1. Report and Recommendation, April 17, 2014, at 7, Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 1:13-CV-2302 (M.D. Pa.).
2. Transcript of record at 30, sentencing, February 28, 2011, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie.
1. Transcript of record at 20–21, sentencing, February 28, 2011, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie.
2. Ibid., 22.
3. Ibid., 23.
4. Ibid., 27.
5. Ibid., 29.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 30.
8. Ibid., 31.
9. Ibid.
10. Transcript of record at 23, January 27, 2005, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Criminal Division, No. 236 A & B of 2004.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Report and Recommendation, April 17, 2014, at 15, Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 1:13-CV-2302 (M.D. Pa.).
14. Ibid., 7.
15. Ibid., 12.
16. Jim Martin, “Will History Repeat?” Erie Times-News, November 8, 2015.
17. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, June 3, 2016.
18. “Paper Plant Closes,” Erie Times-News, August 4, 2013.
19. “Miss Agnes Eleanor Wolfenden, Bride of Harold Albert Diehl,” Erie Daily Times, August 26, 1942.
20. Transcript of record at 37, bond hearing, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, No. 1370 A & B of 1984.
21. Obituary, Harold A. Diehl, Erie Times-News, January 13, 2014.
22. Answer, New Matter and Counter Petition for Relief to Petition for Financial Guardianship, May 26, 2010, at 2, In Re: Harold A. Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Orphans’ Court Division, 149 of 2010. See also Ed Palattella, “Father’s Assets Quickly Being Drained,” Erie Times-News, July 16, 2010.
23. Transcript of record at 130, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
24. Ibid.
25. “John C. Diehl Is Dead at 87,” Erie Daily Times, August 28, 1952.
26. Transcript of record at 134, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, May 6, 2009.
30. Ibid.
31. Transcript of record at 130, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
32. Transcript of record at 5, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
33. Transcript of record at 132, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
34. Transcript of record at 5, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
35. Transcript of record at 6, May 24, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
36. Ibid.
37. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, December 18, 2012.
38. Initial Evaluation sheet for Marjorie Diehl, August 1, 1972, 000827, included in packet of information from Hamot Community Mental Health, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
39. Gerald Cooke, PhD, to Leonard G. Ambrose III, Esquire, May 15, 1985, 3, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
40. Transcript of record at 133, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
41. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, September 24, 2009.
42. Ibid., February 9, 2016.
43. David B. Paul, MD, to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, judge on the Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, August 1, 1985, 1, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
44. Transcript of record at 145, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
45. Paul to Fischer, 1. Diehl-Armstrong also said she weighed as little as eighty-five pounds. See also Transcript of record at 179, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
46. Paul to Fischer, 1.
47. Ibid., 2.
48. Ibid., 2.
49. Ibid., 1.
50. Ibid., 1.
51. Cooke to Ambrose, 3.
52. Ibid., 3.
53. Robert B. Callahan, MD, letter to Whom It May Concern, April 11, 1983, 1, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
54. Transcript of record at 179, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
55. Ibid., 180. The pop singer and drummer Karen Carpenter, who had a string of hits in the early 1970s with her brother, died of anorexia in 1983, at age thirty-two. She was extremely thin throughout her career.
56. Transcript of record at 16–17, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., 138. See also Mayview State Hospital, psychological evaluation of Marjorie Diehl, September 22, 1987, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
59. Cooke to Ambrose, 8.
60. Ibid., 3.
61. Ibid.
62. Paul to Fischer, 3.
63. Cooke to Ambrose, 4.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid., 2.
66. Transcript of record at 17, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
67. Cooke to Ambrose, 4.
68. Initial Evaluation sheet for Marjorie Diehl at Hamot, 000827.
69. Transcript of record at 22–25, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. See also Palattella, “Cycle of Trouble,” Erie Times-News, October 19, 2007.
70. Transcript of record at 20–21, sentencing, February 28, 2011, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
1. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, May 6, 2009.
2. Ibid., February 11, 2008.
3. Ibid., April 1, 2008.
4. Ibid.
5. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, February 2, 2008.
6. Ibid., November 19, 2014.
7. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators (2005), 2, https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder.
8. Timothy Williams and Monica Davey, “U.S. Murders Surged in 2015, F.B.I. Finds,” New York Times, September 26, 2016. The FBI does not keep specific statistics for serial murder.
9. Marissa A. Harrison, Erin A. Murphy, Lavina Y. Ho, Thomas G. Bowers, and Claire V. Flaherty, “Female Serial Killers in the United States: Means, Motives, and Makings,” Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 26, no. 3 (2015): 384.
10. Amanda L. Farrell, Robert D. Keppel, and Victoria B. Titterington, “Lethal Ladies: Revisiting What We Know about Female Serial Killers,” Homicide Studies 15, no. 3 (2011): 228.
11. FBI, Serial Murder, 9.
12. Ibid.
13. Protection of Children from Predators Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-314, 112 Stat. 2986 (1998).
14. Ibid., 2987.
15. FBI, Serial Murder, 8.
16. Eric W. Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, fifth edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2010), 27.
17. Harrison et al., “Female Serial Killers in the United States,” 388.
18. Farrell et al., “Lethal Ladies,” 231.
19. Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 3.
20. Vincent Canby, “Methods of Madness in Silence of the Lambs,” New York Times, February 14, 1991.
21. Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 255.
22. Eric W. Hickey, telephone interview with Ed Palattella, February 2, 2016.
23. Edith Hamilton, “The Quest of the Golden Fleece,” Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2011), 160–80.
24. Charles McNulty, “A Medea for the Ages,” Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2002.
25. Euripides, Medea, in Greek Plays in Modern Translation, ed. Dudley Fitts (New York: Dial Press, 1947), 207.
26. Peter Vronsky, Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters (New York: Berkley Books, 2007), 70–71.
27. Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 72.
28. Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, trans. Michael Grant (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1978), 282.
29. Ibid., 291.
30. Dio’s Rome, Volume V., Books 61–76 (A.D. 54–211) An Historical Narrative Originally Composed in Greek during the Reigns of Septimius Severus, Geta and Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabalus and Alexander Severus: And Now Presented in English Form by Herbert Baldwin Foster (1905; Project Gutenberg, 2014), 64:3, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10890/10890-h/10890-h.htm.
31. Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 78.
32. Ibid.
33. Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 82.
34. Kimberly L. Craft, “About the Countess,” in Infamous Lady: The True Story of Countess Erzsébet Báthory. Accessed February 29, 2016. http://infamouslady.com/about_the_author.html.
35. Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 87.
36. Craft, “About the Countess.”
37. Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 93.
38. Craft, “About the Countess.”
39. Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 81.
40. Ibid., 97.
41. Ibid., 99.
42. Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 268–69; Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 107–8.
43. “Mary Ann Cotton,” in Murderpedia.org, accessed February 29, 2016. http://murderpedia.org/female.C/c/cotton-mary-ann.htm. Marissa A. Harrison and colleagues are among the academic researchers who have vouched for the accuracy of Murderpedia.org, whose entries are based on numerous sources, such as newspaper articles. “Notably, we found the Murderpedia.org entries we used to be error-free (i.e., verifiable by legitimate sources 100% of the time in our sample),” Harrison et al. wrote in “Female Serial Killers in the United States” (398).
44. Ibid. Mary Ann Cotton is often also described as “Britain’s first serial killer,” though Vronsky’s history of serial killers challenges that description.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. “Lydia Sherman,” Murderpedia.org, accessed February 29, 2016. http://murderpedia.org/female.S/s/sherman-lydia.htm.
