for rabbinical studies. There the students learned Latin, Greek, Hebrew, German, and, with most particular care, French.
3. Cf. Françoise Bader, “Sylvain Lévi,” in Trois linguists (trop) oubliés, Anamnèse, no. 5 (2009) (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010), 141–70.
4. The signers implore the UFJ (UGIF) “to maintain as tight a union as possible between our French brothers and ourselves … encouraging nothing … that would morally isolate us from the national community to which we remain faithful, even punished by the law.” Our translation. Cf. Marc Bloch, The Strange Defeat (New York: Norton, 1968).
5. His Vocabulaire des institutions indo-européenes, 2 vols. (Paris: Minuit, 1969), is the most concrete example.
6. Echoing Rilke, this condensed and allusive confession expresses the young linguist’s nostalgia for a mother whom he left at the age of eleven, and who died when he was seventeen without his seeing her. Sensitive to the “latent virile violence” that attracted him in the “superficially feminine” appearance of a vigorous and “strong-as-a-man” maternality, Benveniste composed his self-portrait featuring poets (bachelors?) from Homer (the “Old Man of the Sea”) to Lautréamont (“Old Ocean, Oh great celibate”). Cf. Philosophies, no. 1 (March 15, 1924), year of the publication of the first Manifeste du surrealism.
7. The Rabbinic School on rue Vauquelin trained rabbis in Europe for the Eastern and African communities, “just as teachers were trained for schools.” In a letter dated October 1918, the student’s mother wrote that “the school situation” of her son Ezra has “become unbearable”: he is drawn to languages and will study literature. Cf. Françoise Bader, “E. Benveniste, A Literary Anamnesis,” Incontri Linguistici, no. 22 (1999): 20 (Rome).
8. Cf. Emile Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics, vol. 2, trans. Mary-Elizabeth Meek (Miami: University of Miami Press, 1971) (hereafter PGL).
9. Emile Benveniste, Dernières leçons, College de France (1968–1969), coll. “Hautes Etudes,” EHESS (Paris: Gallimard, Le Seuil, 2012) (hereafter cited as DL).
10. DL, 60.
11. Antoine Culioli created this project with his “theory of enunciatives,” in studying the activity of language through the diversity of national languages.
12. Manuscripts in the BNF, PAP. OR. DON 0429, approx. 6–22; Chloé Laplantine presents an annotated transcription in Emile Benveniste, Baudelaire (Limoges: Lambert-Lucas, 2011).
13. But Benveniste borrowed the term interpretant from the American philosopher while specifying that he only used this “isolated denomination” and in particular in a “different” meaning (lesson 5), presumed to be phenomenological. Peirce’s “thirdness” could nonetheless have supported the structure of the subject of the enunciation (Freud’s oedipal structure) in Benveniste’s semantics.
14. With Roland Barthes, Zero Degree of Writing (1953), Elements of Semiology (1956), Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology (1967), Voice and Phenomenon (1967), and in the literary domain, after the “nouveau roman,” with Philippe Sollers, Drama (1965), Logic (1968), Numbers (1968), Writing and the Experience of Limits (1971).
15. Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology—First Book, trans. F. Kersten (Leiden: Njhoff, 1982).
16. Cf. BNF, PAP. OR. DON 0429, env. 22, f. 260, cited by Laplantine in Emile Benveniste, Baudelaire.
17. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Engendering the Formula,” in Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art, trans. Thomas Gora (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980).
18. BNF, PAP. OR. DON 0429, env. 20, f. 204.
19. BNF, PAP. OR. DON 0429, env. 12, f. 56.
20. BNF, PAP. OR. DON 0429, env. 23, f. 358.
21. The quote in the heading is from a letter from Emile Benveniste, October 17, 1954: “Linguistics is universality, but the poor linguist is torn apart in the universe,” in Georges Redard, “Biobibliographie d’Emile Benveniste,” DL.
22. Cf. DL, 8.
23. I was finishing my doctoral thesis, which I defended in June 1968, as a foreign student exception, and I was beginning my research on the poetic language of Mallarmé and Lautréamont for my state thesis.
24. Madeleine Biardeau (1922–2010), Théorie de la connaissance et philosophe de la parole dans le brahmanisme (Berlin: Mouton, 1964).
25. Cf. Charles H. Kahn: “The Greek Verb ‘To Be’ and the Concept of Being,” Foundations of Language 2, no. 3 (August 1966): 245–65.
26. Five letters of Antonin Artaud written in 1945 to Henri Parisot. Cf. Antonin Artaud, Letters from Rodez (Paris: GLM, 1946).
27. “We consider the bloody Revolution as the inevitable vengeance of the humiliated spirit. We … conceive it only in its social form.… The idea of Revolution is the best and most effective safeguard for the individual.” Cf. “Revolution, First and Always!” in The Surrealist Revolution, no. 5 (October 15, 1925): 31–32.
28. Stéphane Mallarmé, “Mystery in Literature,” in Mallarmé in Prose, ed. Mary Ann Caws (New York: New Directions, 2001).
29. Cf. DL, 152.
5. FREUD, THE HEART OF THE MATTER
1. Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, trans. A. Brill (New York: Macmillan, 1913).
2. Sigmund Freud The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, trans. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1986); Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying (New York: International Universities Press, 1972).
3. Sigmund Freud, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love, trans. Shaun Whiteside (New York: Penguin, 2006).
4. Freud, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love.
5. Freud, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love.
6. Debate on January 19, 2004, organized by the Bavarian Catholic Academy, Munich. See Jürgen Habermas and Joseph Ratzinger, “Les Fondements prépolitiques de l’Etat démocratique,” trans. J. L. Schlegel, Esprit, no. 306 (July 2004): 5–28; republished in Raison et religion. La Dialectique de la sécularisation (Paris: Salvator, 2010). Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Penser la liberté en temps de détresse,” in La haine et le pardon (Paris: Fayard, 2005), 15–27.
