INDEX

Acceptor atoms, hydrogen bond formation

Acetylcholine, muscle control and

Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA):

β-oxidation and

fatty acid production

Krebs cycle and

Acids

Ackee fruit

ActA protein, cytoskeleton function

Actin, microfilaments

Actin-binding proteins, microfilaments

Actin-related proteins, microfilaments

Actin-severing proteins, cell locomotion

Action potential:

initiation at synapse

myelination and

pain receptor nerve cell

as positive feedback

signal strength and

sodium

threshold voltage

Activation energy, enzyme catalysts

Active site, enzyme catalysts

Acyl carrier protein (ACP), fatty acid production

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

sudden infant death syndrome and deficiency of

Acyl groups, fatty acid residues

β oxidation

synthesis

Adaptive immunity, defined

Adenine:

DNA structure

structure and classification

Adenosine, structure and classification

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP):

calcium release, endoplasmic reticulum

Gibbs free energy

glycolysis

urea cycle and

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP):

calcium intracellular signaling

glycolysis

protein synthesis

urea cycle and

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):

calcium intracellular signaling

as energy currency

energy exchange mechanisms

Gibbs free energy

glycogenesis and

glycolysis

photosynthesis and

in sleeping sickness

structure and classification

urea cycle and

Adenylate cyclase

Adherens junctions

ADP/ATP exchanger, structure and mechanisms

Adrenaline

α-Adrenergic receptor, intercellular communication

β-Adrenergic receptor:

cyclic AMP production and

intercellular signaling

intracellular signaling

AIDS therapy, protease inhibitors

Alanine, side chain structure

Alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT)

cofactor and reaction mechanism

kidney stones and

to supply Krebs cycle

Albumen, β-oxidation and

Aldosterone, in kidney

Allolactose, bacterial gene expression

Allosteric effects, dynamic protein structure

Alternative splicing, gene proteins

Amino acids:

α-amino acid, definition

building blocks

charge properties

γ-amino acid, definition

genetic code and

hydropathy plotting

as metabolic energy source

in nature

peptide bond and

polymers of

post-translational modification

SH2 domain residues

structure and classification

synthesis of

tRNA attachment

Aminoacyl site, ribosome structure

Aminoacyl tRNA synthase, protein synthesis

Aminotransferases:

amino acid synthesis

cofactor and reaction mechanism

to supply Krebs cycle

Amoeboid movement

Amorphous substance, connective tissue

Amphipathic molecules, fatty acids

Amphiphilic molecules, fatty acids

Amplitude modulation (AM), nervous system coding

Anabolism, defined

Anaerobic cells:

energy transfer

glycolysis

calcium intracellular signaling

Anaphase:

meiosis and fertilization

mitosis and

Anchoring junctions

Angina, nitroglycerine and

Angiogenesis, cancer cells

Anions, water molecules and

Anodes, protein separation

Anterograde transport, microbutule motility

Antibiotics:

cell wall mechanisms

protein synthesis and

Antibodies:

binding mechanisms

cDNA cloning probes

genetics of

immune system

isoforms

monoclonal antibodies

Anticodon, tRNA and

Antigens, immune system

Antiparallel β-sheet, secondary protein structure

Antiviral drugs, DNA structure and

AP endonuclease, DNA repair

Apoptosis

Apoptosis inhibitor proteins

Aporepressor, bacterial gene expression

Aqueous liquids, defined

Arachidonate, hydrolysis

Arginine, side chain structure

Aspartate, side chain structure

ATM protein kinase, cell cycle control

ATP synthase, energy transfer and

Autoimmune disease, mechanisms of

Autoinduction, quorum sensing

Autophagosome, lysosomes

Autophagy, lysosomes

Autoradiography, cDNA cloning probes

Avastin, colon cancer therapy

Axon

Axonal transport, microtubule motility

Backbone organization:

primary protein structure

secondary protein structure

Bacteria

cloning vectors

cytoskeleton function

motility mechanisms

protein synthesis

Bacterial RNA:

gene expression

synthesis

Bacteriophage

cloning vectors

Basal lamina, epithelia

Base excision repair, DNA replication

Basement membrane, epithelia

Base pairing, DNA structure

Bases:

DNA repair and replication

DNA structure

pyrimidine structures

water dissolution

BAX proteins, apoptosis and

B cells, immune system

Bcl-2 protein family:

apoptosis and

stress-activated apoptosis

B-DNA

β-oxidation, of fats

β-Sheets, secondary protein structure

BEY gene, fertilization and inheritance

Bicoid transcription factor, Drosophila embryo signaling

Binary fission, defined

Binding sites, protein-molecule binding

Biochemical signaling:

cytokine receptors

growth factors, calcium signaling

insulin mechanisms

mechanisms for

receptor tyrosine kinases and MAP kinase cascade

Biological macromolecules

Bivalents, meiosis and fertilization

Blastocyst, transgenic and knockout mice

Blood supply:

cell cycle control and blood vessel recruitment

immune system and

muscles, paracrine transmitter control of

Bloom's syndrome, DNA repair and

Blunt ends, of DNA

Botulism:

immunization for

SNARES protein family and

``Breathing'' proteins

Bright-field microscopy

Brown fat

Bulky lesion, DNA repair and replication

Cadherin

Calcineurin and effect of immunosuppressants

Calcium ATPase:

calcium regulation

mechanism

Calcium-calmodulin-activated protein kinase

Calcium ions:

