Index
Entries which appear in boldface can be found in the Glossary. Cities and countries are listed according to 1933 borders; references to variations on place names in other languages are also included. References to notes are included when unique (otherwise page references are used). Italicized page numbers refer to photographs.
Abel, Wolfgang, 200
abortion, xxxiv, 62; eugenic, 203n25; in ghettos, 142, 143; laws against, 203
Academy Award, 36n3
actions (Aktionen), 108, 132–33. See also specific actions
adoption, 193, 204–9
AFSC. See American Friends Service Committee
“Ahoy,” 256
Aktionen (actions), 108, 132–33. See also specific Aktionen
Aktion 1005 (Operation 1005), 87n26
Aktion R (Operation R), 171n30
Aktion Reinhard (Operation Reinhard), 150, 152, 170. See also specific concentration camps
Aliyah. See Youth Aliyah
All Alone (Landau, N.), 319
Allied forces: in Amsterdam, 335; in Austria, 395–96; in Buchenwald, 378; D-day invasion by, 58, 276; German occupation by, 395–96; in Neuengamme, 232; partisans cooperating with, 49; pilots of, 253n18
Ältestenrat (Council of Elders), 115, 143
amenorrhea, 141
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), 367–68
American Jewish Congress, 6
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 77–78, 101, 128, 401
Amsterdam (Netherlands), 356
Anderson shelters, 46, 47
And the World Remained Silent (Wiesel, E.), 410, 412–14
Anielewicz, Mordecai, 315n48, 324, 326
Anschluss (Austro-German unification), 15
antisemitism: towards businesses, 6, 7–8, 266–67; towards children, 4, 5, 9, 16–18, 19, 27–28; in education, 13, 14–15, 26, 27–28, 264–65; humiliation, 16–18, 19; international, 20; violence with, 15–16, 25
Apitz, Bruno, 187
Appelfeld, Aharon, 415
Appells (roll calls), xiii, 167, 168
Aptowicz, Adam, xxxviii, xxxix
Aptowicz, Richard, xxxviii, xxxix
Arbeitsunfähige (individuals unable to work), 62
armaments: factories, 249; factory camp, 187; industries, 61, 64n63, 150, 187n56
Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army), 324, 325, 394
Army, U.S., 5n13
Army Air Force, U.S., 279
Army Group South, 88n29
Arrow Cross, 103n47, 104
art, by children: examples of, 73, 159, 166, 317, 321; value of, 72, 158, 305, 306, 316–17, 320
Aryan: children, 243–45, 246–71, 282; definition of, 11n27, 74
Aryanization, 31
Asser, Lissy, 98
assimilation, Jewish, 3
Aufklärungsamt für Bevölkerungspolitik und Rassenpflege (Information Office for Population Policy and Race Cultivation), 259
Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account (Nyiszli), 160–62
Auschwitz concentration camp, xiii, 154; children at, 128, 181, 305, 420; deaths at, 150–51, 155, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 187, 223, 224, 239n86, 286n6, 293n21, 338n25; gas chambers of, 96, 148, 155, 155, 160–61, 163, 164, 370, 377; liberation of, 169, 371n53; liquidation of, 158, 417; medical experiments at, 237, 238, 238–41, 242; Sonderkommando at, 241n87
Auschwitz Decree, 195, 223
Auschwitz II-Birkenau extermination camp, xi, 148, 154; children at, 162–63, 164–70, 223–26; deaths at, 223, 296, 370; Gypsy family camp in, 223–24, 241; Kinderblock of, 312–13; revolt at, 328; runners in, 165, 166, 401; Sauna of, 166; survival of, 169–70. See also Theresienstadt family camp
Auschwitz III-Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp, 154, 377
Ausländerkinderpflegestätten (nursery care facilities), 62–65, 66
Austria: Allied occupation of, 395–96; emigration from, 20n42, 68; Nazi Party of, 15; Vienna, 15n36, 279
Austro-German unification (Anschluss), 15
Avangarda Młodzieży (Youth Avant-Garde), 338
Avram, Janka, 176–80
Awret, Azriel, 14n33
Awret, Irene Spicker, 13–14
Axmann, Artur, 244n1
Babi Yar, 87n26, 88n29, 90n33
Bad Herweck (Germany), 8
Bad Polzin (Poland), 2
Bahrmann, Harry, 278
Bajler, Szlamek, 183n50
baptism, xxxiii, 394
Barbie, Klaus, 370, 371, 372
Bárdossy, Lászlo, 103n47
Battle of Berlin, 277, 279–81
Battle of Britain, 45–46
Battle of Königsberg, 277
Battle of Nations (Völkerschlacht), 276n49
Baur, Erwin, 200n20
Bavaria, 1, 2, 29, 149
BDM. See League of German Girls
BDM Union for Belief and Beauty (BDM-Werk Glaube und Schönheit), 248
Beer Hall Putsch, 24
Beit Theresienstadt, 385n12
Bejilis, Menahem Mendel, 394n20
Belarus, 83–86
Belgium: invasion of, 96; Jewish star in, 44; Red Cross of, 366
Belorussia, 42, 332
Bełżec extermination camp, 150, 152, 153
Bergen Belsen concentration camp, 354, 354n36
Beriha (flight, migration, or exodus), 395–96
Berlin (Germany), 282n54; Battle of, 277; bombing of, 274; boycott in, 6, 7; Grunewald, 40n10; Hansaviertel, 41n12; segregation in, 39n9; University of Berlin, 224
Berlin Deaf Athletes’ Association, 245, 246–47
Berlin Society for Christian-Jewish Relations, 95
Berman, Adolf Avraham, 128, 129, 130–31
Bernburg (Germany), 171n29, 216
Beyond Despair (Appelfeld), 415, 416
Bible, 290n16, 338, 339, 340
Biebow, Hans, 115, 121, 122
Bielski, Alexander (Zus), 332–33
Bielski, Aron, 332–33
Bielski, Asael, 332–33
Bielski, Lilka Titkin, 333n16
Bielski, Tuvia, 332–33
Bielski partisans, 332–33, 334, 334
Bikernieke Forest, 127
Biology for Secondary Schools (Graf), 259
Birenbaum, Halina, 417, 418–19
Birkenau. See Auschwitz II-Birkenau
Birkenau Boys, 165
birth certificates, xl, 177
Birthday Wish I (Weissová), 307, 308
birthrate: in France, 201; in Germany, 193n4; in Łódź, 141–42
Bitter Herbs (Minco), 59
Black Saturday, 47
Blatt, Thomas (Tuvia), 329
Bleicher, Willi, 188
Blitz, 45–46, 47–48
Blitz scouts, 46
Blobel, Paul, 87, 88, 92
Block, Elisabeth, 1, 2, 9, 29–31, 32n62, 308–11
Block, Fritz, 209
Blood Protection Law (Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor), 13
Blum, Willy, 188
Blumgarten, Solomon, 290, 291
Bobrek (Poland), 377, 378
Bock, Gisela, 195
Boder, David, 378–82
Bohemia, 55n37, 401
Böhme, Horst, 55
Bolkestein, Gerrit, 353
Bondy, Curt, 20, 21
books: burning of, 258; textbooks, 259–61. See also publications
Borisenko, Petr Pavlovich, 346
Bormann, Martin, 274, 277
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 50
Bothmann, Hans, 182, 185, 186
Bouhler, Philipp, 210, 216
Bousquet, Rene, 368
boycott, 6
Boycott of April 1, 1933, 7–8
Brack, Viktor, 210, 215n50
Bramson, Ryva, 118
Brandenburg (Germany), 216
Brandt, Karl, 210, 215n50, 216
Braun, Johanna, 365
Braun, Robert, 365
Brazil, 21, 171n31, 175n36
“Break the Youth League Free,” 255
Breitenau camp, 5n12
Breitmeyer, Arno, 247n7
Bremen (Germany), 9–10
Breslau (Germany), 3
A Bridge Too Far, 58n47
Britain, Battle of, 45–46
Brith Sholom lodge, 32
British Committee for the Jews of Germany, 323–24, 357
British Mandate of Palestine, 396n26, 406
British Royal Air Force (RAF), 46, 273, 274, 279
Brunner, Alois, 373
Bruskina, Masha, 344, 345–46, 346, 347
Bryan, Julien Hequembourg, 36, 37, 37–38
Bryan, Sam, 36n4
Buchenwald Boys, 188, 404, 404, 405, 406, 407–8
Buchenwald concentration camp, 5n12, 21, 190; children at, 404, 404, 405, 406; founding of, 149; liberation of, 270, 377, 378, 404, 410; resistance at, xxxviii–xxxix, 187–88; survival of, 404, 404, 405, 406
buffered learning, 299
Bullenhuser Damm, 232, 233–35
Buna concentration camp. See Auschwitz III-Monowitz
Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), 243, 248–49, 272
Bund Deutsch-Jüdischer Jugend (League of German Jewish Youth), 21
Bündische Jugend (Youth Leagues), 247, 252
Bur, Federico Laredo, 77
Burkeville (United States), 21, 22–23
Burmeister, Walter, 183
Bursztyn, Luba, 288n13
businesses, 6, 7–8, 266–67
Butcher of Lyon, 371
butterflies, 296–97, 298
Byelaya Tserkov (Ukraine), xxii, 87–91
CAEJR. See Committee to Assist Jewish Refugee Children
Caesarian sections, 203n25
The Call of Youth, 338
Callsen Trial, 90n33
Capesius, Victor, 157n12
Carl von Ossietzky prize, 39n8, 188n58