7. Habermas and Ratzinger, “Les Fondements prépolitiques,” 11; Raison et religion, 43.
8. Habermas and Ratzinger, “Les Fondements prépolitiques,” 8; Raison et religion, 36.
9. Habermas and Ratzinger, “Les Fondements prépolitiques,” 6; Raison et religion, 33.
10. Habermas and Ratzinger, “Les Fondements prépolitiques,” 16; Raison et religion, 55.
11. Habermas and Ratzinger, “Les Fondements prépolitiques,” 28; Raison et religion, 83.
12. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, 1927, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 21, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth, 1968).
13. Freud, The Future of an Illusion.
14. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans. James Strachey (New York: Norton, 1961); and “The Sigmund Freud-Romain Rolland Letters (1923–1936).”
15. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Tales of Love, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
16. Cf. Julia Kristeva, The Incredible Need to Believe, trans. Beverley Bie Brahic (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).
17. Jean-Paul Sartre, The Words, trans. Bernard Frechtman (New York: Vintage, 1981).
18. Cf. Hannah Arendt: “The thread of tradition is broken and we shall not be able to renew it.” In The Life of the Mind (New York: Harcourt, 1978); and Arendt, “The Crisis in Culture,” in Political Theory (1988).
19. Marcel Proust, “To My Friend Willie Heath,” in Pleasures and Days, trans. Andrew Brown (London: Alma Classics, 2013).
20. Marcel Proust, Swann’s Way, trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff (London: Chatto and Windus, 1921).
21. Cf. Julia Kristeva, New Maladies of the Soul, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
22. Julia Kristeva, The Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).
23. Simone de Beauvoir, All Said and Done (New York: Knopf, 1972).
24. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier (New York: Knopf, 2010), 57.
25. Cf. “Reliance: What Is Loving for a Mother?” chap. 2 in this volume.
26. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Adolelscence, un syndrome d’idéalité,” in La haine et le pardon (Paris: Fayard, 2005), 447–60.
27. Zones of educational priority [translators’ note].
6. THE CONTEMPORARY CONTRIBUTION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
1. Julia Kristeva, Hatred and Forgiveness, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
2. Sigmund Freud, “Was Moses an Egyptian?” in Moses and Monotheism, trans. Katherine Jones (New York: Vintage/Random House, 1955).
3. Better known under the name Akhenaton.
4. Jacques Lacan, The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Tavistock/Routledge, 1977).
5. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982).
6. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Tales of Love, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
7. Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
8. Daniel N. Stern, “ ‘The Pre-Narrative Envelope’: An Alternative View of ‘Unconscious Fantasy’ in Infancy,” Bul. Anna Freud Centre 15 (1992): 291–318; and Kristeva, Hatred and Forgiveness.
9. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Oedipus Again; or Phallic Monism,” in The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, trans. Jeanine Herman, 65–90 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
10. Cf. Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989).
11. Cf. Julia Kristeva, The Portable Kristeva, The Female Genius, vol. 1: Hannah Arendt; vol. 2, Melanie Klein; vol. 3 Colette, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
12. Colette, The Break of Day, trans. Enid McLeod (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1961).
13. Cf. “The Dead Father,” a two-day international symposium, Low Library, Columbia University, New York, April 29–30, 2006.
14. Julia Kristeva, “Open Letter to the President of the Republic on Citizens with Disabilities, for the Use of Those Who Are Disabled and Those Who Are Not,” in Hatred and Forgiveness.
15. Cf. “Disability Revisited: The Tragic and Chance,” chap. 17 in this volume.
7. A FATHER IS BEING BEATEN TO DEATH
1. Julia Kristeva, The Old Man and the Wolves, trans. Barbara Bray (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
2. Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo, trans. James Strachey (Abingdon: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1950).
3. National Geographic 80 (May 2006) (French ed.): 5–19.
4. Sigmund Freud, “A Child Is Being Beaten, in “A Contribution to the Study of the Origin of Sexual Perversions,” trans. A. and J. Strachey, CP 2 (1924), 172–201.
5. Julia Kristeva, “On the Extraneous of the Phallus; or, the Feminine Between Illusion and Disillusion,” in The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
6. Julia Kristeva, Tales of Love, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
7. Julia Kristeva, Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
8. Julia Kristeva, This Incredible Need to Believe, trans. Beverley Bie Brahic (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).
9. Kristeva, The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt.
10. Cf. André Green, La Déliaison, psychanalyse, anthropologie et littérature (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1982; and Pluriel, 1998).
11. Julia Kristeva, “Suffer,” in This Incredible Need to Believe.
12. Gilles Deleuze, Présentation de Sacher Masoch (Paris: Minuit, 1967), 100.
13. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, trans. Robert F. Brown, Peter C. Hodgson, J. Michael Stewart, and H. S. Harris (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
14. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Anti-Christ, trans. H. L. Menken (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2005).
15. Meister Eckhart, The Essential Sermons, Commentaries, Treatises and Defense, trans. Bernard McGinn and Edmund Colledge (New York: Paulist Press, 1981).
16. John of the Cross, The Spiritual Canticle, trans. David Lewis, Catholic First (online text).
17. Julia Kristeva, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).
18. Kristeva, Tales of Love.
19. About sublimation in psychoanalysis, Kristeva, Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, and Kristeva, “L’impudence d’énoncer: la langue maternelle,” in La haine et le pardon (Paris: Fayard, 2005), 393–410.
20. Colette, Break of Day, trans. Enid McLeod (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002).
21. Kristeva, New Maladies of the Soul.
8. MATERNAL EROTICISM
1. Sigmund Freud, Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning, 1911, Papers on Metapsychology; Papers on Applied Psycho-Analysis (London: Hogarth and Institute of Psycho Analysis, 1924–1950).
2. Jean-Michel Hirt, Vestiges du Dieu: athéisme et religiosité (Paris: Grasset, 1998).
3. Lou Andreas-Salomé, Anal and Sexual (Sesto S. Giovanni: Mimesis, 2012); also her letters and the Journal, from her meeting with Freud in 1895 to the last Open Letter to Freud, 1931. Freud did not go along with her/take up this position of hers as he was in a dangerous position in 1911 (this was also the date of the Weimar Congress to which he invited Lou) due to Ferenczi’s dissidence, but especially to that of Jung, who distanced himself from sexuality tied to the oedipal myth and incest.
