Index

A

adaptation to climate change  67, 79, 83, 122–6

agriculture  5, 76–9

albedo  49

Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)  65

Amazon dieback  102–4

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)  97–9

Antarctica  3–5, 36, 94–5

Arrhenius, Svante  13

atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs)  17

B

Bangladesh  73–5

BBC1 (Climate Change: The Facts)  23

Benin  78

Biden, President Joe  114

biodiversity  81–3, 87, 117, 150

biofuels  128, 135

Brazil  38, 69, 72, 77, 104, 110, 140

C

California, USA  72, 128, 134

Callendar, Guy Stewart  13–14

carbon cycle  47–8, 144

carbon dioxide (CO₂)  2, 4–8, 10, 28, 41, 108, 120; see also greenhouse gases

capture and storage (CCS)  132–3

chemical effect on oceans  14

future emissions  109

relationship with global temperature  41

removal  141–5

carbon offsets  137–8

carbon trading  117–18, 137–8

China  38, 77, 82, 111, 139

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)  18, 28–9

cholera  86

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)  116, 138

cloud formation, effects of GCRs on  62

clouds, albedo  46, 62

coasts  73–6; see also sea levels

coffee growing  79

Conference of the Parties (COPs)  107, 109–10, 112–15, 118–19

cooling effects  48–9

Copenhagen Accord  110–11, 115

Copenhagen conference 2009 (COP15)  109–11

coral reefs  81

Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)  47, 56

Covid-19  22, 82, 106, 114, 119, 126, 149–50

D

dangers of climate change  64–5

deep-ocean circulation  96–9

deforestation  10, 104, 111, 118, 140

denial of climate change  39–42, 60–2

diseases, infectious  84–5

drinking water, access to  83

droughts  66–9, 83–4, 87

E

Egypt  73

El Niño  72, 103

electric cars  128, 134

Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)  117–18, 152

energy, alternative  50, 106, 127–31

energy subsidies  136–7

ENSO see El Niño

environmental social movement  17–19, 23–4

equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS)  61

European Union (EU)  78–9, 109, 115

Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)  117–18

F

flooding  38, 70, 75–6, 88–9

food, access to  83–5

Foote, Eunice Newton  12–13

fossil fuels  2, 7, 13, 136, 152

fossil-fuel subsidies  136–7

France, deaths from heatwaves  67

G

galactic cosmic rays (GCRs)  62

gas hydrates  99–102

general circulation models (GCMs)  17, 46, 54

geoengineering  141–7

geothermal energy  130

glacial cycles  3–5, 11; see also ice ages

Glasgow conference 2021 (COP26)  114–15

global mean temperature (GMT) data set  15, 32

greenhouse effect  2, 12–14

greenhouse gases (GHGs)  1–7, 41–3, 48–50, 64, 90, 92–3; see also carbon dioxide

Greenland  36, 43, 94–5

Gulf Stream  96

H

health impacts  83–7

heatwaves  38, 65–7, 83, 125

humans

population  139, 149

societal coping range  65–6

hurricanes  38, 71–2

hydroelectric power  130

I

ice ages  3–5, 11

ice sheets, melting of  94–5

Industrial Revolution  5–6, 10

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)  7–9, 17–19, 24, 34, 38, 43–7, 51, 55, 61–5, 94, 113, 132

international agreements  107–15, 140

K

Keeling, Charles  14

Kyoto conference 1997 (COP3)  107

Kyoto Protocol  107, 109–110

L

La Niña  88; see also El Niño

lifestyle carbon emissions  154

London, UK  23, 76, 123, 129

Lovelock, James  4

M

malaria  85–6

marine air temperatures (MATs)  30

Martin, Professor John  141

Mauna Loa observatory  6

media coverage  21–5

methane (CH₄)  2, 28; see also greenhouse gases

migration  68,89

mitigation  24, 50–5, 126, 146

monsoon belt  70

N

neoliberalism  149

nitrous oxide (N₂O)  2, 28

Nordhaus, William  20

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)  96–9

nuclear fission  131

nuclear fusion  131–2

O

Obama, President Barack  109–11

oceans

absorption of CO₂  10, 14, 47, 132

acidification  79–80

biodiversity  80–3

deep-ocean circulation  96–9

gas hydrates  99–102

temperatures  17, 31

Orellana, Francisco de  102

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)  153

ozone  2, 13, 18, 61

P

Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)  101

palaeoclimate  31–2

parameterization  46, 54

Paris conference 2015 (COP21)  112–13

permafrost  27, 37, 99–102

Plass, Gilbert  15

population, global  139

precipitation  33–4, 38, 56–9

Project Downdraw  150–1

proxy based indicators  27

R

radiation

infrared  2, 13, 30

reflection (albedo)  49, 145

solar  2, 42, 48–9

rainfall see precipitation

rainforest, Amazon  102–4

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)  118–20

reforestation  118–20, 138–41, 152

renewable energy  127–31

representative concentration pathways (RCPs)  50–4

Revelle, Roger  14

rewilding  138–9

Ruddiman, Bill  5

Russia  109

S

sea ice extent  27, 36–7, 43, 56–9

sea levels  11, 27, 34–6, 56–9, 63, 73–6, 124–6

sea surface temperatures (SSTs)  30, 71–2

shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs)  50–4

Snowden, Edward  111

solar energy  2, 128, 145

solar radiation  2, 42, 48–9

Stern, Sir Nicholas (Stern Report, 2006)  19–21

storms  69–72

sunspots  42–3

T

temperature, global  4–5, 10–11, 12–13, 15, 32, 106

1.5˚C limit  24, 51, 55–8, 65, 88, 106, 110–13, 155

2°C limit  88, 106, 110

relationship with CO₂  39–41

Thames Barrier  76, 123

Thomas, Chris  82

tidal power  129–30

tipping points  90–4

transport  133–6

Trump, President Donald  113–14, 139

Tyndall, John  13

U

United Kingdom (UK)

Climate Change Act  115

Thames Barrier  76, 123

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  7, 106–7, 111, 115–17, 146

United States of America (USA)  17–18, 38, 69, 78, 107, 109–15, 135

W

wave power  129–30

weather

coping ranges  65–6

extreme events  65–72, 77

patterns  85

storms  69–72

weathering  144

weight of evidence  26–7, 148

wildfires  66–9

wind power  129