Carter, Jimmy, 398n28
Catel, Werner, 210
Catholicism, xxxiii
Celan, Paul, 416n50
CENTOS (Central Organization for Orphan Care), 128, 130–33, 285, 341
Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith (Centralverein), 265
Central Organization for Orphan Care. See CENTOS
Centralverein (Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith), 265
chaimke (Łódź currency), 118n16
Château de la Hille, France, 366, 367, 367, 368, 369
Chełmno extermination camp, 124; deaths at, 57, 121, 123, 150, 182–83, 184–86; gas chambers of, 57; start of, 181; survival of, 170
Chetniks, 48, 49
Chiemsee (Poland), 1
children: actions for, 109, 127, 383; adoption of, 193, 204–9; antisemitism towards, 4, 5, 9, 16–18, 19, 27–28; art by, 72, 73, 158, 159, 166, 305, 306, 316–17, 317, 320, 321; Aryan, 243–45, 246–71, 282; of Byelaya Tserkov, 87–92; in concentration camps, 128, 151, 162–76, 177, 178–80, 181, 184–87, 188, 223–26, 305, 404, 404, 405, 406, 420; deaths of, xiv, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxxvi, 68, 87–90, 91–92, 93, 100, 101, 127–28, 130, 132–33, 217, 218–19, 220–21, 229, 232–35, 347; deportation of, 96–97, 109, 112–13, 123–26, 127, 127, 128, 129–30, 132–34, 178, 224–26, 303–4, 305, 368n50; emigration of, 71n5, 323–24, 357–59, 361; “euthanasia” of, 193, 209–10, 211–13, 215, 217–21; evacuation of, 32–34, 46–47, 71n5, 72, 73–75, 274, 275, 276, 285, 286, 357–59, 360, 361–68, 369, 404, 404, 405, 406, 407; in ghettos, xxviii–xxxii, 108–9, 111–14, 114, 115–16, 117, 118–20, 121, 123–26, 129–33, 284, 285, 286, 302–3, 382–83; hidden, xxiv, xxx, xxxii, xxxiii–xxxiv, 14n33, 38–39, 83, 153, 179, 188, 314, 315–16, 319, 320, 324, 347–54, 355, 356, 356, 376, 388, 389–91; labor of, 118, 119–20, 121, 137–40, 141, 176, 177, 309; in Łódź, 117; memories of, 415, 416–17; narratives of, xvi, xxiv; orphaned, xxiii, 100–101, 115, 128, 129–32, 349–50, 351, 352; play of, 262, 283–86, 291–92, 293, 293–94, 298–302, 302, 312–13, 314; publications for, 337–40; resistance of, 323, 340–41, 342, 343–44; smuggling by, 323, 340–41, 342, 343–44; as soldiers, 276–78; toys of, 261–62, 294–96, 297, 298; as “useless eaters,” 127. See also education; Germanization; Rehoboth Bastards; “Rhineland Bastards”; specific children
children’s actions (Kinderaktionen), 109, 127, 383
Children’s Aid Society. See Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants
children’s block (Kinderblock), xxxix, 312–13
children’s colony (Kinderkolonie), 115
children’s transports (Kindertransport), 71n5, 73–74, 323–24, 357–59, 361
child-supported allowances (Kindergeld), 193, 208
The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 138, 293, 294–95
Chwila (The Moment), 151
Clauberg, Carl, 236
closed number (numerus clausus), 9, 9n22
coal holidays, 272
“coal miners,” 118, 119–20, 121
collection camp, 2, 94
Cologne Navajos, 252, 253, 257
Committee for the Care of European Children, U.S., 367
Committee to Assist Jewish Refugee Children (Comité d’Assistance aux Enfants Juif Refugiés), 366
compensation, 309n42
concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), 25; after Reichskristallnacht, 149; children in, 128, 151, 162–76, 177, 178–80, 181, 184–87, 188, 223–26, 305, 404, 404, 405, 406, 420; deaths in, 121, 150–51, 152, 155, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 182–83, 184–85, 187, 223–24, 228, 239n86, 286n6, 293n21, 338n25, 370; education in, 168; food at, 168–69; function of, 149–50; play in, 312–13, 314; revolts at, 172, 173, 323, 328, 329; selection process at, 154–58, 159, 173–74, 176, 177, 178, 383, 410; survival in, 159, 160–62, 169–70, 177n42, 375, 395–97, 397, 404, 404, 405, 406. See also specific concentration camps
conscription, 268, 276–78
Conti, Leonardo, 231
Council of Elders (Ältestenrat), 115, 143
crematoria. See gas chambers
Criminal Biological Institute of the Security Police, 222
Croatia, Independent State of, 48, 228
Cuba, 77, 80
Cukier, Julian, 138
CV. See Centralverein
Czechoslovakia: Lidice, 55, 56, 57, 206; Mischlinge in, 385; occupation of, 144, 385; regulations in, 41
Czerniakow, Adam, 123
Dachau concentration camp, 5n12; founding of, 149; liberation of, 382, 382–85; medical experiments at, 235–36; political prisoners in, 103
DAF. See German Labor Front
Davenport, Charles B., 191
DAW. See German Armaments Works
D-day, 58, 276
deafness, 186, 195, 245, 246
“Death Fugue” (Celan), 416n50
death houses, 128
death marches, 169, 177n42, 377–78, 395, 406, 410, 417
deaths: of children, xiv, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxxvi, 68, 87–90, 91–92, 93, 100, 101, 127–28, 130, 132–33, 217, 218–19, 220–21, 229, 232–35, 347; civilian, 48; of communities, 87; in concentration camps, 121, 150–51, 152, 155, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172, 182–83, 184–85, 187, 223–24, 228, 239n86, 286n6, 293n21, 338n25, 370; by Einsatzgruppen, 67–68, 81–87, 88n29, 108, 228; in gas chambers, 57, 83, 94n36, 96, 123, 216, 217, 370, 412, 417; by gas vans, 82; in ghettos, 109, 110; of Gypsies, 221–22, 223–26, 227–29; in Hungary, 103, 104; in the Iasi Pogrom, 99; of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 269; in Netherlands, 59; on Reichskristallnacht, 25; in Romania, 98–99; by shooting, 82, 83–86; of soldiers, 277, 279; in Soviet Union, 332; from starvation, xxvi, 52, 54, 59, 99, 227–28, 313, 354n36; in World War I, 35, 193n4; World War II, 35, 67–68. See also “euthanasia”; suicide
“Death Trains,” 99
Decoste, Marie-Louise, 371n53
Dedijer, Vladimir, 49, 50–51
Denmark, 42n14, 274n45
deportation, 2, 44, 94; under Auschwitz Decree, 223; to Auschwitz II–Birkenau, 154; of children, 96–97, 109, 112–13, 123–26, 127, 127, 128, 129–30, 132–34, 178, 224–26, 303–4, 305, 368n50; definitions of, 68; in France, 95–97; from ghettos, 108, 112–13, 123–24, 127, 127–28, 156, 177, 181, 182–83, 184, 302–3; of Gypsies, 224–28; from Hungary, 103, 104, 410; of Romanians, 98–99. See also Great Deportation Action
depression, xxvii–xxviii. See also Great Depression
Deutekom, Dirk, 232, 235n81
Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labor Front), 268–69, 274n43
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Society), 242
Deutsche Rüstungswerke (German Armaments Works), 151–52
Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young Volk), 244, 265
Deutschkron, Inge, 38–39, 40–41
Deutschkron, Martin, 39
“Deutschlandlied” (“Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles”), 271n40
diaries, 30–31, 50–51, 70. See also specific diaries
Diary of a Young Girl (Frank, Anne), 411
The Diary of Mary Berg (Wattenberg, M.), 287n9
disabilities, people with: “euthanasia” for, 170, 182n48, 193, 209, 210, 211–14, 215; mental, 81–82, 192, 194
Disney, Walt, 312, 314
displaced persons (DP), 395; camps for, 376, 396–97, 397, 398, 399; education for, 397, 399, 399
Displaced Persons Coordinating Committee, 367n46
Di Yugent Stimme (The Voice of Youth), 338
Ðjilas, Milovan, 49, 50–51
Dobrecki, Róża, 112
Dobrecki, Seweryn, 112–13
Dobrecki, Zygmunt, 112
documentaries, 259
documentation: birth certificates, xl, 177; forged, 345, 347; working papers, xli, 137
Dom Seriot, 129
Don’t Trust a Fox in a Green Meadow or the Jew by His Oath (Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud bei seinem Eid), 261
DP. See displaced persons
Draenger, Jurek, xxxvii
Draenger, Margot, xxxvii, xxxviii
Drancy transit camp, 96, 370, 373n56
“Das drohende Unheil” (“The Threatening Calamity”), 88n28
Dror youth organization, 286, 324
Dubois, Maurice, 368, 369
Dünamünde Action, 127
Dutch Green Police, 354
Dutch Hunger Winter, 58–60, 61
Dydyna, Hedvig, 389
Earnest Bible Students (Ernste Bibelforscher). See Jehovah’s Witnesses
Eberl, Irmfried, 170–71