4. Sigmund Freud, “The Ego and the Id and Other Works (1917–1919),” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. James Strachey with Anna Freud (London: Hogarth and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974).
5. Lou Andreas-Salomé, Lou Andreas-Salomé: The Freud Journal (1958/1964), trans. Stanley A. Leavy (New York: Basic Books, 1964).
6. Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas-Salomé, Sigmund Freud and Lou Andreas Salomé Letters, trans. William and Elaine Bobson-Scott (New York: Norton, 1972).
7. Lou Andreas-Salomé, Letter to Rilke, March 1, 1914, in Rainer Maria Rilke and Lou Andreas-Salomé, trans. Edward Snow and Michael Winkler (New York: Norton, 2006).
8. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception (London: Routledge, 2012), 106.
9. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Visible and the Invisible, trans. A. Lingis (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1968).
10. Cf. “Reliance: What Is Loving for a Mother?” chap. 2 in this volume.
11. The woman is a “hole,” nakèva in Hebrew; and Marie, Queen of the Church, is no less of a “hole” in the Son-the Father-the Holy Ghost Christian trinity. Cf. Philippe Sollers, “Le Trou de la Vierge,” in Eloge de l’Infini (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), 921–33.
12. Julia Kristeva, The Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
13. Colette, Break of Day, trans. Enid McLeod (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002).
14. Bernard Brusset, Psychanalyse du lien (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005).
15. Martin Heidegger, What Is a Thing? trans. W. B. Barton and Vera Deutsch (London: Gateway, 1968); Jacques Lacan, The Ethics of Psychoanlysis, trans. Dennis Porter (New York: Norton, 1992).
16. Sigmund Freud, Repression, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 13, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth, 1974). Cf. J. Laplanche and S. Leclaire, “L’inconscient, une étude psychanalytique,” in Problématiques, vol. 4 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1981), 303 sq.
17. Donald Woods Winicott, “Mind and Its Relation to the Psyché-soma,” paper presented to Medical Section of the British Psychological Society, December 14, 1949, rev. October 1953.
18. Cf. “Antigone, Limit, and Horizon,” chap. 12 in this volume.
19. Cf. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar, book 7: The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, 1959–1960, trans. Dennis Porter (New York: Norton, 1992).
20. Ilse Barande, “Antinomies du concept de perversion et épigenèse de l’appétit d’excitation. (Notre duplicité d’être inachevé ou la mère-version),” 42nd Congress of Psychoanalysis for French-Speaking Analysts, Revue française de psychanalyse 47, no. 1 (1983): 143–282.
21. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982).
22. Baudelaire associates the “rotting carcass” with “sensual pleasure,” an association of which Jean-Michel Hirt offers an exquisite analysis; Céline is torn between the graceful dancer and his “female companions who squander you ad infinitum”; and there are de Kooning’s hideous matrons (among so many others) who testify to the same.
23. André Green, On Private Madness (London: Hogarth Press, 1986).
24. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Tales of Love, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
25. Julia Kristeva, “On the Extraneousness of the Phallus, or, the Feminine Between Illusion and Disillusion,” in The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
26. Julia Kristeva, “La passion maternelle et son destin aujourd’hui,” in Seule une femme (Paris: Editions de l’Aube, 2007), 170–82.
27. Cf. Roland Barthes, Mourning Diary, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 2010).
28. Cf. Judith Thurman, From Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette (London: Bloomsbury, 1999).
29. Georges Bataille, My Mother, Mme Edwarda and the Dead Man, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (London: Boyars, 1989).
30. Sigmund Freud, “On the Most General of Debasements in Love Life,” in The Sexual Life of Man.
31. Man holds to it religiously (Barthes, Mourning Diary: how “not to pray, to bless” in mourning the mother) because the anxiety of narcissistic collapse—opening to an abyss beneath castration anxiety—exercises a literally sovereign hold on him.
32. Cf. Kristeva, Powers of Horror.
33. Cf. chap. 2 in this volume.
34. Cf. Jean-Michel Hirt, Les Infidèles, s’aimer soi-même, comme un étranger (Paris: Grasset, 2003). This work is the third part of a trilogy he wrote with Vertiges de Dieu (1998), and Le Miroir du Prophète (1993).
35. Kristeva, “Stabat Mater,” in Tales of Love.
36. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde and Malovany-Chevallier (New York: Knopf, 2010), 775.
9. SPEAKING IN PSYCHOANALYSIS
1. “La cure de parole,” presented at the 67th Congress of Psychoanalysis for French-Speaking Analysts, Paris, May 17–20, 2007.
2. Dominique Clerc-Maugendre, “L’écoute de la parole,” Revue française de Psychanalyse 71, no. 5 (December 2007): 1285–1340; and Laurent Danon-Boileau, “La forge du langage,” Revue française de Psychanalyse 71, no. 5 (December 2007): 1341–1409.
3. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Visible and the Invisible, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1968).
4. Crossing of terms in which elements of parallel groups are reversed, following the AB/BA structure—for example, the flesh of the world/the world of the flesh.
5. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception (London: Routledge, 2012). This modern use of the term flesh refers back to its Greek tradition. In the first place, Chair, sarx, is linked to sensations: Sextus Empiricus (Against the Professors, 7:290) posits that the “carnal mass” is the seat of sensations; Plato attributes desire to the body, soma (Phedon, 82), more “figurable,” as the Latin corpus demonstrates; but Epicurus goes back to the idea of “pleasure of the flesh:” the flesh aspires to an infinite pleasure, that only reason (dianoïa) can restrain. Judaism resembles this Epicurean association, while exploring it in its own fashion. In the Bible, flesh, basar or scherr, represents the deadly nature of man capable of sin, without developing the struggle between flesh and spirit. With the New Testament comes the ambiguous notion of the flesh, sick body, weakness of knowledge, defilement even, which, according to Paul, nonetheless is the corporal condition indispensable to really participate in Christ’s message—to truly believe. I use the term flesh in what follows according to Merleau-Ponty, in giving it a psychoanalytic interpretation.
6. I will not discuss here the distinction between sensation (conscious reflection of exterior reality through the sense organs) and perception (conscious representation of it).