48. “The Derby Poisoner,” New York Times, January 11, 1873.
49. Ibid.
50. Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 264.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Michael D. Kelleher and C. L. Kelleher, Murder Most Rare: The Female Serial Killer (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), 34.
55. Debbie Jackson and Hilary Pittman, “Throwback Tulsa: Charming, Friendly Nannie Doss Poisoned Four Husbands,” Tulsa World, August 27, 2015, http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/news/throwbacktulsa/throwback-tulsa-charming-friendly-nannie-doss-poisoned-four-husbands/article_c43b83ff-f12e-5952-a64b-21a1c0fbdcd4.html.
56. Vronsky, Female Serial Killers, 140.
57. Kelleher and Kelleher, Murder Most Rare, 76.
58. Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 260–61; Kelleher and Kelleher, Murder Most Rare, 80–81.
59. Kelleher and Kelleher, Murder Most Rare, 82.
60. Ludmilla Lelis, “Kill Me Now, Wuornos Urges,” Orlando Sentinel, July 21, 2001; Paul Pinkham, “‘Damsel of Death’ Aileen Wuornos Executed,” Florida Times-Union, October 10, 2002.
61. Kelleher and Kelleher, Murder Most Rare, 82.
62. Lelis, “Kill Me Now, Wuornos Urges.”
63. Jackie Hallifax, for the Associated Press, “Florida High Court Says Wuornos Can Fire Lawyers,” St. Augustine Record, April 2, 2002.
64. Lise Fisher and Karen Voyles, “Serial Killer Wuornos Executed by Injection,” Gainesville Sun, October 10, 2002.
65. Ibid.
1. Carla Lucero, “Summary,” Wuornos, accessed March 1, 2016, www.wuornos.org.
2. Ibid., main page.
3. Editorial, “Femme Fatale,” New York Times, February 2, 1991.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Eric W. Hickey, telephone interview with Ed Palattella, February 2, 2016.
7. Emily Anthes, “Lady Killers,” New Yorker, May 9, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/female-serial-killers.
8. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, July 26, 2012.
9. Ibid., March 25, 2016.
10. Ibid., July 26, 2012.
11. Amanda L. Farrell, Robert D. Keppel, and Victoria B. Titterington, “Lethal Ladies: Revisiting What We Know about Female Serial Killers,” Homicide Studies 15, no. 3 (2011): 230. See also Scott Bonn, “5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Exist,” Scientific American, October 24, 2014, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/5-myths-about-serial-killers-and-why-they-persist-excerpt/.
12. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, November 19, 2014.
13. Eric W. Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, fifth edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2010), 256.
14. Ibid.
15. Anthes, “Lady Killers.”
16. Marissa A. Harrison, Erin A. Murphy, Lavina Y. Ho, Thomas G. Bowers, and Claire V. Flaherty, “Female Serial Killers in the United States: Means, Motives, and Makings,” Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 26, no. 3 (2015): 385.
17. Farrell et al., “Lethal Ladies,” 245.
18. Anthes, “Lady Killers.”
19. “Dorothea Helen Puente,” in Murderpedia.org, accessed February 29, 2016, http://murderpedia.org/female.P/p/puente-dorothea.htm.
20. Hickey, Serial Murderers, 26.
21. Farrell et al., “Lethal Ladies,” 230.
22. Hickey, Serial Murderers, 242.
23. Harrison et al., “Female Serial Killers,” 403.
24. Ibid., 389.
25. Ibid., 390.
26. Ibid., 392.
27. Ibid., 397.
28. Hickey, interview with Ed Palattella.
29. Harrison, “Female Serial Killers,” 396.
30. Hickey, Serial Murderers, 267.
31. “Jane Toppan,” in Murderpedia.org, accessed February 29, 2016, http://murderpedia.org/female.T/t/toppan-jane.htm.
32. Ibid.
33. Anthes, “Lady Killers.”
34. Belea T. Keeney and Kathleen M. Heide, “Gender Differences in Serial Murderers: A Preliminary Analysis,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9, no. 3 (1994): 396.
35. Harrison, “Female Serial Killers,” 396–97.
36. Ibid., 397.
37. Hickey, Serial Murderers, 273.
38. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators (2005): 14, https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder.
39. Ibid.
40. Scott A. Bonn, “How to Tell a Sociopath from a Psychopath,” Psychology Today, January 22, 2014, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wicked-deeds/201401/how-tell-sociopath-psychopath.
41. Ibid.
42. FBI, Serial Murder, 15.
43. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, August 4, 2016.
44. Ibid., November 9, 2008.
45. Ibid., April 21, 2008.
46. Harrison et al., “Female Serial Killers,” 395.
47. Hickey, Serial Murderers, 255.
48. Ibid., 256.
49. Hickey, interview with Ed Palattella.
50. Ibid.
1. John Guerriero, “Witness: After Shooting Boyfriend, Diehl Acted ‘Like a Beaten Puppy,’” Erie, PA, Morning News, August 17, 1984. See also Jerry Clark and Ed Palattella, Pizza Bomber: The Untold Story of America’s Most Shocking Bank Robbery (New York: Berkley Books/Penguin, 2012), 41.
2. Erie police inventory for homicide case #140 of 1984, August 6, 1984, entered as evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Criminal Division, No. 1370 A & B 1984. Copy in authors’ possession.
3. Guerriero, “Witness: After Shooting Boyfriend, Diehl Acted ‘Like a Beaten Puppy.’”
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Transcript of record at 24, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
7. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 41.
8. Erie police inventory; Victoria Fabrizio, “Surplus Food Removed from Suspect’s Home,” Erie Daily Times, August 2, 1984.
9. Opinion, July 14, 1988, at 4, County of Erie v. Marjorie Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, No. 2122-A-1988, Civil Division. Copy in authors’ possession.
10. Ibid.
11. Associated Press, “Surplus Cheese Goes to Poor as President Signs Farm Bill,” New York Times, December 23, 1981.
12. Ibid.
13. “County Values Cache of Food at $9,890,” Erie Daily Times, August 24, 1984.
14. Erie County, Inventory of Removed Foodstuffs, entered as evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession. See also Fabrizio, “Surplus Food Removed from Suspect’s Home.”
15. Guerriero, “Witness: After Shooting Boyfriend, Diehl Acted ‘Like a Beaten Puppy.’”
16. Fabrizio, “Surplus Food Removed from Suspect’s Home.”
17. Erie County, Inventory of Removed Foodstuffs.
18. Fabrizio, “Surplus Food Removed from Suspect’s Home.”
19. Jeff Pinski, “Cops Find Suspect’s Home Filled with Surplus Food,” Erie, PA, Morning News, August 1, 1984.
20. William A. Rothstein, videotaped interview with Erie police, September 22, 2003. Copy in authors’ possession.
21. Transcript of record at 126–27, October 26, 1010, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie.
22. Ibid., 127.
23. Ibid., 127–28.
24. Transcript of record at 131, May 24, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
25. Ibid., 132.
26. Ibid., 131.
27. Ibid., 183–84.
28. Randy O. Frost and Gail Steketee, Stuff: Compulsive Hoarding and the Meaning of Things (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010), 12.
29. Ibid., 13.
30. Transcript of record at 152, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong; Transcript of record at 65–66, 70, 159, October 27, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. In addition, Diehl-Armstrong has repeatedly brought up her teeth in interviews with Ed Palattella and Jerry Clark.