Écouis (Eure), France, 406, 407–8
Edelweiss Pirates, 243, 251–53, 256–57
edema, 66n65, 169
education: antisemitism in, 13, 14–15, 26, 27–28, 264–65; coal holidays from, 272; in concentration camps, 168; deprivation of, 28, 29, 30; in DP camps, 396–97, 397, 398; in ghettos, 131, 132, 283, 284, 285–89, 289, 303, 341, 350; postwar, 396–97, 397, 398, 399, 399, 406; segregation in, xvi, 9, 28, 29, 30, 40, 264, 284; teachers, 258; textbooks for, 259–61
Effektenkammer (warehouse for personal effects), 398
Ehegesundheitsgesetz (Marital Hygiene Law), 246
Ehestandsdarlehen (marriage loans), 193, 208
Ehrenreich, Frieda, 358, 359
Ehrenreich, Helmuth, 358–59, 360
Ehrenreich, Nathan, 358, 359
Ehrmann, Alice, 385, 386–87
Ehrmann, Pavla, 385
Ehrmann, Rudolf, 385
Ehrmann, Ruth, 385
Eichberg, 217
Eiche, Theodor, 231n74
Eichmann, Adolf, 103
Eichmann Trial, 83, 128n27, 130, 183n49, 298–300, 418
Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), 67–68, 81–87, 88n29, 108, 228
Einsatzgruppen Trial, 87n26
Einsatzkommando 9, 109
Einzelaktionen (individual action against Jews), 6
Eisen, George, 299
Eisner, Jisreal, 105
Eisner, Mordechai, 104
Eisner, Pinchas, 104–6
Eisner, Sorele, 105
El Al (Upwards), 337–38
emigration, 19; after Reichskristallnacht, 7, 8n21, 10, 68, 69, 73, 74; from Austria, 20n42, 68; of children, 323–24, 357–59, 361; to England, 73, 74, 75, 78, 323–24, 357–58; National Socialist policy of, 67, 68; obstacles to, 20, 71–72; to U.S., 4n11, 5, 7, 8n21, 32, 70, 76, 77–81, 81, 96, 287n9, 290n16, 320, 356, 361–65, 365. See also children; St. Louis, MS
emigration-training farm, 20, 21, 22, 24
employment: compensation for, 309n42; discrimination in, 39, 74n9; occupational training centers for, 20, 21. See also labor
An Empty House (Minco), 59
Empty Water (Żywulska), xiii
encephalitis, 218
Endurance (Oisdoier), 338
England: emigration to, 73, 74, 75, 78, 323–24, 357–58; Harwich, 73, 358; Hull, 46n24; London, 45–46, 47
Eppenstein, Ilana, 401
Epstein, Werner, 368n51
Das Erbe (The Inheritance), 259
Erbgesundheitsgesetz (Hereditary Health Law), 194–97, 198, 201–2
Erbkrank (Hereditarily Ill), 259
Ernste Bibelforscher (Earnest Bible Students). See Jehovah’s Witnesses
Essen (Germany), 273
Essen Roving Dudes, 252
Estonia, xxxv, 228, 370
ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche), 258
Eugenic and Population Biological Research Station, 222–23
eugenics, 10–13; abortions and, 203n25; adoption and, 206–9; in Germany, 191–200, 205, 237; propaganda for, 259–60; in U.S., 191–92. See also “euthanasia”; sterilization
“euthanasia,” xvn5, 62n54, 171; of adults, 215–16, 217; of children, 193, 209–10, 211–13, 215, 217–21; conditions for, 212; with disabilities, 170, 182n48, 193, 209, 210, 211–14, 215; by gas chamber, 216, 217; Hitler’s policies on, 209, 215; registration for, 213–14
evacuation. See children; emigration
Executive Committee of the Hungarian National Council in Exile, 103n47
Faltlhauser, Valentin, 218
families: home, 2n4, 375, 376; reuniting of, 375–76, 381n7, 388–89, 389, 390–95, 398, 400–405. See also specific family camps
Fast, Cyla, xl–xli
Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, 49
feeblemindedness, 192, 194, 221
Feist, Judith, 406–7, 408–9
Feist, Phillip, 407n35
Feldblum, Léa (Laja), 371
Felddegen, Lily, 366, 367
Feldhendler, Leon, 329
Fiennes, Ralph, 178n43
First Belorussian Front, 279
First Ukrainian Front, 279
Fischer, Avi, 167
Fischer, Eugen, 200
The Flame (Płomienie), 338
flight (Beriha), 395–96
Florence, Gabriel, 231, 232, 235n81
Flossenbürg concentration camp, 149
Föhrenwald (Germany), 396
food: at concentration camps, 168–69; hunger for, 51–52; labor for, 137; postwar, 408; ration cards for, 39, 40, 41, 134, 137; for Sonderkommando, 241n87. See also starvation
Fort IX, 128
Fort Montluc prison, 370
Fount of Life. See Lebensborn
Frahm, Johann, 232, 233–35
France, xxv, 41–42; Château de la Hille, 366, 367, 367, 368, 369; deportation in, 95–97; Écouis, 406, 407–8; Jewish star in, 44; La Maison d’Izieu, 369–70, 370, 371, 372, 373; Mischlinge in, 201, 202; Normandy, 58, 276; occupation of, 44; Paris, 368n50
Franco-Prussian War, 5
Franghieru, Iser, 99, 100–101, 102
Frank, Alexander, 366
Frank, Annelies (Anne), 52–53, 353, 411
Frank, Edith, 354n36
Frank, Hans, 41, 42
Frank, Karl Hermann, 55
Frank, Margo, 353
Frank, Otto, 353, 354
Frankel, Alona. See Goldman, Ilona
Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 155n11
Freiberg, Berel Dov, 170, 172–73, 330–31
French Republic, 198
Freudenheim, Fritz, 72, 73
Freund-Waldhorn, Dobka, xxxiv–xxxv
Friedman, Pavel, 296
Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, 64n63, 66
Fritzlar (Germany), 4
Frohlich, Julek, xxxiv–xxxv
“From Our Old Home to Our New Home” (“Von der alten Heimat zu der neuen Heimat”), 72
Führer Chancellery, 210
Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt (The Führer Gives a City to the Jews), 145
Gabčík, Jozef, 55
gangrene, 237
gas chambers, 83, 94n36, 150–51; of Auschwitz, 96, 148, 155, 155, 160–61, 163, 164, 370, 377; of Chełmno, 123; “euthanasia” by, 216, 217; of Sobibór, 172; survival of, 159, 160–62
gas vans, 82, 159, 182; at Chełmno, 186
GDR. See German Democratic Republic
Gebhardt, Karl, 230, 236
Gehsperre (curfew), 109, 123–24, 127, 302–4, 305, 383
Geller, Eliezer, 338
Geltungsjude, 74, 144
Generalgouvernement (General Government), 41, 42, 150, 152
Generalplan Ost (General Plan East), 200n21
German 707th Infantry Division, 344, 345, 346
German air force (Luftwaffe), 45–46, 47
German Armaments Works (Deutsche Rüstungswerke), 151–52
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 188n59
Germanization, xvn5, 56, 193, 205, 206; Lebensborn involvement in, 206–9
German Labor Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront), 268–69, 274n43
German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), 242
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 43n17
Germany: Allied occupation of, 395–96; Bad Herweck, 8; Berlin, 7, 39n9, 274, 282n54; birthrate in, 193n4; Brandenburg, 216; Bremen, 9; Breslau, 3; defeat of, 279–81; Essen, 273; eugenics in, 191–200, 205, 237; Föhrenwald, 396; foreign labor in, 61–62, 63; Fritzlar, 4; greeting in, 8, 270, 271; Grimma, 71n5; Grosse-Hamburger-Strasse, 94, 377; Hildesheim, 98; Höchst, 7; Jewish people in, 3, 3n6, 19–20, 38–39; Munich, 25, 26–27; Retzow, 398; Ruhrgebiet, 254; Schivelbein, 265, 266–67; Suttrop, 282; Voerde, 64, 65–66
German Young Volk (Deutsches Jungvolk), 244, 265
Gerrets, Ralf, 228–29, 230
Gerst, Yehuda Leib, 122n19
Gersten, Adi, 69–70
Gersten, Chaim Lazar, 69, 70
Gersten, Rosa, 69
Gersten, Thea, 69–70, 71
Gesetz über die Hitlerjugend (Law Concerning Hitler Youth), 244–45
Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses (Law for Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseases), 194–97, 198, 201–2, 213, 246, 259
Gestapo, 14, 55, 198
“The Ghetto Children’s Toys” (Rosenfeld), 294
Ghetto Chronicle, 138, 293, 294–95
ghettoization: in Hungary, 103–4; large-scale, 109; purpose of, 108
ghettos, 43; abortion in, 142, 143; children in, xxviii–xxxii, 108–9, 111–14, 114, 115–16, 117, 118–20, 121, 123–26, 129–33, 284, 285, 286, 302–3, 382–83; currency in, 118n16; deaths in, 109, 110; deportation from, 108, 123–24, 127, 128, 129–30, 156, 177; education in, 131, 132, 283, 284, 285–89, 289, 303, 341, 350; Jewish badge in, 108; life in, 107–8; orphanages in, 129–32, 350; pregnancy in, 141, 142–44; publications in, 138, 293, 294–95, 336–38; starvation in, 134–41, 148; welfare for, 118n15. See also specific ghettos
Gies, Miep, 353, 354
Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom), 261, 261
Ginz, Otto, 144
Ginz, Petr, 144, 146, 147
Ginzová, Eva, 144, 146–48
Ginzová, Maria, 144