7. Emile Benveniste, “Remarks on the Function of Language in Freudian Theory,” in Problems in General Linguistics, trans. Mary Elizabeth Meek (Miami, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1971).
8. He is at the top of the scale when he says that a well is deep, and at the bottom when he names its height.
9. Brought back by Saussure at first in a restricted way, as signified-signifier unconcerned by the referent, and then in a way more attentive to the unconscious, through the Kabbalistic web of anagrams.
10. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “The Metamorphoses of Language in Freudian Theory,” in The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); and Kristeva, “The Impudence of Uttering: The Mother Tongue,” trans. Anne Marsel, http://
11. On this point I agree with Daniel Widlöcher, “Psychoanalysis of the Instant,” L’Inactuel, no. 2 (1994): 75–88.
12. Daniel N. Stern “ ‘The Pre-Narrative Envelope’: An Alternative View of ‘Unconscious Fantasy’ in Infancy,” Bul. Anna Freud Centre 15 (1992): 291–318.
13. This is close to Laurent Danon-Boileau’s “nostalgia” (cf. “La forge du langage”).
14. “As low as it gets”; “sleep staves off hunger”; “have eyes bigger than your belly” [translators’ note].
15. Alphone Daudet and Paul Arène, “Mr. Seguin’s Goat,” in Letters from My Windmill, trans. Frederick Davies (New York: Penguin, 1978).
16. Brevity has the merit of revelation; Heracles knew this already when he wrote: “Oracles do not speak nor do they hide, they make signs.” Cf. Emile Benveniste, “A Linguist Who Neither Says nor Hides, but Signifies,” chap. 4 in this volume.
17. Reciprocal permutations and substitutes of the five senses with each other.
18. “The Poem of Hashish,” trans. Aleister Crowly, 1895, https://
19. Widlöcher, “Psychoanalysis of the Instant.”
20. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Proust and the Sense of Time, trans. Stephen Bann (London: Faber and Faber, 1993)
21. According to Frances Tustin’s “latent and endogenous autism” in The Black Hole of the Psyche, trans. Fr. P. Chemla (Paris: Seuil, 1989).
22. Marcel Proust, Finding Time Again, in In Search of Lost Time, trans. Ian Patterson (New York: Penguin Classics, 2003).
23. Cf. letter to Lucien Daudet, November 27, 1913, in Correspondance, vol. 12 (Paris: Plon, 1984), 342–43.
24. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “In Search of the Madeleine,” in Proust and the Sense of Time).
25. Colette, “Fleurs,” “La Treille muscatel,” in Prisons et Paradis (Paris: Livre de Poche, 2004).
26. Colette, Break of Day, trans. Enid McLeod (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1961).
27. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “The Tender Shoot,” in Female Genius, vol. 3: Colette, trans. Jane Mary Todd (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
28. “Note for a letter to the Balinais,” quoted in Julia Kristeva, The Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
29. Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978). Derrida talks about the trace as an archi-writing, “first possibility of speech,” and also the first possibility of graphism. Cf. also Derrida, Mal d’archive: Une Impression freudienne (Paris: Galilée, col “Incises,” 1995).
30. André Green, Le Discours vivant (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1973), 227–50. Green juxtaposes the language of linguists, a formal system uniting homogenous elements, with the language of psychoanalysts, consisting of a heterogeneity of the signifier, supported by the Freudian theory of the drive and its representatives (affect/representation).
31. Cf. Green, Le Discours vivant, 17–100; and “Narration in Psychoanalysis,” in Julia Kristeva, Hatred and Forgiveness, trans. Janine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
32. Cf. conference organized by Julia Kristeva, Daniel Widlöcher, and Pierre Fedida in 1994, “Actualité des modèles freudiens: language, image, pensée,” in Revue internationale de psychopathologie, no. 2 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de Paris, 1995).
33. I have built my conception of heterogeneity relative to “speech in psychoanalysis” on George Bataille’s research on “heterology,” in Oeuvres completes, vol. 2: Oeuvres posthumes (1922–1940) (Paris: Gallimard, 1987), 171. Cf. also Green’s notion, Le Discours vivant, 139.
34. Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id, trans. Joan Riviere (New York: Norton, 1960).
35. Freud, The Ego and the Id.
36. “Mystik die dunkle Selsbtwahrnehmung des Reiches ausserhalb des Ichs, des Es”; Sigmund Freud, note from August 22, 1938, in “Schriften aus dem Nachlass,” Gesammelte Werke, vol. 17(London: Imago, 1946); cf. also Résultats, idées, problèmes [1921–1938], vol. 2, trans. J. Altounian, A. Bourguignon, P. Cotet, and A. Rauzy (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985), 288.
37. Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis, trans. James Strachey (New York: Norton, 1990).
38. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Symbolic Castration: A Question,” in New Maladies of the Soul, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
39. André Green, “The Unbinding Process,” in On Private Madness (London: H. Karnac, 2005).
40. Cf. Daniel Widlöcher, “L’inconscient psychanalytique, une question toujours ouverte,” Cahiers philosophiques, no. 107 (2006): 32.
41. Freud, The Ego and the Id, 57.
42. Cf. Sigmund Freud, “Traitement psychique,” in Résultats, idées, problèmes, vol. 1 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1984), 8.
43. Sigmund Freud, “Sigmund Freud, “Die Verneinung, la dénégation,” 1925, Le Coq héron, no. 8 (1982).
44. Cf. Kristeva, “Symbolic Castration.”
45. Freud, The Ego and the Id.
46. Cf. “Maternal Eroticism,” chap. 8 in this volume.
10. AFFECT, THAT “INTENSE DEPTH OF WORDS”
1. Baltasar Gracián, The Art of Worldly Wisdom, trans. Christopher Maurer (Radford, Va.: Wilder, 2007).
2. Teresa of Avila, The Interior Castle, The Collected Works of St. Teresa of Avila, trans. E. Allison Peers (Radford, Va.: Wilder, 2008).
3. Teresa of Avila, The Interior Castle.
4. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, trans. John Forrester (New York: Norton, 1991).