in endoplasmic reticulum

feedforward control in muscle cells

intracellular signaling

cytosolic activation

endoplasmic reticulum

extracellular medium

resting levels

Calmodulin, tertiary structure

Calvin cycle, photosynthesis and

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

blood supply control

CFTR

glycogen breakdown and

smooth muscle tension

transcription control

cAMP-gated channel, calcium intracellular signaling

cAMP phosphodiesterase

Cancer:

cell cycle control and

DNA polymerase inhibition and

microarray classification

mitosis and

Capsaicin, pain channels and

Carbohydrates

as fuel

Carbon dioxide fixation, photosynthesis and

Carbon fixation, photosynthesis and

Carboxyl group

acid-water interactions

binding calcium ion

ester bond

peptide bond

side chain, of amino acid

Carboxyl terminus, of proteins

Carcinogenesis, cell cycle control

Cardiac muscle

Carrier proteins:

energy exchange mechanisms

enzymatic action

Krebs cycle and

list of

properties of

solute movement in kidney and

Carriers, fertilization and inheritance

Caspases:

apoptosis and

cytochrome c and

Catabolism, defined

Catabolite activator protein (CAP):

bacterial gene expression

domains and motifs

quaternary structure

Catalase

Catalysts, enzyme catalysts

Catalytic rate constant (kcat), enzyme catalysts

Cations, water molecules and

CD4+ T cells:

action of

autoimmune disease and

immune system

CD8+ T cells:

action of

autoimmune disease and

immune system

CD40 ligand

Cdc25 protein phosphatase, cell cycle control

CDK1-cyclin A, cell cycle control

CDK1-cyclin B, cell cycle control

Cdk1 enzyme, allosteric regulation

CDK2-cyclin A, cell cycle control

CDK2-cyclin E, cell cycle control

CDK4-cyclin D, cell cycle control

CDK6-cyclin D, cell cycle control

cDNA, cloning process

Cell:

animal specialization

basic properties

classification

dimensions

division

energy currencies:

intercovertibility

mechanisms for

filtration-based sterilization

locomotion

microscopic structural analysis

Cell adhesion molecules, anchoring junctions

Cell cycle, in eukaryotes

apoptosis

control mechanisms

meiosis and fertilization

mitosis, stages of

Cell junctions

Cell membranes:

basic properties

cell junctions and

diffusion mechanisms

Cellulose

Cell wall

Central dogma of molecular biology

Centrioles, microtubule structure

Centromere:

eukaryotic gene structure

mitosis and

Centrosome:

Golgi apparatus

microtubule structure

Cetuximab, growth factor receptor inhibition

Chain elongation, bacterial protein synthesis

Chain initiation, bacterial protein synthesis

Channel proteins:

list of

properties of

Chaotropic reagents

Chaperone proteins

Chargaff, Erwin

Charge:

amino acid side chains

energy from charge movement

polar molecules

ion formation

isoelectric point

phosphate group

membrane voltage, interaction with

side chain titration

Charged tRNA, protein synthesis

Checkpoints, cell cycle control

Chemotaxis, intercellular signaling and

Chiasmata, meiosis and fertilization

Chimeric proteins:

intracellular trafficking and

protein engineering and

Chiral structure, secondary protein structure

Chloride ion channel:

CFTR

GABA receptor

Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and

Chloroplasts:

eukaryotic cells

photosynthesis and

plant cells

Cholesterol:

cell membranes

production of

Chromatids, mitosis and

Chromatin structure, DNA packaging

Chromatophores, microbutule motility

Chromosomes:

counting

DNA packaging into

mitosis and

organelle structure and

Chromosome walking, disease genetics and

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Cilia, motility

Cisternae, Golgi apparatus

glycosylation and

Citrulline, structure and function

Class switching, B cells

Clathrin coats, vesicle formation

Cleavage furrow, cytokinesis

Clone library, recombinant plasmid introduction

Cloning:

technique

cystic fibrosis gene

DNA

bacterial mammalian protein production

cloning vectors

disease-related gene identification

genetic disease testing, ethics

genomic clones

northern blotting

polymerase chain reaction

protein engineering

recombinant plasmid introduction

reverse genetics

selection criteria

sequencing applications

in situ hybridization

Southern blotting

transgenic and knockout mice

Cloning vectors:

genomic DNA clones

structure and properties

Closed promoter complex

Clostridium botulinum, SNARES protein family and

Coatomer coats, vesicle formation

Codons, genetic code and

Coenzyme A, Krebs cycle and

Coenzyme Q, electron transport chain

Coenzymes:

electron transport chain

as energy currency

Cofactors, enzyme catalysts

Cohesin, mitosis and

Colchicine, microtubule effects

Collagen

Colon cancer, carcinogenesis mechanisms

Columnar cells, epithelia

Competent cells, recombinant plasmid introduction

Complementary base pairing, DNA structure

Complementary DNA (cDNA):

cDNA library

screening preparation

cloning

receptor protein cloning

selection

Complement proteins

Concentration gradients, electrical voltage and

Condenser lens, light microscope

Connective tissue, cell structures

Connexon, structure and properties

Constitutive secretion

Constitutively active Ras

Contact inhibition, cell cycle control

Cousin marriages

Covalent bonds

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

Cristae

Crossing over, meiosis and fertilization

Crosstalk, intracellular signaling and

CTFR gene

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP/cAMP):

