Notes
1 Katherine Stapp, “Prisons Double as Mental Wards,”
Asheville Global Report, no. 164 (7-13 March 2002),
www.agrnews.org. Stapp’s article describes a study by Seena Fazel of Oxford University and John Danesh of Cambridge University published in the British medical journal
The Lancet. According to Stapp, the researchers concluded, “One in seven inmates suffers from a mental illness that could be a risk factor for suicide, says the study. This represents more than one million people in Western countries. The study’s authors . . . surveyed data on the mental health of 23,000 prisoners in 12 Western countries over a period of three decades. They found that prisoners ‘were several times more likely to have psychosis and major depression, and about 10 times more likely to have anti-social personality disorder, than the general population.’”
2 Elliot Currie,
Crime and Punishment in America (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1998), 21.
3 Mike Davis, “Hell Factories in the Field: A Prison-Industrial Complex,”
The Nation 260, no.7 (20 February 1995).
8 Sandow Birk,
Incarcerated: Visions of California in the Twenty-First Century (San Francisco: Last Gasp of San Francisco, 2001).
9 Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “Globalisation and U.S. Prison Growth: From Military Keynesianism to Post-Keynesian Militarism,”
Race and Class 40 no. 2/3 (October 1998-March 1999): 174.
11 Gina Dent, “Stranger Inside and Out: Black Subjectivity in the Women-in-Prison Film,” in
Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Black Performance and Black Popular Culture, edited by Harry Elam and Kennel Jackson (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forthcoming 2003).
12 Marc Mauer, “Young Men and the Criminal Justice System: A Growing National Problem” (Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 1990).
13 Marc Mauer and Tracy Huling, “Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later” (Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 1995).
14 Allen J. Beck, Jennifer C. Karberg, and Paige M. Harrison, “Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, April 2002, NCJ 191702), 12.
15 Adam Jay Hirsh,
The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992), 84.
19 Milton Fierce,
Slavery Revisited: Blacks and the Southern Convict Lease System, 1865-1933 (New York: African Studies Research Center, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 1994), 85-86.
20 Mary Ann Curtin,
Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865-1900 (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 6.
22 Phillip S. Foner, ed.
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass. Volume 4:
Reconstruction and After (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 379.
23 Cheryl Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” in
Critical Race Theory, by Kimberlé Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, and Kendall Thomas. (New York: The New Press, 1995).
24 On March 1, 2003, the INS was officially disestablished and its operations were folded into the new Department of Homeland Security.
25 Matthew J. Mancini,
One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866-1928 (Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Press, 1996), 25.
27 David Oshinsky,
“Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York: The Free Press, 1996).
28 Alex Lichtenstein,
Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South (London, New York: Verso), 1996.
36 Michel Foucault,
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 234.
38 Louis J. Palmer Jr.,
The Death Penalty: An American Citizen’s Guide to Understanding Federal and State Laws (Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland & Co, Inc. Publishers, 1998).
39 Russell P. Dobash, R. Emerson Dobash, and Sue Gutteridge,
The Imprisonment of Women (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 19.
40 John Hirst, “The Australian Experience: The Convict Colony,” In
The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 244.
41 Cesare Beccaria,
On Crimes and Punishments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
42 See Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer,
Punishment and Social Structure (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939), and Dario Melossi and Massimo Pavarini,
The Prison and the Factory: Origins of the Penitentiary System (Totowa, N.J: Barnes and Noble Books, 1981).
43 Estelle B. Freedman,
Their Sisters’ Keepers: Women’s Prison Reform in America, 1830-1930 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984), 10.
44 See discussion of John Howard’s 1777 report,
The State of the Prisons in England and Wales, in
A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850, by Michael Ignatieff (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
45 Jeremy Bentham,
The Panopticon and Other Prison Writings (London and New York: Verso, 1995).
46 Charles Dickens,
The Works of Charles Dickens, Vol. 27, American Notes (New York: Peter Fenelon Collier and Son, 1900), 119-20.
47 Gustave de Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville,
On the Penitentiary System in the United States and its Application in France (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press), 1964 [1833].
48 Beaumont and Tocqueville, 131.
49 “Cold Storage: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Indiana,” A Human Rights Watch Report (New York: Human Rights Watch, October 1997), 13.
50 “Cold Storage,” 18-19.
51 For an extended discussion of the Supermax, see Craig Haney and Mona Lynch, “Regulating Prisons of the Future: A Psychological Analysis of Supermax and Solitary Confinement,” New
York University Review of Law and Social Change 23 (1997): 477-570.
53 Chase Riveland, “Supermax Prisons: Overview and General Considerations.” (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, January 1999), 4.
54 John Bender,
Imagining the Penitentiary: Fiction and the Architecture of Mind in Eighteenth-Century England (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 2.
62 Robert Burns,
I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chaingang (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1994).
63 George Jackson,
Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson (Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill and Co., 1994).
64 Bettina Aptheker and Angela Davis, eds.
If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (New York: Third Press, 1971).
65 Mumia Abu-Jamal,
Live from Death Row (New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995), 65-67.
66 Mumia Abu-Jamal,
Death Blossoms (Farmington, Pa.: The Plough Publishing House, 1997).
67 Mumia Abu-Jamal,
All Things Censored (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2000).