5. Sigmund Freud, “Freud’s Comparative Study of Hysterical and Organic Paralyses,” Archives of Neurology 60, no. 11 (2003): 1646–50, doi:10.1001/archneur.60.11.1646.
6. Cf. André Green, Fabric of Affect in the Psychoanalytic Discourse, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Routledge, 1999).
7. Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria, trans. A. A. Brill, Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series no. 61 (New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing, 1937).
8. Cf. Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan.
9. Sigmund Freud, An Outline of Psychoanalysis, Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey, vol. 23 (1938), 141–207.
10. Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (1933); and Green, Fabric of Affect.
11. Cf. Julia Kristeva, The Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
12. Julia Kristeva, Teresa, My Love. An Imagined Life of the Saint of Avila, trans. Lorna Scott Fox (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).
13. Kristeva, The Revolution in Poetic Language.
14. Cf. Stéphane Mallarmé, Variations sur un sujet. Crise de vers, in Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Gallimard, coll. “Bibliothèque de la Pléiade,” 1945).
15. Donald Woods Winnicott, “Mind and Its Relation to the Psyche-Soma,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 27, no. 4 (September 1954).
16. Cf. “Speaking in Psychoanalysis: From Symbols to Flesh and Back Again” and “In Jerusalem: Monotheisms and Secularization and the Need to Believe,” chaps. 9 and 19 in this volume.
17. Sigmund Freud, note of August 22, 1938. Cf. “Speaking in Psychoanalysis,” n. 1.
18. Ignatius of Loyola, “Rules for Perceiving the Movements Caused in the Soul,” in The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, trans. Elder Mullan (Santa Cruz, Calif.: Evinity, 2009); and Julia Kristeva, “La Loquella,” in Intimate Revolt and the Future of Revolt, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
19. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Ego affectus est,” in Tales of Love, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
20. Saint Bernard, Bernard of Clairvaux, Selected Works, trans. G. R. Evans (Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1987).
21. Cf. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
22. French: connaissance, co-naissance [translators’ note].
12. ANTIGONE, LIMIT AND HORIZON
1. Sophocles, “Antigone,” http://
2. G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon, 1977).
3. Nicole Loraux, “La Main d’Antigone,” 1985, postface, in Sophocles, Antigone, trans. P. Mazon (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1997), 105–43.
4. Loraux, “La Main d’Antigone,” 110.
5. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, trans. John Forrester (New York: Norton, 1991).
6. V. 509, “And Justice living with the gods below sent no such laws for men.” Not laws, but horizons?
7. Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan.
8. Emile Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society, trans. Elisabeth Palmer (London: Faber and Faber, 1969).
9. Cf. “The Bible: Prohibition Against Sacrifice,” in “In Jerusalem: Monotheisms and Secularization and the Need to Believe,” chap. 19 in this volume.
10. Cf. “A Father Is Being Beaten to Death,” chap. 7 in this volume.
11. Cf. “The Passion According to Teresa of Avila,” chap. 13 in this volume.
12. Cf. Judith Butler, Antigone’s Claim (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
13. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “The Extraneousness of the Phallus or the Feminine Between Illusion and Disillusion,” in The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); and Kristeva, “The Two-Sided Oedipal,” in Hatred and Forgiveness, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
13. THE PASSION ACCORDING TO TERESA OF AVILA
1. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Teresa, My Love, trans. Lorna Scott Fox (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).
2. Cf. Sigmund Freud, “Drives and Their Fates,” in The Unconscious, trans. Graham Frankland (London: Penguin, 2005).
3. F. M. Dostoevsky, The Insulted and Humiliated, trans. Ignat Avsey (Richmond: Alma, 2012).
4. Cf. “A Father Is Being Beaten to Death” and “In Jerusalem: Monotheisms and Secularization and the Need to Believe,” chaps. 7 and 19 in this volume, respectively.
5. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “God Is Love,” in Tales of Love, trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).
6. Teresa of Avila, Thoughts on the Love of God, in The Complete Works of Saint Teresa of Jesus, trans. E. Allison Peers (London: Continuum, 2002).
7. Cf. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
8. Cf. Rudolph M. Bell, Holy Anorexia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
9. The Life of Saint Teresa of Avila by Herself, trans. J. M. Cohen (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1957) [translators’ note].
10. Jacques Lacan, Encore: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book 20, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: Norton, 1999).
11. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
12. Cf. “Affect, That Intense Depth of Words,” chap. 10, this volume.
13. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
14. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
15. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
16. Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology—First Book, trans. F. Kersten (Leiden: Njhoff, 1982).
17. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
18. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
19. Kristeva, Teresa, My Love.
20. Gottfried Leibniz, letter to André Morell, Dec. 10, 1696, trans. Lloyd Strickland, http://
21. Cf. Kristeva, “In Jerusalem.”
14. BEAUVOIR DREAMS
1. Simone de Beauvoir, All Said and Done (New York: Knopf, 1972) [our translation].
2. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier (New York: Knopf, 2010), 49.
3. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 49.
4. Beauvoir, All Said and Done.
5. Totem and Taboo is dismissed as one of the “strange novels”; there is again a serious lack of understanding of “progress,” which for Freud is represented by paternal religion and Judaism’s intellectual spirituality, according to Moses and Monotheism, in Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 53.
6. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 55.
7. Beauvoir, All Said and Done. All quotations in the remainder of this chapter are from this work.
8. Emphasis by Simone de Beauvoir.
9. Julia Kristeva, Hatred and Forgiveness, trans. Janine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
16. SPEECH, THAT EXPERIENCE
1. Benedict XVI, To Seek God, Meeting with Representatives from the World of Culture, Paris, September 12, 2008, College des Bernardins, Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
2. Julia Kristeva, Murder in Byzantium, trans. C. Jon Delogu (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
3. Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung, Correspondence (1906–1914), trans. R. F. C. Hull and Ralph Manheim (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
4. Cf. “Affect, That ‘Intense Depth of Words,’ ” chap. 10 in this volume.
5. Benedict XVI: “It perceives in the words the Word, the Logos itself, which spreads its mystery through this multiplicity and the reality of a human history.” Cf. To Seek God.
6. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
7. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
8. Stéphane Mallarmé, “Mystery in Literature, Music and Letters,” in Mallarmé in Prose, trans. Mary Ann Caws and Jill Anderson (New York: New Direction Books, 2001).
9. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
10. Antonin Artaud, L’Enclume des forces, in Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Galllimard, 1976).
11. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
12. Marcel Proust, Letter to Lucien Daudet, November 27, 1913.
13. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
14. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
15. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
16. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, trans. James Strachey (New York: Norton, 1989).
17. Cf. Philippe Sollers, Les Voyageurs du temps (Paris: Gallimard 2009), 143–51, coll. “Folio,” n. 5182, 151–60.
18. Philippe Sollers, Nombres, (Paris: Gallimard, 2000), coll. “L’Imaginaire,” n. 425, 105.
19. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Antichrist, trans. H. L. Mencken (New York: Cosimo, 2005).
20. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
21. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
22. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
23. Benedict XVI, To Seek God.
17. DISABILITY REVISITED
1. Julia Kristeva and Jean Vanier, Leur regard perce nos ombres (Paris: Fayard, 2011).
2. Philippe Sollers, in Picasso le héros, Le Cercle d’art, 28, reprinted in Eloge de l’infini (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), 142.
3. Cf. Gilles Bernheim, N’oublions pas de penser la France (Paris: Stock, 2012), 119.
4. Cf. Speech by Pope Benedict XVI at St-Mary of the Angels Basilica, Assisi, October 27, 2011, http://
5. Julia Kristeva, Hatred and Forgiveness, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
6. Jean-Claude Ameisen, La Sculpture du vivant (Paris: Seuil, 1999).
7. Especially in his description of its own-most possibilities as an analytic of finitude: i.e., the “proximity” of the being with the “privative” character of the disjointure of being, which is prior to all singularity. Martin Heidegger, Basic Concepts, trans. Gary Aylesworth (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1941).
8. Cf. Emmanuel Falque, God, the Flesh and the Other from Irenaeus to Duns Scotus, trans. William Christian Hackettis (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2014).
9. Nancy L. Eiesland, The Disabled God: Toward a Liberatory Theology of Disability (Nashville, Tenn.: Abington, 1994).
10. Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, 3, proposition 2, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indiana: Hackett, 1992).
18. FROM “CRITICAL MODERNITY” TO “ANALYTICAL MODERNITY”
1. Cf. Stéphane Mosès, The Angel of History: Rosenzweig, Benjamin, Scholem, trans. Barbara Harshav (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2006).
2. Julia Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
3. “Trois prières pour l’étranger dans l’Ancien Testament,” 1997, in Stéphane Mosès, L’Eros et la loi. Lectures bibliques (Paris: Seuil, 2010 [1999]).
4. Jonathan Sacks, The Dignity of Difference (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2003).
5. Cf. “The double signifyingness,” in “Emile Benveniste, a Linguist Who Neither Says nor Hides, but Signifies,” chap. 4 in this volume.
6. Cf. chap. 4 in this volume.
7. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “La fonction prédicative et le sujet parlant,” in Polylogue (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1977), 323–56; and Stéphane Mosès, “Emile Benveniste et la linguistique du dialogue,” Revue de métaphysique et de morale 4, no. 32 (2001): 9n.
8. Franz Rosenzweig, The Star of Redemption, trans. Barbara Galli (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005).
9. Augustine of Hippo, The Master (De magistro), ed. Günther Weigel, Corpus Scriptorum, Ecclesiastorum Latinorum (Vienna: Tempsky, 1969).
10. Cf. John Paul II, “Faith and Reason,” Encyclical Letter (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1998).
11. Cf. chap. 4 of this volume.
12. Emile Benveniste, Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society, trans. Elizabeth Palmer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).
13. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Sur les pas du passeur” (preface), in Stéphane Mosès, Rêves de Freud (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), 9–34.
14. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Hannah Arendt, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
15. Cf. Stéphane Mosès, “Ulysse chez Kafka,” in Exégèse d’une legende. Lectures de Kafka (Paris: Editions de l’Eclat, 2006), 15–46.
16. Cf. Stéphane Mosès, “Brecht and Benjamin interprètent Kafka,” in Exégèse d’une legende, 71–101.
17. Walter Benjamin, “Image of Proust,” trans. Carol Jacob, Comparative Literature 86, no. 6 (December 1971): 910–32.
19. IN JERUSALEM
1. Cf. “A Father Is Being Beaten to Death,” chap. 7 in this volume.
2. Chap. 7 in this volume.
3. Jacques Lacan, “Symbol and Language as Structure and Limit of the Psychoanalytical Field” and “The Symbolic Debt,” in Ecrits, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: Norton, 2006).
4. Jacques Lacan, “The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis,” in The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book 11, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: Norton, 1998).
5. Jacques Lacan, “The Psychoses: 1955–1956,” in The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book 3, trans. Russell Grigg (New York: Norton, 1993).
6. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, 1927, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 21, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth, 1968).
7. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book 2: The Ego in Freud’s Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954–1955, trans. Sylvana Tomaselli (New York: Norton, 1988).
8. Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book 2.
9. Saint Augustine, “The Soliloquies of Augustine,” in The Call and the Response, trans. Gerard Watson (Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1990).
10. G. W. Leibniz, “Remarks on M. Arnauld’s letter touching on the proposition: Because the individual notion of each person contains once and for all everything that will ever happen to him,” http://
11. Cf. Julia Kristeva, The Incredible Need to Believe, trans. Beverley Bie Brahic (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), preface.
12. Although he knew Aramaic and Hebrew, Paul of Tarsus cites the Hebrew Bible in the Greek translation called the Septuagint.
13. Emile Benveniste, Vocabulaire des institutions indo-européenes, vol. 1 (Paris: Minuit, 1969).
14. The Ego and the Id, in Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (New York: Penguin, 1991); cf. also Julia Kristeva, Tales of Love, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
15. Sigmund Freud, “On Psychotherapy,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 7, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth, 1953).
16. D. W. Winnicott, “Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1953).
17. Jacques Lacan founded a journal entitled Scilicet; seven issues were published between 1968 and 1976 with Editions du Seuil. In the first issue (pp. 3–13) he made this declaration of principles concerning psychoanalysis.