Girls’ Organizations (Mädchenschaften), 248
“Give me your children!” (Rumkowski), 109, 123, 124–26
Gleiwitz concentration camp, 398
Glubokoye ghetto, 141
Goebbels, Josef, 261
Goldman, Gusta, 314–15, 316
Goldman, Ilona, 314–16, 317, 317
Goldman, Salomon, 314, 316
Goldschmidt-Brodsky, Alfred, 366
Goldschmidt-Brodsky, Marguerite, 366
Goldszmit, Henryk, 129
Golshany (Belorussia), 42, 43
Gordon, Aaron David, 338
Gordonia youth organization, 338
Göring, Hermann, 46
Göth, Amon, 177, 178n43, 179
Grab, Walter, 16, 17–18
Graf, Jakob, 259
Grafeneck, 216, 236n83
Great Deportation Action, 324, 342
Great Depression, 20, 361
Greater German Youth Movement (Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung), 244
Great Fire of London, 46
Great Patriotic War, 346
Greece, 41–42
greeting, German, 8, 270, 271
Grimma (Germany), 71n5
Griner, Szepsel, 351–52
Groscurth, Helmuth, 87–88, 90–92
Gross, Walter, 259
Gross-Breesen (Silesia), 20, 21, 22, 24
Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung (Greater German Youth Movement), 244
Grosse-Hamburger-Strasse (Berlin), Germany, 94, 377
Grunewald, 40n10
Grynszpan, Herschel, 24
Gumpel, Berthold, 96
Gumpel, Felicitas (Fee), 96, 97
Gumpel, Gertrud, 96
Gumpel, Kurt, 96
Gumpel, Thomas, 96, 97
Gunskirchen Lager, 401
Günther & Co., 262
Gutgold, Estera, 288n13
Gymnasium, 39n6, 286
Gypsies, 81, 123, 193, 195n8; classification of, 222–23; deaths of, 221–22, 223–26, 227–29; deportation of, 224–28; family camp, 223–24, 241; sterilization of, 223, 226. See also Roma
Gypsy camp (Zigeunerlager), 123n22
Gypsy family camp, 241
Gypsy mixed-breeds (Zigeunermischlinge), 223–26, 227
Haarlem (Netherlands), 354–55
Hachscharah, 138
Hadamar, 216
Häfner, August, 90, 91, 92
hair, cutting of, 171–72, 175–76
Hamburg-American Passenger Line (HAPAG), 80
Hart, Anita Rosemarie, 217, 218–21
Hartheim (Austria), 216
Harwich (England), 73, 358
HASAG. See Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft-Metalwarenfabrik
Ha-Shomer Ha-Za’ir, 315, 324, 327–28, 338
Hauskommando (housework detail), 182, 183
Havana (Cuba), 77, 80
Hebrew, 31
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), 367
hectography, 337
Hefelmann, Hans, 210
Hehalutz, 99, 101
Heil Hitler, 8, 15n35
Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Kaufbeuren (Kaufbeuren Sanatorium and Nursing Home), 217, 218, 219
Heinze, Hans, 210–11
Heissmeyer, August, 231
Heissmeyer, Kurt, 230–31, 232–33
Hemmendinger, Claude, 407n35
Hemmendinger, Judith, 406–7, 408–9
Hereditarily Ill (Erbkrank), 259
Hereditary Health Law (Erbgesundheitsgesetz), 194–97, 198, 201–2
Hescheles, Henryk, 151
Hescheles, Janina, 151, 152–53
heterochromia, 237
Heydrich, Reinhard, 55, 144–45
HIAS. See Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society
hidden children. See children
“Hier trägst Du mit!”, 259, 260
Hildesheim (Germany), 98
Himmler, Heinrich, 56, 68, 82, 203, 205; Auschwitz Decree of, 223; medical experiments under, 231, 236; as military leader, 276–77
Hirsch, Fredy, 167–68, 312
Hitler, Adolf, 4, 5, 52, 149, 192; “euthanasia” policies of, 209, 215; suicide of, 279
Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend), 25, 243; compulsory membership in, 244–45; evacuations by, 275; military training through, 245, 272, 273, 277; propaganda for, 246–47; resistance to, 252–57; uniforms, 406
HJ. See Hitler Youth
Höchst (Germany), 7
Hoffman-Fischel, Hanna, 167–69, 299–300, 312–13
Hohenlychen sanatorium, 230
holidays, 31n62, 116, 117, 272
Hölzel, Anton, 232, 235n81
Home General Bernheim, 366
Home Speyer, 366
Hope Is the Last to Die (Birenbaum), 418
“Horst-Wessel-Lied” (“Horst Wessel Song”), 271n40
Horthy, Miklós, 102, 104
Horwitz, Cilia “Cilly” Jutta, 74, 75
Horwitz, Margarete, 74, 75
Horwitz, Max, 74, 75
Horwitz, Sophie de Vries, 75, 76
Horwitz, Walter, 74, 75–76
Hošek, Jiři, 306
Hotel Polski, 338n25
Hottentot, 200n20
housework detail (Hauskommando), 182, 183
Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft-Metalwarenfabrik (HASAG), 187
Hull (England), 46n24
humiliation, 16–18, 19
Hundred Years’ War, 327n8
Hungary, 42, 102, 160n15; Budapest, 103–4; deaths in, 103, 104; deportations from, 103, 104, 410; evacuations to, 274n45; ghettoization in, 103–4
hunger, 51–52. See also starvation
Huntington’s chorea, 194
Hyde Farm, 21, 22–23
hypomyelia, 230
I accuse (Ich klage an), 210n44
Iasi Pogrom, 99
Ich klage an (I accuse), 210n44
identity, xxxiii–xxxv, 392
If This Is a Man (Levi), 411
Ignatievna, Mariya, 53
illegitimacy. See pregnancy
Independent Order of Brith Shalom, 361–63, 365
“I Never Saw Another Butterfly” (Friedman), 296–97
infant camps (Säuglingslager), 62–65, 66
Information Office for Population Policy and Race Cultivation (Aufklärungsamt für Bevölkerungspolitik und Rassenpflege), 259
The Inheritance (Das Erbe), 259
Institute for German History, 16n40
Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene, 237n84
intermarriage, 3, 13, 14, 74n9, 202
International Bible Study Society, 268
International Committee of the Red Cross (IRC), 24, 145, 164, 168n24, 307
International Film Foundation, 36
International Military Tribunal, 274n44
International Scouting Movement, 252n15
International Tracing Service of the Red Cross, 388
internment, 76n14
In Those Terrible Days (Zelkowicz), 303–4
Iran, 11n27
IRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross
Isle of Man, 79n19
Israel, 32, 395, 417–18. See also Palestine
Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (Jewish Community of Vienna), 32
Israeli War of Independence, 333n16
Israels, Louise, 354, 355, 356, 356
Italy, 42, 396
Izbica transit camp, 5
Izieu (France). See La Maison d’Izieu (France)
Jägala labor camp, 228
Jamaïque, SS, 72
Janowska concentration camp, 151, 152
Jasenovac concentration camp, 228
Jauch, Ewald, 232, 234
JDC. See American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 268–71
Jelén, Dorka, 288n13
Jewish Agency for Palestine, 396
Jewish badge, 32, 42, 43–44, 45, 144; in ghettos, 108. See also yellow star
“Jewish Children on the Aryan Side” (Ringelblum), 341, 348–51
Jewish Community of Berlin, 31
Jewish Community of Vienna (Israelitische Kultusgemeinde), 32
Jewish Council (Judenrat), 107–8, 110, 115, 123
Jewish Fighting Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa), 324, 325, 326, 327
Jewish Historical Commission of Kraków, 153
Jewish Military Union (Żydowski Związek Wojskowy), 325, 328
Jewish New Year, 116, 117
Jewish Order Service (also Jewish Order Police), 108, 110, 177, 178
Jewish people: anonymous, 18; in Germany, 3, 19–20, 38–39; identification of, 31–32, 144, 347, 360; identity of, xxxiii–xxxiv, 392; motherhood of, xxxiv, xxxvi; names of, 32, 33–34, 350–51, 360n41; pregnancy of, xxxv–xxxvi, 141, 142–44; regulations on, 39–42, 43–44, 68; sterilization of, 197, 309
Jewish Winterhilfe (Winter Relief Organization), 94
Jews of Zhetl, 334
jitterbugging, 251
Joan of Arc, 327
Joseph, Josef, 77–78
Joseph, Liesel, 78, 79
Jozak, Josef, 315
Judenrat (Jewish Council), 107–8, 110, 115, 123
“Juden raus!” (“Jews, Get Out!”), 262, 263
Jugendbund der NSDAP (Youth League of the Nazi Party), 244
Junghans, Richard, 40
Jungmädel (Young Girls’ League), 248, 250
Jungtruf (The Call of Youth), 338
Justin, Eva, 222, 223, 224
kaddish (prayer for the dead), 413
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 200nn20–21, 237n84
Kállay, Miklós, 103
Kapo (Lager Kapo), 167
Karlebach, Emil, xxxix
Katzenelson, Isaac, 286
Kaufbeuren concentration camp, 383
Kaufbeuren Sanatorium and Nursing Home (Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Kaufbeuren), 217, 218, 219
“Keep Not Thou Silence, O God,” 338
kibbutz, 417
Kibbutz Ben Shemen, 69
Kielce (Poland), xxiii, 400n29
Kinderaktionen (children’s actions), 109, 127, 383
