ABBREVIATIONS IN ENDNOTES
| AR | Audrey Richards |
| CUP | Cambridge University Press |
| DH | David Hunter |
| FW | Francis Wilson |
| GW | Godfrey Wilson |
| IAI | International African Institute |
| IW | Ilse Wilson |
| JH | Jessie Hunter |
| LSE | London School of Economics |
| LW | Lindy Wilson |
| MH | Monica Hunter |
| MW | Monica Wilson |
| NAZ | National Archives of Zambia |
| OUP | Oxford University Press |
| RB | Richard Brown |
| RLI | Rhodes-Livingstone Institute |
| SM | Seán Morrow |
| TW | Tim Wilson |
| UCT | University of Cape Town |
| WHP | Wilson Home Papers |
| WP | University of Cape Town, BC880, Monica and Godfrey Wilson Papers |
| WPU | University of Cape Town, BC880, Monica and Godfrey Wilson Papers: unsorted |
In references to archival material, dates in square brackets are deduced from context; with books they indicate the original date of publication of a book consulted in a later edition.
EPIGRAPH
1.Quoted in WP, B1, MW/GW, 4 May 1937.
PREFACE
1.Andrew Bank and Leslie J. Bank, eds, Inside African Anthropology: Monica Wilson and Her Interpreters (Cambridge: CUP, 2013), pp. 193–223, 283–307.
CHAPTER 1
1.Jonny Steinberg, Three-Letter Plague: A Young Man’s Journey Through a Great Epidemic (Cape Town: Jonathan Ball, 2008), pp. 242–243; MH, Reaction to Conquest: Effects of Contact with Europeans on the Pondo of South Africa (London: OUP for IAI, 1936).
2.Robert H.W. Shepherd, Lovedale South Africa: The Story of a Century, 1841–1941 (Lovedale: Lovedale Press, 1940), p. 427.
3.Quoted in John McCracken, Politics and Christianity in Malawi: The Impact of the Livingstonia Mission in the Northern Province (Cambridge: CUP, 1977), p. 224.
4.George Eyre-Todd, A Biographical Dictionary of Nearly Five Hundred Living Glasgow Citizens and of Notable Citizens who have Died since 1st January, 1907 (Glasgow: Gowans and Gray, 1909), available at http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/eyrwho/eyrwho0821.htm; http://www.scotcities.com/warehouses.htm, accessed 11 July 2011; WHP, JH/MH, 5 March 1925, Lovedale; MH/JH, 4 May 1925, Port Elizabeth; Anthony Slaven and Sydney Checkland, eds, Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography, 1860–1960, Vol. 1, The Staple Industries (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1986), pp. 421–422. Thanks to John McCracken for this reference; WP, AA21, ‘Some Notes for a Family Tree’, collected by David’s brother Walter K Hunter, MD, DSc, LLD, 1947.
5.WP, AA21, ‘Some Notes’; interview SM/FW (i), Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7 March 2008 (int. SM/FW (i)); http://www.glasgowwestaddress.co.uk/Dowanside_Road/21_Dowanside_Road.htm, accessed 7 July 2011; WP, BB1, Letter book DH, Feb. 1897–March 1913, DH/[Alexander] Miller [Convener, Foreign Mission Committee of the Free Church of Scotland], 18 Nov. 1910, Lovedale.
6.WP, A2.14, family tree. David wrote to the government land surveyor when he purchased the property that he wished it to be called Hunterstoun: ‘it is an old Ayrshire name with the Scots spelling retained’, WP, BB1, Letter book DH, Feb. 1897–March 1913, DH/F.W. Porter, 1 Sept. 1909, Lovedale; interview FW and LW/MW, 10 Jan. 1979, Hunterstoun, Hogsback (int. FW & LW/MW (i)).
7.Picture in WHP; WPU, notes for ‘Reflections on Fieldwork’ solicited by George Stocking for his History of Anthropology 1: Fieldwork in Historical Perspective [n.d. but c. March 1982]; Stocking/MW, 15 March 1982, Chicago, and MW/Stocking, 6 April 1982, Hogsback; int. FW & LW/MW (i); WP, BB1, Letter book DH, Feb. 1897–March 1913, DH/[Alexander] Miller, 18 Nov. 1910, Lovedale; AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1912, memo. re ‘South Africa: Missionaries’ Childrens’ Fund’; BB1, Letter book DH, Feb. 1897–March 1913, DH/Rev. Frank Ashcroft, 19 July 1912, Lovedale; interview SM/Anthony Brooker, Observatory, Cape Town, 30 October 2008 (int. SM/AB).
8.R.H.W. Shepherd, A South African Medical Pioneer: The Life of Neil MacVicar M.D., D.P.H., LL.D. (Lovedale: Lovedale Press, 1952); WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, 26 Oct. and 17 Nov. 1944. Gandhi’s postcard is in WPU. Cecilia Makiwane, the first African professional nurse in South Africa, trained at Victoria Hospital from 1903–1906, with a further year at Butterworth before registering in January 1908.
9.P.W. Pitcher, Fifty Years in Amoy or a History of the Amoy Mission, China (New York: Board of Publication of the Reformed Church in America, 1893), pp. 178, 181; FW, ‘Historical Background to the Links between Fort Hare and the Hunterstoun Centre’ (2010): http://www.ufh.ac.za/files/Hunterstoun%20History%20v%201%204%20PDF.pdf, accessed 7 July 2011. There are letters between DH and Jessie MacGregor, in Germany, in WHP. Jessie was sufficiently fluent in French to help Monica with her university entrance examinations: WHP, MH/JH, 31 Jan. 1926, Port Elizabeth; interview SM/Mary Simons (i), Vredehoek, Cape Town, 20 Feb. 2008 (int. SM/MS (i)); WPU, MW/Axel-Ivar Berglund, 29 Nov. 1981, Hogsback. There are many letters between Monica and her relatives in WHP, including from William who survived the War.
10.First known written use in WP, BB3, JH/DH, 4 May 1916, East London.
11.http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?12350#17642, accessed 5 July 2011.
12.Int. SM/AB. This proved difficult at times, for example when teachers expected Monica to help Margaret, whose schoolwork was ‘pretty hopeless’: WHP, MH/JH, 16 Feb. 1925, Port Elizabeth.
13.Innisfree Visitors’ Book: thanks to Mary Leslie for access; interview SM/TW (i), Parkview, Johannesburg, 26 May 2008 (SM/TW (i)).
14.Int. SM/TW (i).
15.Interview FW & LW/MW (i). See also WHP, ‘Notes by M.W. on early memories’ [probably Jan. 1979], apparently prepared as an aide memoire for the interview.
16.WP, BB3, 1900–1940, JH/DH, 8 June 1913, Manchester, encl. verse and picture by Monica.
17.WP, BB3, JH/DH, 3 Dec. 1912, Hogsback; WHP, Florence M. MacFarlane/MH, 16 Feb. 1914, United Free Manse, Juniper Green, Midlothian.
18.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 24 Aug. 1918, Lovedale.
19.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diaries, many entries at the time; B5.1, MW/DH, 10 Dec. 1937, Isumba.
20.WP, A2.6, School Reports, 1919–1924, Reports for MH for half-years ending 19th Dec. 1919 and Dec. 1920. Comparing singing at Collegiate with Lovedale, Monica said, ‘the trouble is we seem to make so little sound’: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 7 Aug. 1924, Port Elizabeth.
21.See William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890–1930 (London: James Currey, 1987), pp. 251–255 esp.; Timothy J. Stapleton, Maqoma: Xhosa Resistance to Colonial Advance, 1798–1873 (Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 1994); WPU, MW/Rev. EC Lediga, [draft – 22 March 1963, n.p.], replying to EC Lediga/MW, 7 March 1963, Bothaville, Orange Free State.
22.WHP, The Lovedale Monthly, May 1919, July 1919, 6 July 1920, 1 Aug. 1920.
23.WHP, Visitors’ Book, entries 4 April 1901–24 June 1941; MW/FW, 5 April 1981, Hogsback; See http://old.assa.saao.ac.za/html/his-astr-roberts_aw.html, accessed 6 Feb. 2016; WPU, MW/Felecia [Stock], n.d. [but mid-1980], Hogsback.
24.WHP, letters and cards from George [MacGregor]/MH, 22 Oct. 1915–Christmas 1917, [France]; Letters from missionaries and their wives with postage stamps, 16 June 1920–18 Feb. 1921. For collecting as an adult see, for instance, WP, BB3, JH/DH, 14 Oct. 1930, Venice, where Jessie asks David to save the stamps on their letters for Monica.
25.WP, BB3, JH/DH, 19 Jan. 1919, Hogsback.
26.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diaries for the period.
27.The Scotsman, 18 July 1959: thanks to Nigel Shepley for this reference; J.J. Redgrave, The Collegiate School for Girls, Port Elizabeth, 1874–1974 (Port Elizabeth: Collegiate School, 1974), pp. 85–92; Nigel Shepley, Women of Independent Mind: St George’s School Edinburgh and the Campaign for Women’s Education (Edinburgh: St George’s School, 2008), pp. 84–85.
28.St George’s School Admission Register: information from Nigel Shepley; WP, A2-6, School Reports, 1919–1924, letter from Ruth W. Freer, headmistress, April 1922, and Report for Spring term, 1922, form L IV; WHP, Elspeth Slimon/MH, 14 May 1922 and 29 July 1922, n.p. and 21 Aug. [1923], Lochailart [sic], Invernesshire; MH/JH, [16 Oct. 1922], Port Elizabeth, encl. Slimon/MH, 13 Sept. 1922, Glenorchy, Tarbert. Also MH/JH, [16 Oct. 1922], Port Elizabeth, encl. Elspeth [Slimon]/MH, 13 Sept. 1922, Glenorchy, Tarbert.
29.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diaries, 10 May 1922; Collegiate School Archive, Port Elizabeth, enrolment card for Mary Monica Hunter; WHP, ‘Notes by M.W. on early memories’ [probably Jan. 1979]; int. FW & LW/MW (i). The reference is to maps in ‘Walker’, i.e. the standard Eric Walker, A History of South Africa (London: Longman, 1928).
30.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 3 Feb. 1924, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 29 Nov. 1923, Port Elizabeth.
31.As guest speaker at its 1974 centenary celebrations, Monica emphasised the school’s liberal tradition, citing, among others, Elizabeth Molteno and Barbara Tredgold: ‘one of the clear threads in the Collegiate tradition is the concern to reconcile conflicting groups; to tend the wounds of all our neighbours; to be “an instrument of peace”’. Collegiate School Archive, Port Elizabeth, box 1, MW ‘On being a South African’; see for instance the ‘big wigs from home’ who came to see the school: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 28 Aug. 1924, Port Elizabeth. For English women teachers in South Africa, see Cecillie Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women from Britain to Southern Africa, 1820–1939 (Providence, RI: Berg, 1993), pp. 123–145 esp.; Redgrave, The Collegiate School, p. 103; Shepley, Women of Independent Mind, p. 85. See also J.E. Barham, ed., Alice Greene, Teacher and Campaigner, South African Correspondence 1887–1902 (Leicester: Matador, 2007). Anderson’s patriotism was British Imperial more than South African: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 13 May 1925, Port Elizabeth. DH’s emphasis was different: seeing the Prince ‘will have given you memories for a life time’: WHP, DH/MH, 17 May 1925, Lovedale; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 13 Nov. 1924, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, ‘April 18 (??) 1925 (Friday)’ [sic], Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 20 Aug. 1925, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 22 Feb. 1923, Port Elizabeth.
32.See, for instance, WHP, JH/MH, 9 Aug. 1923, and 8 May 1924, Lovedale; JH/MH, 2 Aug. 1923, Lovedale. Monica could also be droll, as when she sent Jessie, ‘just as much love and kisses and hugs as you are allowed to send for 2d’: MH/JH, [27 May 1921, Stirling].
33.WHP, JH/MH, 27 Jan. 1923, Lovedale; MH/JH, [12 Feb. 1923], Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 26 July 1925, Port Elizabeth.
34.WHP, MH/JH, [31 July 1922], Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, [28 Aug. 1922], Port Elizabeth. Monica’s speech never lost its Scottish influence: interview SM/IW (i), Parkview, Johannesburg, 24 March 2011 (int. SM/IW (i)); WHP, MH/JH, 6 Aug. [1922], Presbyterian manse, Port Elizabeth, and many similar; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 30 Oct. 1924, Port Elizabeth.
35.WHP, MH/JH, [31 July 1922], Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 6 Aug. [1922], Port Elizabeth.
36.WHP, JH/MH, 11 Aug. 1922, Lovedale; MH/JH, [4 Oct. 1922], Port Elizabeth.