18. Sigmund Freud, Results, Ideas, Problems [1921–1938], vol. 2.
19. Freud, New Introductory Lectures to Psychoanalysis. Cf. note 2, this chapter.
20. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982). Cf. also, among others, Jacob Neusner, The Idea of Purity in Ancient Judaism (Leiden: Brill, 1973), 12.
21. Cf. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger, ARK ed. (London: Routledge, 1966).
22. Cf. chap. 7, this volume.
23. André Green, La Déliaison. Psychanalyse, anthropologie et literature (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1982; and Pluriel, 1998).
24. Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism, trans. Katherine Jones (New York: Vintage/Random House, 1955).
25. Cf. chap. 7 in this volume.
26. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Hannah Arendt, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
27. Hannah Arendt, response to Eric Voegelin, in Review of Politics 15 (1953): 81.
28. Murder in Byzantium, trans. C. John Delogu (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), translators’ note.
20. DARE HUMANISM
1. Apocalypse of St John 11:2.
2. “And here again that he brought the Greeks into the temple and profanes this holy place,” Acts of the Apostles 21:28, King James Bible.
3. “Consciousness has God in it, and not as object in front of it,” he wrote in his lessons on Monotheism, before suggesting that the Universal is no more than a “reversal” of the one God of monotheism, “the extra-verted One” and “returned” on the All, the One-All projected on tangibles in actuality and in potentiality. Cf. F.W.J. von Schelling (1775–1854), Le Monotheism [1828], trans. Fr. A. Pernet (Paris: J. Vrin, 1992).
4. Henri de Lubac, Athéisme et sens de l’homme (Paris: Cerf, 1968), 17.
5. Lubac, Athéisme, 17, 19.
6. Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism Is a Humanism, trans. Philip Mairet (New York: World, 1956).
7. Sartre, Existentialism.
8. Martin Heidegger, Letter on Humanism, trans. David Farrell Krell (London: Routledge, 1977).
9. Maurice Blanchot, The Infinite Conversation, trans. Susan Hanson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
10. Heidegger, Letter on Humanism.
11. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. W. F. Trotter (Boston: Dutton, 1958).
12. “[A]nd our libido is once more free … to replace the lost objects by fresh ones equally or still more precious.” Matthew von Unwerth, “On Transience,” in Freud’s Requiem, trans. James Strachey (New York: Riverhead, 2005).
13. Cf. “In Jerusalem: Monotheisms and Secularization of the Need to Believe,” chap. 19, this volume.
14. Jacques Lacan, Encore, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book 20, trans. Bruce Fink (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University, 1999).
15. Cf. Sigmund Freud, Letter to Jung, February 13, 1910.
16. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Teresa, My Love, trans. Lorna Scott Fox (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).
17. Cf. “Reliance: What Is Loving for a Mother?” chap. 2, this volume.
18. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Adolescence, a Syndrome of Ideality” in Hatred and Forgiveness, trans. Jeanine Hermann (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 447–78.
19. Emmanuel Kant, in Philosophical Writings, trans. Ernst Behler (London: Continuum, 1986); and Julia Kristeva, Pulsions du temps (Paris: Fayard, 2013), 467, n. 3.
20. Marcel Proust, Pleasures and Days, trans. Andrew Brown (London: Hesperus, 2004).
21. TEN PRINCIPLES FOR TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY HUMANISM
1. Benoit SVI, Jesus of Nazareth, vol. 1, From Baptism in the Jordan to the Tranfiguration (San Francisco: Ignatius, 2007).
2. Traditional prayer attributed to Saint Francis, perhaps inspired by The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi, trans. Madeleine l’Engle and W. Heywood (New York: Vintage, 1998).
3. Francis of Assisi, “Letter to the Faithful” (Santa Cruz: Evinity, 2009).
4. Cf. “Reliance: What Is Loving for a Mother?” and “Maternal Eroticism,” chaps. 2 and 8, respectively, this volume.
23. MOSES, FREUD, AND CHINA
1. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. W. Trotter (Boston: Dutton, 1958).
2. François Jullien, Vital Nourishment. Departing from Happiness, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge: Zone, 2007).
3. Julia Kristeva, About Chinese Women (London: Marion Boyers, 1977).
4. Marcel Granet, Chinese Civilization, trans. Innes and Brailsford (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1930).
5. Henri Maspero, Taoism and Chinese Religion, trans. Frank A. Kierman, Jr. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981).
6. Kristofer Schipper, The Taoist Body, trans. Karen C. Duval (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Schipper, La Religion de la Chine. La Tradition vivante (Paris: Fayard, 2008).
7. Jullien, Vital Nourishment.
8. Cf. “Affect, That ‘Intense Depth of Words,’ ” chap. 10, this volume.
9. Jullien, Vital Nourishment.
10. Jesuit Father Nicoló Longobardi, or Nicolas Lombard (1559–1654), is one of the founders of Sinology and in particular the author of Traité sur quelques points de la religion des Chinois (Paris: Guérin, 1701).
11. Cf. Julia Kristeva, “Une Européenne en Chine,” in Pulsions du temps (Paris: Fayard, 2013).
12. Maurice Godelier, The Metamorphosis of Kinship, trans. Nora Scott (London: Verso, 2012).
13. Maspero, Taoism and Chinese Religions.
14. Cf. Jacques Lacan, Television, trans. Denis Hollier, Rosalind Krauss, and Annette Michelson (New York: Norton, 1990).
15. Cf. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1963).
16. Cf. Julia Kristeva, The Revolution in Poetic Language, trans. Margaret Waller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).
17. Cf. “Maternal Eroticism,” chap. 8 in this volume.
18. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror, trans. John Lechte, Oxford Literary Review (1982).
19. Cf. “Reliance: What Is Loving for a Mother?” chap. 2 in this volume.
20. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Female Genius, vol. 3: Colette, trans. Jane Marie Todd (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
21. Jean-Michel Lou, Corps d’enfance, corps chinois. Sollers et la Chine (Paris: Gallimard, 2012).
24. DIVERSITY IS MY MOTTO
1. Jean de la Fontaine, The Complete Fables of Jean de La Fontaine, trans. Norman R. Shapiro (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2007).