31. Transcript of record at 159, October 27, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
32. Lillian L. Meyers, PhD, to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, judge on the Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, November 9, 1987, 2, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
33. Frost and Steketee, Stuff, 22. They describe “goat paths” as “a phrase well known in the hoarding self-help world.”
34. For a description of the paths in Diehl-Armstrong’s house, see William A. Rothstein, interview with Pennsylvania State Police and other investigators, September 21, 2003, 19. Copy in authors’ possession.
35. David B. Paul, MD, to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, judge on the Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, September 3, 1987, 2, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
36. Ibid.
37. Transcript of record at 92, 95, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
38. Transcript of record at 21, testimony of Robert L. Sadoff, MD, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
39. Ibid., 23–24.
40. Ibid., 24
41. David F. Tolin, Randy O. Frost, and Gail Steketee, Buried in Treasures: Help for Compulsive Acquiring, Saving, and Hoarding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 37–38. See also Frost and Steketee, Stuff, 15.
42. Frost and Steketee, Stuff, 15 (high intelligence of hoarders), 35–36 (anorexia).
43. Tolin, Frost, and Steketee, Buried in Treasures, 36 (emphasis in the original).
44. Transcript of record at 179, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
45. Ibid., 180.
46. David B. Paul, MD, to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, judge on the Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, August 1, 1985, 2, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
47. Transcript of record at 180, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
48. Gerald Cooke, PhD, to Leonard G. Ambrose III, May 15, 1985, 3, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
49. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, November 16, 2007.
50. Ibid., July 29, 2008.
51. Transcript of record at 6, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. See also Transcript of record at 169, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
52. Transcript of record at 6, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
53. Ibid.
54. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, February 26, 2016.
55. Transcript of record at 71, testimony of Robert L. Sadoff, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
56. Cooke to Ambrose III, 6.
57. Howard P. Friday, PhD, psychological evaluation of Marjorie Diehl, tested September 22, 1987, at Mayview State Hospital, Pennsylvania, 2, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
58. Cooke to Ambrose, 6.
59. Ibid.
60. Friday, psychological evaluation of Marjorie Diehl.
61. Transcript of record at 12, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
62. Transcript of record at 127, May 24, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
63. Transcript of record at 131, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
64. Transcript of record at 18, testimony of Robert L. Sadoff, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
65. Transcript of record at 9, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
66. Transcript of record at 151, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
67. Ibid., 152.
68. Ibid., 152–53.
69. Ibid., 153.
70. Diehl-Armstrong to Palattella, May 12, 2009.
71. Transcript of record at 10, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
72. Ibid.
73. Transcript of record at 180, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
74. Ibid., 161.
75. Ibid., 168.
76. For more details on the relationship between Diehl and Rothstein, see Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 112–17.
77. Transcript of record at 171, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
78. Ibid.
79. Transcript of record at 34, bond hearing, February 12, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Criminal Division, No. 236 A & B of 2004.
80. Transcript of record at 180, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
81. Transcript of record at 9, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
82. Transcript of record at 58–59, testimony of Robert L. Sadoff, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
83. Diehl in some of her testimony states that she first sought mental health treatment when she was twenty-one years old, and she also states that she first got treatment two years later, in 1972, when she was twenty-three. Her psychiatric records show that she first got treatment in 1972.
84. Transcript of record at 180, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
85. Transcript of record at 11, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
86. Transcript of record at 75, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
87. Transcript of record 21, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
88. Initial Evaluation sheet for Marjorie Diehl, August 1, 1972, 000826, included in packet of information from Hamot Community Mental Health, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
89. Ibid., 000827.
90. Federal Bureau of Prisons, Competency to Stand Trial Evaluation, Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, April 15, 2008, 5, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
91. Ibid. See also Initial Evaluation Sheet for Marjorie Diehl, and Transcript of record at 75, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
92. Transcript at 13, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
93. Transcript of record at 13, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid., 19.
96. Transcript of record at 25–26, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong; Transcript of record at 14, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
97. Ibid., 14–15. See also Transcript of record 19–20, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
98. Kripa Singh, MD, Pennsylvania Bureau of Disability Determination, October 10, 1989, 2, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
99. Vocational report for Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, circa 1975, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
100. Transcript of record at 16, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, trial.
101. Robert D. Callahan, MD, to To Whom It May Concern, December 7, 1981, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
102. Robert D. Callahan, MD, to To Whom It May Concern, April 11, 1983, 1, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid., 1–2.
105. Ibid., 3.
106. Lisa Thompson, “The $50,000 Question,” Erie Times-News, September 29, 2003.
107. Criminal complaint and related records, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, Pennsylvania, Criminal Division, No. 858 of 1980.
108. Transcript of record at 38, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid., 43. See also “Murder Suspect’s Background Examined,” Erie Daily Times, August 24, 1984, which clarifies that Diehl-Armstrong said that male urine can test positive for pregnancy under certain conditions.
111. Transcript of record at 38, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
112. Erica Erwin, “Defendant’s Background Revealed in Testimony,” Erie Times-News, September 22, 2003.
113. Case file, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, No. 858 of 1980.
114. Mary Ellen Camp, assistant director, Council on Volunteers for Erie County, to Roselle Walkiewicz, ARD Program, Erie County Courthouse, September 14, 1982. In case file of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, No. 858 of 1980. Copy in authors’ possession.
115. Transcript of record at 18, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, No. 1370 A & B 1984.
116. Saint Vincent Health Center, Community Health Center Assessment for Marjorie Diehl, August 6, 1981, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
117. Saint Vincent Health Center, Community Health Center Assessment for Marjorie Diehl, undated, but believed to be from September 1981, based on the Community Health Center Assessment from August 6, 1981, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
118. Ibid.
119. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, July 29, 2008, at 3, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
120. Paul Francis, MD, evaluation of Marjorie Diehl, December 22, 1981, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
121. Ibid.
122. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 4.
123. Ibid., 5.
124. Social Security Administration, Disability Determination and Transmittal for Marjorie Diehl, April 19, 1983, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid.
127. Saint Vincent Health Center, Community Health Center Assessment for Marjorie Diehl, May 27, 1983, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession. Information on Diehl not taking Tofranil regularly is from an undated document in the same file and also in the authors’ possession.
128. Decision in the Case of Marjorie E. Diehl, Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, January 31, 1984, 5, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
129. Ibid., 4.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. Thompson, “The $50,000 Question.”
133. Transcript of record at 18, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
134. Ibid.
135. Ibid., 30.
136. “Diehl Didn’t Consider Seeking Help,” Erie, PA, Morning News, May 25, 1988.
137. Transcript of record at 32, May 23, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
1. Transcript of record at 5, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, Court of Common Pleas of Erie County, Pennsylvania, Criminal Division, No. 1370 A & B 1984.
2. Ibid., 5–7.
3. Ibid., 8–9.
4. Ibid., 14–15.
5. David Healy, Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 5.
6. Andrew Solomon, The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 286.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 287.
9. Ibid., 288.
10. Ibid., 291.
11. Richard Knoll, The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, third edition (New York: Facts on File, 2007), x.
12. Ibid., xii.
13. Philippe Pinel, A Treatise on Insanity, quoted in E. Fuller Torrey and Michael B. Knable, Surviving Manic Depression (New York: Basic Books, 2002), frontispiece.
14. Ibid., xiii.
15. Gary Greenberg, The Book of Woe: The DSM and the Unmaking of Psychiatry (New York: Blue Rider Press, 2013), 12.
16. Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (Philadelphia: Kimber & Richardson, 1812), 61, https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-2569036R-bk.