37.WHP, MH/JH, [14 Aug. 1922], Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 6 May 1923, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, Thurs., Sept. 1924, Port Elizabeth.
38.WHP, JH/MH, 2 Aug. 1923, Lovedale; int. FW & LW/MW (i); WHP, JH/MH, 17 May 1923, Lovedale.
39.WHP, MH/JH, [12 Feb. 1923], Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 8 March 1925, Port Elizabeth; WP, AA21, ‘Some Notes for a Family Tree’, collected by Walter K. Hunter, 1947; B5.1, MH/DH, 4 Nov. 1925, Port Elizabeth.
40.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 6 March [1923], Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, 1 June 1924, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, [17 March 1923], Port Elizabeth.
41.WHP, MH/JH, 1 Nov. 1925, Port Elizabeth; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 16 Oct. 1924, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/DH, 30 April 1925, Port Elizabeth; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 7 May 1925, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, 16 May 1925, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 22 Feb. 1925, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 23 March 1925, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 23 Aug. 1925, Port Elizabeth.
42.WHP, MH/JH, 10 Aug. 1921, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, [21 Aug. 1922], Port Elizabeth; DH/MH, 24 Feb. 1924, Lovedale; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 21 Feb. 1924, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, 18 May 1924, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, [18 Sept. 1922], Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 26 April 1925, Lovedale; DH/MH, 23 Aug. 1925, Lovedale; MH/JH, 3 Dec. 1922, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 10 Dec. 1922, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 3 June 1922, Port Elizabeth; JH/MH, 6 June 1924, Lovedale; DH/MH, 8 June 1924, Lovedale. The ‘bioscope’ seems not to have raised similar issues, as when Monica saw Treasure Island and a Charlie Chaplin film: MH/JH, 28 April 1923, Port Elizabeth; DH/MH, 19 Oct. 1924, Malvern, Natal; JH/MH, 12 June 1925, Lovedale; JH/MH, 29 March 1925, Port Elizabeth.
43.WHP, MH/JH, [4 Sept. 1922], Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 3 May 1925, Port Elizabeth; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1925; A2.8, J. McRobert, Minister, Presbyterian Manse, Port Elizabeth, 29 March 1926; B5.1, MH/DH, Oct. [1925], Port Elizabeth.
44.WHP, MH/JH, 13 Sept. 1925, Port Elizabeth; ‘Notes by MW on early memories’ [probably Jan. 1979].
45.WP, BB3, JH/DH, 3 Feb. [1924], RMS Windsor Castle; WHP, DH/JH, 17 Feb. 1924, Lovedale; B5.1, MH/DH, 10 Sept. 1924, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, n.d. but inscribed ‘answered 4 Sept. 1922’, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 21 March 1923, Port Elizabeth. Monica had a healthy scepticism about examinations, deciding to give up art in 1924 because ‘I don’t see the point in taking art exams’: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 21 Feb. 1924, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, [16 April] 1923; 12 May 1923 (Zane Grey); 13 April 1924; 1 July 1924, all from Port Elizabeth; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 16 Oct. 1924, Port Elizabeth.
46.WP, A2.6, School Reports, 1919–1924; B5.1, MH/DH, 3 May 1923, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, 6 May 1923, Hill Church Manse, Port Elizabeth; DH/MH, 6 May 1923, Lovedale; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 5 Feb. 1925; MH/DH, 26 Feb. 1924 [recte 1925]; WHP, MH/JH, 25 April 1925, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, [10] Aug. [1925], Port Elizabeth; WP, A2.5, MH School History Book, 1925.
47.For Mabel Palmer, see Shula Marks, ed., Not Either an Experimental Doll (London: The Women’s Press, 1987), pp. 2–8. Monica attended at least one other meeting of the branch, just before she left the city: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 11 March 1926, Port Elizabeth; WHP, JH/MH, 6 June 1924, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, 10 April 1924, Port Elizabeth; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 30 April 1924, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 14 May 1924, Port Elizabeth; MH/DH, 16 July 1925, Port Elizabeth; The Collegiate School Magazine, Dec. 1922, pp. 19–20.
48.WHP, MH/JH, 16 Feb. 1925, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 31 Aug. 1924, Port Elizabeth; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 22 July [1925], Port Elizabeth; WHP, DH/MH, 26 July 1925, Lovedale; JH/MH, 14 Jan. 1923, Lovedale; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 24 Jan. 1926, Port Elizabeth; Collegiate School Archives, The Collegiate School Magazine, Jan. 1927 [sic] – the 1926 issue was produced the following year], p. 11. Monica’s matric subjects were Mathematics, Botany, Latin, French, English and History: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 28 [or 27?] Aug. 1925; AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1926.
49.WHP, JH/MH, 13 March 1925, Lovedale; MH/JH, 15 March 1925, Port Elizabeth; MH/JH, 14 June 1925, Port Elizabeth; for Dorothy Ruffell: Queen’s School, Chester, Q/REG 10, Staff Register, Sept. 1926–April 1951. I am grateful to Richard Clark, Honorary Archivist, for this reference; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1925; Girton College Archives, Cambridge, student file for M.M. Hunter; David also applied for or investigated other women’s colleges: ‘Summervile’ [recte Somerville]: WP, B5.1, MH/DH and JH, 8 Oct. 1925, Port Elizabeth; St Hilda’s: WP, AA1.1, Pocket Diaries, DH Pocket Diary 1926; Lady Margaret Hall and St. Hugh’s: WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1925, all Oxford colleges; Newnham, Cambridge, and Westfield, University of London: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 2 Feb. 1926, Port Elizabeth.
50.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1926; WHP, MH/JH, 13 Jan. 1926, Maseru; MH/JH, 16 Jan. 1926, Maseru. Quotation from WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 19 Jan. 1926, Maseru; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1926.
51.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diaries 1926 and 1927; WHP, ‘Notes by M.W. on early memories’ [probably Jan. 1979]; WP, BB3, JH/DH, 24 March 1926, King Edward Hotel, Port Elizabeth; JH/DH, 24 March 1926, King Edward Hotel, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, 31 Jan. 1926, Port Elizabeth; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 4 Feb. 1926, Port Elizabeth; WHP, MH/JH, 14 Feb. 1926, Port Elizabeth; WP, B.5.1, MH/DH, 27 March 1926, King Edward Hotel, Port Elizabeth, and many other letters of the time. At the farewell supper for staff and prefects, Miss Anderson praised Miss Ruffell for taking up work at Lovedale. ‘It ment [sic] quite a lot,’ Monica wrote, ‘coming from Pan to an audience on the whole so unsympathetic towards missions.’ WHP, MH/JH, 5 Dec. 1925, Port Elizabeth; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diaries 1926 and 1927.
52.WHP, ‘Notes by M.W. on early memories’ [probably Jan. 1979].
53.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1926. For Lennox, see Alexander Kerr, Fort Hare 1915–48: The Evolution of an African College (Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and Shooter, 1968), p. 174 esp.; WPU, MW, ‘South African Universities and the Colour Bar’, n.d., but c. 1959; MW, ‘Preface’, in Z.K. Matthews, Freedom for My People: The Autobiography of Z.K. Matthews: Southern Africa 1901 to 1968, ed., with Memoir by MW (London: Rex Collings, 1981), p. viii; WP, BB3, JH/DH, 12 May 1926, Lovedale; JH/DH, 17 Oct. [1926], Hogsback.
54.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 16 July 1925, Port Elizabeth; BB2, JH/DH, 10 May 1926, Lovedale.
55.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1927.
CHAPTER 2
1.WP, BB3, JH/DH, 5 March [1927], off Port Elizabeth; B5.1, MH/DH, 9 January 1928 [recte 1929], Cleveleys, Lancashire; MH/DH, 13 March 1927, RMS Windsor Castle; JH/DH, 17 March 1927, SS Windsor Castle, ‘near Equator’.
2.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 27 March 1927, Union-Castle Line; MH/DH, 31 March [1927], Putney; MH/DH, 7 April 1927, Putney; BB3, JH/DH, 6 April 1927, Putney. ‘Responsions’, ‘Little Go’ were among the first examinations taken by Oxford and Cambridge undergraduates.
3.WP, B5.1, JH/DH, 20 April 1927, Cambridge. For Jones, see Girton College Register 1869–1946 (Cambridge: Girton College, 1948), p. 653; Maxine Berg, A Woman in History: Eileen Power, 1889–1940 (Cambridge: CUP, 1996), pp. 42–3, 48; MH/DH, 20 April 1927, Cambridge; BB3, JH/DH, 20 April 1927, Cambridge; B5.1, telegram to Hunter, received 23 April 1927; MH/DH, April 1927, Bearsden; The Collegiate School Magazine, May 1928, p. 35.
4.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 11 May 1927, Edinburgh; WHP, ‘Notes by M.W. on early memories’ [probably Jan. 1979]; WP, BB3, JH/DH, 1 May 1927, Edinburgh; JH/DH, 11 May 1927, Bearsden; JH/DH, 24 May 1927, Edinburgh; JH/DH, 30 May 1927, Edinburgh; B5.1, MH/DH, May 1927, Edinburgh; MH/DH, 1 June 1927, Edinburgh; MH/DH, 8 June 1927, Edinburgh.
5.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 25 May 1927, Edinburgh; MH/DH, 1 June 1927, Edinburgh; MH/DH, 23 June 1927, Galashiels; MH/DH, 17 July 1927, Aviemore; BB3, JH/DH, 1 August [1927], Aviemore; AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, August 1 1927.
6.WHP, MH/JH, 7 October 1927, Girton; MH/JH, 12 February 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 6 May 1928, Girton: Elizabeth Wilson, not related to Monica’s later in-laws, was a Scot and a Presbyterian; MH/JH, 7 October 1927, Girton; MH/JH, 9 October 1927, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 27 November 1927, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 6 December 1927, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 19 February 1928, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, [8 November 1927], Girton; MH/JH, 11 November [1928], Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 13 November [1927], Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 30 October 1927, Girton; MH/JH, 13 May [1928], Girton.
7.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 11 December 1927, Edinburgh; MH/DH, 25 November [1928], Girton; MH/DH, 23 December 1928, Edinburgh; MH/DH, 3 May [1928], Girton. See Sarah Gertrude Millin, The South Africans (London: Constable, 1927). Millin was probably the most celebrated interwar South African writer, though subsequently her critical standing declined steeply. WHP, MH/JH, 30 October 1927, Girton; MH/JH, 17 November 1927, Girton; MH/JH, 4 August 1928, Chambon sur Lignon; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 18 December 1927, Edinburgh; WHP, MH/JH, 30 Oct. 1927, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 30 September 1928, Finnart, Dumbartonshire [sic].
8.WHP, MH/JH, 28 July 1928, Chambon; MH/JH, 18 January 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 20 October 1929, Girton.
9.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 27 November 1927, Girton; Men’s colleges had ‘tutorials’, women’s the more passive-sounding ‘coachings’. Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951 (Oxford: OUP, 1998), p. 249. WHP, MH/JH, 20 January 1928 [recte 1929], [Girton].
10.Girton College Archives, Hunter M.M., student file. Monica got a third class; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 12 February 1928, Girton; MH/DH, 25 November [1928], Girton.
11.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 22 October 1927, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 13 May [1928], Cambridge; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 30 November 1927, Girton. Trevelyan’s lecture was published as The present position of history: an inaugural lecture delivered at Cambridge, October 26, 1927 (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1927); MH/DH, 9 December 1927, Edinburgh; WHP, MH/JH, 20 November 1927, Girton; MH/JH, 12 February 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 4 March 1928, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 20 November 1927, Girton; interview FW & LW/MW, July 1979, Hogsback (int. FW & LW/MW (ii)); WHP, MH/JH, 17 November 1927, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 13 November [1927], Girton; MH/DH, 25 December 1927, Edinburgh.
12.WHP, MH/DH, 16 May 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 15 July 1928, Chambon; MH/JH, 2 June 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 10 February 1929, Girton. Monica got an unremarkable second class, second division, in the first part of the tripos: Girton College Archives, Hunter M.M., student file; GW/MH, 19 March 1929, Hertford College, Oxford; MH/JH, 26 February 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 17 March 1929, Hunstanton.
13.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 17 June 1928, Selly Oak, Birmingham; WHP, MH/JH, 26 February 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 20 January 1928 [recte 1929], [Girton]; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 29 January 1928, Girton.
14.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 27 November 1927, Girton: for Burkitt, see Andrew Bank in Bank and Bank, eds, Inside African Anthropology, p. 63.
15.WPU, MH/JH, 16 October 1927, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 30 October 1927, Girton.