β-adrenergic receptor and production of

bacterial gene expression

intracellular signaling

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP):

intracellular signaling

Viagra and

Cyclin D, biochemical signaling

Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), cell cycle control

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs), cell cycle control

Cycling, glycosylation and

Cyclosporin A, calcineurin inhibition and

Cysteine, side chain structure

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CTFR)

Cytochemistry, light microscopy and

Cytochrome c

apoptosis

electron transport chain

Cytochromes P450:

prosthetic groups and cofactors

structure and characteristics

Cytokine receptors

Cytokinesis

Cytology

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic dynein, microbutule motility

Cytosine, DNA structure

Cytoskeleton:

anchoring junctions

in eukaryotic cells

keratin mutants

Cytosol:

calcium release mechanisms

chloride ions in

DNA destruction in

eukaryotic cells

glucose carrier and

ion concentrations in

mitochondrial membrane transport

sodium/calcium exchanger

Cytotoxic T cells

Dam methylase, mismatch repair and

Deamination, DNA repair and replication

Death domain receptors, apoptosis and

Degeneracy, genetic code

Denaturation

Dendritic cells, T cells

Deoxyribonucleic acid:

cloning

cytosol and destruction of

as data storage medium

eukaryotic chromosomes and chromatin structure

forms of

as genetic material

plasmids

prokaryotic chromosomes

repair mechanisms

replication

sequence numbering

sequencing, cloning applications

structure

synthesis, RNA primer

testing, ethical issues

viruses

Deoxyribose

Depolarization

action potential

calcium influx

Depth of focus, scanning electron microscope

Depurination, DNA repair and replication

Desmin filaments

Desmosomes, anchoring cell junctions

Development, intercellular signaling during

Diabetic acidosis, mechanisms of

Diacylglycerol (DAG), calcium release, endoplasmic reticulum

Diagnostic testing, cystic fibrosis

Dideoxy chain termination, DNA sequencing

Dideoxynucleotide, DNA sequencing

Digitalis

Dimeric structures, formation of

Diphtheria bacterium, protein synthesis inhibition

Diploid chromosomes, mitosis and

Dipole

Disaccharides, structure and classification

Distal axonal terminal, pain receptor nerve cell

Disulfide bonds:

amino acid structure and

protein separation

protein structure

DNA:

cloning

cytosol and destruction of

as data storage medium

eukaryotic chromosomes and chromatin structure

forms of

as genetic material

plasmids

prokaryotic chromosomes

repair mechanisms

replication

sequence numbering

sequencing, cloning applications

structure

synthesis, RNA primer

testing, ethical issues

viruses

DnaA protein

DnaB protein

DnaC protein

DNA ligase

DNA polymerase:

cancer and inhibition of

self-correcting

DNA polymerase III, replication biochemistry

DNA synthesis, cell cycle control

Domains:

exons, relationship with

protein structure

Donor atoms, hydrogen bond formation

Double bonds, in acyl groups

Double helix:

DNA structure

replication and

Double-membrane envelopes, organelles

Double-stranded DNA:

restriction endonuclease generation

synthesis

Down's syndrome

Downstream sequencing, gene notation

Drug interactions, enzymes

Dynamic instability, microtubules

Dynein, microbutule motility

E2F transcription factor, cell cycle control

Ectoplasm

Electrical excitation

Electrical signaling:

action potential frequency and

mechanisms of

Electrical voltage, concentration gradients and

Electrochemical gradient, mitochondrial membrane transport

Electron microscope

Electrons, oxidation and reduction mechanisms

Electron transport chain, energy currency conversion

Electrostatic interactions in proteins

Elongation factor (EF), bacterial protein synthesis

ENaC channel:

function in the kidney

transcriptional control by aldosterone

Endocytosis, trans Golgi network and

Endoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum:

calcium intracellular signaling

KDEL retention signal

membrane transport, intracellular protein trafficking

glycosylation

organelle structure

Endosomes, trans Golgi network and

Endosymbiotic theory

Endothelium, blood vessels, paracrine transmitters and

Energy currencies:

classification

toxic chemicals and

Energy production, control mechanisms

Enhancers, eukaryotic gene expression

Entropy, thermodynamics and

Envelope, viral structures

Environmental factors, bacterial gene expression

Enzyme assays, initial velocity

Enzymes:

blood concentrations of, measurement

concentration effects

DNA repair and replication

drug interactions

initial velocity

organelle structure

as protein catalysts

regulation

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in bowel cancer

Epilepsy, voltage-gated sodium channel and

Epithelia, classification

Equilibrium constant

Equilibrium voltage

Erythropoietin, glycosylation and

Essential amino acids, synthesis

Essential fatty acids, structure and properties

Ester bond

Ethical issues, DNA testing for genetic disease

Euchromatin

Eukaryotic cells:

animal cells

cell cycle in

apoptosis

control mechanisms

meiosis and fertilization

mitosis, stages of

chromosomes, DNA packaging

cytoskeleton

defined

DNA classification

gene expression

gene structure and organization

organization

origins

plant cells

protein synthesis

ribosomes

RNA synthesis

Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF), eukaryotic protein synthesis

Evening primroses, double bonds and

Exchange mechanisms, energy currencies

Excision:

DNA repair and replication

nucleotide repair

Exit site, ribosome structure

Exocytosis, trans Golgi network and

Exons:

domains and

eukaryotic gene structure

Extracellular matrix

Extracellular medium composition

Extragenic DNA

Fab antigens, immune system

Face-lifts, SNARES protein family and

Factor VIII, production of

Fas ligands, CD8+ T cells

Fatty acids:

β-oxidation and

double bonds

production of

structure and classification

Fc antigens, immune system

Feedback

Feedforward

Fertilization:

inheritance and

meiosis and

Fetus, oxygen supply

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF):

cancer cells

growing muscle blood supply and

Fibroblasts, connective tissue

Filtration, sterilization by

Fission, vesicles

Flagella:

bacterial

eukaryotic

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), electron transport chain

Fluorescence in situ hybridization, monoclonal antibodies

Fluorescence microscopy

FMO3 gene:

chromosome structure

trimethylaminuria and

Focal contacts, cell locomotion

Food poisoning, SNARES protein family and

Formyl methionine, bacterial protein synthesis

Frameshift mutation

Frequency modulation (FM), nervous system coding

Fructose-6-phosphate:

gluconeogenesis and

glycolysis

Fusion:

membrane transport

vesicles

G1/S1 transition, cell cycle control

G2/M transition, cell cycle control

β-Galactosidase:

bacterial gene expression

pBluescript vector

γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)

inhibitory synaptic transmission

Gangliosides, lysosomal storage disorders

Gap junctions

ovulation and

Gaps, cell cycle control

Gated transport:

channel properties

intracellular protein trafficking

nuclear transport

Gating of channels

GDP/GTP cycle, intracellular protein trafficking

Gelsolin, cell locomotion

Gene expression:

bacterial control

cystic fibrosis

defined

eukaryotic gene expression control

fertilization and inheritance

Gene nomenclature

Gene notation

Gene number in various organisms

Gene silencing, microRNAs

Gene structure, in eukaryotes

Gene therapy:

cystic fibrosis

Leber congenital amaurosis

Genetically modified (GM) plants

Genetic code:

amino acid side chains and

basic principles

universality

Genetics:

disease and

cystic fibrosis case study

ethics of DNA testing

DNA as material

Genome:

organelle structure and

projects, eukaryotic gene structure

Genomic DNA clones

Genomic DNA library

Germ cells, meiosis and fertilization

GEY gene, fertilization and inheritance

Gibbs free energy:

basic principles

thermodynamics and

Glial cell, potasssium channel and resting voltage of

Globin genes, eukaryotic gene structure

Glossary of terms

Glucocorticoids:

plasma membrane transport and transcription activation

transcription suppression

Gluconeogenesis

Glucose:

carrier proteins

insulin receptors and

gluconeogenesis

glycolysis

pentose phosphate pathway

solute movement in kidney and

structure and classification

Glucose-6-phosphate, glycolysis

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency,\hb red blood cells and

Glucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, gluconeogenesis and

Glucose carrier, dynamic protein structure

Glutamate

feedstock for Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis

ionotropic cell surface receptor

synaptic transmitter

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, glycolysis

Glycerides:

fatty acid production and

lipid bilayer and

production of

structure and classification

Glycerol, structure and classification

Glycerol phosphate

Glycine, side chain structure

Glycogen:

glycogenesis and

glycolysis and

structure and classification

Glycogenesis, glycogen production and

Glycogen phosphorylase, glycolysis and

Glycogen phosphorylase kinase

Glycolysis:

anaerobic, calcium intracellular signaling

enzyme regulation

glucose to pyruvate reaction

negative feedback

Glycosidic bonds

Glycosylated proteins in cell membranes

Glycosylation, membrane transport, intracellular protein targeting

Golgi apparatus:

cell division

glycosylation, membrane transport, intracellular protein targeting

organelle structure

G proteins:

Gq protein

Gs protein

speed of

Grapefruit

Gratuitous inducers, bacterial gene expression

Green fluorescent protein

intracellular trafficking study tool

protein engineering and

tertiary structure

Growth factor receptor binding protein number 2 (Grb2), biochemical signaling

Growth factor:

receptors

anti-apoptotic action

GTPase activating proteins (GAPs)

GTPases

Arf

Gq

Gs

mechanism

Rab

Ran

Ras

Guanine, DNA structure

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), as energy currency

Guanylate cyclase, nitric oxide receptor

Guthrie test, phenylketonuria

Haber process, amino acid synthesis

Haploid cells

Head group, phospholipids

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs)

Heavy chains:

antibody loci

immunoglobulin G molecule

Helicases, DNA replication and

Helices, chiral structure

α-Helix

Helix-turn-helix motif

Helper T cells

Heme proteins

Hemoglobin:

allosteric effects

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

prosthetic groups

tetrameric protein structure

HER2 gene, monoclonal antibodies

Herceptin

Heterochromatin

Hexokinase

energetics

in glycolysis

Histidine, side chain structure

Histone proteins

Homologous recombination, meiosis and fertilization

Homologue, meiosis and fertilization

Hormone response element (HRE)

Hormones:

blood supply regulation

transmitter functions

Hsp90

Human Genome Project

Hurler/Scheie syndrome:

genetic mutation and

nonsense mutations

Hybridization of nucleic acid:

definition

in situ hybridization

northern blotting

Hybridoma cells

Hydrated ions

Hydration shell

Hydrocarbon tail, fatty acids

Hydrogen, acid-water interactions

Hydrogen bond:

DNA double helix

formation

three-dimensional protein structure

Hydrogen ion gradient:

electron transport chain

energy exchange mechanisms

mitochondrial membrane transport

solute movement in kidney and

Hydrolysis, mechanisms of

Hydropathy plotting

Hydrophilic molecules:

diffusion and

phospholipids

Hydrophobic interactions

Hydrophobic molecules:

amino acids

Ras protein mutation

triglycerides

Hydroxyl group

Hypoglycin A, Ackee fruit and

Imino acid, side chain structure

Immune system:

autoimmune disease

B cells and antibodies

cell structure

T cells

Immunoglobulin G (IgG), immune system

Immunoglobulin isoforms

Immunosuppression, calcineurin blocking and

Inactivation, voltage-gated sodium channel

Inductive signaling, mechanisms of

Inheritance:

cystic fibrosis case study

fertilization and

Inherited disease, DNA testing, ethical issues

Inhibitory transmission, chloride-permeability ionotropic receptors

Initial velocity:

enzyme catalysts

substrate concentration

Initiation factors (IF), bacterial protein synthesis

Innate immunity, defined

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Inositol trisphosphate (IP3):

calcium signaling

structure and classification

Inositol trisphosphate-gated calcium channel

Insertional mutagenesis, transgenic and knockout mice

In situ hybridization, DNA cloning

Insulin receptor

Insulin receptor substrate number 1 (IRS-1)

Integral proteins, cell membranes

Integrins

Intercellular communication:

chemotaxis

developmental signaling

nerve cell-target rapid communication

paracrine transmitters, muscle blood supply

transmitter/receptor classification

Interleukin2, 161, 264, 321, 325

Intermediate filaments

Interphase period:

cell cycle

organelle structure and

Interstitial fluid

Intracellular messenger systems:

calcium

cAMP

cGMP

multiple messengers

Intracellular protein trafficking:

membrane transport

nuclear transport

transport modes

vesicular trafficking

Intracellular receptors

Intracellular signaling:

biochemical signaling

calcium

cAMP

cGMP

multiple messengers

Intracellular transport:

on microbutules

on actin

Intrinsic cues

Introns, eukaryotic gene structure

Ionic compounds:

carrier protein properties

chloride gradient

electrical signaling

Nernst equation and

potassium gradient and resting voltage

water interactions

Ionotropic cell surface receptors

Iron

Isoelectric point, pH levels and

Isoforms

Isoleucine, side chain structure

Isomers, carbohydrates

Isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside

JAK

Keratin:

intermediate filaments

secondary protein structure

Keratinopathies

Ketone bodies

Kidney:

aldosterone and ENaC transcription

solute movement in

Kidney stones, protein mistargeting and

Kinase:

definition and types

PI 3-kinase (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase)

protein kinase

calcium-calmodulin-activated protein kinase

cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA)

glycogen phosphorylase kinase

JAK

MAP kinase

protein kinase B

protein kinase C

receptor tyrosine kinases

Kinesin, microbutule motility

Kinetochore, mitosis and

Knockout mice, properties and applications

Krebs cycle

gluconeogenesis and

lac inducible operon:

allosteric effects

bacterial gene expression

Lactate, pyruvate reduction to

Lactose, bacterial gene expression

Lactose intolerance, mechanisms of

Lagging strand, replication biochemistry

Lamin

Leading strand, replication biochemistry

Leber congenital amaurosis, gene therapy for

Leucine, side chain structure

Light chains, immunoglobulin G molecule

Light microscope, principles and components

Lineweaver-Burke plot

Linkage:

disease genetics and

meiosis and fertilization

Linoleic acid, double bonds

Linolenic acid, double bonds

Lipid bilayer:

cell membrane

phospholipids

voltage clamp

Lipids, structure and classification

Listeria,291

Local anesthetic

Localization sequences, intracellular protein trafficking

Loci, antibody structure

Lumen, epithelia

Lungs, diffusion mechanisms in

lux operon, quorum sensing

Lymphocytes. See also B cells and T cells

immune system

Lysine, side chain structure

Lysosomal storage disorders

genetic mutation and

Lysosomes

Lysozyme

Macromolecules, structure and classification

Macrophages

Mad cow disease

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Mannose-6-phosphate

MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK)

MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK)

Marfan's syndrome

Maximal velocity (Vm):

determination of

substrate concentration

values for enzymes

McArdle's disease

Mechanical molecules:

intermediate filaments

microfilaments

microtubules:

motility

structure and function

Meiosis

Membrane attack complex

Membrane transport:

intracellular protein trafficking

transport across membranes

Memory B cells

Meselson-Stahl experiment

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

cDNA

eukaryotic RNA synthesis

polycistronic

structure and classification

translation of mRNA

Metabolism:

amino acid energy source

amino acid synthesis

β-oxidation

defined

energy production

fatty acids, glycerides and cholesterol production

gluconeogenesis

glycogenesis

glycolysis

Krebs cycle

overview of

phenylketonuria

urea cycle

Metabotropic cell surface receptors

Metaphase:

meiosis and fertilization

mitosis and

Metastasis

7-Methyl guanosine cap

Michaelis constant (KM):

determination of

substrate concentration

Michaelis-Menten equation

Microarrays, cancer classification and

Microfilaments

Microorganisms

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), gene silencing

Microsatellite DNA

Microscopy:

basic principles

light microsope

scientific achievements in

Microtubules:

motility

structure and function

Microvilli

Minisatellite DNA

Mismatch repair

Missense mutations

Mitochondria

calcium import into mitochondria

evolutionary origin

hydrogen ion gradient

matrix

neurodegenerative disease and

stress-activated apoptosis

transmembrane translocation of proteins

Mitogen associated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade

Mitosis, stages of

Mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC)