17. Ibid., 33.
18. Ibid., 62.
19. Ibid., 41.
20. Leonard George, foreword to The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, third edition (New York: Facts on File, 2007), vi.
21. Greenberg, The Book of Woe, 61–62.
22. George, foreword to The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, vi.
23. Greenberg, The Book of Woe, 14.
24. Knoll, The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, xv.
25. Ibid., xvii.
26. Torrey and Knable, Surviving Manic Depression, xv.
27. Greenberg, The Book of Woe, 26.
28. Ibid.
29. American Medico-Psychological Association, Statistical Manual for Use of the Institutions for the Insane (New York: Bureau of Statistics, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1918), 3, https://ia801405.us.archive.org/14/items/statisticalmanu00assogoog/statisticalmanu00assogoog.pdf.
30. Ibid., 18.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., 23–24 (emphasis in the original).
33. Ibid., 24.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., 23 (emphasis in the original).
36. Donald W. Black and Jon E. Grant, DSM-5 Guidebook (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2014), xix.
37. Greenberg, The Book of Woe, 32.
38. Black and Grant, DSM-5 Guidebook, xix.
39. L. J. Davis, “The Encyclopedia of Insanity: A Psychiatric Handbook Lists a Madness for Everyone,” Harper’s Magazine, February 1997, 64.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., xx.
42. Ibid., xxi.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Greenberg, The Book of Woe, 35, 36. See also “The Issue Is Subtle, the Debate Is Still On,” New York Times, December 23, 1973.
46. Benedict Carey, “Psychiatrists Revise the Book of Human Troubles,” New York Times, December 17, 2008.
47. Ibid.
48. Henry Alford, “Endpaper: You Could Look It Up,” New York Times Magazine, April 3, 1994.
49. Davis, “The Encyclopedia of Insanity,” 61–62.
50. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition: DSM-IV (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 1994), xvi.
51. Ibid., xv.
52. Black and Grant, DSM-5 Guidebook, xvii. See also, Ibid., 4, for why, starting with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness, the American Psychiatric Association started using Arabic numerals rather than Roman numerals in the manual’s title. The APA believed Roman numerals “too limiting” for future text revisions. “For simplicity, future changes prior to the manual’s next complete revision can be designated as DSM-5.1, DSM-5.2, and so forth.”
1. Transcript of record at 106, May 24, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Criminal Division, No. 1370 A & B 1984.
2. Ibid., 107.
3. Jeff Pinski, “Woman Charged with Murder,” Erie, PA, Morning News, July 31, 1984.
4. John Guerriero, “Witness: After Shooting Boyfriend, Diehl Acted ‘Like a Beaten Puppy,’” Erie, PA, Morning News, August 17, 1984. Donna Mikolajczyk died on December 18, 2010, in Erie. She was seventy-six years old.
5. Erie police inventory for evidence tagged 32900, July 31, 1984, entered into evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
6. Erie police inventory for evidence tagged 32899, July 31, 1984, entered into evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl; copy in authors’ possession.
7. Pinski, “Woman Charged with Murder.”
8. Information in this section taken from police reports and supplemental police reports in the case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copies in authors’ possession.
9. Transcript of record at 101, May 24, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
10. Ibid., 102–3.
11. Ibid., 167. Diehl had four lawsuits pending in the Erie County Court of Common Pleas when she was arrested for Thomas’s death. One was over foot surgery, and the other three were related to two auto accidents, one in 1978 and the other in May 1982. In the 1982 case, Diehl claimed the car in which she was riding was rear-ended in Erie. Edwin Carey, Diehl’s landlord and erstwhile boyfriend, was driving the car. Diehl said she suffered neck and back injuries, and claimed she risked arthritis because of the accident as well. See Victoria Fabrizio, “Source of $18,000 Subject of Hearing,” Erie Daily Times, August 7, 1984.
12. The murkiness surrounding the origins of the cash fit a theme that would recur in Diehl’s other criminal cases—prosecutors repeatedly hinted that Diehl, however she got all the cash, was committing fraud by failing to let the government know she had other income while she was receiving Social Security disability benefits. The defense in each case sought to keep testimony about the cash to a minimum, though certainly any reasonable juror would wonder how Diehl came to possess so much money and why she could continue to receive disability payments. “The source of the funds, as well as the issue of whether the Defendant was receiving welfare and/or disability benefits at the time she had the funds, is not only irrelevant but extremely prejudicial,” her lawyers wrote in a pretrial motion in the Thomas case. “Whether the Defendant accepted welfare and/or disability benefits without telling the paying department and/or agency that she had cash on hand is irrelevant and immaterial to whether the cash on hand was used on the morning of July 30, 1984, to solicit Donna Mikolajczyk to help her remove the body.” Defense motion in limine, May 28, 1988, at 4, Commonwealth v. Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
13. “Fischer Rules Diehl Entitled to Part of $18,000 Seized,” Erie Daily Times, July 15, 1988.
14. Police inventory of items taken from Diehl’s shopping bags, filed as evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession. See also Transcript of record at 104, May 24, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
15. Ibid., 105–6.
16. Ibid., 109.
17. Pinski, “Woman Charged with Murder.”
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Guerriero, “Witness: After Shooting Boyfriend, Diehl Acted ‘Like a Beaten Puppy.’”
21. Susan Lasky, statement to Erie police, July 30, 1984, entered as evidence in Commonwealth v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Marjorie Diehl, statement to Erie police Detective Thomas Nelson, July 30, 1984, entered as evidence in Commonwealth v. Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
25. Diehl, statements to Erie police, July 30, 1984, contained in police supplemental reports, entered as evidence in Commonwealth v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
26. Ibid.
27. Erie County coroner’s report for Robert David Thomas, July 30, 1984, entered as evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. “Diehl Might Use Insanity Defense,” Erie (PA) Morning News, November 3, 1984.
31. Transcript of record at 24, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
32. Marjorie Diehl to Honorable Roger M. Fischer, judge on the Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, March 11, 1986, entered as evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
33. Transcript of record at 7, bond hearing, August 23, 1984, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. See also “Murder Suspect’s Background Examined,” Erie Daily Times, August 24, 1984.
34. Victoria Fabrizio, “Veshecco Reveals Murder Plot Probe,” Erie Daily Times, December 5, 1984.
35. “Witness Claims He Forgot Information Related to Diehl Case,” Erie Daily Times, December 21, 1984.
36. “Diehl’s Attorney Questions Witness’ Conflicting Stories,” Erie Daily Times, December 14, 1984.
37. Jim Thompson, “Diehl’s Parents Paid $60,000 for Defense,” Erie Daily Times, June 15, 1988.
38. Erie County coroner’s report for Edwin A. Carey, April 4, 1985. Copy in authors’ possession.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Gerald Cooke, PhD, to Leonard G. Ambrose III, May 15, 1985, 5, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie. Copy in authors’ possession.
42. Transcript of record at 150, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
43. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, August 16, 2016.
44. Leonard G. Ambrose III to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, judge on the Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, June 13, 1985, 1, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
45. Ibid., 2.
46. Robert L. Sadoff, MD, to Leonard G. Ambrose III, June 7, 1985, 2, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
47. Cooke to Ambrose, 1.
48. Ibid., 7.
49. Marjorie Diehl to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, June 16, 1987, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
50. Ibid. See also Transcript of record at 82, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
51. Assistant Erie County District Attorney Timothy J. Lucas to Leonard G. Ambrose III, October 31, 1986, entered in evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
52. Diehl to Fischer.
53. Ted S. Urban, psychological report on Marjorie Diehl, August 8, 1987, 4, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong; copy in authors’ possession.