16.WPU, MH/JH, 16 October 1927, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 22 October 1927, Girton; MH/DH, 20 November 1927, Girton. Munira went on to a prominent educational career in Egypt: see Joyce Goodman, Andrea Jacobs, Fiona Kisby and Helen Loader, ‘Travelling careers: Overseas migration patterns in the professional lives of women attending Girton and Newnham before 1939’, History of Education, 40, 2 (2011): 187; MH/DH, 14 November 1928, Girton; MH/DH, 2 September 1928, Génève; MH/DH, 17 June 1928, Selly Oak. She had just read Rabindranath Tagore’s Nationalism; MH/DH, 13 February [1929], Girton; MH/DH, 9 January 1928 [recte 1929], Cleveleys; WHP, MH/JH, 4 May 1929, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 30 December 1928; MH/DH, 9 January 1928 [recte 1929], Cleveleys.
17.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 6 November 1927, Girton; MH/DH, 14 November 1928, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 23 May 1928, Girton. Ida Russell (1905–94) and her husband Jack Grant were Congregationalist missionary teachers in South Africa and Rhodesia, and strong supporters of majority rule in what became Zimbabwe. See Gerald H. Anderson, Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999), pp. 256–7.
18.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 19 October 1927, Girton; MH/DH, 20 November 1927, Girton; MH/DH, 9 December 1927, Edinburgh.
19.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 19 October 1927, Girton. In 1927 both the Native Administration Act and the Immorality Act were passed. MH/DH, 30 October 1927, Girton. See Sydney Haldane Olivier, The Anatomy of African Misery (London: Hogarth Press, 1927). For Roux, see Eddie and Win Roux, Rebel Pity: The Life of Eddie Roux (London: Rex Collings, 1972); WHP, MH/JH, 13 November 1927, Girton; MH/JH, 30 October 1927, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 27 March [1928], Putney.
20.WHP, MH/JH, 2 February 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 12 February 1928, Girton. Roux possibly goaded Monica into a more vehement expression of imperialism than she intended. On leaving Cape Town she toured the Castle with Jessie. ‘The guide was a rabid imperialist, and rather annoyed me,’ she said: WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 10 March 1927, RMS Windsor Castle, at Cape Town; WHP, MH/JH, 4 March 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 11 June [1928], Girton; MH/JH, 4 November [1928], Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 14 November 1928, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 4 November 1928, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 21 October 1928, Girton. At the Congress the ‘Native Republic’ orthodoxy was imposed on the CPSA. For Roux’s role, see Allison Drew, Discordant Comrades: Identities and Loyalties on the South African Left (Pretoria: UNISA Press, 2002), chapters 5 and 6 esp.; WHP, MH/JH, 18 December 1928, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 20 January 1928 [recte 1929], [Girton]; MH/JH, 28 September 1928, Girton; WP, B6.15, E.R. Roux/MH, 12 February and 15 February 1929, n.p. The Heretics was an iconoclastic student society; E.R. Roux/MH, 30 Oct. 1929, Bez Valley, Johannesburg; E.R. Roux/MH, 14 March 1929, n.p.; E.R. Roux/MH, 22 November 1928, [Cambridge].
21.WP, B6.15, E.R. Roux/MH, 9 August 1930, Cape Town; B5.1, MH/DH, 21 October 1928, Girton; interview SM/FW (iii), Rondebosch, Cape Town, 12 May 2010 (int. SM/FW (iii)).
22.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 22 October 1927, Girton. For International Student Service at this period see http://www.studentvolunteeringhistory.org/1920-1939.html, accessed 10 November 2011; WHP, MH/JH, 8 October [1928], Girton; MH/JH, 10 October 1929, Girton.
23.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 11 December 1927, Edinburgh. Samuel Bagster’s ever-popular devotional work, Daily Light in the Daily Path, was first published in 1875; MH/DH, 30 October 1927, Girton; MH/DH, 6 November 1927, Girton. Margaret Wrong went on to become Secretary of the International Missionary Council’s International Committee on Christian Literature.
24.Girton College Archives, Hunter M.M. student file, Mistress of Girton/Mr Webb (taxi driver), 19 January 1928, [Girton] and Mistress/Resident Surgeon, Addenbrooks Hospital, n.d., [Girton]; WHP, Edith Major (Mistress)/JH, 18 January 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 18 January 1928, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 18 January 1928, Girton; MH/DH, 24 January 1927 [recte 1928], Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 1 April 1928, Didsbury, Manchester; MH/JH, 8 April 1928, Didsbury, Manchester; MH/JH, 23 December 1928, Edinburgh; also, MH/JH, 26 August 1928, Chambon; Journal, Sept. 1973; MH/JH, 19 May [1928], Girton; MH/GW, 29 Nov. 1932, Lovedale; Journal, Sunday 6 November 1960.
25.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 12 February 1928, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 16 May 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 1 March 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 4 March 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 26 March 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 13 April 1928, Glen Ridding, Ulswater [sic].
26.WHP, MH/JH, 17 June 1928, Selly Oak, Birmingham; MH/JH, 19 August 1928, Chambon; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 27 January 1928, Girton. Bice’s father, Hugh Crichton-Miller, was a Scottish medical doctor and eminent psychiatrist, founder of the Tavistock Clinic: see obituary, British Medical Journal, 1, 5133 (23 May 1959): 116–117.
27.WHP, MH/JH, 25 November [1928], Girton; MH/JH, 9 December [1928], Putney; MH/JH, 3 January 1928, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 4 April 1929, Putney; MH/JH, 1 July 1928, Paris; MH/JH, 5 February 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 2 February 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 26 March [1928], Putney.
28.WHP, MH/JH, 6 April 1929, Llandudno Junction; MH/JH, 11 November [1928], Girton; MH/JH, 30 October 1927, Girton. Philip Rowntree, studying agriculture at Cambridge, was a son of Seebohm Rowntree, the eminent Quaker industrialist and social and economic analyst; MH/JH, 19 August 1928, Chambon; MH/JH, 21 October 1928, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 14 November 1928, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 1 July 1928, Paris; MH/JH, 28 July 1928, Chambon; JH/MH, 11 June [1928], Girton.
29.WHP, MH/JH, 2 February 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 22 January 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 2 December [1928], Girton; MH/JH, 12 May 1929, Girton. The first Christopher Robin book was Winnie-the-Pooh (London: Methuen, 1926), followed by The House at Pooh Corner (London: Methuen, 1928).
30.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 27 March [1928], Putney: for Spry, see Duncan Cameron, ‘In Tribute to Irene Mary Biss Spry’, Studies in Political Economy, 59 (1999): 6–11; WHP, MH/JH, 12 August 1928, Chambon.
31.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 7 June 1928, Girton. Kitty Klugman, a communist, was the brother of James Klugman, a leading Marxist theoretician and historian of the Communist Party of Great Britain. She married Maurice Cornforth, the Marxist philosopher; MH/DH, 19 February 1928, Girton. For Cecil Delisle Burns, see obituary, The Times, 27 January 1942.
32.WHP, MH/JH, 11 November [1928], Girton. Margaret Thomas edited An Anthology of Cambridge Women’s Verse, published by the Hogarth Press in 1931, married geophysicist Edward Bullard, becoming Lady Bullard when he was knighted, and went on to write three novels; MH/JH, 9 September 1928, Genève; Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (London: Hogarth Press, 1929); WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 19 February 1928, Girton; LSE, Richards/16/58, MW/AR, 19 December 1978, Hogsback. For another recollection of Virginia Woolf at Girton, see Kathleen Raine, The Land Unknown (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1975), pp. 21–23.
33.WHP, MH/JH, 18 November [1928], Girton. Kathleen Raine became a prominent poet and literary scholar. MH/JH, 9 January 1928 [recte 1929], Cleveleys; MH/JH, 13 January 1928 [recte 1929], Didsbury. See Edward Shillito, ed., The Purpose of God in the Life of the World (London: SCM Press, 1929); MH/JH, 20 January 1928 [recte 1929], [Girton]; thanks to Hannah Westall, Girton Archives, for information on enrolment; MH/JH, 27 October 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 9 and 15 Jan. 1929, Freiburg-im-Breisgau and Girton.
34.WHP, MH/JH, 22 June 1928, Wisbech.
35.WHP, MH/JH, 21 April [1928], Girton; MH/JH, 26 April 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 1 July 1928, Paris; MH/JH, 3 August [recte September] [1928], near Lyon, en route to Geneva; MH/JH, 26 August 1928, Chambon. Casalis’s reminiscences were published as Mes Souvenirs in 1884. English translation My Life in Basutoland: A Story of Missionary Enterprise in South Africa (Cape Town: C Struik, 1971 [1889]); MH/JH, 22 July 1928, Chambon. She used the same phrase to her mother when Jessie suggested, upon Monica’s return to South Africa, that they ‘should learn Xosa together’. MH/JH, 4 May 1929, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 3 July 1928, Paris; MH/DH, 26 August 1928, Chambon.
36.WHP, MH/JH, 22 July 1928, Chambon; MH/JH, 4 August 1928, Chambon; MH/JH, 19 August 1928, Chambon; MH/JH, 7 July 1928, Chambon. Perhaps the dish was crème fraîche; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 12 August 1928, Chambon.
37.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 15 July 1928, Chambon; WHP, MH/JH, 7 July 1928, Chambon; MH/JH, 15 July 1928, Chambon. See Robert Louis Stevenson, Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes (London: Chatto & Windus, 1920 [1879]).
38.WHP, MH/JH, 3 August [recte September] [1928], on train east of Lyons; The British Commonwealth of Nations Foreign Policy and the League, Second Annual Conference of British and Dominion Students, Geneva, August 31 to September 12, 1928, encl. in WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 9 September 1928, Génève; The Geneva School of International Studies, Director: Alfred Zimmern, Fifth Session, Geneva, July–September, 1928, encl. in MH/DH, 2 September 1928, Génève; MH/DH, 17 September 1928, Edinburgh.
39.John Dover Wilson edited Cambridge University Press’s New Shakespeare series, first with Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, then alone, and finally with other editors. Of his critical and historical studies the best-known is What Happens in Hamlet (Cambridge: CUP, 1935); M.J.G. Cattermole and A.F. Wolfe, Horace Darwin’s Shop: A History of the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, 1878–1968 (Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1987); John Dover Wilson, Milestones on the Dover Road (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), pp. 17–21; David McKitterick notes that Edwin Wilson was ‘a skilled draughtsman … many of the illustrations and maps in Cambridge-printed books in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were from Wilson’s hand’, A History of Cambridge University Press: Volume 3, New Worlds for Learning, 1873–1972 (Cambridge: CUP, 2004), p. 123.
40.See http://www.geni.com/people/Elizabeth-Dover/6000000005437511460, accessed 8 February 2012; Dover Wilson, Milestones, 21–22, 26; telephone interview SM/Carol Jeffrey, Cape Town/Edinburgh, 10 July 2010 (int. SM/CJ (ii)).
41.See http://www.steatham.com/featuredsteathams_samuellowe/featuredsteathams_samuellowe.html and http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/arthur-charles-fox-davies/armorial-families--a-directory-of-gentlemen-of-coat-armour-volume-1-dxo/page-26-armorial-families--a-directory-of-gentlemen-of-coat-armour-volume-1-dxo.shtml, accessed 9 February 2012; Dover Wilson, Milestones, pp. 40–42. In a culture where young women were strictly chaperoned, John Dover Wilson seemingly used his friendship with Godfrey Baldwin to approach his sister Dorothy; Godfrey apparently misinterpreted John’s affections and fell in love with him; the drowning, in a shallow stream, despite his being a strong swimmer, was in fact suicide, according to an interview with Carol Jeffrey. While Carol’s mother never spoke to her about her uncle Godfrey, John and Dorothy named their son, Carol’s brother, Godfrey Baldwin Wilson: int. SM/CJ (ii).
42.Dover Wilson, Milestones, pp. 23–27.
43.Whitgift School Archives. Thanks to William Wood, Whitgift School and Foundation Archivist, for assistance; Harold Jenkins, John Dover Wilson 1881–1969 (London: OUP, 1974), pp. 6, 9, first published in Proceedings of the British Academy, LIX (1973); R.W. Seton-Watson, J. Dover Wilson, Alfred E. Zimmern and Arthur Greenwood, The War and Democracy (London: Macmillan, 1914).
44.South African Department of Defence Archives, Pretoria, Godfrey Baldwin Wilson, Record of Service; Whitgift School Archives, School Register; Whitgiftian, 3, XLV (1927): 118; 1, XLV (1927): 11; WP, B3.2, [Dorothy Wilson]/GW, 10 Dec. [1940], Balerno.
45.Int. SM/CJ (ii); WP, B2, GW/MW, [April 1937], Isumba.
