INTRODUCTION
1. One notable exception was Pyotr Durnovo, a former Russian interior minister who became a member of the tsar’s State Council. He wrote a prophetic memorandum to the tsar in February 1914, arguing that a European war would not remain limited, would not offer any concrete benefits to Moscow even if victorious, and would impose such enormous costs on Russia that it would ruin the economy and provoke a social revolution.
2. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 168–169.
3. Kissinger, Diplomacy, p. 194.
4. “Hillary Clinton Says Vladimir Putin’s Crimea Occupation Echoes Hitler,” Guardian, March 6, 2014, https://
5. Aaron Blake, “All of These People Have Compared Vladimir Putin to Hitler,” Washington Post, March 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/05/all-of-these-people-have-compared-vladimir-putin-to-hitler/?utm_term=.764188d526c2.
6. Terrence McCoy, “Here’s ‘Putler:’ The Mash-Up Image of Putin and Hitler Sweeping Ukraine,” Washington Post, April 23, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/23/heres-putler-the-mash-up-image-of-putin-and-hitler-sweeping-ukraine/?utm_term=.8101da5af7da.
7. Thomas Donnelly and Gary Schmitt, “Could ‘Zapad’ Be a Trojan Horse?,” CNN, September 13, 2017, https://
8. Larisa Brown and Chris Greenwood, “Russian Cyber Attacks ‘Could Cripple UK’: Intelligence Chief Warns Kremlin Agents Have the Capacity to Shut Down Power Supplies, Hijack Air Traffic Control and Even Disable Air Conditioning,” Daily Mail, March 7, 2018, http://
9. Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2017), https://
10. Christopher Mele, “Morgan Freeman Angers Russians Over Video About 2016 Election,” New York Times, September 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/world/europe/morgan-freeman-russia-video.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=6901E1DC7DF87A2ACC182E69FBFB9D84&gwt=pay.
11. See Anne Applebaum’s arguments in Stephen F. Cohen, Vladimir Pozner, Anne Applebaum, and Garry Kasparov, Should the West Engage Putin’s Russia?: The Munk Debates (Toronto, ON: House of Anansi Press, 2015).
12. Dan Kovalik, “Rethinking Russia: A Conversation with Russia Scholar Stephen F. Cohen,” Huffington Post, updated July 7, 2017, https://
13. John J. Mearsheimer, “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault,” Foreign Affairs, August 28, 2014, https://
14. Thomas L. Friedman, “Foreign Affairs; Now a Word from X,” New York Times, May 2, 1998, http://
15. For further explanation of the “spiral model” argument, see Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 58–113.
16. Ronald Asmus, A Little War That Shook the World (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2010).
17. Andrew Rettman, “EU-Sponsored Report Says Georgia Started 2008 War,” EUobserver, September 20, 2009, https://
18. Ben Smith, “US Pondered Military Use in Georgia,” Politico, https://
19. Cohen, Pozner, Applebaum, and Kasparov, Should the West Engage Putin’s Russia?
20. Mearsheimer, “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault.”
21. “Russia Sends Two Nuclear-Capable Bombers to Venezuela,” Associated Press, December 10, 2018.
22. Kissinger, Diplomacy, p. 174.
23. Ankit Panda, “Actually, Russia’s Population Isn’t Shrinking,” Diplomat, May 1, 2014, https://
24. Doing Business 2019, World Bank Group, http://
25. Russell L. Ackoff, “The Corporate Rain Dance,” Wharton Magazine, winter 1977, pp. 6–41.
26. Noteworthy examples include Angela Stent’s Limits of Partnership and Robert Legvold’s Return to Cold War.
27. The term wicked problem originated in the 1960s in the field of management science. It refers to a situation in which numerous interlinked systemic factors combine and reinforce one another to produce a problem bordering on insolubility, where efforts to address one part of the problem tend to create or exacerbate others. Wicked connotes the difficulty of grappling with the problem rather than any evil nature.