54. Ibid., 3.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., 5.
58. David B. Paul, MD, to Erie County Judge Roger M. Fischer, September 3, 1987, 3, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
59. Ibid., 3–4.
60. Transcript of record at 31, 37, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, transcript.
61. Ibid., 78.
62. Ibid., 84.
63. Paul to Fischer, 1.
64. Transcript of record at 36, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, transcript.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., 80.
67. Howard P. Friday, PhD, psychological evaluation of Marjorie Diehl, September 22, 1987, 1, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
68. Lillian M. Meyers, PhD, to Erie County Judge Roger M. Fischer, November 9, 1987, 1, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
69. Duncan Campbell, MD, and Howard P. Friday, PhD, Summary and Evaluation for Court, January 29, 1988, 2, entered as evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
70. Ibid.
71. Campbell, Summary and Evaluation for Court, 2.
72. Meyers to Fischer, 1.
73. Ibid.
74. Campbell, Summary and Evaluation for Court, 2.
75. Transcript of record at 38, competency hearing, September 4, 1987, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
76. Campbell, Summary and Evaluation for Court, 2.
77. Ibid., 3.
78. Ibid.
79. Leonard G. Ambrose III to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, February 16, 1988, 3, entered as evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
80. Campbell, Summary and Evaluation for Court, 3.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ambrose to Fischer, 2.
1. Patricia E. Erickson and Steven K. Erickson, Crime, Punishment, and Mental Illness: Law and the Behavioral Sciences in Conflict (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 2.
2. Ibid., 14–17.
3. Jillian K. Peterson, Patrick Kennealy, Jennifer Skeem, Beth Bray, and Andrea Zvonkovic, “How Often and How Consistently Do Symptoms Directly Precede Criminal Behavior among Offenders with Mental Illness?” Law and Human Behavior 38, no. 5 (2014): 439–49. Published by the American Psychological Association.
4. Ibid.
5. Erickson and Erickson, Crime, Punishment, and Mental Illness, 58.
6. Ibid., 56.
7. Ibid., 59.
8. Ibid.
9. Michael L. Perlin, The Jurisprudence of the Insanity Defense (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1994), 74.
10. Rita J. Simon and Heather Ahn-Redding, The Insanity Defense, the World Over (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006), 4–5.
11. Ibid., 4.
12. Ibid.
13. Anthony Platt and Bernard L. Diamond, “The Origins of the Right and Wrong Test of Criminal Responsibility and Its Subsequent Development in the United States: An Historical Survey,” California Law Review 54, no. 3 (1966): 1229.
14. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, in Ibid., n12.
15. R. D. Melville, A Manual of the Principles of Roman Law (Edinburgh: W. Green & Son, 1915), 89.
16. Eugene J. Chesney, “Concept of Mens Rea in the Criminal Law,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 29, no. 5 (1939): 630.
17. Justinian I, The Digest of Justinian, Volume I, trans. Charles Henry Munro (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904), 59–60.
18. Homer D. Crotty, “History of Insanity as a Defence to Crime in English Criminal Law,” California Law Review 12, no. 2 (1924): 107.
19. Norman J. Finkel, Insanity on Trial (New York: Plenum Press, 1988), 8.
20. Crotty, “History of Insanity as a Defence to Crime in English Criminal Law,” 109.
21. Ibid., 108–9.
22. William Lambarde, Archeion; or, A Discourse upon the High Courts of Justice in England, in Valerie P. Hans and Neil Vidmar, Judging the Jury (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 1986), 187.
23. Finkel, Insanity on Trial, 12.
24. Ibid., 13. For further discussion, see Rita James Simon, The Jury and the Defense of Insanity (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), 17.
25. Simon, The Jury and the Defense of Insanity, 17–18.
26. Finkel, Insanity on Trial, 12.
27. Perlin, The Jurisprudence of the Insanity Defense, 79.
28. Finkel, Insanity on Trial, 17.
29. Simon, The Jury and the Defense of Insanity, 20. See also John P. Martin, “The Insanity Defense: A Closer Look,” Washington Post, February 27, 1998.
30. Finkel, Insanity on Trial, 18–19.
31. Simon, The Jury and Defense of Insanity, 20–21.
32. Finkel, Insanity on Trial, 21.
33. Perlin, The Jurisprudence of the Insanity Defense, 80–81.
34. Henry J. Steadman, Margaret A. McGreevy, Joseph P. Morrisey, Lisa A. Callahan, Pamela Clark Robbins, and Carmine Cirincione, Before and after Hinckley: Evaluating Defense Reform (New York: The Guilford Press, 1993), 46.
35. Richard C. Allen, “The Brawner Rule—New Lyrics for an Old Tune,” Washington University Law Review 1 (1973), 68.
36. Perlin, The Jurisprudence of the Insanity Defense, 84.
37. Simon, The Jury and the Defense of Insanity, 31.
38. Perlin, The Jurisprudence of the Insanity Defense, 86.
39. Ibid., 87.
40. United States v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969, syllabus (D.C. Cir. 1972).
41. Vincent J. Fuller, “United States v. John W. Hinckley Jr. (1982),” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 33, no. 2: 700.
42. Gardiner Harris, “Reagan’s Assailant Is Ordered Released,” New York Times, July 28, 2106. See also Ben Nuckols, Associated Press, “Judge: Hinckley Can Leave Hospital,” Erie Times-News, July 28, 2016.
43. Steadman et al., Before and after Hinckley, 2.
44. Stuart Taylor Jr., “Hinckley Hails ‘Historical’ Shooting to Win Love,” New York Times, July 9, 1982.
45. Ibid.
46. “A Crime of Insanity,” Frontline, Public Broadcasting System, 2002, accessed May 14, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/crime/trial/history.htm.
47. Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-473, 98 Stat. 2057 (1984).
48. Steadman et al., Before and after Hinckley, 38.
49. Ibid., 39.
50. Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Title 18 § 314 (passed December 15, 1982).
1. Lenore E. Walker, “Battered Woman Syndrome,” Psychiatric Times, July 7, 2009, http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/trauma-and-violence/battered-woman-syndrome.
2. Erie County District Attorney’s motion in limine, April 26, 1988, at 1, Commonwealth v. Marjorie Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, No. 1370 A & B of 1984. Copy in authors’ possession.
3. Commonwealth v. Stonehouse, 521 PA 41 (1989) 555 A.2d 772.
4. Transcript of record at 76, testimony of Robert L. Sadoff, MD, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
5. Victoria Fabrizio, “Diehl’s Murder Trial Begins,” Erie Daily Times, May 19, 1988.
6. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, trial transcript, May 23, 1988, 96.
7. Ibid., May 24, 1988, 69.
8. Ibid., 70.
9. Ibid., 188–89.
10. Ibid., 33. Court records show that Thomas received a year of probation, thus he was not on parole. See Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Robert D. Thomas, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, No. 994 of 1983. Copies of records in authors’ possession.
11. Ibid., 9–10.
12. Ibid., 64.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 65.
16. Erie police continuation report, July 30, 1984, entered as evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
17. Transcript of record at 66, May 24, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 67.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., 82.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 84.
24. Ibid., 85.
25. Ibid., 77.
26. Ibid., 78–79.
27. Ibid., 88.
28. Ibid., 91.
29. Ibid., 94.
30. Ibid., 97–98.
31. Ibid., 98.
32. Ibid., 98–99.
33. “Diehl Didn’t Consider Seeking Help,” Erie, PA, Morning News, May 25, 1988.