46.WP, A1.1, GW School Certificates, University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, Higher School Certificate; The Hertford College Magazine, 17, May 1928; 18, May 1929; Canon Baldwin attended the College Gaudy, a formal dinner, on 28 June 1929. It was ‘a particular pleasure’, said the college magazine, that ‘one of our oldest members’ was present: The Hertford College Magazine, 18, May 1929: 1; information by email from Dr Toby Barnard, Hertford College, 14 July 2008.
47.Whitgiftian, 3, XLVI (1928): 78; The Hertford College Magazine, 19, May 1930: 12; 20, May 1931: 39; 19, May 1930: 8; University of Birmingham, Special Collections, Student Christian Movement, C23, College Reports 1929–30; C25, College Reports 1930–31. I am grateful to Philippa Bassett for this information. Christianity and Social Order (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1942) is probably Temple’s best-known book; WHP, GW/MH, 15 Feb. 1930 [recte 1931], Hertford College, Oxford.
48.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 17 Sept. 1928, Edinburgh; WHP, MH/JH, 9 September 1928, Génève; MH/JH, 16 September 1928, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 13 September [1928], London. For dinner and dancing, MH/JH, 16 September 1928, Edinburgh.
49.WHP, GW/MH, 15 [September 1928], Cambridge.
50.WHP, MH/JH, 1 October 1928, Finnart; MH/JH, 2 December [1928], Girton.
51.WHP, MH/JH, 11 November [1928], Girton. The quotation is from A Midsummer Night’s Dream; WP, A2.19, Rough notes on various subjects, MMH ‘Bright Ideas’, July 1928. The word barely identifiable as ‘Phil’ is heavily pencilled over; WHP, MH/JH, 11 November 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 26 August 1928, Chambon.
52.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 3 August 1928, Chambon; MH/DH, 9 December 1928, Putney; MH/DH, 17 January 1929, Girton.
53.WHP, MH/JH, 23 December 1928, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 30 December 1928, Edinburgh.
54.WHP, GW/MH (Christmas card), [18 December 1928, Croydon]; MH/GW, 10 January [1929], Cleveleys; GW/MH, [27 January 1929], Hertford College, Oxford; GW/MH, [13 May 1929], Hertford College, Oxford; GW/MH, 11 [May 1929], Hertford College, Oxford; GW/MH, [18 May 1929], Hertford College, Oxford; MH/JH, 12 May 1929, Girton.
55.WHP, GW/MH, [27 May 1929], Hertford College, Oxford.
56.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 3 March 1929, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 6 April 1929, Llandudno Junction and 10 April 1929, Carnarvon; MH/JH, 19 May [1929], Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 9 October 1928, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 11 March 1928, Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 15 October [1928], Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 10 February 1929, Girton.
57.WHP, MH/JH, 3 March 1928, Girton; MH/JH, 26 March [1928], Putney; MH/JH, 1 April 1928, Didsbury, Manchester; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 6 May 1928, Girton: Thomas Callan Hodson, who went on to supervise Monica’s PhD, was appointed first William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology in 1932. ‘Mr. Leaky’ was Louis Leakey, just beginning his celebrated and controversial palaeoanthropological career. WHP, MH/JH, 26 March [1928], Putney. As it turned out, Monica was in fact required to measure skulls: MH/JH, 16 May 1928, Girton.
58.WHP, MH/JH, 3 March 1929, Girton; int. FW & LW/MW (ii). For Driberg, see Ray Abrahams, ‘Jack Herbert Driberg (1888–1946)’, Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, NS, 3, 1 (2011): 74–82, http://www.isca.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/ISCA/JASO/JASO_Jan_2011/Abrahams.pdf, accessed 30 July 2011. Driberg, like Hodson, was a colonial administrator turned anthropologist, having worked in the southern Sudan and Uganda; WPU, MW/Rick Huntington, 8 November 1978, Hogsback. Monica recognised the same attitude in Evans-Pritchard’s picture of the Nuer, which ‘seemed far from reality’.
59.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 24 May 1928, Girton.
60.WHP, MH/JH, 21 October 1928, Girton; int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WHP, MH/JH, 18 November [1928], Girton; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 4 April 1928, Didsbury; MH/DH, 27 May 1928, Girton; WHP, MH/JH, 22 September [1928], Finnart, Dumbartonshire [sic]; MH/JH, 16 September 1928, Edinburgh; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 9 January 1928 [recte 1929], Cleveleys. See Rowland Prothero, English Farming Past and Present (London: Longmans, 1917, and later editions); MH/DH, 18 November [1928], Girton.
61.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 28 October 1928, Girton; ‘Obituary: Professor Oscar Oeser, 1904–1983’, Australian Psychologist, 20 (3) 1985: 345–347; WHP, MH/JH, 27 September 1929, ‘Just Across the Line’, RMS Arundel Castle; MH/JH, [5 December] 1929, Girton; MH, Reaction to Conquest: vii: Smuts misremembered the date and direction of the voyage, however; WHP, MH/JH, 9 December [1928], Putney; MH/JH, 24 November [1929], Girton; WPU, recollections of and comments on Smuts for Sir Keith Hancock, 15 March [1951, Grahamstown].
62.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1929; WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 6 May 1928, Girton.
63.Adam Kuper, Anthropologists and Anthropology: The British School in the Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015), p. 54; WHP, MH/JH, 26 January 1930, Girton; MH/JH, 17 October 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 14 November [1929], Girton; int. FW & LW/MW (ii): Jane Starfield, who was at Newnham College, married Henry Fosbrooke, becoming, like Monica, the wife of a future Director of the RLI. See Henry Fosbrooke, ‘From Lusaka to Salisbury, 1956–60’, African Social Research, 24 (1977): 319–25; WHP, MH/JH, 17 October 1929, Girton. For Burkitt and Sayce at Cambridge, see Grahame Clark, Prehistory at Cambridge and Beyond (Cambridge: CUP, 1989), p. 30; MH/JH, ‘Thursday, March?’ [sic] [1930], Girton; MH/JH, 17 October 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 2 March [1930], Girton.
64.WHP, MH/JH, 17 October 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 20 October 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 9 January 1929 [recte 1930], Freiburg-im-Breisgau, addendum 15 January, Girton; MH/JH, 27 October 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 14 November [1929], Girton; MH/JH, 17 November 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 2 November 1929, Girton; WP, G1, Student essays, 1930, with comments by Hodson. Monica apparently presented a version of the ‘Communal elements’ essay to the Anthropology Club; Hodson mentioned this in a reference he wrote for her, stating also: ‘Should do well in field.’ WHP, open reference from T.C. Hodson, Reader in Ethnology, 20 February 1930; MH/JH, 14 November [1929], Girton; MH/JH, 26 January 1930, Girton; MH/JH, 22 January 1930, Girton; MH/JH, 24 November [1929], Girton; MH/JH, 20 October 1929, Girton.
65.WP, G2, Notes by MH, [probably 1930]. Bronisław Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1927). Monica wrote later to Godfrey that, unlike him, she had never read Durkheim in the original, though she had written an essay about him: ‘Horrid things are going to come out when we talk anthrop together!’: WHP, MH/GW, 29 Sept. 1932, Ntontela. See also Michael W. Young’s Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist, 1884–1920 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004).
66.WP, G1, Student essays, 1930, T.C. Hodson/MH, 15 March 1930, London; TC Hodson/MH, 1 April 1930, London; T.C. Hodson/MH, n.d., London; int. FW & LW/MW (ii).
67.WHP, MH/JH, 9 March 1930, Girton.
68.WHP, GW/MH, [9 November 1929], Hertford College, Oxford; MH/JH, 17 November [1929], Girton; MH/JH, 17 November [1929], Girton; MH/JH, 24 November [1929], Girton; GW/MH (postcard), [4 December 1929], Hertford College, Oxford; MH/JH, 11 December [1929], Edinburgh; GW/MH, [19 January 1930], Hertford College, Oxford; MH/JH, 22 January 1930, Girton; MH/GW, 13 April 1930, Potterdale, Westmorland; MH/JH, 22 December 1929, Girton; MH/JH, 31 December 1929, Freiburg-im-Breisgau; MH/JH, 9 January 1929 [recte 1930], Freiburg-im-Breisgau; MH 1930 membership card for Deutsche Jugendherbergen; WHP, MH/JH, [21 February 1930], Girton; MH/GW, 20 March 1930, Snodland, Kent; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, 5 May 1930; WHP, GW/MH, 26 March 1930, Purley.
69.WHP, GW/MH, 27 May [1930], Hertford College, Oxford. See also WP, A1.14, document by Monica on Godfrey’s death, n.d., but 1944; WHP, MH/GW, 31 May 1930, Girton; MH/GW, 4 May 1930, [Girton]; Magdalen College Commemoration Ball June 23rd 1930, Programme; GW/MH, Friday [16 May 1930], Hertford College, Oxford; GW/MH, 10 [June 1930], Hertford College, Oxford; GW/MH, 7 August [1930], Cambridge; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, 20 and 24 June 1930; B2, GW/MH, [30 June 1930], Glenridding; WHP, MH/GW, 24 September 1930, Edinburgh; MH/GW, 24 October 1930, [Florence].
70.Girton College Archives, Hunter, MM (student file); WHP, MH/GW, August 1930, Tomatin, Invernesshire; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, 23 July 1930; DH Pocket Diary, 11 October 1930; BB3, JH/DH, 14 October 1930, Venice; WHP, MH/GW, 24 October 1930, Florence; WP, G1, Student essays, 1930, with comments by Hodson, Hodson/MH, 1 April 1930, Highgate, London.
CHAPTER 3
1.WP, BB3, JH/DH, 9 Oct. 1930, Paris; 12 Oct. 1930, Lausanne; 14 Oct. 1930, Venice; DH Pocket Diary, 14 Nov. 1930; WHP, MH/GW, [late] Nov. 1930, MV Llangibby Castle, off Gardefui [recte Cape Guardafui].
2.WHP, MH/GW, 10 Jan. 1931, Hogsback; WPU, MW notes for ‘Reflections on fieldwork’; WHP, MH/GW, 6 July 1932, Lovedale.
3.WP, B5.1, MH/DH, 6 May 1928, Girton; WPU, MW notes for ‘Reflections on fieldwork’; MW/Carlo Rossetti, 4 March 1977, Hogsback.
4.WPU, MW notes for ‘Reflections on fieldwork’; W.D. Hammond-Tooke, Imperfect Interpreters: South Africa’s Anthropologists 1920–1990 (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1997), pp. 110–111; Henri A. Junod, The Life of a South African Tribe, 2 vols (London: Macmillan, 1927 [1912–13]); A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, ‘The Mother’s Brother in South Africa’, South African Journal of Science, 21 (1924): 542–55; WPU, MW/Carlo Rossetti, 4 March 1977, Hogsback. William Beinart’s historical study, The Political Economy of Pondoland 1860–1930 (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1982), complements Monica’s ethnography.
5.WPU, MW notes for ‘Reflections on fieldwork’; LSE, Malinowski/7/19, African Fellows III, ‘Extract of letter to Miss Brackett’ [MH], 9 Oct. 1932; WP, H1.1, Reaction to Conquest: early drafts, notes; LSE, IAI/1/18, Miss M Hunter, ‘Methods of field work’.
6.WHP, MH/JH, MH/JH, 22 Nov. 1931, Ntibane. If she failed to get further support she would consider teaching at Lovedale, acknowledging however that she was not properly qualified for the job: MH/JH, 8 Nov. 1931, Ntibane; MH/GW, 22 Jan. 1932, Hogsback; Hammond-Tooke, Imperfect Interpreters, 45–48; WHP, MH/JH, 29 Nov. 1931, Ntibane, encl. DG Brackett/MH, 29 Oct. 1931, London. Hodson had already written assuring Monica she would receive the funds: MH/JH, 15 Nov. 1931, Ntibane. For Oldham, see WPU, MW/Kathleen Bliss, 16 Oct. 1970, Rondebosch: Monica added that ‘there is no question that Oldham was a very great man and that his stature was recognised by men in very different fields with very different views, such as Malinowski’. For Winifred Hoernlé, see Bruce K. Murray, Wits: The Early Years. A History of the University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg and it Precursors 1896–1939 (Johannesburg: Witswatersrand University Press, 1982), 139–140; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, 16 Nov. 1931.
7.WHP, MW Journal, November 6 1960; MH/GW, 10 Jan. 1931, Hogsback.
8.WHP, MH/GW, 10 Jan. 1931, Hogsback. Godfrey had sent Monica a paper by Kullmann; WP, B6.15, ER Roux/MH, 21 January 1931, Bez Valley, Johannesburg.