Mitotic spindle:

cell division

mitosis and

Monoclonal antibodies

therapeutic applications

Monomers

Monosaccharides

Motifs, tertiary protein structure

Motility, microtubules

Motoneurons, muscle control and

M phase

Multicellular organisms, protein vs. gene content in

Multiple cloning site (MCS)

pBluescript cloning vector

Muscle

feedforward control in

microfilaments and contraction in

paracrine transmitters, blood supply control

Muscle cramps, glycolysis and

Mutations

cystic fibrosis and

MutH protein, mismatch repair and

Myelination, rapid action potential transmission and

MyoD factor

Myoglobin

prosthetic group

Myosin

Myosin IIa gene, tissue-specific transcription

Na+/K+ ATPase

digitalis inhibition

solute movement in kidney

NADH dehydrogenase, electron transport chain

Necrosis, apoptosis and

Negative feedback

bacterial gene expression

energy control and

glycolysis

Nernst equation

Nerve cells:

calcium intracellular signaling

intercellular communication

membrane voltage

muscle control and

neurofilaments

pain receptor

resting voltage

Nervous tissue

Neurodegenerative disease, mitochondria and

Neurofilaments

Neurons, nervous tissue

Neurotrophin, trafficking and appoptosis

NFAT transcription factor:

calcineurin inhibition and

growing muscle blood supply and

intracellular signaling crosstalk and

post-translational modification

T cell activation

domain structure

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD):

chronic fatigue syndrome

electron transport chain

energy transfer

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

glycolysis

Krebs cycle and

oxidation and reduction

pellagra

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH):

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

pentose phosphate pathway

photosynthesis and

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

9+2 axoneme structure

Nitric oxide:

intercellular communication

nitroglycerine relief of angina and

Nitric oxide synthase

Nitrogenase

Nitroglycerine, angina relief and

Nomenclature of chemicals

Nonpolar molecules, water

Nonsense mutation

cystic fibrosis and

Northern blotting

Nuclear envelope

in cell division

Nuclear lamina

Nuclear pores

Nucleic acids

Nucleoid

Nucleolar organizer

Nucleoli

Nucleosides:

bases in

structure and classification

Nucleoside triphosphates, energy transfer

Nucleosome, DNA packaging

Nucleotides:

bacterial gene expression

DNA structure

excision repair

structure and classification

Nucleus

protein trafficking

Numb protein

Objective lens, light microscope

Octane, as nonpolar solvent

Okazaki fragments

Oleic acid:

double bonds

structure and classification

Oligonucleotides:

cDNA cloning probes

cloning vectors

Oligosaccharides, structure and classification

Open promoter complex

Operons:

bacterial gene expression

lac inducible operon

trp repressible operon

Opsonization

Optical isomers

Organelles

double-membrane envelopes

single-membrane envelopes

Organic molecules:

defined

phosphates

Origins of replication

Ornithine:

structure and function

urea cycle and

Osmolarity, molecular swelling

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Oxaloacetate, gluconeogenesis and

β-N-Oxalyl-L-α-β-diaminopropionic acid, glutamate\hb analog

Oxidation, electron mechanisms

Oxygen:

for fetus

glycolysis in absence of

p38 protein, stress-activated apoptosis

p53 protein:

cell cycle control

stress-activated apoptosis

Pain receptor nerve cell

capsaicin and

local anesthetic and

Panitumumab

Paracrine transmitters

muscle blood supply and

Parallel β-sheet

Passive immunity

pBluescript cloning vector

Pellagra

Pentose phosphate pathway

Peptide bond

Peptides

Peptidyl site, ribosome structure

Peptidyl transferase, bacterial protein synthesis

Pericentriolar material

Peripheral membrane proteins

Peroxisomes

transmembrane translocation

Phase-contrast microscopy

PH domain

Phenylalanine

Phenylketonuria

inheritance

Philadelphia chromosome

pH

isoelectric point

pK and balance of protonated and unprotonated forms

protein conformation

side chain protonation

Phosphatases

Phosphate groups:

attachment mechanisms

mannose-6-phosphate

Phosphatidylcholine

hydrolysis

Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2)

Phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PIP3)

Phosphodiester link:

DNA structure

phospholipids

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Phosphofructokinase:

allosteric effects

glycolysis

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)

Phospholipase C:

calcium signaling

isoform (PLCβ), metabotropic cell surface receptors

isoform (PLCγ)

Phospholipids, hydrolysis of

Phosphorous

Phosphorylation:

amino acid side chain modification

glycogen phosphorylase

mannose-6-phosphate

protein kinases

Photosynthesis

Plant cells, properties of

Plaques

Plasma cells, antibody structure

Plasmalemma. See Plasma membrane

Plasma membrane

receptors

transport of solute across membranes

Plasmids:

cloning vectors

DNA structure

Plasmodesmata

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor:

biochemical signaling

growing muscle blood supply and

hydropathy plotting

membrane transport

Platelets

Polarized cells

Polar molecules

Polar solvents

Poly-A tail

Polycistronic mRNA

Polyclonal antibodies

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Polymers

of amino acids

of nucleotides

of sugars

Polynucleotide kinase (PNK)