34. “Photographs Taken of Diehl’s Bruises,” Erie Daily Times, May 27, 1988.
35. “Physician, Criminologist Quizzed in Murder Trial,” Erie Daily Times, May 23, 1988.
36. Jim Thompson, “Diehl Bursts into Tears upon Her Acquittal,” Erie Daily Times, June 2, 1988.
37. Jim Thompson, “Expert Uses Props to Re-enact Shooting,” Erie Daily Times, May 26, 1988.
38. Ibid.
39. Transcript of record at 47, testimony of Sadoff, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
40. Ibid., 55.
41. Ibid., 57.
42. Ibid., 58–59.
43. Ibid., 40.
44. Ibid., 34.
45. Ibid., 54.
46. Ibid., 53.
47. Ibid., 54.
48. Ibid., 44.
49. Ibid., 163.
50. Transcript of record at 25, testimony of Sadoff, May 25, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
51. Ibid., 75–76.
52. Transcript of record at 25, closing argument of Leonard G. Ambrose III, May 31, 1988, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl.
53. Jim Thompson, “Diehl Jury Still Out,” Erie Daily Times, June 1, 1988.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Thompson, “Diehl Bursts into Tears upon Her Acquittal.”
59. John Guerriero, “Jury Acquits Diehl; Says She Fired in Self-Defense,” Erie, PA, Morning News, June 2, 1988.
60. Jerry Clark and Ed Palattella, Pizza Bomber: The Untold Story of America’s Most Shocking Bank Robbery (New York: Berkley Books/Penguin, 2012), 344.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid. See also Guerriero, “Jury Acquits Diehl; Says She Fired in Self-Defense.”
64. Guerriero, “Jury Acquits Diehl; Says She Fired in Self-Defense.”
65. Ibid.
66. Jim Thompson, “Judge Sentences Marjorie Diehl to Probation on Firearms Charge,” Erie Times-News, July 8, 1988.
67. Ibid.
68. “Diehl Gets Probation for Firearm Charge,” Erie, PA, Morning News, July 8, 1988.
1. Frederick K. Goodwin and Kay Redfield Jamison, Manic-Depressive Illness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 56.
2. National Institute of Mental Health, Bipolar Disorder among Adults, accessed June 21, 2016, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/bipolar-disorder-among-adults.shtml.
3. Alan C. Swann, Marijn Lijffijt, Scott D. Lane, Kimberly J. Kjome, Joel L. Steinberg, and F. Gerard Moeller, “Criminal Conviction, Impulsivity, and Course of Illness in Bipolar Disorder,” Bipolar Disorders 13, no. 2 (2011): 173–81, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151155.
4. Ed Palattella, telephone interview from prison with Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, February 11, 2008.
5. Ibid., April 29, 2009.
6. E. Fuller Torrey and Michael B. Knable, Surviving Manic Depression (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 21.
7. Goodwin and Jamison, Manic-Depressive Illness, 57.
8. David Healy, Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 9.
9. As quoted in Goodwin and Jamison, Manic-Depressive Illness, 58.
10. Torrey and Knable, Surviving Manic Depression, 19.
11. Goodwin and Jamison, Manic-Depressive Illness, 59.
12. Ibid., 60.
13. Torrey and Knable, Surviving Manic Depression, 12.
14. Healy, Mania, 72.
15. Torrey and Knable, Surviving Manic Depression, 21.
16. Ibid., 19–20.
17. Ibid., 25.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 30.
20. Goodwin and Jamison, Manic-Depressive Illness, 36.
21. Ibid., 37.
22. Wes Burgess, The Bipolar Handbook (New York: Avery/Penguin, 2006), 28.
23. Torrey and Knable, Surviving Manic Depression, 39–40.
24. Ibid., 41.
25. David B. Paul, MD, to the Honorable Roger M. Fischer, judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, August 1, 1985, 2, entered into evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie Diehl, No. 1370 A & B of 1984. Copy in authors’ possession.
26. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition: DSM-5 (Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013), 123.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. National Institute of Mental Health, “Bipolar Disorder,” accessed June 21, 2016, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml.
30. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5, 123.
31. National Institute of Mental Health, “Bipolar Disorder.”
32. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5, 810.
33. Ibid.
34. Torrey and Knable, Surviving Manic Depression, 39.
35. Ibid., xvii.
36. Ibid., 108.
37. Ibid., 268.
38. Burgess, The Bipolar Handbook, 41.
39. Transcript of record at 183, October 26, 2010, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., 185.
42. Ibid., 186.
1. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, August 18, 2016.
2. Transcript of record at 14, October 20, 2003, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Report of Paul H. Soloff, MD, to MacDonald, Illig, Jones & Britton law firm, February 19, 1997, 1, attached to Pretrial Narrative Filed on Behalf of A. K. Mitra, MD, May 4, 1998, Marjorie Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, No. 14316-1994. Copy in authors’ possession.
6. Plaintiff’s Pretrial Statement, January 23, 1987, attached report, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center. Copy in authors’ possession.
7. Ibid.
8. Soloff to MacDonald, Illig, Jones & Britton, 1.
9. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, August 18, 2016.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid. See also Plaintiff’s Pretrial Statement, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center.
13. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, August 18, 2016.
14. Soloff to MacDonald, Illig, Jones & Britton, 1–2.
15. Ibid.
16. Arrest and court records, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Richard Armstrong, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, No. 1550 of 1989. Copies in authors’ possession.
17. Ibid.
18. Arrest and court records, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Richard Armstrong. Copies in authors’ possession.
19. Ibid.
20. Douglas L. Deitrich, senior malpractice claim specialist, Phico Insurance, to Susan A. Thomas, senior claim representative, full formal report, December 15, 1984, 1, attached to Motion for Leave to Take Depositions, and Motion to Compel and for Sanctions, April 2, 1997, Marjorie Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center. Copy in authors’ possession. No marriage license exists in Erie County, Pennsylvania, for Marjorie Diehl and Richard Armstrong. Also, Diehl-Armstrong told Ed Palattella on March 8, 2017, that she and Armstrong were married in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, immediately south of Erie County. But the clerk of courts for Crawford County, Patricia Wetherbee, told Palattella that no marriage license was on file there for Marjorie Diehl and Richard Armstrong.
21. K. Singh, MD, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, January 28, 1991, 1. Entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
22. Ibid., 1–2.
23. Soloff to MacDonald, Illig, Jones & Britton.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Singh, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, July 31, 1991. Entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
27. Singh, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, November 7, 1991, 1, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
28. In Re: Marjorie E. Diehl, debtor, Chapter 13 plan, October 7, 1991, United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, No. 91-00697E. Copy in authors’ possession.
29. Singh, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, January 21, 1991, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Soloff to MacDonald, Illig, Jones & Britton, 1–2.
33. Ibid.
34. Paul M. Paris, MD, to Marcia Haller, August 28, 1997, 1, attached to Pretrial Narrative Filed on Behalf of A. K. Mitra, MD, May 4, 1998, Marjorie Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center. Copy in authors’ possession.
35. Ibid., 2.
36. Transcript of record at 147, October 26, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
37. Diehl-Armstrong’s civil suit states that Armstrong called for an ambulance: Second Amended Complaint, March 10, 1995, at 6, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center. But Diehl-Armstrong testified at the Pizza Bomber trial that she called the ambulance: Transcript of record at 147, October 26, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
38. Peter E. Sheptak, MD, to Marcia Haller, February 25, 1998, 1–2, attached to Pretrial Narrative Filed on Behalf of A. K. Mitra, May 4, 1998, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center. Copy in authors’ possession.