69 H. Bruce Franklin, ed.
Prison Writing in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Penguin Books, 1998), 13.
70 Malcolm X,
The Autobiography of Malcolm X (As Told to Alex Haley) (New York: Random House, 1965).
71 The Last Graduation, directed by Barbara Zahm. (Zahm Productions and Deep Dish TV, 1997).
72 Marcia Bunney, “One Life in Prison: Perception, Reflection, and Empowerment,” in
Harsh Punishment: International Experiences of Women’s Imprisonment, edited by Sandy Cook and Susanne Davies (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999), 29-30.
73 Assata Shakur,
Assata: An Autobiography (Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill and Co., 1987).
76 Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,
The Alderson Story: My Life as a Political Prisoner (New York: International Publishers, 1972).
77 ACE (Members of AIDS Counseling and Education),
Breaking the Walls of Silence: AIDS and Women in a New York State Maximum Security Prison (New York: Overlook Press, 1998).
78 Vivien Stern,
A Sin Against the Future: Imprisonment in the World (Boston: Northeastern Press, 1998), 138.
79 See Elaine Showalter, “Victorian Women and Insanity,” in
Madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era, edited by Andrew Scull (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), 1981.
80 Luana Ross,
Inventing the Savage: The Social Construction of Native American Criminality. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998), 121.
82 See Freedman, chapters 3 and 4.
83 Joanne Belknap,
The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice (Belmont, Calif.: Watsworth Publishing Company), 95.
84 Lucia Zedner, “Wayward Sisters: The Prison for Women,” in
The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman (New York: Oxford University Press), 318.
89 Tekla Dennison Miller,
The Warden Wore Pink (Brunswick, Me.: Biddle Publishing Company, 1996), 97-98.
92 Philadelphia Daily News, 26 April 1996.
94 All Too Familiar: Sexual Abuse of Women in U.S. State Prisons (New York: Human Rights Watch, December 1996), 1.
97 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held at Geneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council by its resolution 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977).
99 Amanda George made this comment in the video
Strip Search. Produced by Simmering Video and Coalition Against Police Violence (date unavailable).
100 Linda Evans and Eve Goldberg, “The Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy” (pamphlet) (Berkeley. Calif.: Prison Activist Resource Center, 1997).
102 Wall Street Journal, 12 May 1994.
104 Allen M. Hornblum,
Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison (New York: Routledge, 1998), xvi.
107 See A.S. Relman, “The New Medical Industrial Complex,”
New England Journal of Medicine 30 (17) (23 October 1980): 963-70.
109 Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, “Prisoners in 2001,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, July 2002, NCJ 195189), 1.
110 Allen Beck and Paige M. Harrison., “Prisoners in 2000,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, August 2001, NCJ 1888207), 1.
111 Harrison and Beck, “Prisoners in 2001.”
112 Steve Donziger,
The Real War on Crime: Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission (New York: Perennial Publishers, 1996), 87.
113 Allen J. Beck, Jennifer C. Karberg, and Paige M. Harrison. “Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001,” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin (Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, April 2002, NCJ 191702), 12.
114 Harrison and Beck, “Prisoners in 2001,” 7.
116 Sue Anne Pressley, “Texas County Sued by Missouri Over Alleged Abuse of Inmates,”
Washington Post, 27 August 1997, A2.
117 Madeline Baro, “Video Prompts Prison Probe,”
Philadelphia Daily News, 20 August 1997.
118 “Beatings Worse Than Shown on Videotape, Missouri Inmates Say.” The Associated Press, 27 August 1997, 7:40 P.M. EDT.
119 Joel Dyer,
The Perpetual Prison Machine: How America Profits from Crime (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 2000).
120 Abby Ellin, “A Food Fight Over Private Prisons,”
New York Times, Education Life, Sunday, 8 April 2001.
121 See Julia Sudbury, “Mules and Other Hybrids: Incarcerated Women and the Limits of Diaspora,”
Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy, Fall 2002.
122 Amanda George, “The New Prison Culture: Making Millions from Misery,” in Sandy Cook and Susanne Davies,
Harsh Punishment: International Experiences of Women’s Imprisonment, by Sandy Cook and Susanne Davies (Boston: Northeastern Press, 1999), 190.
123 Press release issued by Wackenhut, 23 August 2002.
129 Arthur Waskow, resident, Institute for Policy Studies,
Saturday Review, 8 January 1972, quoted in Fay Honey Knopp, et al.,
Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists (Syracuse, N.Y.: Prison Research Education Action Project, 1976), 15-16.
132 Herman Bianchi, “Abolition: Assensus and Sanctuary,” in
Abolitionism: Toward a Non-Repressive Approach to Crime, eds. Herman Bianchi and René Swaaningen (Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1986), 117.
133 Anthropologist Nancy Schepper-Hughes described this astonishing turn of events in a talk she delivered at UC Berkeley on September 24, 2001, entitled “Un-Doing: The Politics of the Impossible in the New South Africa.”
134 Bella English, “Why Do They Forgive Us,”
Boston Globe, 23 April 2003.
136 Gavin Du Venage, “Our Daughter’s Killers Are Now Our Friends,”
The Straits Times (Singapore), 2 December 2 2001.