Polypeptides

amino acid properties

Polyploid state

Polyribosome

Polysaccharides

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Positive feedback

action potential

T cells

Positive regulation, lac operon

Post-translational modification, amino acids

Potassium channel

resting voltage

salt bridges in ROMK

sanshool blocks

Prenatal implantation, cystic fibrosis diagnosis

Presynaptic terminal, calcium intracellular signaling

Primary antibody

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1, protein mistargeting in

Primary immunofluorescence

Primase, DNA synthesis and

Prion-related proteins

Profilin

Programmed cell death

Projector lens, light microscope

Prokaryotic cells

bacterium

chromosomes, DNA packaging

organization

protein synthesis

ribosomes

Proline, side chain structure

Prometaphase

Promoter sequence:

bacterial RNA synthesis

eukaryotic gene expression

Proofreading mechanism, mismatch repair

Prophase:

meiosis and fertilization

mitosis and

Prosthetic groups

enzyme catalysts

Protease inhibitors, AIDS therapy

Proteases, voltage-gated sodium channel and

Proteasome

Protein engineering, techniques and properties

Protein folding:

membrane transport, intracellular protein trafficking

mutations and

Protein kinase A (PKA):

glycogen breakdown and

intracellular signaling

Protein kinase B (PKB):

apoptosis and

insulin receptors and

Protein kinase C (PKC)

Protein kinase G (PKG)

Protein kinase:

definition and types

calcium-calmodulin-activated protein kinase

glycogen phosphorylase kinase

JAK

MAP kinase

protein kinase A

protein kinase B

protein kinase C

receptor tyrosine kinases

Protein kinases:

phosphorylation

stress-activated apoptosis

Proteins

bacterial gene expression

binding

conformational change

cofactors and prosthetic groups

destruction of

enzyme catalysts

enzyme regulation

mammalian protein production, bacteria

naming conventions

prosthetic groups

representation in the genome

secretion, trans Golgi network and

structure

dynamic structures

primary structure

quaternary structure

secondary structure

tertiary structure

three-dimensional structure

synthesis

Protein synthesis:

antibiotics and

bacterial (prokaryotic) proteins

eukaryotic proteins

termination

tRNA and

Protein translocator

Proteolysis

Proteome

Protofilaments

Protonation

Pseudogenes

Pseudopodia

PTC124, cystic fibrosis treatment

Purines, structure and classification

Puromycin

Pyridoxal phosphate

Pyrimidines, structure and classification

Pyrophosphate, formation of

Pyruvate:

gluconeogenesis and

glycolysis

reversible reduction to lactate

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, electron transport chain

Quorum sensing:

as positive feedback

principles of

Rab protein family, membrane fusion

Ran proteins, intracellular protein trafficking, nuclear transport

Rapid reaction techniques

Ras protein:

hydrophobic group

intracellular signaling crosstalk and

MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) activation

Reading frames, genetic code

Receptors, intercellular communication

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Recessive genes

Recombinant DNA. See also Cloning

Recombinant plasmids:

bacterial introduction

cloning vectors

Recombinant proteins, mammalian protein production in bacteria

Recombination, meiosis and fertilization

Red blood cells, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and

Reduction, electron mechanisms

Regulated secretion

Release factors (RF), bacterial protein synthesis

Repair mechanisms, DNA repair and replication

Repetitious DNA

Replication:

biochemistry of

DNA and

DNA repair following

fork

origins of

Repolarization after action potential

Repressible operons

Residues in compounds

Resolving power, microscopy principles

Resting voltage

Restriction endonucleases, cloning vectors

Retention, intracellular protein trafficking

Retina, cell division in

Retinoblastoma, cell cycle control and

Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, cell cycle control

Retrograde transport, microbutule motility

Retroviruses, DNA structure and

Reverse genetics

Reverse transcription

to create cDNA

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rho protein, bacterial RNA synthesis

Ribonuclease H, DNA synthesis and

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Ribosome, structure and properties

Ribosome-binding site, bacterial protein synthesis

Ribosome recycling factor (RRF), bacterial protein synthesis

Ribozyme

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), photosynthesis and

RNA:

eukaryotic synthesis

genetic code and

primer, DNA synthesis and

structure

transcription

RNA polymerase:

bacterial RNA synthesis

eukaryotic RNA synthesis

structure and characteristics

RNA polymerase II, eukaryotic gene expression

ROMK potassium channel:

salt bridges

solute movement in kidney

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

RPE65 retinal enzyme, Leber congenital amaurosis

Ryanodine receptors

St. John's Wort

Saltatory conduction

Salt bridge

Sarcomere, muscle contraction

Satellite DNA

Saturation kinetics

Scanning electron microscope

Scent

Scheie syndrome:

genetic mutation and

nonsense mutations

Schwann cells, myelination and

SDS-PAGE, protein separation

Secondary antibody

Secondary immunofluorescence

Sections, microscopy and preparation of

Self-correcting DNA polymerase

Serine, side chain structure

Serine-threonine kinases

Serosal membrane

70S initiation complex, bacterial protein synthesis

SH2 proteins:

biochemical signaling

intracellular signaling crosstalk and

Shine-Dalgarno sequence, bacterial protein synthesis

Side chains:

amino acid structures

post-translational modification

Signal recognition particle

Signal sequence, intracellular protein trafficking

Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription\hb (STATs)

Sildenafil

Single-strand binding proteins

Site-directed mutagenesis, protein engineering and

Skeletal muscle

calcium intracellular signaling

intracellular signaling

Skin, keratinopathies

Skin cancer, apoptosis and

Sleeping sickness, glycolysis and

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)