39. Paris and Sheptak. See also Pretrial Narrative of Defendant A. K. Mitra, MD, at 1–2, in Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center.
40. Ibid., including Pretrial Narrative of Mitra.
41. Ibid.
42. Second Amended Complaint, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center. See also Pretrial Narrative of Mitra, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center.
43. Deitrich to Thomas, 1–3.
44. Ibid. See also Second Amended Complaint, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center.
45. Deitrich to Thomas, 1–3.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Plaintiff’s Pretrial Statement, Armstrong v. Saint Vincent Health Center.
49. Transcript of record at 150, October 26, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
50. Ibid., 146.
51. Singh, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, January 28, 1993, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Transcript of record at 151, October 26, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., 151.
58. Ibid., 155.
59. Ibid., 157.
60. Ibid., 161.
61. Ed Palattella and Kevin Flowers, “Defendant Had Violent History with Victim,” Erie Times-News, September 22, 2003.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Transcript of record at 122, October 21, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
66. Motion for Destruction of Perishable Items and/or Trash, September 24, 2003, at 1–2, and Exhibit A, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, CR-374-03. Copy in authors’ possession.
67. Tim Hahn and Erica Erwin, “Rothstein Melted Shotgun: Police Start Cleaning Out Home Where Man Died,” Erie Times-News, September 25, 2003.
68. Ibid.
69. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, January 15, 2010.
70. Ibid.
71. Singh, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, January 26, 1996, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
72. Ibid., July 19, 1993.
73. Ibid., January 10, 1995.
74. Asha S. Deshpande, MD, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, October 18, 1999, 1–2, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., November 15, 1999.
77. Ibid., April 17, 2000.
78. Ibid., May 3, 2000.
79. Ibid., November 15, 2000.
80. Erie County coroner’s report, Agnes Diehl, July 16, 2000. Copy in authors’ possession.
81. Formal Amended Caveat, September 18, 2000, at 2, In Re: In the Estate of Agnes E. Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Orphans’ Court Division, No. 318-2000. Copy in authors’ possession.
82. Ibid.
83. Records in the estate of Agnes E. Diehl, Register of Wills, Erie County, Pennsylvania, No. 2001-134.
84. Answer, New Matter and Counter Petition for Relief to Petition for Financial Guardianship, May 25, 2010, at 2, In Re: Harold A. Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Orphans’ Court Division, No. 149 of 2010. Copies of court records in authors’ possession. See also Ed Palattella, “Diehl-Armstrong Loses Estate Fight, Again,” Erie Times-News, March 19, 2015.
85. Formal Amended Caveat, at 4, In Re: In the Estate of Agnes E. Diehl.
86. Deshpande, November 15, 2000.
87. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong to Pennsylvania Department of Revenue, September 6, 2000, 3, included in In Re: In the Estate of Agnes E. Diehl. Copy in authors’ possession.
88. Transcript of record at 161, October 26, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
89. Ibid., 175.
90. Ibid., Transcript of record at 121–22, October 21, 2003.
91. Ibid., 122.
92. Erie police investigative report on suspected burglary at Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong’s house on May 30, 2003, case No. 2003-00024697. Copy in authors’ possession.
93. Diehl-Armstrong, interview from prison with Palattella, November 11, 2007.
94. Erie police investigative report on suspected burglary at Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong’s house on May 30, 2003, case No. 2003-00024697.
95. Transcript of record at 29, bond hearing, February 12, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong, No. 236 A & B of 2004.
96. Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Motion to Set Bond/Motion for Return of Property, February 17, 2004, at 2–3, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
97. Transcript of record at 124, October 26, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Transcript of record at 30, bond hearing, February 12, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
98. Deshpande, mental health progress notes for Marjorie Diehl, June 26, 2001, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
99. Deshpande, August 1, 2001.
100. Deshpande, April 23, 2003.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. Transcript of record at 9, October 27, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
104. Deshpande, May 21, 2003.
105. Transcript of record at 123, October 21, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
106. Ibid., 123.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid., 125.
109. Ibid., 126.
110. Transcript of record at 12, 15, 17, preliminary hearing, January 20, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
111. Ibid., 17.
112. Transcript of record at 9, October 27, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
113. Ibid., transcript of record at 8. See also, Erie police investigative report on suspected burglary at Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong’s house on May 30, 2003.
114. Transcript of record at 16, preliminary hearing, January 20, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
115. Ibid.
116. Erie police investigative report into the death of Jim Roden, case No. 2003-00047574. Copy in authors’ possession.
117. Jerry Clark and Ed Palattella, Pizza Bomber: The Untold Story of America’s Most Shocking Bank Robbery (New York: Berkley Books/Penguin, 2012), 141–42.
118. Ibid., 57.
119. Kara Rhodes, “Rothstein Was Sub in Erie Schools,” Erie Times-News, October 2, 2003.
120. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 58.
121. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, May 20, 2008.
122. Ibid., November 6, 2007.
123. Ibid., November 30, 2007.
124. Transcript of record at 43, preliminary hearing, January 20, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
125. Ibid., 49.
126. Transcript of record at 35, bond hearing, February 12, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
127. Ibid., 36.
128. Ibid., 30.
129. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 60–61.
130. Transcript of record at 90, bond hearing, February 12, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
131. Ibid., 96.
132. Receipt and other records included in file of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
133. Transcript of recording of 911 call Bill Rothstein made to Pennsylvania State Police at 8:15 p.m. on September 20, 2003. Copy in authors’ possession.
134. Ibid.
135. Lisa Thompson, “The $50,000 Question,” Erie Times-News, September 29, 2003.
136. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 128.
137. Federal Bureau of Prisons, competency to stand trial evaluation for Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, April 25, 2008. Entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
138. Transcript of record at 107, preliminary hearing, January 20, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
139. Transcript of record at 14, October 20, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
140. Transcript of record at 62, preliminary hearing, January 20, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
141. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 175.
142. Tim Hahn, “Police Search Diehl-Armstrong’s Cottage,” Erie Times-News, October 3, 2003.
143. Tim Hahn, “Fire Destroys Cottage,” Erie Times-News, January 10, 2004.
144. Transcript of record at 33, 130, October 26, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
145. Transcript of record at 36, 46, 6, bond hearing February 12, 2004, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong.
146. Ibid., 31.
147. Laszlo Petras, MD, and LuAnn Cochenour, Mayview State Hospital summary concerning Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, August 19, 2004, entered into evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
148. Ibid.
149. Ibid.
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. Ibid.
153. Transcript of record at 28, plea and sentencing, January 7, 2005, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong; Transcript of record at 28, bond hearing, February 12, 2004., Ibid.
154. Ibid., 22.
155. Ibid., 28–29.
156. Ibid., 23.
157. Ibid.
158. Ibid., 25.
159. Ibid., 26–27.
1. Transcript of record at 89, October 28, 2003, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie.
2. Ibid., 127.
3. Ibid., 21.
4. Ibid., 23.
5. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, January 18, 2008.
6. Ibid., July 29, 2008.
7. Ibid., November 8, 2007.
8. For a more detailed account of Brian Wells’s last moments, see Jerry Clark and Ed Palattella, Pizza Bomber: The Untold Story of America’s Most Shocking Bank Robbery (New York: Berkley Books/Penguin, 2012), 1–29.