9.WHP, ‘Notes by MW on early memories’; Noël Mostert, Frontiers (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1992), pp. 1014–43; SM and Nwabisa Vokwana, ‘“Shaping in dull, dead clay their dreams of riches and beauty”: Clay Modelling at e-Hala and Hogsback in the Eastern Cape, South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 27, 1 (2001): 137–138; WHP, ‘Notes by MW on early memories’; WP, H2.1, Sketches of clothing, ornamentation, tobacco bags, basketwork etc. Family trees; WPU, sketch maps; WP, H2.2, Field notes, drafts, typescripts; LSE, IAI/1/18; int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1931: On 30 April David paid £10 to A Argyle ‘for Monica’s board’; IAI/1/18, Miss M Hunter, ‘Methods of field work’. Monica continued to gather material about Auckland, see for instance WP, H2.3, Nathaniel Makalima/MH, 12 July 1933, Auckland.
10.WHP, ‘Notes by MW on early memories’; GW/MH, 15 Feb. 1930, Hertford College, Oxford, forwarded from Lovedale to MH ‘c/o Mr A Argyle, Auckland, Upper Tyumie’; int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1931. On 30 April David paid £10 to A. Argyle ‘for Monica’s board’.
11.For white-run stores in African life, see Phyllis Ntantala, A Life’s Mosaic (Cape Town and Bellville: David Philip and Mayibuye Centre, 1992), pp. 4–6; for an anecdotal description of Transkei trading life, see Mike Thompson, Traders and Trading Stations of the Central and Southern Transkei (Ashburton: Brevitas, 2012); WHP, MH/GW, March 1931, c/o Argyle, Auckland. Monica uses both ‘Hettie’ and ‘Hetty’; MH/GW, March 1931, c/o Argyle, Auckland.
12.WHP, MH/JH, ‘Sunday night’, May 1931, Johannesburg; MH/JH, 19 July 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 4 Sept. [1932], Mbotyi. For Hoernlé’s rigorous questioning, in this case about ukumetsha (external sexual intercourse), see WPU, A.W. Hoernlé/MH, 27 Feb. 1932, Johannesburg; WHP, MH/JH, 28 Sept. 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 29 Nov. 1931, Ntibane; MH/GW, 28 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi.
13.WHP, MH/GW, 14 June 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 9 Aug. 1931, Ntibane.
14.Int. FW & LW/MW (ii); John A. Chalmers, Tiyo Soga: A Page of South African Mission Work (Edinburgh: A. Elliot, 1878); John Henderson Soga, The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs (Lovedale: Lovedale Press, 1932); WHP, MH/GW, 14 June 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 11 July 1931, Ntibane; int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WHP, Mary Dreyer/MH, 24 April 1932, Ntibane; Mary Dreyer/MH, 22 March 1934, Ntibane; WPU, Mary Dreyer/MH, [1932?], Ntibane; WHP, Mary Dreyer/MH, Sunday [1934], Ntibane. Nonetheless, in 1972 Monica wrote that Mary ‘certainly did’ identify as an African: WPU, MW/Thelma Gutsche, 19 Oct. 1972, n.p.
15.WHP, MH/JH, 29 Nov. 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 18 Oct. 1931, Ntibane. The storyteller was probably the ‘small housemaid’ Gretta with whom Monica set out for a festivity on 29 Oct. 1931: WP, B5.2, MH/JH, 1 Nov. [1931], Ntibane. Monica lost touch with the adult Ivan Dreyer, who ‘identified with his father, who was white’: WPU, MW/Thelma Gutsche, 19 Oct. 1972, n.p.
16.Int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WHP, MH/JH, 7 June 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 26 July 1931, Ntibane.
17.WHP, MH/JH, 9 Aug. 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 24 Aug. 1931, Ntibane; Desmond [Hobart Houghton]/GW, 8 September 1931, Lovedale; MH/GW, 14 June 1931, Ntibane. Elsewhere, Monica described going with her ‘neighbour and friend’ Hlupeka to girls’ initiation ceremonies: MH/JH, 17 Sept. 1931, Ntibane.
18.WHP, MH/GW, 15 Nov. 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 15 Nov. 1931, Ntibane; see Patrick Wilcken, Claude Lévi-Strauss: The Poet in the Laboratory (London: Bloomsbury, 2010); P.A.W. Cook, Social Organisation and Ceremonial Institutions of the Bomvana (Cape Town: Juta, 1931). Monica reviewed Cook’s book, anonymously she insisted, for the South African Outlook: MH/JH, 11 July 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 19 July 1931, Ntibane. Monica regarded Hugh A. Stayt’s The Bavenda (Oxford: OUP, 1932) as a far better study: MH/JH, 29 Nov. 1931, Ntibane.
19.WHP, MH/GW, 15 Nov. 1931, Ntibane.
20.WHP, GW/MH, [16] April 1931, Purley; K.A. Hobart Houghton/GW, 9 May 1931, Fort Beaufort; MH/GW, 14 June 1931, Ntibane.
21.WHP, MH/GW, 5 Sept. 1931, Ntibane.
22.WHP, MH/GW, 15 Nov. 1931, Ntibane.
23.WPU, I. Schapera/MH, 22 Nov. 1932, Cape Town; WHP, MH/GW, 14 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi; MH/GW, 3 July 1932, Johannesburg; WPU, C.E.B. Bremekamp/MH, 29 July 1931, Pretoria; J.M. Watt/MH, 25 Sept., 28 Sept., 17 Nov. 1931, and 30 March 1932, Johannesburg; [Secretary to?] Professor of Pharmacology/MH, 28 May 1934, Johannesburg; WHP, MH/JH, 16 Oct. 1932, Ntontela; WPU, Percival R. Kirby/MH, 21 Sept. 1932, Johannesburg; Percival R. Kirby/MH, 25 Oct. 1932, Johannesburg. See Kirby, The Musical Instruments of the Native Races of South Africa (Oxford: OUP, 1934). In December 1931 Monica returned home by train, with a musical instrument, no doubt for Kirby, ‘which raised smiles at every station, tucked under one arm’: WHP, MH/GW, 15 Dec. 1931, Hogsback; cooperative schemes: WPU, Bernard Huss/MH, 18 July 1932, Mariazell; WHP, MH/JH, 10 Sept. 1931, Ngqeleni.
24.WHP, MH/JH, 11 Oct. [1931], Ntibane; WP, B5.2, MH/JH, 1 Nov. [1931], Ntibane; int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WHP, MH/JH, 15 June [1932], Grahamstown; MH/DH, 15 June 1932, Grahamstown; Cine film – list of scenes, n.d., but probably 1932; MH/JH, 18 Sept. [1932], Holy Cross; MH/JH, 16 Oct. 1932, Ntontela; MH/GW, 21 Nov. [1932], Lovedale; MH/JH, 21 Feb. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, [between 8 and 15] March 1933, Girton.
25.WHP, K.K. [Hobart Houghton]/MH, 24 July 1931, Fort Beaufort; MH/JH, 11 June 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 9 Aug. 1931; MH/JH, 17 September 1931, Ntibane; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1931, 3 and 4 September.
26.WPU, Reflections: social life; WHP, MH/JH, 26 July 1931, Ntibane; MH/JH, 16 Aug. [1931], [Ntibane]. For Pickens, see MH/JH, 28 Sept. [1931], Ntibane. See Thompson, Traders and Trading Stations, p. 73; WHP, MH/JH, 28 Sept. [1931], Ntibane; MH/JH, 4 October [1931], Ntibane; MH/GW, 21 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi.
27.WHP, MH/JH, 15 Nov. 1931, Ntibane.
28.See, for instance, Hilda Kuper, An African Aristocracy: Rank among the Swazi (London: OUP, 1947), and especially Kuper’s Sobhuza II: Ngwenyama and King of Swaziland (London: Gerald Duckworth, 1978); WHP, MH/GW, 15 Dec. 1931, Hogsback; WPU, MW, Notes for ‘Reflections on fieldwork’. Dr Monde Makiwane points out that Tennyson Makiwane should not be confused with his ANC activist nephew and namesake. Mfengu immigrants played a very significant role in Pondoland: WHP, MH/JH, 23 Oct. 1932, Lusikisiki; MH/JH, 23 Oct. 1932, Lusikisiki.
29.WHP, MH/JH, 28 September [1931], Ntibane; MH/JH, 18 Oct. [1931], Ntibane.
30.WP, B5.2, MH/JH, 1 Nov. [1931], Ntibane; AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1931, 8 and 9 Dec.
31.WHP, MH/GW, 22 Jan. 1932, Hogsback; MH/GW, 15 Dec. 1931, Hogsback; MH/GW, 22 Jan. 1932, Hogsback.
32.WHP, MH/GW, 22 Jan. 1932, Hogsback; int. FW & LW/MW (ii).
33.WHP, MH/GW, 15 Dec. 1931, Hogsback; GW/MH, 7 Sept. 1931, Chartres; WP, A1.14, Dr Leonard Browne/MW, 4 February 1945, London; WHP, GW/MH, 8 Dec. 1931, Purley.
34.WP, B2, GW/MH, 26 Jan. 1932, Purley. See ‘Hands Across the Sea’, The Harvard Crimson, 10 June 1927, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1927/6/10/the-press-pintellectual-cooperation-and-scholastic/, accessed 6 April 2012. For Monica not disposing of Godfrey’s letter, WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1932, East London.
35.WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1932, East London.
36.WHP, GW/MH, ‘Easter Week at odd times 1932’ [postmark 6 April 1932], Purley; WHP, MH/GW, 24 April 1932, Lovedale.
37.WHP, D. Westermann/Miss Brackett, 16 Feb. 1932, Berlin (in German), with English translation.
38.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1932, 16 Feb., 24 and 27 March, 4 April; WHP, MH/JH, 18 Feb. 1931 [recte 1932], East London; MH/JH, 18 Feb. 1931 [recte 1932], East London; MH/JH, 21 [recte 25?] Feb. [1932], East London. For information from Rubusana, see WPU, East London, chieftainship, 2/2. For questions on dreams, see East London, chieftainship, 1/2. Leslie Bank, in ‘City Dreams, Country Magic: Re-Reading Monica Hunter’s East London Fieldnotes’, in Bank and Bank, eds, Inside African Anthropology: 95–126, believes Monica missed the opportunity to make more use of her dream material. ‘Bodyguard’: typed note in WPU, East London; WPU, East London, chieftainship, 1/2 and 2/2; WHP, MH/JH, 17 March 1931 [recte 1932], East London; MH/GW, 24 April 1932, Lovedale.
39.WHP, MH/JH, 21 [recte 25] Feb. [1932], East London; WPU, East London, chieftainship, 1/2 and 2/2; WHP, MH/JH, 18 Feb. 1931 [recte 1932], East London. For Laidler, see MH/JH, 3 March 1932, [East London]; National Research Council (US), International Directory of Anthropologists, vol. 1 (Washington DC: National Research Council, 1938), p. 275; MH/JH, 21 [recte 25] Feb. [1932], East London.
40.WPU, ‘House Hold Questionnaire’, [1932?]; East London, chieftainship; WHP, MH/JH, 17 March 1931 [recte 1932], East London.
41.WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1932, East London; MH/JH, 21 [recte 25] Feb. [1932], East London; MH/JH, 3 March 1932, [East London]; int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1932, East London; MH/JH, 3 March 1932, [East London]; MH/JH, 21 [recte 25] Feb. [1932], East London; WPU, East London, chieftainship.
42.WHP, MH/GW, 24 April 1932, Lovedale. East London was on the itinerary of some important musicians, and in July 1932 Monica went with her parents to a concert by violinist Jascha Heifetz: MH/GW, 17 July 1932, Hogsback; WPU, note inside file ‘Main lines of change’; WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1932, East London; MH/JH, 10 March [1932], [East London]; MH/JH, 17 March 1931 [recte 1932], East London. For Lloyd, see Keith Tankard, ‘Charles Lloyd, Location Superintendent’, http://www.eastlondon-labyrinth.com/townships/lloyd.jsp, accessed 10 April 2012.
43.WHP, MH/GW, 24 April 1932, Lovedale; MH/JH, Thurs. [7 April 1932], Umtata; Frank Brownlee/MH, 23 Nov. 1932, Matatiele; WHP, MH/JH, Sat. [10 April 1932], Umtata; MH/JH, Thurs. [7 April 1932], Umtata.
44.Int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WHP, MH/GW, 24 April 1932, Lovedale; MH/GW, 7 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi; MH/GW, 11 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi.
45.WHP, MH/GW, 24 April 1932, Lovedale; WP, B1, MW/GW, 10 May [1937], Lovedale.