Kinderblock (children’s block), xxxix, 167, 312–13
Kinderfachabteilungen (special pediatric units), 211, 217
Kindergeld (child-supported allowances), 193, 208
Kinderkolonie (children’s colony), 115
Kinderlandverschickung (KLV), 274, 275
Kindertransport (children’s transports), 71n5, 73–74, 323–24, 357–59, 361
King Matt the First (Korczak), 129
Kittelbach Pirates (KP), 252, 255–56
Klemperer, Viktor, 63
Klooga concentration camp, xxxv
KLV. See Kinderlandverschickung
Knesset, 128n27
Königsberg, Battle of, 277
Konzentrationslager. See concentration camps
Koplowicz, Abram (Avraham), 317–18
Koplowicz, Mendel, 317, 318
Koplowicz, Yochet, 317
Korczak, Janusz, 129, 130, 131, 133–34
Kornmann (Chaplain), 89
Kostewicz, Anna, 36, 37, 38
Kostewicz, Kazimiera, 36, 37, 38
Kovno (Lithuania), 127–28, 142–44
Kozłowski, Abram, 43
Kozłowski, Chasia, 43
Kozłowski, Ėlia, 43
Kozłowski, Idel, 42, 43
Kozłowski, Isaak, 43
Kozłowski, Masha, 43
Kraków (Poland), xxxvii, xxxviii, 177, 178
Krasnodar Trial, 159
Krasny Bor, 53
Kraus, Eleanor, 32–34, 361, 364–65
Kraus, Gilbert, 32–33, 361–65
Kraus, Karl, 164, 401
Kraus, Lotte, 164, 401
Kraus, Michal, 164–66, 401–3
Kristallnacht. See Reichskristallnacht
Krupp, Alfried, 64
Krysia, Hania, 397, 398
Krysia, Rozalia, 397, 398–99
Kubiš, Jan, 55
Kugelmann, Bertel, 4, 5
Kugelmann, Betty, 5n12
Kugelmann, Brunhilde, 5n12
Kugelmann, Josef, 5
Kugelmann, Max, 5n13
Kugler, Viktor, 353
Laak, Aleksander, 228–29, 230
labor: of children, 118, 119–20, 121, 137–40, 141, 176, 177, 309; compensation for, 309n42; for food, 137; foreign, 61–62, 63; prison, 150; selection for, 151, 152, 154–55, 158, 159, 164, 172, 173–74, 178, 383, 410. See also concentration camps; specific labor camps
Labor Zionism, 228
Lagerleiter, SS, 167–68
Lake Lagoda, 52
Laks, Isaac, 397, 398
Laks, Pola, 397, 398
Laks, Regina, 397–99, 399, 400
Landau, Janek, 319
Landau, Nelly, 319–20
Landau, Rose, 319, 320
Landau, Sonia, xiii
Landau, Sygmunt, 319–20
Lange, Herbert, 182
Langenhorn, 217
language, 11n27; German, 63, 168, 408; Hebrew, 31; Yiddish, 348
Lanzmann, Claude, 184
Läufer (runners), 165, 166, 401
Law against the Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities, 9, 28
Law Concerning Hitler Youth (Gesetz über die Hitlerjugend), 244–45
Law for Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseases (Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses), 194–97, 198, 201–2, 213, 246, 259
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor (Blood Protection Law), 13
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, 39, 258
Lawrence, Sidney, 356
Lazarett, 175
Łazowertówna, Henryka, 342–43
League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel), 243, 248–49, 272
League of German Jewish Youth (Bund Deutsch-Jüdischer Jugend), 21
League of Nations, 5n14
Lebensborn (Fount of Life), xvn5, 56, 193; Germanization involvement of, 206–9; homes, 203–5; start of, 202
Lehmann, Gotthold, 197
Leib, Haim, 100
Leipziger Meuten (Leipzig Gangs), 253
Lemberg atrocities, 91. See also Lvov (Poland)
lending library, 397–98
Leningrad (USSR), 52
Lenz, Fritz, 200n20
Lerman, Shmuel Milek (Miles), 398
LeVernet internment camp, 368
Levi, Primo, 411
Levine, Louis, 361, 362
Levy, Leo, 2, 308–9
Ležáky (Czechoslovakia), 55n37
liberation: of Auschwitz, 169, 371n53; of Buchenwald, 270, 377, 378, 404, 410; of Dachau, 382, 382–85; of Mauthausen, 306; of Prague, 385–87; of Theresienstadt, 385–87
Lichtenegger, 18
Lichterfelde, 282n54
Lidice (Czechoslovakia), 55, 56, 57, 206
Lilienthal, Georg, 204
Linden, Herbert, 210
Lithuania: Ponary, 109, 110; Vilna, xxxv, 109–12, 127, 289–91
“The Little Smuggler” (Łazowertówna), 342–43
“Little Stalingrad Defends Itself” (Ringelblum), 327
Litzmann, Karl, 115n11
Litzmannstadt (Poland), 115n11, 295. See also Łódź
Łódź (Poland), xiii, xxv, 5n12, 56–57, 108; birthrates in, 141–42; children in, 112–16, 117, 118, 302–3; The Chronicle of the Łodź Ghetto, 138, 293, 294–95; currency in, 118n16; deportation from, 112–13, 123–24, 181, 182–83, 184, 302–3; education in, 285, 287; Gehsperre at, 109, 123–24, 127, 302–4, 305, 383; Gypsy camp in, 123n22; liquidation of, 183, 383; longevity of, 121–22; Marysin, 115–16, 123, 140n46, 293, 303; renaming of, 115n11; social services in, 115, 122; starvation in, 135–36
Loeb, Hans, 78n19
Loewenbach, Vera, 165, 401, 403
London (England), 45–46, 47
looting, 25
Löwensberg, Ernst Moritz, 21, 22–23
Łozoswki, Rachmiel, 334–36
LTI–Lingua Tertian Imperii (Klemperer), 63
Lubien, Marion, 272
Lublin (Poland), xxvi–xxxii, xli, xxxviin12; ghetto, 291–93; Jewish people in, xli; liberation of, 329
Lueger, Karl, 15n36
Luftwaffe (German air force), 45–46, 47
Luxembourg, 41–42
Lvov (Poland), xl, 315, 316, 319, 320
Ma’ariv, 39n8
Maccabi Hazair, 138
Mädchenschaften (Girls’ Organizations), 248
Madison Square Garden, 6
Mahlow, Tutti, 13, 14
Main Office of the Personal Staff of the Reichsführer-SS, 203
La Maison d’Izieu (France), 369–70, 370, 371, 372, 373
Majdanek concentration camp, 417
Majdan Tatarski suburb, xxvii–xxxii, 291
Majzlic, Henia, 288n13
Marcus, Robert, 406, 408–9
marginalization, 9, 31–32
Marital Hygiene Law (Ehegesundheitsgesetz), 246
marriage: intermarriage, 3, 13, 14, 74n9, 202; Marital Hygiene Law against, 246; Schutzsaffel (SS) Marriage Ordinance, 203
marriage loans (Ehestandsdarlehen), 193, 208
Marx, Ingrid, 7–8
Marysin (Poland), 115–16, 123, 140n46, 293, 303
Mauriac, François, 411
Mauthausen concentration camp, 4n11, 149, 158, 178n43, 306, 354
McNeil, Olive, 47
Mechelen (Malines) transit camp, 14
medical experiments: at Auschwitz, 237, 238, 238–41, 242; at Dachau, 235–36; freezing, 236; under Himmler, 231, 236; by Mengele, 237, 238; for military, 235–36; at Ravensbrück, 230, 236; sterilization, 236; on tuberculosis, 230–35
Meir, Lazar, 335
Meissner, Honza, 387
memory, xxiv, 415, 416–17
Mendes-France, Pierre, 410–11
Mengele, Josef, 160, 163, 164–65, 239, 401; medical experiments, 237, 238; mentor of, 237, 241–42
meningitis, 218
Mere, Ain-Ervin, 228, 229
Mere trial, 229n72
Messerschmidt, George, 362
Mickey Mouse, 314
Miesbeck, Peter, 308
migration (Beriha), 395–96
Mika, Kazimiera Kostewicz, 36, 37, 38
military, 35; leaders of, 276–77; medical experiments for, 235–36; youth training, 245, 272, 273, 277. See also specific military
Minco, Marga, 59
miscegenation, 3, 3n8, 13, 14, 74n9, 202
Mischlinge (mixed-breeds), 74n8, 198, 199–200; Czech, 385; in France, 201, 202; Gypsy, 223–26, 227; sterilization of, 201–2
Mission and Conscience (Unger), 210n44
mixed-breeds. See Mischlinge
mobile killing units (Einsatzgruppen), 67–68, 81–87, 88n29, 108, 228
The Moment (Chwila), 151
Monowitz, 154, 377. See also Auschwitz III-
Monowitz
Montevideo (Uruguay), 72
Moroccans, 200–201, 202
mother-and-child transfers (Mutter-und-Kind-Verschickungen), 275n46
mothers, xxxiv; child’s connection with, xxxvi; unwed, 203–4. See also pregnancy
Movement for the Care of Children, 73, 323–24, 357
Mozes, Eva, 238
Mozes, Miriam, 238
Müller, Johann, 253
Munich (Germany), 25, 26–27
Munich Crisis, 144
Munich-Milbertshofen, 2
music, xxix, 379
Musselmann, 313
Mussfeld, Erich, 161–62, 239, 241
Mutter-und-Kind-Verschickungen (mother-and-child transfers), 275n46
“My Life Started from the End” (Birenbaum), 418, 419
Nachod (Czechoslovakia), 401
Nackt unter Wölfen (Apitz), 187
Näf, Rosa (Rösli), 368, 369
Naliboki Forest, 333, 334
names, 32, 33–34, 115n11, 350–51, 360n41
National Socialist (Nazi) Party, 4, 5, 6, 188n59, 244, 383n8; Austrian, 15; conflicting policies of, 62; emigration policy of, 67, 68; in Munich, 25; during Reichskristallnacht, 24; sterilization policies of, 193
National Socialist People’s Welfare Organization (Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt), 274, 275