Smooth muscle

SNARES protein family

Sodium action potential

Sodium/calcium exchanger, properties of

Sodium channelopathy

Sodium chloride, formation of

Sodium gradient

energy exchange mechanisms

powering glucose uptake

Sodium/potassium ATPase

digitalis inhibition

solute movement in kidney

Solute:

defined

kidney movement of

Solvent

Somatic cells

Somatic hypermutation, B cells

Somatic mutations

SOS protein

Southern blotting, genomic DNA

Spatial summation

Specificity constant, enzyme catalysts

S phase, cell cycle control

Spindle assembly checkpoint, cell cycle control

Spliceosome, eukaryotic RNA synthesis

Standard states, Gibbs free energy and

Start signal codons

Steady state:

cellular energy transfer

ions at plasma membrane

Stearic acid, double bonds

Stem cells:

classification and properties

tissue replacement and

Stereo isomers

Sterilization, filtration-based

Steroid hormone receptors

Sticky ends, of DNA

Stop codons

in cystic fibrosis

Stopped flow technique

Stratification, epithelia

Stress-activated apoptosis

Stress fibers

Stretch activated channels

Striated muscle cells

Stroma, plant cells

Substrates:

enzyme catalysts

initial velocity effects

Subtilisin

Succinate-Q reductase

Sudden infant death syndrome

Sugar-phosphate backbone, DNA structure

Sugars, modified sugars

Sunburn, apoptosis and

Supercoiling, DNA packaging

S value

Svedberg unit, ribosome structure

Sweat glands, in cystic fibrosis

Synapse

Tandem repeats, eukaryotic gene structure

TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) carrier, protein secretion and

Targeting sequences

Target membranes, membrane fusion

TATA-binding protein (TBP)

TATA box

Taxol

herceptin and

mitosis inhibition

Tay-Sachs disease

T cell receptor

T cells, immune system

Telomere

Telophase

Temporal summation

Termination:

bacterial protein synthesis

rho-dependent

RNA synthesis

Thermodynamics:

cellular energy transfer

Gibbs free energy

Nernst equation

Thermogenin, brown fat

Thick filaments, muscle contraction

Thin filaments, muscle contraction

Three-dimensional protein structure

Threonine, side chain structure

Threshold voltage, sodium action potential

Thylakoids, photosynthesis and

Thymine

dimer formation, DNA repair

DNA structure

Tight junctions

Tipifarnib

Tissues

intestinal wall

preparation for electron microscopy

stem cells and replacement of

transcription specificity

Topoisomerase II, DNA structure and

Totipotent plant cells

Toxic compounds:

energy conversion interference and

glutamate analog

Transamination, pyruvate and

Transcription

allosteric effects

bacterial gene expression

bacterial RNA synthesis

eukaryotic gene expression

eukaryotic RNA synthesis

gene notation

glucocorticoid signaling

RNA polymerase

RNA structure

Transcription bubble

Transcription factor IID (TFIID), eukaryotic gene expression

Transepithelial voltage, cystic fibrosis

Transfection, protein engineering and

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

amino acid attachment

Transformation, recombinant plasmid introduction

Transgenic mice, properties and applications

Trans Golgi network

vesicle formation

Translation

cystic fibrosis genetics

genetic code

Translocation:

protein trafficking

ribosome

Transmembrane voltage, measurement of

Transmission electron microscope:

cell analysis

principles and components

Transmitters:

glucocorticoid

intercellular communication

classification by lifetime

Tree of life

Triacylglycerol (triglyceride):

brown fat

cell storage of

structure and classification

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

gluconeogenesis and

Trimethylamine N-oxide, protein folding and

Trimethylaminuria

Troponin, muscle contraction

trp repressible operon

TRPV ion channel

capsaicin and

Trypsin, blood concentrations of, measurement

Trypsinogen, blood concentrations of, measurement

Tryptophan:

side chain structure

trp operon repression

Tubulin, microtubule structure

Turnover number, enzyme catalysts

Type 1 diabetes

Tyrosine, side chain structure

Tyrosine kinases:

neurotrophin trafficking

post-translational modification

UDP-glucose, glycogenesis and

Ultrastructure, cytology and

Unsaturated fatty acids, structure and properties

Upstream sequencing, gene notation

Uracil-DNA glycosidase, DNA repair

Urea:

cycle, metabolism and

denaturation and

osmolarity

Uridine triphosphate (UTP), glycogenesis and

Valine, side chain structure

Van der Waals forces, three-dimensional protein structure

Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), Southern blotting

Vesicles:

clathrin-coated

coatomer-coated

formation

fusion and fission in

intracellular protein trafficking

membrane fusion

Vesicular trafficking, intracellular protein trafficking

Viagra

Vibrio fischeri

Vimentin filaments

Viruses:

basic principles

DNA structure

V(J)D recombinase

Voltage clamp, lipid bilayer, cystic fibrosis and

Voltage-gated calcium channel

Voltage-gated sodium channel:

action potential

concentration gradients and electrical voltage

epilepsy and

inactivation

Water:

acidic solutions, hydrogen donation

chemical bonds and electron sharing

hydrogen bond formation

hydrogen withdrawal, molecular bases

hydrolysis and

ionic compound dissolution, polar solvents

polar molecule

solution interactions

Watson-Crick model, DNA structure

Wee1 protein kinase, cell cycle control

Western blotting, protein separation

Wobble, tRNA and anticodon and

Xeroderma pigmentosum, DNA repair and

Zarnestra, Ras inhibition and

Z disc, muscle contraction

Z-DNA

Zinc fingers, tertiary protein structure

Zoo blotting, genomic DNA