46.WHP, MH/JH, [3 May 1932], Adelaide; MH/JH, ‘Sunday May’ [probably 8 May 1932], Adelaide. For the stock inspector: MH/JH, [20 May] 1932, Adelaide; MH/JH, [29 May 1932], Glenlyndon [sic], Bedford, and other references; MH, Reaction, 508; WPU, file: Pondo intsomi linguistics.
47.WHP, MH/JH, [8?] May [1932], Adelaide; MH/JH, [15] May 1932, Glenthorn, Adelaide.
48.WHP, MH/JH, [3 June 1932], Bedford; WPU, Farms, economics; WHP, MH/JH, 1 June [1932], Grahamstown.
49.WHP, GW/MH, 11 May 1932, Purley; GW/MH, 12 May 1932, Purley.
50.WHP, MH/GW, 29 May 1932, Bedford. For AE’s poem, see George William Russell, Collected Poems by A.E. (London: Macmillan, 1913).
51.WHP, GW/MH, 17 May [1932], Purley.
52.WHP, MH/GW, 2 June [1932], Bedford; MH/GW, 12 June 1932, Grahamstown; MH/JH, 15 June [1932], Grahamstown.
53.WHP, GW/MH, 17 May [1932], Purley; GW/MH, 14 June 1932, as from Purley; LSE, Malinowski/9/13, African Institute, ‘International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Minutes of the 11th Meeting of the Executive Council, Colonial Office, Downing Street, July 8 & 9, 1932’. Godfrey relayed this information to Monica soon afterwards: WHP, GW/MH, 19 July 1932, as from Purley.
54.WHP, GW/MH, 14 June 1932, as from Purley; GW/MH, 22 June [1932], Purley; GW/MH, 5 July 1932, Purley; MH/GW, 21 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi.
55.WHP, MH/GW, 3 July 1932, Johannesburg. In a draft letter to Hoernlé, Monica wondered if she might be granted £400 per annum for a year at Cambridge, six months in the field ‘collecting data on native movements’ and another eighteen months researching magic and ukuthwasa, the preparation for becoming a traditional healer. Though her research diverged from this, she did not want to ‘let the men think that they are the only people trying to study a subject’. WPU, file: Pondo intsomi linguistics, letter on the back of some notes, MH/Winifred Hoernlé, 8 July 1932, Lovedale; WHP, MH/GW, 6 July 1932, Lovedale. Correspondence between Hodson and the Mistress of Girton, and between Monica and Girton, asking inter alia if she could share rooms with Elizabeth Wilson and be granted the £80 Carlisle Scholarship, is in Girton College Archives, Hunter MM (Student file); WHP, MH/GW, 4 Sept. [1932], Mbotyi [and Ntontela]. Monica confided to her mother about the stressful relationship with Godfrey, and when the Cambridge scholarship was assured, told him that she wished to see him as ‘to go on not being sure, is intolerable for us both’: MH/JH, 30 Oct. 1932.
56.WHP, MH/GW, 4 Sept. [1932], Mbotyi [and Ntontela]; WHP, MH/JH, 21 Aug. [1932], Mbotyi; MH/JH, 10 Sept. [1932]; MH/JH, 10 Sept. [1932]; WPU, file: Pondo intsomi linguistics, draft on reverse field-notes, MH/Rheinallt Jones, 4 Oct. 1932, Ntontela; WHP, MH/JH, 27 Sept. [1932], Ntontela; Cambridge University Archives, Hunter, M (Miss), MH/Assistant Registrar, 31 Aug. 1932, as from Lovedale; R.E. Priestley, Secretary of Board of Research Studies/MH, 24 Nov. 1932; T.C. Hodson/R.E. Priestley, 7 June 1932, Cambridge.
57.WPU, Winifred Hoernlé/MH, 26 Oct. 1932, Johannesburg; WHP, MH/GW, 28 Oct 1932, Nkantisweni.
58.WHP, MH/GW, 3 July 1932, Johannesburg; MH/GW, 6 July 1932, Lovedale.
59.WHP, MH/GW, 17 July 1932, Hogsback; MH/GW, 23 and 26 July 1932, Lovedale.
60.LSE, IAI/1/18, Miss M Hunter, ‘Methods of field work’; WHP, J.D. Rheinallt Jones/Magistrates and Native Commissioners, 27 May 1932, Johannesburg; MH/GW, 3 July 1932, Johannesburg. For an anecdotal account of Jack Barber and the Mbotyi store, see http://www.mbotyi.co.za/about-us/history/, accessed 1 May 2012; MH/JH, [1 Aug. 1932], Lusikisiki. Mswakeli, who was Regent at the time, died in 1934; MH/JH, 28 Aug. [1932], Mbotyi.
61.WHP, MH/GW, 7 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi; MH/GW, 21 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi; MH/GW, 7 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi.
62.WHP, MH/GW, 7 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi; MH/JH, 7 Aug. [1932], Mbotyi.
63.WHP, MH/JH, 4 Sept. [1932], Mbotyi; MH/JH, 16 Oct. 1932, Ntontela. Louse reference: int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WPU, Twin rituals, 1/2; Twin rituals, 2/2.
64.WHP, MH/GW, 14 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi; GW/MH, 23 Aug. 1932, Purley; GW/MH, 15 Aug. 1932, Purley; GW/MH, 9 Aug. 1932, Purley. It was possible at this time to write a doctoral thesis in anthropology with little or no fieldwork. See for example Eileen Krige’s The Social System of the Zulus (Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter, 1950 [1936]), the published version of Krige’s University of the Witwatersrand thesis; GW/MH, 11 Oct. 1932, London. For Godfrey’s registration, see LSE, Malinowski Papers, 7/3, LG Robinson/B Malinowski, 14 Oct. 1932, [London].
65.WHP, GW/MH, 23 Aug. 1932, Purley; GW/MH, 21 Sept. 1932, London; MH/GW, 14 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi. To her mother on the same date, Monica simply said that work was now necessarily more difficult, as she had recorded the obvious and was now digging for the obscure: MH/JH, 14 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi.
66.WHP, GW/MH, 8 Sept. 1932, London. He later moved to 18 Argyll Square, which seems to have been no better: a ‘nasty smelly place’, Monica thought: WP, B1, MH/GW, 6 June 1934, [Lovedale]; WHP, GW/MH, 14 Sept. 1932, London; GW/MH, 8 Sept. 1932, London; GW/MH, 14 Sept. 1932, London; GW/MH, 8 Sept. 1932, London; GW/MH, 21 Sept. 1932, London. See Frédéric Le Play, Les Ouvriers Européens. Études sur les travaux, la vie domestique et la condition morale des populations ouvrières de l’Europe (Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1855); MH/GW, 9 Oct. 1932, Ntontela; GW/MH, 30 Aug. 1932, Purley; GW/MH, 23 Nov. 1932, London.
67.WHP, GW/MH, 21 Sept. 1932, Mbotyi; MH/GW, 17 July 1932, Hogsback; MH/GW, 18 Sept. [1932], Holy Cross.
68.Monica’s ‘Effects of contact with Europeans on the status of Pondo women’, Africa, 6, 3 (1933): 259–76 represents the original female-oriented dimension of her research; WHP, MH/GW, 18 Sept. [1932], Holy Cross. Godfrey pounced on the idea that there might be any possibility of specialism within anthropology: ‘once we lose sight of the unity we are lost and damned irrevocably’: GW/MH, 20 Oct. 1932, London. Monica replied crisply that ‘Malinowski himself … has set the fashion for specialized studies on different aspects of primitive life’: MH/GW, 21 Nov. [1932], Lovedale; MH/GW, 9 Oct. 1932, Ntontela; MH/GW, 28 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi; MH/JH, 28 Aug. [1932], Mbotyi; WPU, file: Pondo intsomi linguistics, MS list of ‘contact words’; Pondoland 10, Papers and speeches.
69.WHP, MH/JH, 21 Aug. [1932], Mbotyi; MH/GW, 4 Sept. [1932], Mbotyi; MH/GW, 21 Aug. 1932, Mbotyi.
70.WHP, MH/GW, 4 Sept. [1932], Mbotyi [and Ntontela]; MH/JH, 10 Sept. [1932], Ntontela; MH/GW, 2 Oct. 1932, Port St Johns. Goss: MH/JH, 9 Oct. 1932, Ntontela.
71.WPU, MW notes for ‘Reflections on fieldwork’; WHP, MH/GW, 18 Sept. [1932], Holy Cross. Monica continued to receive ethnographic material from the Holy Cross priests: see WPU. For Cingo, author of Ibalilaba Thembu (Emfundisweni: Mission Press, 1927), see WHP, MH/JH, 18 Sept. [1932], Holy Cross; WPU, WD Cingo/MH, 12 Dec. 1932, Emfundisweni. Godfrey noted the medieval atmosphere of Holy Cross, ‘except that the chronicler … is not a knight-errant, but an errant maiden on a palfrey’: GW/MH, 20 Oct. 1932, London. WHP, MH/JH, [3] Oct. [1932], Port St Johns; MH/GW, 2 Oct. 1932, Port St Johns.
72.WHP, GW/MH, 14 Sept. 1932, London; GW/MH, 27 Sept. 1932, London. Godfrey’s remark concerning ‘intellectual scraps’ relates to the controversy surrounding communist anthropologist Paul Kirchoff. See Geoffrey Gray, ‘Not allowed to stay and unable to leave: Paul Kirchoff’s quest for a safe haven, 1931–41’, Histories of Anthropology Annual, 5 (2009): 166–181.
73.WHP, MH/GW, 9 Oct. 1932, Ntontela; MH/GW, 1 Nov. [1932], Nkantisweni; MH/GW, 11 Dec. 1932, Hogsback; MH/GW, 1 Nov. [1932], Nkantisweni; MH/GW, 21 Nov. [1932], Lovedale; n.d. [probably 1932].
74.WHP, MH/JH, 9 Oct. 1934 [recte 1932], Ntontela; MH/JH, 24 Oct. [1932], Nkantisweni; MH/GW, 28 Oct. 1932, Nkantisweni; int. FW & LW/MW (ii); WHP, MH/JH, 9 Oct. 1934 [recte 1932], Ntontela; MH/JH, 23 Oct. 1932, Lusikisiki; WPU, Papers and speeches, ‘Intsomi’ (story).
75.WP, B1, MH/GW, 19 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; WPU, ‘Black Pawns’, n.d. See also WP, A2.19, ‘ms notes for a story re migration to town’, n.d.; B1, MW/GW, 9 April 1937, Hogsback; B2, GW/MW, 3–6 May 1937, Isumba. See Naomi Mitchison, We Have Been Warned (London: Constable, 1935); WP, B1, MW/GW, 15 May 1937, Lovedale.
76.WHP, MH/JH, 24 Oct. [1932], Nkantisweni; MH/GW, 28 Oct. 1932, Nkantisweni; MH/JH, 30 Oct. 1932, Nkantisweni. For popular movements in the area, see William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in Transkei and Eastern Cape 1890–1930 (London: James Currey, 1987). For Huberta, see http://www.museum.za.net/index.php/displays/huberta, accessed 30 May 2012.
77.WHP, GW/MH, 14 June 1932, as from Purley; GW/MH, 11 Oct. 1932, London; GW/MH, 17 Nov. 1932, London; GW/MH, 6 Nov. 1932, Swaffham Prior; MH/GW, 21 Nov. [1932], Lovedale; LSE, Malinowski/9/13, B. Malinowski/J. Oldham, 5 Dec. 1932, London; WHP, GW/MH, 11 Oct. 1932, London.
78.WHP, MH/GW, 1 Nov. [1932], Nkantisweni; MH/GW, 11 Dec. 1932, Hogsback; MH/GW, 13 Nov. 1932, Lovedale; MH/GW, 7 Nov. [1932], Kokstad; MH/GW, 13 Nov. 1932, Lovedale.
79.WPU, Pondoland 8, Pondo intsomi linguistics; WP, D1.1, GW’s notebooks; WPU Pondoland 7, 8, East London, chieftainship, 1/2 and 2/2 etc. Later, Monica and Godfrey debated how to record their future work in Tanganyika; Monica opted eventually for the card index system, while Godfrey preferred indexed notebooks: WHP, MH/GW, 28 July 1933, Girton; GW/MH, 30 July 1933, Purley.
80.Monica Hunter, ‘Results of Culture Contact on the Pondo and Xosa Family’, South African Journal of Science, xxix (1932): 681–686; WPU, Pondoland 10, Papers and speeches.