National Socialist Teachers’ League, 258
National Socialist Winter Relief (Winterhilfe) association, 272
National Socialist Women’s League (NS-Frauenschaft), 248
Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt, 274, 275
Nations, Battle of, 276n49
Natzweiler concentration camp, 236
Nazi Party. See National Socialist (Nazi) Party
Netherlands, 41–42; Amsterdam, 356; blackout in, 59n49; deaths in, 59; famine, 58–60, 61; Haarlem, 354–55; Haarlemmermeer, 60n50; invasion of, 353; Jewish star in, 44; Wieringerneer, 60n50
Neuengamme concentration camp, 231, 232, 354n36
Die Neue Welt (The New World), 293n21
Neustadt-Glewe (Germany), 417
Niedernburg (Bavaria), 1, 2, 29
Niedrzwica Duża (Poland), xxxviin12
Night (Wiesel, E.), 411
Night of the Broken Glass. See Reichskristallnacht
Ninth Armored Infantry Battalion, U.S., 377, 404
Nkrumah, Kwame, 236
Noma, 237
Normandy (France), 58, 276
Norway, 41–42
Novaky labor camp, 314
NSF. See National Socialist Women’s League
NS-Frauenschaft (National Socialist Women’s League), 248
NSV. See National Socialist People’s Welfare Organization
La Nuit (Wiesel, E.), 411
numerus clausus (closed number), 9
Nuremberg Laws, 12–14, 41–42, 144, 214n49; Aryan definition in, 74
Nuremberg Medical Trial, 210n41
Nuremberg Ministries Trial, 214n49
Nuremberg Trial, Subsequent, 64n63, 206
“nursery care facilities” (Ausländerkinderpflegestätten), 62–65, 66
Nyiszli, Miklós, 160–62, 238–41
Oberrealschule (high school), 9n25
Obshestvo Remeslenofo zemledelcheskofo Truda (The Society for Trades and Agricultural Labor), 101n45
occupational training centers, 20, 21
Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (Children’s Aid Society), 324, 369, 404, 405, 407
Office V of the Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt), 62, 63, 94, 144
Ohrdruf concentration camp, 377n3
Oisdoier (Endurance), 338
Olympic Games, 247n7
Oneg Shabbat, 173, 183n50, 286, 330
On the Present Problems of the Movement (Z Problematyki ruchu w chwili obecnej), 338
Openheim, Ala, xxii–xxiii
Operation Market Garden, 58
Operation 1005 (Aktion 1005), 87n26
Operation R (Aktion R), 171n30
Operation Reinhard (Aktion Reinhard), 150, 152, 170. See also specific concentration camps
Operation T4 (“Euthanasia” program), 170, 171n29, 210n42, 216, 217; leaders of, 231n75
Opetka, 353
Opfer der Vergangenheit (Victims of the Past), 259
Oradea (Romania), 160
Organisation Todt, 66n64
orphans. See children
OSE. See Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants
Ostmark (Austria), 15, 41
OŚwięcim (Poland). See Auschwitz
Palestine, 20, 69, 69n2, 99n43, 406n34; British Mandate of Palestine, 396n26, 406; Jewish Agency for Palestine, 396
Pallarés, Renée, 392
Paris (France), 368n50
partisans, 323, 332–34, 334, 335–36
Passage: A War Diary (Voeten), 59
passports, 32
Pawiak Prison, 287n9, 327
Pechersky, Aleksandr “Sasha,” 329
People’s Liberation Army, 48–49
Peretz, Aharon, 142, 143–44, 298–99
Persian Empire, 10–11
Petrova Gora (Yugoslavia), 51
Peukert, Detlev, 251
Pfadfinder (Scout Movement), 247
Pfeffer, Fritz, 353
Philadelphia (United States), 32
photojournalism, 36, 37–38. See also specific photos
Piaski ravine, 152
Pick, Mařka, 387
Pieszyce, xxiii
pilots, 253n18
Pimpfe, 265, 266–67
Piski ravine, 152
Płaszów concentration camp, 177, 178–80
play, 283–86, 291–92, 293, 293–94; in concentration camps, 312–13, 314; by females, 301; realistic, 298–302, 302. See also children
Płomienie (The Flame), 338
Podchlebnik, Mordechai, 183n50
pogroms, 1–2, 400n29; Iasi, 99; Kristallnacht, 2, 21, 24, 26
The Poisonous Mushroom (Der Giftpilz), 261, 261
Poland, xxi, 63; Bad Polzin, 2; Chiemsee, 1; ghettos in, 107; invasion of, 35, 36, 61, 88n29, 107, 109, 332n15; Jewish people in, xxvi, 319n55; Kielce, xxiii, 400n29; Kraków, xxxvii, xxxviii, 177, 178; Lublin, xxvi–xxxii, xxxviii, xli, xxxviin12, 291–93, 329; Lvov, xl, 315, 316, 319, 320; Niedrzwica Duża, xxxviin12; orphanages in, 351; Połczyn-Zydrój, 2n2; postwar violence in, 400; regulations in, 41; Warsaw, xiii, xxxii, 107, 108, 109, 121, 128, 129–30, 284, 285, 286–87, 323, 324–28, 336–38; Wartheland, 112, 181; Wrocław, 3n9
Połczyn-Zydrój (Poland). See Bad Polzin (Poland)
Police Decree Concerning the Designation of Jews (Polizeiverordnung über die Kennzeichnung der Juden), 44
Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa), 324, 325, 394
Polish Orphan’s Society, 129
political prisoners, 103
Polizeiverordnung über die Kennzeichnung der Juden (Police Decree Concerning the Designation of Jews), 44
Polowiec, Tadeusz, 389–90
Pomerania (Germany), 2
Ponary (Lithuania), 109, 110
Popowski, Diana, 392
Potucnik, Mathias, 208, 209
Prague (Czechoslovakia), 289, 385–87
Pŕani k narozeninám I (Weissová), 307, 308
pregnancy, 59–60, 62n57, 109; adoption after, xl, 206–9; amenorrhea and, 141; encouragement of, 203–4; of foreign laborers, 62, 63; in ghettos, 141, 142–44; of Jewish people, xxxv–xxxvi, 141, 142–44; in Kovno, 142–44; Rehoboth Bastards and, 200n20; “Rhineland Bastards” and, 193, 197–98; of unwed mothers, 203–4. See also abortion; sterilization
President Harding, SS, 365, 365
President’s Commission on the Holocaust, 398n28, 409
Prezylam Ošwiaęcim (Żywulska), xiiin1
prison: Fort Montluc, 370; labor in, 150; Pawiak, 287n9, 327
propaganda, 246–47, 257–63
The Prophet (Katzenelson), 286n6
protective custody (Schutzhaft), 267
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 144
protest rallies, 6, 267
Prussian Interior Ministry, 198, 199
Psalm 83, 338, 339, 340
publications: for children, 337–40; in ghettos, 138, 293, 294–95, 336–38. See also specific publications
puppet governments, 41–42
Quenouille, René, 231, 232, 235n81
Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA), 203, 205, 206
race defilement (Rassenschande), 13, 14
racial community (Volksgemeinschaft), 10n26, 193–94, 268
racial theories. See eugenics
Radio Oranje, 353
RAF. See British Royal Air Force
Raiter, Raymond, 64
rape, 198, 279–80, 281
Rassenschande (race defilement), 13, 14
ration cards, 39, 40, 41, 134, 137
Ravensbrück concentration camp, 5n12, 56, 57n46, 149; medical experiments at, 230, 236
razzias (roundups), 95–96, 121, 303
Realschule, 9n25, 272n41
Rechtman, Zwia, xxxvi–xxxvii
Red Army, xli, 43, 52, 279–80
Red Cross, 366. See also International Committee of the Red Cross; International Tracing Service of the Red Cross
refugee organizations, 323–24. See also specific organizations
Rehoboth Bastards, 200n20
Reicharbeitsdienst (Reich Labor Service), 277
Reich Association of Jews in Germany (Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland), 357
Reich Citizenship Law (Reichsbürgergesetz), 13. See also Nuremberg Laws
Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of German Ethnicity (Reichskommissariat für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums), 205, 206
Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Severe Hereditary and Congenital Disorders (Reichsausschuss zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung von erb- und anlagebedingten schweren Leiden), 211, 213–14, 217
Reichdienststelle (Reich Office) KLV, 275
Reich Interior Ministry, 32, 210, 211
Reich Labor Service (Reicharbeitsdienst), 277
Reichleitner, Franz, 171
Reich Office of the Criminal Police (Reichskriminalpolizeiamt), 222, 222n61
Reich Representation of Jews in Germany (Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland), 20, 21, 28, 265n33, 357n40
Reichsausschuss zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung von erb- und anlagebedingten schweren Leiden (Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Severe Hereditary and Congenital Disorders), 211, 213–14, 217
Reichsbürgergesetz (Reich Citizenship Law), 13. See also Nuremberg Laws
Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt), 62, 63, 94, 144
Reichskommissariat für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums (Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of German Ethnicity), 205, 206
Reichskriminalpolizeiamt (Reich Office of the Criminal Police), 222
Reichskristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass), 2, 24, 26; concentration camps after, 149; deaths on, 25; emigration after, 7, 8n21, 10, 68, 69, 73, 74
Reichsmark, 118n15, 213, 259, 333
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office), 62, 63, 94, 144
Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (Reich Association of Jews in Germany), 357
Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (Reich Representation of Jews in Germany), 20, 21, 28, 265n33, 357n40
Reifman, Leon, 370
Rel, Zugwachmann, 331
religion, xxxiii–xxxiv, 10, 25, 27, 268–71, 394
reparation payments, 257
repatriation, 62, 395, 402, 403
resistance: at Buchenwald, xxxviii–xxxix, 187–88; of children, 323, 340–41, 342, 343–44; executions of, 344, 345–46, 346; females in, 327–28, 344, 345; forms of, 323–24; to Hitler Youth, 252–57; partisans in, 323, 332–34, 334, 335–36; Polish, xiii; protest rallies as, 6, 267; publications as, 336–37; rioting as, 25. See also specific resistance actions
Retzow (Germany), 398
Reuss, Joseph Maria, 87, 89–90
Reuss, Robert, 33
Rhakotis, MS, 80
Rheinberger, Franz, 253
“Rhineland Bastards” (“Rheinland-Bastarde”), 193, 197–98
Rhine River, 58
Riga ghetto, 108n2, 127
“Righteous Among the Nations”, 152n8, 368nn48–49, 369
Ring Bund Jüdische Jugend, 21
Ringelblum, Emmanuel, 183n50, 327, 336, 341, 348–51
Ritter, Robert, 222, 223, 224n66
RKFDV. See Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of German Ethnicity
RKPA. See Reich Office of the Criminal Police
Rogers, Edith, 361
roll calls (Appells), xiii, 167, 168
Roma, 221–29, 227; in Independent State of Croatia, 228; policies for, 193, 195n8, 227–28. See also Gypsies
Romania, 42, 160; deaths in, 98–99; Oradea, 160; population of, 98; Roma in, 227–28
romanticism (Wandervögel), 252n15
Roosevelt, Franklin, 78
Roosevelt, Teddy, 263n31
Rosenfeld, Oskar, 134–35, 138, 293, 294–95
Rosh Hashanah, 117n13
roundups (razzias), 95–96, 121, 303
Royal Air Force, 46. See also British Royal Air Force
Rozenstrauch, Gucia, 288n13
Rudashevski, Yitskhok, 110–12, 289–90
Ruhrgebiet (Germany), 254
Rum, David, 383
rumki (Łódź currency), 118n16
Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 109, 115, 116, 117, 302; compliance policy of, 122, 123, 124; criticism of, 122; “Give me your children!” speech by, 109, 123, 124–26
runners (Läufer), 165, 166, 401
RuSHA. See Race and Settlement Main Office
Russell, Charles Taze, 268
Rysinska, Josefa “Ziutka,” 152, 153
SA. See Sturmabteilung
Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 149, 236
St. Germaine-en-Laye Treaty, 15n37
Sankt Josefspflege, 224, 227
Sauckel, Fritz, 62
Säuglingslager (infant camps), 62–65, 66
Sauna, 166
Savichev, Nicolai Rodionovich, 53
Savicheva, Nina, 53
Savicheva, Tanya, 52–53, 54, 54
Schacter, Herschel, 406
Scheine (work certifications), 137
Scheurenberg, Klaus, 94, 95, 95
Scheurenberg, Lucie, 94
Scheurenberg, Paul, 94, 95
Schiff, Charlene, xxiv–xxv
Schiff, Edward, xxvn5
Schindler’s List, 177, 178n43
Schink, Bartholomäus, 253
Schivelbein (Germany), 265, 266–67
Schlachtensee Displaced Persons Camp, 397, 399
Schlotz-Klink, Gertrud, 231n74
Schumann, Horst, 215n50, 236
Schütz, Adolf, 253
Schutzhaft (protective custody), 267
Schutzstaffel (SS), Marriage Ordinance of, 203
Schutzstaffel (SS), 6, 55, 81, 108, 150, 377
Schwarz, Günther, 253
Schweitzer, Albert, 368n48
Schwesternschaften (Sisterhood Organizations), 248
Scout Movement (Pfadfinder), 247, 252
SD. See Security Service
Second Decree for the Implementation of the Law for the Changing of Family Names and First Names, 32
Secours Suisse aux Enfants (Swiss Children’s Aid), 366, 368
Security Police (Sipo), 56, 81
Security Service (SD), 81
segregation: in Berlin, 39n9; in education, xvi, 9, 28, 29, 30, 40, 264, 284; in public places, 7, 8, 31–32
Seitz, Franz Josef, 269–71
Seitz, Willi, 269, 270–71
selection process (selektsyes): at concentration camps, 154–58, 159, 173–74, 176, 177, 178, 383, 410; for labor, 151, 152, 154–55, 158, 159, 164, 172, 173–74, 178, 410
Sendung und Gewissen (Unger), 210n44
Shcherbatsevich, Volodya, 344, 345, 346, 346
Shcherbatsevicha, Olga, 345
Shek, Alisa, 385, 386–87
Shek, Ze’ev, 385
Shereshevski, Avreyml, 336
Sh’erit ha Pletah (Surviving Remnant), 396
Shmulewitz, Icek, 177
Shmulovitch, Malke, 335
Shoah, 184
Sholomville, 365
Sicherheitsdienst (SD). See Security Service
Siege, 36n3
Siege of Orleans, 327n8
Siegfried Line, 276
Siewart, Robert, 188
Silberbart, Gert, 377–81, 382
Singer, Oskar, 137–38, 139–40
Sinti, 227. See also Gypsies; Roma
Sipo. See Security Police
Sisterhood Organizations (Schwesternschaften), 248
SK 4a. See Sonderkommando 4a
Skarzysko Kamienna munitions factory, xxxviii
slojska (Sluice), 147, 307
Slovakia, 274n45
Slovak State, 144
Słowo Młodych (Young People’s Voice), 338, 339, 340
Sluice (slojska), 147, 307
smuggling, 323, 340–41, 342, 342–43
Snow White, 312
Sobibór extermination camp, 150, 170, 172, 173–74
Sobibór Uprising, 173, 323, 329, 330–32
Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei), 188n59
social services, 115, 122
The Society for Trades and Agricultural Labor (Obshestvo Remeslenofo zemledelcheskofo Truda), 101n45
soldiers: children as, 276–78; conscription of, 268, 276–78; deaths of, 277, 279
Sonderbehandlung (special treatment), 164
Sonderkommando, 161, 172, 182; at Auschwitz, 241n87; liquidation of, 183
Sonderkommando 4a (SK 4a), 86–87, 92
Sonderkommando Lange, 182
The Song of the Slaughtered Jewish People (Katzenelson), 286n6
Sonnenstein, 216, 236n83
Soviet Union: children from, 63; deaths in, 68, 332; invasion of, 42, 43n17, 47, 61, 82, 88n29, 109; Prague’s liberation by, 385–87; Roma in, 228
Sozialistische Einheitspartei (Socialist Unity Party), 188n59
Spanish Civil War, 49
special pediatric units (Kinderfachabteilungen), 211, 217
special treatment (Sonderbehandlung), 164
Srebrnik, Szymon “Spinnefix”, 183, 184–86
Šroubkov, Josef, 57
Šroubkov, Josef, Sr., 57n45
Šroubková, Marie, 57–58
SS. See Schutzstaffel
SS Race and Settlement Main Office (SS Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt), 56
St. Louis, MS, 77, 78, 79, 79–81, 81
Staatsbürgerschaft (state citizenship), 13
Stach (agronomist), xxvix–xxx, xxxi
Stadtroda, 217
Stangl, Franz, 170–71, 175n36
starvation: deaths from, xxvi, 52, 54, 59, 99, 227–28, 313, 354n36; during Dutch Hunger Winter, 58–60, 61; in ghettos, 134–41, 148; of infants, 65, 66
state citizenship (Staatsbürgerschaft), 13
State Department, U.S., 78
sterilization, 2, 192, 193; conditions for, 194–95, 196, 246; extralegal, 195n8; of Gypsies, 223, 226; of Jewish people, 197, 309; medical experiments, 236; of mixed-breeds, 201–2; public response to, 259; of “Rhineland Bastards,” 198
Stern, Heinemann, 20
Storm Division (Sturmabteilung), 2, 244, 308–9
A Story of a Life (Appelfeld), 415
Strasser, Marguerite, 25–26
Straucher, Maria, 389–91
Streicher, Julius, 6, 261
Strippel, Arnold, 232, 234
Stroop, Jürgen, 326
Stuckart, Wilhelm, 213–14
Sturmabteilung (SA), 2, 244, 308–9
Der Stürmer, 6, 8, 27, 261
Stutthof concentration camp, 164
Sudetenland, 24, 144
Suedfeld, Peter, 388
suicide: of Jewish people, 55n34, 77n15, 152, 173, 182n49, 279, 324n2, 326; postwar, 171n29, 175n36, 182n49, 210n39, 210n43, 229n72, 231n75, 241n88, 274n44, 279
survival. See concentration camps
Survival in Auschwitz (Levi), 411n40
Surviving Remnant (Sh’erit ha Pletah), 396
Suttrop (Germany), 282