2. Cf. ‘“Affect, That ‘Intense Depth of Words,’ ” chap. 10 in this volume.
3. Cf. Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, trans. Thomas Nugent, rev. V. Prichard, based on public domain ed. (London: G. Bell, 1914).
4. Cf. Open Letter to Harlem Désir, Nations Without Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
5. Jean Giraudoux, The Trojan War Will Not Take Place, trans. Christopher Fry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955), act 22, scene 13.
6. Cf. Julia Kristeva, Intimate Revolt: The Powers and Limits of Psychoanalysis, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); and Kristeva, “Thinking About Liberty in Dark Times,” in Hatred and Forgiveness, trans. Jeanine Herman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
7. Cf. Emmanuel Kant, Philosophical Writings, trans. Ernst Behler (New York: Continuum, 1986).
8. Cf. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Routledge, 2001).
9. Cf. Martin Heidegger, The Essence of Human Freedom, trans. Ted Sadler (London: Continuum Impacts, 2002).
10. Julia Kristeva, “L’Adolescence, un syndrome d’idéalité,” in La Haine et le pardon (Paris: Fayard, 2005), 447–60.
11. Julia Kristeva, This Incredible Need to Believe, trans. Beverly Bie Brahic (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).
12. André Green, On Private Madness, trans. Katherine Aubertin (London: Karnac, 1996).
13. Cf. Kristeva, This Incredible Need to Believe.
25. THE FRENCH CULTURAL MESSAGE
1. Saint Augustine, Confessions, book 7, chap. 21:27.
2. Michel de Montaigne, Essays, book 2, chap. 1, “Of the Inconsistence of Our Actions,” trans. Donald Frame (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1965).
26. THE UNIVERSAL IN THE SINGULAR
1. Cf. “The French Cultural Message,” chap. 25 in this volume.
2. Cf. Sigmund Freud, Sexuality and the Psychology of Love, trans. Philip Rieff (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963), 65. “Not merely is woman taboo in special situations connected with her sexual life, such as during menstruation, pregnancy, child-birth and lying-in; but quite apart from these occasions intercourse with a woman is subject to such heavy restrictions that we have every reason to question the apparent sexual liberty of savages.”
3. “The free woman is just being born.” Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier (New York: Vintage, 2011).
4. Poor suburbs—TRANS.
5. Cf. “Jerusalem: Monotheisms and Secularization and the Need to Believe,” chap. 19, this volume.
6. Ni Putes Ni Soumises, feminist movement founded in 2003 by Fadela Amara that focuses primarily on the feminine condition in the banlieue.
7. Jean-Paul Sartre, The Words, trans. Bernard Frechtman (New York: Vintage, 1964).
27. CAN ONE BE A MUSLIM WOMAN AND A SHRINK?
1. Cf. Simone de Beauvoir, All Said and Done (New York: Knopf, 1972).
2. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier (New York: Knopf, 2010).
3. Beauvoir, All Said and Done.
4. Psychanalyse et Politique was one of the discussion groups linked to the women’s liberation movement as of 1970.
5. Cf. Rafah Nached, “Histoire de la psychanalyse en Syrie,” Topique, no. 110 (2010): 117–27; and Nached, “Dire l’indicible,” Psychanalyse, no. 21 (May 2011): 33–36.
6. Nached, “Histoire de la psychanalyse en Syrie,” 118, 119 (Kristeva’s emphasis).
7. Friedrich Nietzsche, “Pourquoi j’écris de si bons livres,” in Ecce Homo (Paris: Flammarion, 1992 [1888]), 12.4.
8. Nached, “Histoire de la psychanalyse en Syrie,” 123, 12.
9. Nached, “Histoire de la psychanalyse en Syrie,” 124.
10. Nached, “Dire l’indicible,” 33.
11. Rafah Nached, “Tâsîn de la préexistence et de l’ambiguïté,” Psychanalyse, no. 21 (May 2011): 53–59.
12. Nached, “Dire l’indicible,” 33–36.
13. Nached, “Histoire de la psychanalyse en Syrie,” 126.
28. ONE IS BORN WOMAN, BUT I BECOME ONE
1. Simone de Beauvoir, Pyrrus et Cineas, trans. Marybeth Timmerman, in Philosophical Writings, ed. Margaret A. Simons, Marybeth Timmerman, and Mary Beth Mader (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 89–149.
2. Simone de Beauvoir, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, trans. James Kirkup (New York: Penguin, 2001).
3. Cf. “Beauvoir Dreams,” chap. 14 in this volume; and Julia Kristeva, Female Genius, vol. 3: Colette, trans. Jane Marie Todd (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
4. MLF is the Mouvement de la liberation de la femme—women’s lib—TRANS.
5. Beauvoir, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter.
6. Simone de Beauvoir, The Mandarins, trans. Leonard M. Friedman (New York: Norton, 1956); Beauvoir, Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre, trans. Patrick O’Brian (New York: Pantheon, 1985).
7. Simone de Beauvoir, She Came to Stay, trans. Yvonne Moyse and Roger Senhouse (New York: World, 1954).
8. Simone de Beauvoir, Must We Burn Sade? trans. Annette Michelson (London: New English Library, 1952).
9. Simone de Beauvoir, America Day by Day, trans. Carol Cosman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
10. Simone de Beauvoir, “Solidarity with Israel: A Critical Support,” in Political Writings, trans. and ed. Margaret Simons, Marybeth Timmerman, and Mary Beth Mader (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2012).
11. Simone de Beauvoir, The Long March: An Account of Modern China, trans. Austryn Wainhouse (China: Phoenix, 2002). Cf. Denis Charbit, “Voyage en Utopie: La Chine de Simone de Beauvoir,” Perspectives 11 (2004): 209–37; and Julia Kristeva, “Beauvoir in China,” http://
12. Julia Kristeva, The Samurai, trans. Barbara Bray (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
13. Julia Kristeva, Murder in Byzantium, trans. C. Jon Delogu (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).