81.WHP, MH/GW, 13 Nov. 1932, Lovedale; MH/GW, 21 Nov. [1932], Lovedale; MH/GW, 29 Nov. 1932, Lovedale. Neil MacVicar sent information on Victoria Hospital nurses, as well as diseases such as syphilis and leprosy: WPU, Contact and Health, Neil MacVicar/MH, 6 Dec. 1932, Lovedale, with enclosures; Letters from former nurses at Lovedale Hospital, 1932–33; WHP, MH/GW, 13 Nov. 1932, Lovedale. For Waterston, see Elizabeth van Heyningen, Introduction to Lucy Bean and Elizabeth van Heyningen, eds, The Letters of Jane Elizabeth Waterston, 1866-1905 (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1983); for Yergan, see David Anthony III, Max Yergan: Race Man, Internationalist, Cold Warrior (New York: New York University Press, 2006); for Robinson, see E.A.G. Robinson, ‘The Economic Problem’, in Merle I. Davis, ed., Modern Industry and the African (London: Macmillan, 1967 [1933]), pp. 136–174.
82.WHP, MH/GW, 13 Nov. 1932, Lovedale.
83.WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, 16 Dec. 1932; WHP, MH/JH, 22 Dec. [1932], on board ship, Cape Town.
CHAPTER 4
1.WHP, MH/JH, 12 Jan. 1933, Wimbledon Common; MH/GW, [17?] Jan. 1933, Girton; WP, B2, GW/MH, 23 Jan. 1933, London; WHP, telegram MH/Hunter, 30 Jan. 1933; MH/JH, 30 Jan. 1933, Girton; engagement announcement, The Times, 8 March 1933.
2.WP, B2, GW/MH, Tuesday [1933], London; GW/MH, Tuesday [1933], London; WHP, MH/GW, Wed. [1933], Girton; WP, B2, GW/MH, 31 May 1933, London; GW/MH, 30 Oct. 1933, n.p.; GW/MH, 3 Nov. 1933, London.
3.WHP, GW/MH, 9 June 1933, London; WP, B2, GW/MH, 13 June 1933, London; GW/MH, 20 Oct. 1933, London.
4.WHP, MH/GW, 23 Oct. [1933], Girton; MH/GW, 7 Oct. [1933], Girton; MH/GW, Monday [1933], Girton; WHP, MH/GW, Sunday [1933], Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire; MH/GW, 1 May [1933], Girton; MH/GW, Wednesday [1933], [Girton]; MH/GW, Monday [1933], Girton; MH/JH, 21 Feb. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 15 March 1933, Girton; MH/GW, Friday [1933], Girton; MH/GW, Saturday, Sunday [1933], Girton; WP, B2, GW/MH, Wednesday [1933], London.
5.WHP, GW/JH, 7 Feb. 1933; MH/JH, 15 Feb. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 19 April 1933, Girton. Godfrey’s much younger sister Carol recalls acting as the couple’s tennis ‘ball-girl’ during Monica’s visits. Interview SM/Carol Jeffrey, 6 Feb. 2008, Oliver Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg (int. SM/CJ (i)); WHP, MH/GW, Sunday [1933], [Girton]; WP, B2, GW/MH, 3 Jan. 1933 [wrong date], London; WHP, MH/JH, 8 Feb. 1933, Girton; WP, B2, GW/MH, 13 Feb. 1933, London; LSE, Malinowski/7/3, Students 1932–1934, GW/Malinowski, 13 Feb. 1933, London; WHP, MH/JH, 21 Feb. 1933, Girton; WP, B2, GW/MH, 24 Feb. 1933, London.
6.WHP, MH/JH, 12 Oct. 1933, Girton, and many other references; MH/JH, 5 April 1933, Edinburgh; WP, B1, MH/GW, 26 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; WHP, MH/JH, 21 Feb. 1933, Girton. Monica was dismayed by Audrey’s ‘ultra puritan’ attitude towards spending on clothes: MH/JH, 4 Jan. 1934, Purley; MH/JH, 26 March 1933, Edinburgh.
7.WHP, MH/JH, 9 April 1933, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 21 Sept. 1933, Purley; MH/JH, 31 Dec. 1933, Bexhill-on-Sea.
8.WHP, GW/MH, 10 March 1933, London; MH/JH, 21 Feb. 1933, Girton; MH/GW, Friday [n.d.], encl. Emily O. Lorimer/MH, 22 March 1933, Welwyn Garden City; MH/JH, 10 May [1933], Girton; GW/MH, 5 Sept. [1933], London; GW/MH, Friday [1933], London; GW/MH, 8 June 1933, London; MH/JH, 3 Oct. 1933, Girton; MH/GW, Monday [1933], [Girton]; MH/JH, 23 March 1933, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 10 May [1933], Girton; WHP, MH/JH, [first half] March 1933, Girton; WP, B2, GW/MH, 25 March 1933, London; WHP, GW/MH, 25 March 1933, London; GW/MH, 21 April 1933, London.
9.WHP, MH/JH, 15 Feb. 1933, Girton.
10.WHP, MH/GW, Thursday [1933], [Girton]; MH/GW, Friday [1933], Girton; MH/GW, Friday [1933], Girton.
11.WHP, MH/GW, Friday [1933], Girton; MH/GW, Wednesday [1933], Girton; WP, B5.1, MW/DH, 4 June [1936], London. Decades later, Monica wrote: ‘I went to Pondoland to study “Culture Contact”, and abandoned it by 1938 as a dead end, compared to “Social Change”’: WHP, MW/FW, 1 Sept. 1979, Hogsback; WP, B2, GW/MH, 3 Nov. 1933, London; WPU, Pondoland 8, file: Main lines of change.
12.WHP, MH/JH, 26 Jan. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 18 Jan. 1933, Girton; on Driberg, MH/JH, 12 Oct. [1933], Girton; MH/GW, 29 April [1933], Girton; MH/JH, 15 Feb. 1933, Girton.
13.LSE, Malinowski/7/3, Students 1932–1934, GW/Malinowski, 4 Jan. 1933, London; WP, B2, GW/MH, 11 Sept. 1933, London; LSE, Malinowski/6/8, GW/Malinowski, 6 Nov. 1933, encl. ‘Paper Read by G. Wilson, L.S.E. October 19th 1933’; WHP, MH/GW, 20 Oct. 1933, Girton.
14.Raymond Firth, ‘Siegfried Frederick Nadel 1903–1956’, American Anthropologist, 59 (1952): 117–124; WP, B2, GW/MH, 3 Sept. 1933, London; WHP, GW/MH, 22 Feb. 1934, London. Godfrey describes a meeting where the at times cruel Malinowski made ‘a mild mannered German priest’ swear in English for ‘a little innocent fun’: GW/MH, 5 April 1934, London; WP, B2, GW/MH, 24 Oct. 1933, London; GW/MH, Thursday [1933], London.
15.WHP, GW/MH, 3 May 1934, London; MH/GW, 8 Dec. [1933], Girton; MH/GW, 1 May [1933], Girton; WP, B2, GW/MH, 11 Sept. 1933, London; GW/MH, 10 Sept. 1933, London; WPU, MW, Notes for ‘Reflections on fieldwork’; WP, B1, MH/GW, 19 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 23 Dec. [1934], Hogsback; B2, GW/MH, 24 Oct. [1933], London.
16.WHP, MH/GW, Tuesday [1933], Girton; GW/MH, 17 Sept. 1934, Tukuyu; LSE, Malinowski/9/15, African Institute 1934–1938, ‘International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Minutes of meeting of Business Committee 27 November 1934 at offices of Institute’.
17.See Monica’s ‘The effects of contact with Europeans on the status of Pondo women’, Africa, 6, 3 (1933): 259–276: WHP, MH/JH, 7 Nov. 1933, Girton; see Matthew Engelke, ‘“The Endless Conversation”: Fieldwork, Writing, and the Marriage of Victor and Edith Turner’, in Richard Handler, ed., Significant Others: Interpersonal and Professional Commitments in Anthropology, History of Anthropology, Vol. 10 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), pp. 6–50; Elizabeth Wilson: email from TW 20 April 2015; WHP, MH/JH, 5 April 1933, Edinburgh. Uncle Ian and Aunt Mary were ‘dears, but burried [sic] in mounds of Victorianisms and quaintnesses’: MH/GW, Monday 1933, Edinburgh; MH/JH, 22 Nov. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 13 Dec. 1933, Girton.
18.WHP, MH/JH, 9 April 1933, Edinburgh; WPU, Reaction to Conquest of Pondo 10, Papers and speeches, n.d., but from internal evidence April 1933; WHP, MH/JH, 21 May [1933], Girton; MH/JH, 27 April 1933, Girton. Monica knew Pat Sloan quite well. Early in 1929, for instance, he gave her tickets for a Soviet film which she and Roux attended: WHP, MH/JH, 13 March 1929, Girton.
19.WHP, MH/JH, 31 Dec. 1933, Bexhill-on-Sea; MH, ‘The effects of contact with Europeans on the status of Pondo women’, Africa, 6, 3 (1933): 259–276; WP, B1, MH/GW, 22 Feb. [1934], Union-Castle ship, Cape Town; WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1933 [recte 1934], Lovedale.
20.WHP, MH/GW, ‘Thursday’ [first half of 1933], [Girton]; MH/GW, 6 June [1933], Girton; MH/JH, [23 May 1933], ‘London Train Tuesday May’. DH and JH arrived in England on 12 July, stayed at Cambridge from 18 July to 2 August, spent some time in Scotland, and left for South Africa on 15 September: WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, July–September 1933; WHP, GW/MH, 22 June 1933, London; MH/GW, 7 Oct. [1933], Girton.
21.WPU, ‘Culture contact in Africa: A study in Contemporary History’, n.d. but 1934/5; for Godfrey’s comments, see ‘Pondo Family Life’, ‘Economic Organisation’ and ‘Birth, Childhood, Adolescence’ in WPU, ‘Early Write up Papers by GW: Early Notes’; WP, H1.1, Early drafts, notes etc., includes ‘G’s criticisms’ and detailed suggestions from GW, plus integration of urban and rural material, ‘preserving connection of town and country’; WP, B1, MW/GW, 23 April 1937, Lovedale.
22.MH, ‘Results of Culture Contact on the Pondo and Xosa Family’, South African Journal of Science, 29 (1932): 681–686; ‘The effects of contact with Europeans on the status of Pondo women’, Africa, 6, 3 (1933): 259–276; ‘In Pondoland’, Girton Review, 92 (1933): 27–9; WHP, MH/GW, 25 March 1934, Lovedale. See ‘The Story of Nosente, The Mother of Compassion of the Xhosa Tribe, South Africa, recorded by Monica Hunter’ in Margery Perham, ed., Ten Africans (London: Faber & Faber, 1963 [1936]), pp. 121–137; WHP, MW/FW, 16 Oct. 1980, Hogsback; MH/JH, 30 Jan. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 15 March 1933, Girton; MH/GW, Sunday [August 1933], Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire; WPU, Pondoland 8, file: Pondo intsomi linguistics, TS draft of paragraph re end of Pondo rural study: ‘the next volume “Pondo go to town”’ she wrote uncertainly as her original intention was to trace the effects of urbanisation, specifically on Pondos; WHP, MH/JH, 31 Oct. 1933, Girton. See also WP, B2, GW/MH, 30 Oct. 1933, n.p.; WHP, MH/GW, Friday [1933], Girton; LSE, IAI/1/18, MH, ‘Methods of field work’; MH, ‘Methods of study of culture contact’, Africa, 7 (1934): 335–350, one of a series of articles in successive issues by Lucy Mair, Audrey Richards, Isaac Schapera and others, subsequently published with an introductory essay by Malinowski: Methods of Study of Culture Contact in Africa (London: OUP, 1938). See WHP, MH/JH, 13 Dec. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 13 Dec. 1933, Girton.
23.WHP, MH/JH, 12 Oct. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 31 Oct [1933], Girton; MH/JH, 7 Dec. 1933, Girton. For Monica’s acknowledgement of errors in isiXhosa in Reaction, see WP, B1, MW/GW, 15 April [1937], Hogsback; WHP, MH/JH, 7 Nov. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 18 Oct. 1933, Girton. JH was, however, consistently supportive, including translating from German, as with F. Fullerborn’s Beiträge zur physischen anthropologie der Nord-Nyassaländer (Berlin: D. Reimer, 1902): MH/GW, Friday [1933], [Girton].
24.Cambridge University Archives, BOGS1, Hunter, MM, 1931–1936, E.W. Smith’s untitled examiner’s report, and F.C. Bartlett, ‘Report on a Dissertation submitted by Miss Hunter for the Ph.D. Degree in the University of Cambridge’ [Jan. 1934]. See Bartlett’s Psychology and Primitive Culture (Cambridge: CUP, 1923).