swimming pools, 7, 8
Swing Kids (Swingjugend), 251
Swiss Aid Cartel for Child War Victims, 368n49
Swiss Children’s Aid (Secours Suisse aux Enfants), 366, 368
Swiss Red Cross, 366
synagogues, 25, 27
Szabo, Magda, 155, 156–58
Szalasi, Ferenc, 104
Sztójay, Döme, 103
Szulberg, Gizela, 393–95
Szulberg, Michał, 393
Szulberg, Necha, 393
Tage und Nächte (Rosenfeld), 293n21
tattoos, 181, 420
teachers, 258
Teacher with Children Wearing Black Uniforms (Toll, N.), 320
Tec, Nechama, 291–92
Teddy Bear, 262, 263n31
Teheran Conference, 48n27
Terezin. See Theresienstadt
Tewes, Ernst, 87, 89
textbooks, 259–61
Thalhimer, William, Sr., 21, 23
“There Is My Soul” (Birenbaum), 418–19
Theresienstadt (Terezin), 158, 305; ghetto in, 94, 144, 145–48, 158; liberation of, 385–87; Red Cross at, 145, 307; Small Fortress, 385
Theresienstadt family camp, 163–64, 167–68; liquidation of, 401; play at, 299–300; Red Cross at, 164. See also Auschwitz II-Birkenau
Thomas, Werner, 245, 245n3, 246–47
“The Threatening Calamity” (“Das drohende Unheil”), 88n28
Through the Eyes of a Twelve-Year-Old Girl (Hescheles, J.), 153
Time of Struggle, 257
Tito, Josip Broz, 49
“Todesfuge” (Celan), 416n50
Todt, Fritz, 66n64
Toll, Ervin, 320
Toll, Nelly, 319–20
Tortszyld, Pola, 288–89
Total War, 35
toys, 261–62, 294–95; butterfly, 296, 297, 298
transit camps, 5n12, 14n33, 96, 152. See also specific transit camps
Transnistrian Reservation, 99, 101, 227, 415
Transylvania, 410
Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud bei seinem Eid (Don’t Trust a Fox in a Green Meadow or the Jew by His Oath), 261
Treaty of St. Germaine-en-Laye, 15n37
Treaty of Trianon, 102n46, 160n15
Treaty of Versailles, 15, 257
Treblinka extermination camp, 70, 128, 130, 133; commandant of, 170–71; Great Deportation Action to, 324, 325; revolt at, 328
Trianon Treaty, 102n46, 160n15
Troper, Morris C., 78, 79, 79–80
trotyl, xxxviiin15
Trunk, Isaiah, 383n8, 384
Trus, Kiril, 344, 345
Trzebinkski, Alfred, 232
tuberculosis, 230–35
twins, 237, 238
typhus, 354, 401
“U-boat,” 38, 38n5, 39
Ukraine, xxii, 87–91; Lviv. See Lvov (Poland)
Umschlagplatz, 129, 130, 342
Un di Velt Hot Geshvign (Wiesel, E.), 410, 412–14
Unger, Hellmuth, 210
Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime, 188n59
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA), 209, 381n7, 396
United States (U.S.): Burkeville, 21, 22–23; emigration to, 4n11, 5, 7, 8n21, 32, 70, 76, 77–81, 81, 96, 287n9, 290n16, 320, 356, 361–65, 365; eugenics in, 191–92; jitterbugging in, 251n13; Philadelphia, 32; State Department, 78
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), xvii, xxvn5, 315, 356, 398n28, 409n38
University of Berlin, 224
University of Tel Aviv, 16n40
UNRRA. See United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency
Untermensch (inferior being), 27n57
Upwards (El Al), 337–38
Uruguay, 72
U.S. See United States
USHMM. See United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Ustaše regime, 49, 50
V-1 flying bombs, 47
van Pels, Hermann, 353, 354n36
van Pels, Peter, 354n36
Vélodrome d’Hiver, 368n50
Verešová, Charlotta, 306
Versailles Treaty, 15, 257
Veselá, Dagmar, 56n41
Vichy regime, 44, 96, 368n50
Victims of the Past (Opfer der Vergangenheit), 259
vide (prayer confessing sins), 174, 413
Vienna (Austria), 15n36, 279
Viik, Jaan, 228–29, 230
Vilna (Lithuania), xxxv, 109–12, 127, 289–91
Vilner Tog, 110, 289–90
Viniki forced labor camp, 398n28
Virginia Plan, 21, 22
visas, 20, 32, 77, 78; dead-number, 364; quota system of, 363–64; work, 96
Vistula River, xivn2
Vittel internment camp, 286n6, 287n9
Voerde (Germany), 64, 65–66
Voeten, Bert, 59–60
The Voice of Youth (Di Yugent Stimme), 338
Volk comrade (Volksgenosse), 10
Völkerschlacht (Battle of Nations), 276n49
Völkischer Beobachter, 278
Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), 258
Volksgenosse (Volk comrade), 10
Volksgemeinschaft (racial community), 10n26, 193–94, 268
Volksschule, 17, 260, 269
Volkssturm, 276, 277
vom Rath, Ernst, 24
von Bülow, Gabriele, 30n61
“Von der alten Heimat zu der neuen Heimat” (“From Our Old Home to Our New Home”), 72
von Etzdorf, Hasso, 88n28
von Humboldt, Wilhelm, 30n61
von Neurath, Konstantin, 144n51
von Reichenau, Walther, 88
von Sammern-Frankenegg, Ferdinand, 326
von Schirach, Baldur, 244, 275
von Sydow, Anna, 30n61
von Tschammer und Osten, Hans, 171, 247
von Verschuer, Otmar, 237, 241, 242
Waffen-SS platoon, 87
Wagner, Gustav, 175n36, 231n75
Wagner, Robert, 361
Wagners-Rogers Bill, 361
Waldkommando, 183n50, 184, 185
Wandervögel (romanticism), 252n15
Wannsee Conference, 95, 145
warehouse for personal effects (Effektenkammer), 398
war-guilt clause, 257
Warsaw (Poland), xxxii; ghetto of, 108, 109, 121, 128, 129–30, 284, 285, 286–87, 338n25; sewer system of, 338n25
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 108, 286, 323, 324–28, 338n25
Wartheland (Poland), 112, 181
Wasser, Bluma, 173, 330
Wasser, Hersh, 330
The Watchtower, 268
Watch Tower Society, 268
Wattenberg, Lena, 287
Wattenberg, Miriam (Mary Berg), 286–87
Wehrmacht troops, 41, 68, 87
Weimar Republic, 3
Weiss, Irena, 305, 306
Weiss, Otto, 158, 305, 306
Weissová, Helga, 158, 159, 305, 306–7, 308
Wentzler, Ernst, 210, 211
“We Remain True to the Polar Bears,” 255
Wessel, Horst, 271n40
Westerbork transit camp, 354–55
Western Wall (Westwall), 276
West German Chełmno Trial, 183
Westwall (Western Wall), 276
“When I Am Twenty” (Koplowicz, A.), 318
The White Life (Katzenelson), 286n6
White Paper, 69n2
Wiener, Jacob. See Zwienicki, Gerd
Wieringerneer (Netherlands), 60n50
Wiesel, Beatrice, 410
Wiesel, Elie, 409–11, 412–14
Wiesel, Hilda, 410
Wiesel, Sarah Feig, 409–10
Wiesel, Shlomo, 409, 410
Wiesel, Tzipora, 410
Wiesenthal, Simon, 171
Wilczik, Gerhard, 87, 89
Wilczyńska, Stefania, 129, 130, 133, 134
Wilson Railway Station, 402
Winter Relief Organization (Jewish Winterhilfe), 94
Wirths, Eduard, 241
Wirtz, Ernst, 64–65, 66
Witzler, Pierre-Marcel, 369
Wojtek, Krysia, 319
Wojtek, Michaj, 319
Wolf, Josef, 329
Wołowicz, Guta, 288n13
work certifications (Scheine), 137
working papers, xli, 135, 137
World War I, 5, 15; deaths in, 35, 193n4
World War II, 35, 67–68
World Zionist Organization, 396n26
Wrocław (Poland), 3n9
Yad Vashem, 318, 368n48
Yehoash, 290, 291
yellow star, 32, 42, 43–44, 45, 144, 309
Yerushalmi, A., 334
YIVO, 291
Yoselewska, Rivka, 83–86
Young Girls’ League (Jungmädel), 248, 250
Young Guard (Yunge Gwardie), 338
Young People’s Voice (Słowo Młodych), 338, 339, 340
Youth Aliyah, 69, 139, 315n48, 338, 397
Youth Avant-Garde (Avangarda Młodziży), 338
Youth League of the Nazi Party (Jugendbund der NSDAP), 244
Youth Leagues (Bündische Jugend), 247, 252
youth organizations, 243–47, 256–57; for females, 248–50, 251; military training in, 245, 272, 273, 277; publications of, 337–38. See also specific youth organizations
Yugoslavia, 41–42, 48, 51
Yugoslav Partisan Movement, 48–49
Yunge Gwardie (Young Guard), 338
Zagrodski (Belarus), 83–86
Zarathustra, 10
Żegota, 128n27, 152–53, 324
Ze’irei Zion, 315n48
Zelkowicz, Josef, 117–20, 138, 303–4
Zielke, Regina, 309
Zigeunerlager (Gypsy camp), 123n22
Zigeunermischlinge, 223–26, 227
Zlatin, Miron, 369
Zlatin, Sabine, 369, 371
złoty, 341, 349
ŻOB. See Jewish Fighting Organization
Z Problematyki ruchu w chwili obecnej (On the Present Problems of the Movement), 338
Żurawski, Max, 183n50, 184, 186
Zweig, Helena, 187
Zweig, Stefan Jerzy, xxxix, 187–89, 190
Zweig, Sylvia, 187
Zweig, Zacharias, xxxix, 187
Zwienicki, Gerd, 9, 10–11
Zwienicki, Selma, 10
Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, 324, 325, 326, 327
Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (Jewish Military Union), 325, 328
Zyklon B, 162
Żywulska, Krystyna, xiii
ŻZW, 325, 328