9. Ibid. See also WJET-TV Erie broadcast of Pizza Bomber case, August 28, 2003.
10. Transcript of record at 125, October 15, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
11. Bill Rothstein’s suicide note, September 21, 2003, entered into evidence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong, No. 236 A & B of 2004. Copy in authors’ possession.
12. Tim Hahn, “Handyman-Wells Link? Rothstein Wrote Suicide Note Proclaiming Innocence in Pizza Deliveryman’s Killing,” Erie Times-News, September 27, 2003.
13. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 155. See also videotaped police interview with Bill Rothstein during the tour of his house, September 22, 2003. Copy in authors’ possession.
14. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 188. Also, Palattella and Tim Hahn interview with Bill Rothstein, July 30, 2004.
15. Competency order, July 29, 2008, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
16. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 202. See also FBI 302 notes of interview with Marjorie Diehl Armstrong, April 27, 2005. Copy in authors’ possession.
17. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 203. See also FBI 302 notes of interview with Marjorie Diehl Armstrong, April 27, 2005. Copy in authors’ possession.
18. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 216. See also FBI 302 notes of interview with Marjorie Diehl Armstrong, July 5, 2005. Copy in authors’ possession.
19. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 201–11. See also Transcript of record at 130, October 20, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
20. Ibid., 16.
21. Ibid.
22. Transcript of record at 140–41, October 21, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
23. Ibid., 203.
24. FBI 302 notes of interview with Ken Barnes, December 9, 2005. Copy in authors’ possession.
25. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 82, which refers to the coroner’s report on Robert Pinetti’s death.
26. Transcript of record at 123, October 21, 2003, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
27. Clark and Palattella, Pizza Bomber, 16. Copy of notes also in authors’ possession.
28. Ibid., 91. Copy of statement in authors’ possession.
29. Ibid., 281. See also FBI 302 notes of interview with Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong on May 10, 2006. Copy in authors’ possession.
30. Transcript of record at 53–73, October 18, 2003, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
31. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, August 21, 2008.
32. Ibid.
33. Transcript of record at 5, July 12, 2007, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
34. Ramit Plushnick Masti, “Robbery-Plot Suspect’s Father Not Surprised,” Philly.com, July 13, 2007, http://www.philly.com/philly/news/pennsylvania/20070713_Suspects_father_not_surprised.html.
35. Ibid.
36. Ed Palattella, Kara Rhodes, Steven M. Sweeney, and Lisa Thompson, “Plot Unfolds,” Erie Times-News, July 12, 2007.
1. Robert L. Sadoff, MD, to Thomas Patton, January 15, 2008, 4, entered as evidence in United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie. Copy in authors’ possession.
2. Order, May 31, 2005, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Marjorie E. Diehl-Armstrong, No. 236 A & B of 2004. The final distributed amount was $73,429.34.
3. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, November 7, 2007.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, November 14, 2007.
7. Ibid.
8. Competency to Stand Trial Evaluation for Marjorie-Armstrong, April 15, 2008, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
9. Government’s Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Regarding Competency Hearing for Marjorie Diehl Armstrong, June 23, 2008, at 16, Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Competency to Stand Trial Evaluation for Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, April 15, 2008, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ed Palattella, “Competency Hearing Ends,” Erie Times-News, May 23, 2008.
18. Ed Palattella, “Mental State: Experts Disagree,” Erie Times-News, May 22, 2008.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ed Palattella, “Fit to Be Tried,” Erie Times-News, May 21, 2008.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, July 29, 2008, at 45, United States v. Diehl-Armstrong.
28. Palattella, “Competency Hearing Ends.”
29. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, May 22, 2008.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid, May 28, 2008.
32. Ibid.
33. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, at 47–48, United States v. Diehl-Armstrong.
34. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, September 3, 2008.
35. Ed Palattella, “Barnes Gets 45 Years,” Erie Times-News, December 4, 2008.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, September 8, 2009, at 10, United States v. Diehl-Armstrong.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., 27.
42. Ibid., 18.
43. Ibid., 63.
44. Ibid., 63–64.
45. Jerry Clark and Ed Palattella, Pizza Bomber: The Untold Story of America’s Most Shocking Bank Robbery (New York: Berkley Books/Penguin, 2012), 357.
46. Ibid., 356.
47. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, September 8, 2009, at 59, United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
48. Ed Palattella, “Case to Get New Lawyer,” Erie Times-News, September 8, 2009.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ed Palattella, “Request for New Lawyer Denied,” Erie Times-News, June 5, 2010.
52. Ed Palattella, notes from hearing in United States District Court in Erie, Pennsylvania, in United States v. Diehl-Armstrong, October 12, 2010.
53. Ed Palattella, “Nonlocal Jurors Sought,” Erie Times-News, August 28, 2010.
54. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, October 13, 2010.
55. Palattella, “Nonlocal Jurors Sought.”
56. Ibid., April 7, 2010.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., April 9, 2010.
60. Ibid., December 21, 2009.
61. Ed Palattella, “Killer Maintains Contact with Reporter,” Erie Times-News, August 25, 2013.
62. Ibid., May 12, 2009.
63. Ibid., April 9, 2010.
64. Palattella, “Killer Maintains Contact with Reporter.”
65. Ibid., March 2, 2010.
66. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, September 8, 2009, at 13, United States v. Diehl-Armstrong.
67. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, May 6, 2008.
68. Competency to Stand Trial Evaluation for Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, April 15, 2008, entered into evidence in United States v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong.
69. Robert L. Sadoff to Douglas Sughrue, September 13, 2010, 3, entered into evidence in United States v. Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
70. Ibid., 4.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., 4–5.
73. Ed Palattella, “Accused Plotter to Take Witness Stand,” Erie Times-News, October 26, 2010.
74. Transcript of record at 76–77, October 27, 2003, United States v. Diehl-Armstrong. Copy in authors’ possession.
75. Transcript of record, 83, October 22, 2010; Ibid.
76. Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Palattella, May 1, 2008.
77. Transcript of record at 85, October 28, 2010, United States v. Diehl-Armstrong.
78. Ibid., 79.
79. Ibid., 131.
80. Ibid., 19.
1. Ed Palattella, “Father’s Assets Quickly Being Drained,” Erie Times-News, July 16, 2010.
2. Answer, New Matter and Counter Petition for Relief to Petition for Financial Guardianship, May 25, 2010, at 5, In Re: Harold A. Diehl, Court of Common Pleas, Erie County, Pennsylvania, Orphans’ Court Division, No. 149 of 2010. Copies of court records in authors’ possession.
3. Palattella, “Father’s Assets Quickly Being Drained.”
4. Ed Palattella, “No Inheritance Left,” Erie Times-News, February 23, 2014.
5. Ed Palattella, “Bomb Suspect Seeks Ruling on Dad,” Erie Times-News, May 17, 2010.
6. United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, No. 11-1601 (3rd Cir. 2012), at 7.
7. Memorandum Opinion, December 28, 2015, at 17, United States of America v. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Crim. 07-26 Erie.
8. Ed Palattella, “Diehl-Armstrong Wins Parole, but Gets No Relief in Pizza Bomber Case,” Erie Times-News, November 10, 2014.
9. Ed Palattella, “Barnes’ Pizza Bomber Sentence Halved,” June 7, 2011, Erie Times-News.
10. Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, telephone interview from prison with Ed Palattella, July 29, 2008.
11. Ibid., August 4, 2016.
12. Ibid., September 27, 2012.
13. Ibid., September 17, 2016.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., June 3, 2016.
16. Ibid., October 3, 2008.