25.WP, B2, GW/MH, 8 June 1933, London; GW/MH, 7 July 1933, London. GW material from this period consists of student essays rather than primary research: WPU, GW – student and other papers; WHP, GW/JH, 4 Sept. 1933, London; GW/JH, 13 Dec. 1933, London; GW/MH, 29 March 1934, London; LSE, Malinowski/16/8, Notes on Seminar Discussions, ‘Discussion of Paper by G. Wilson, Tuesday March 6th’; WHP, GW/MH, 10 Dec. 1930, Purley; GW/MH, 27 July [1933], London.
26.WHP, MH/JH, 29 April 1933, Girton; MH/‘Dear Sirs’ [Electors to Wyse Studentship], 9 March 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 31 May 1933; MH/JH, 8 June [1933], Girton; C.D. Broad/MH, 31 May 1933, Trinity College, Cambridge. Prejudice against women was endemic: the library required written permission from her tutor before Monica could read Malinowski’s The Sexual Life of Savages: ‘Have you ever heard the like?’ she wrote to Godfrey: MH/GW, [May? 1933], n.p.; MH/JH, 7 Nov. 1933, Girton.
27.WHP, MH/JH, 30 Jan. 1933, Girton; MH/JH, 21 May [1933], Girton. Monica and Godfrey often stayed with the Oldhams: see, for instance, MH/JH, 31 Dec. 1933, Bexhill-on-Sea; MH/JH, 18 May 1933, Girton. isiXhosa hayikhona is an exclamation meaning ‘no, definitely not’; interview FW and LW/MW (iii), Hogsback, January 1982 (int. FW & LW/MW (iii)).
28.WHP, MH/JH, 21 May [1933], Girton; WP, B4.4, GW/Malinowski, 20 Sept. 1935, Tukuyu; LSE, Malinowski/9/13, African Institute, Oldham/Malinowski, 18 May 1933, London; WPU, J.H. Oldham/GW, 12 June 1933, London; copy P.E. Mitchell/Oldham, 18 Jan. 1934, Dar-es-Salaam, encl. in Oldham/GW, 30 Jan. 1934, London; WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1933 [recte 1934], Lovedale; GW/MH, 17 May 1934, London.
29.WHP, MH/JH, 26 Oct. 1933, Girton; Cambridge University Archives, BOGS1, Hunter, MM, 1931–1936, Recommendation by Degree Committee, 23 Jan. 1934; WP, AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary 1934. For Winifred Wilson, see ‘Madam’s Legacy’, http://www.youbyyou.co.uk/images/ex-winceby-text.pdf, consulted 30 Aug. 2012; WHP, MH/GW, 4 Feb. 1934, [Union Castle ship] ‘coasting down Spain’; WP, B1, MH/GW, 15 Feb. [1934], ‘one day before Lobito’; WHP, MH/JH, 18 Feb. 1934, ‘off S.W. Africa’; WP, B1, MH/GW, 18 Feb. 1934, ‘off S.W. Africa’.
30.WHP, MH/GW, 28 Feb. 1933 [recte 1934], Lovedale; MH/GW, 4 March 1934, Lovedale.
31.WHP, MH/GW, 25 March 1934, Lovedale; WP, B1, MH/GW, 26 Aug. 1934, Lovedale; WHP, MH/GW, 25 March 1934, Lovedale; WP, B1, MH/GW, 26 Aug. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 29 Sept. 1934, Lovedale.
32.WP, B1, MH/GW, Union Castle passenger ship, Cape Town, 22 Feb. [1934]. For the destruction of Chief Sigcau’s mealie field, see J.G. Lockhart and C.M. Woodhouse, Rhodes (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1963), p. 192; WP, BB3, JH/DH, 21 March 1934, Lovedale; WHP, MH/GW, 18 March [1934], Lovedale; MH/GW, March 1934, Lovedale; WPU, Pondoland 8, file: Pondo intsomi linguistics, W.G. Bennie/MH, 2 Nov. 1934, Rondebosch; WPU, file: Economic Life, DH/MH, 10 April 1934, Lovedale; Bishop of Port St John’s/MH, 24 May 1934, Umtata; Sec. of General Council, United Transkeian Territories/MH, 6 Sept. 1934, Umtata; Main lines of change, E. Cecil Makiwane/MH, 2 Nov. 1934, Junction Ferry, Tsolo. She also consulted with prominent academic and political leader D.D.T. Jabavu: file: Pondo intsomi linguistics, D.D.T. Jabavu/MH, 9 Oct. 1934, Fort Hare; WP, B1, MH/GW, 26 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; WPU, Pondoland 8, Main lines of change, D [Desmond Hobart Houghton]/MH, 30 Oct. 1934, Grahamstown; WP, B1, MH/GW, 29 Sept. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, [May 1934], [Lovedale]. Notcutt, subsequently Professor of Psychology at the University of Natal, was an army Captain during World War II, and he assisted Monica in the aftermath of Godfrey’s suicide. See E. Pratt Yule, ‘Bernard Notcutt: A Tribute’, Theoria, 5 (1953): 7–8.
33.WHP, A.W. Hoernlé/MH, 8 Aug. 1934, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
34.WP, B1, MH/GW, 5 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; WHP, MH/GW, March 1934, Lovedale; WP, B1, MH/GW, 26 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, [8 Nov. 1934], Mwaya; MH/GW, 26 Aug. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 5 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 2 Nov. 1934, Lovedale; David Hunter spent thirteen days on the proofs: AA1.1, DH Pocket Diary, Oct.–Nov. 1934; WP, B1, MH/GW, 26 Oct. 1934, Lovedale. In February Monica enquired about job opportunities and Schapera advised that she and Godfrey should ‘keep an eye on education and write an odd article or two on it’: MH/GW, 22 Feb. [1934], Union Castle ship, Cape Town; MH/GW, 30 Nov. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 21 Sept. [1934], Lovedale, encl. copy MH/Joseph Oldham, 21 Sept. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 18 Dec. [1934], Hogsback, encl. copy MH/Oldham, 17 Dec. 1934, Hogsback.
35.LSE, IAI/39/50, Monica Hunter 1935–1936, Memorandum reporting phone call from Audrey I. Richards re Monica Hunter MS, signed DNB [Dorothy Brackett], 24 Jan. 1935; 2/12, ‘Pondo Meet White Men’ by Miss M Hunter. Report by Professor D Westermann; WP, D11, Joseph Oldham/MW, 1 March 1935, IIALC, London; draft letter MW/Joseph Oldham, 16 April [1935], Isumba.
36.WP, B2, GW/MH, 11 April 1934, Shalbourne, Wiltshire; WHP, GW/MH, 22 Feb. 1934, London; MH/GW, 18 March [1934], Lovedale; GW/MH, 5 March 1934, London. The authorities were ‘incredibly severe’ on Simons, who was later readmitted. The President of the Students’ Union, Frank Meyer, an American, was expelled and deported: GW/MH, 29 March 1934, London. See also UCT Manuscripts and Archives, Simons Papers, Z4.4.1, Jack Simons CV. Malinowski both warned and welcomed Simons, writing ‘don’t behave like a bloody bum again’ and amicably scrawling ‘it was nice to see your face again’; he handed Simons over to Lucy Mair, who was critical of his Marxism: see K2.1, Thesis 1936, Malinowski/Simons, 13 March 1936, London; Mair/Simons, 20 March 1936, London; Simons/Mair, 4 May 1936, London.
37.WP, B2, GW/MW, 20–23 Jan. [1937], Tukuyu. Anthropology confronted Monica and Godfrey with other approaches to sexuality, and they appreciated DH Lawrence and others who questioned contemporary sexual mores – ‘I’m tired of working hard. I prefer to lie and read Lawrence’ – but in sexual matters they seem to have abided by the norms of their time and class: WHP, MH/GW, Thursday [1933], [Girton]; WHP, GW/MH, 11 Feb. 1934, London; GW/MH, 18 Feb. [1934], Purley; GW/MH, 29 March 1934, London; MH/GW, 4 March 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 18 March [1934], Lovedale; MH/GW, 4 Feb. 1934, Union Castle ship ‘coasting down Spain’; GW/MH, 15 Feb. [1934], London; MH/GW, March 1934, Lovedale.
38.WHP, GW/MH, 17 April [1934], London.
39.WHP, GW/MH, 24 April [1934], London; ‘dreadful letter’: 26 April [1934], London; GW/MH, 3 May [1934], London.
40.WP, B1, MH/GW, 10 May 1934, Lovedale.
41.WP, B1, MH/GW, 17 May 1934, Lovedale.
42.WP, B1, MH/GW, 27 May 1934, Lovedale; WHP, GW/MH, 29 May 1934, London.
43.WP, A1.5, GW Diary 1934–1935; WPU, GW, Correspondence and notes re fieldwork in Tanganyika, John V. Van Sickle/GW, 6 June 1934, Rockefeller European Office, Paris; George W. Bakeman/GW, 9 June 1934, Paris.
44.WP, B1, MH/GW, 27 May 1934, Lovedale; MH, ‘The Belief in Magic’, in E.G. Malherbe, ed., Educational Adaptations in a Changing Society: Report of the South African Education Conference held in Capetown and Johannesburg in July, 1934, under the auspices of the New Education Fellowship (Cape Town and Johannesburg: Juta, 1937), pp. 412–413; WP, B1, MH/GW, 5 June 1934, Lovedale. See also Peter Kallaway,‘Conference Litmus: The Development of a Conference and Policy Culture in the Interwar Period with Special Reference to the New Education Fellowship and British Colonial Education in South Africa’, in Kim Tolley, ed., Transformations in Schooling: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 123–149.
45.WHP, MH/GW, 18 March [1934], Lovedale; MH/JH, 17 [July 1934], Johannesburg; WHP, MW narrative CV, 1974; GW & MW, The Analysis of Social Change, Based on Observations in Central Africa (Cambridge: CUP, 1945); WPU, papers and speeches, TS ‘Changes in Native Life’, n.d. [Pondo research period]; WHP, MH/JH, [20 July 1934], Johannesburg. See A. Victor Murray, The School in the Bush: A Critical Study of the Theory and Practice of Native Education in Africa (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1929); WPU, papers and speeches, 3 pp. MS. of untitled [talk?] on anthropology. It seems Macmillan recalled Monica attending a lecture he had given at the LSE. She later said: ‘I made a comment which he ate up in fire. I must have a very black mark indeed against me for him to remember what I looked like’: WP, B1, MH/GW, 18 Feb. 1934, ‘off S.W. Africa’. Macmillan had, according to Godfrey, denied any intention of ‘impugn[ing] the faith of honest anthropologists’, though Godfrey himself expressed reservations about Macmillan’s position concerning development: WHP, GW/MH, 16 June 1933, London.
46.WP, A2.5, GW Diary 1934–1935.
47.WP, A2.5, GW Diary 1934–1935. Mancoba left South Africa in 1938 and spent the rest of his life as a painter and sculptor in France and Denmark: Elza Miles, Land and Lives: A Story of Early Black Artists (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1997), pp. 136–143. Mosaka is particularly remembered for his 1946 dismissal of the Natives’ Representative Council, of which he was a member, as a ‘toy telephone’; WP, A2.5, GW Diary 1934–1935; B2, GW/MW, 23–26 March 1937, Isumba.
48.WHP, GW/MH, 18 August 1934, Dunluce Castle, Durban. For an evocation of Mariannhill, see Michael Cawood Green, For the Sake of Silence (Roggebaai: Umuzi, 2008); WHP, GW/MH, 20 Aug. 1934, ship, Lourenço Marques; GW/MH, 22 Aug. 1934, ship, Beira; GW/MH, 15 Aug. 1934, ship, Durban harbour; WP, B1, MH/GW, 18 Feb. 1934, ship off South West Africa; MH/GW, 19 Aug. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 26 Aug. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 22 Aug. [1934], Lovedale.
49.WP, B1, MH/GW, 26 Oct. 1934, Lovedale; WHP, GW/MH, 21 Nov. 1934, Mwaya; GW/MH, [5 Nov. 1934], Mwaya; GW/MH, [8 Nov. 1934], Mwaya; GW/MH, 27 Dec. 1934, Tukuyu; WP, B1, MH/GW, 9 Nov. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 18 Nov. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 30 Nov. 1934, Lovedale; MH/GW, 23 Dec. [1934], Hogsback; WHP, GW/MH, GW/MH, 30 Nov. 1934, Tukuyu; WP, B1, MH/GW, 23 Dec. [1934], Hogsback; WHP, GW/MH, 18 Jan. 1935, Isumba; WP, B1, MH/GW, 18 Jan. [1935], Hogsback; MH/GW, 21 Sept. [1934]. See Hugh Ashton, The Basuto (London: OUP, 1952); MH/GW, 21 Sept. [1934], Lovedale, encl. copy MH/Joseph Oldham, 21 Sept. 1934, Lovedale; D11, D. Brackett/MH, 1 Feb. 1935, London.