Aaron of Lincoln 198
abbots and abbesses 24, 77, 89
Abbots Bromley 243
Act of Six Articles (1539) 268, 269
Act of Supremacy (1543) 267
Act of Uniformity (1549) 269
Africans 276–7
alcohol 189–92
Aldhelm 172
Alexander II, Pope 255–6
alms giving 155
Alton 161
Amesbury 90
anaemia 111
Andrew de Wyntoun 166
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 172, 180, 181, 215, 216, 224–5, 226
animals
cruelty towards 248–9
exterminatory drives 271–2
mythological/fantastical creatures 228, 229, 234–6, 260
pets 193–4
sacrifices 9
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 29
apothecaries 124
apprentices 61, 63, 64, 65, 136
female 136
Aquinas, Thomas 128
archdeaconries 77
archdioceses 78
archery 193
armour-making 136
art and architecture 25–6
children in art 139
Church architecture xiv, 11, 81–4, 270
Decorated Style 83
Early English style 39
Gothic style 39
High Gothic style 83
Jellinge Style 25–6
late Anglo-Saxon 25–6
Perpendicular Style 83
Ringerike Style 26
Urnes Style 26
vernacular architecture 6
Arthur, King 94
Ascension Day 255
Ashby Folville 157
Ashwell 118
Askew, Anne 143
assize judges 148
astrology 123
Aubrey, John 180
Augustine, St 97–8
Augustinians 33, 78, 88, 90, 92, 93, 177
Aurora Borealis 218
Aylesbury 152
Bacon, Roger 238
Baldock 57
Bald’s Leechbook 22–3
Bale, John 180
see also moneylending
barnacle geese 182, 229–31, 249
barons 27
Barton-upon-Humber 124
Bath 186
Baxter, Margery 97
Bean Kings 245
Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 93, 147
Bede, Venerable 172
Bedford 17
beekeepers 33
beer 191
see also vagrancy
bell founding 68
Benedict of York 199
Benedictines 33, 88, 89, 101, 107, 177
benefices 80
benefit of clergy 79, 147, 160
Beowulf 180
Berkeley Castle 127
Berkhamsted 201
Berkshire 35
Berwick 58
bestiaries 229, 230, 234–5, 236
Beverley 58, 62, 71, 74, 91, 186
Bible 98, 99, 169, 172, 268, 278
translations 99, 169, 172, 278
bishops 10, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 150
bishops’ sees 76
Black Death 31, 46, 47, 52, 83, 84, 87, 105, 116–19, 137
death toll 118
impact of 118–19
spread of 116–19
symptoms 116–17
Blackwater Estuary 40
Blanc, John 276
Blanket, Thomas 209
blast furnaces 38
blood letting 123
‘blood-red’ springs 224–7
bonfire parties 260
Book of Common Prayer 262, 264, 268, 269
book culture 178–81
see also printing
Boorde, Andrew 191
borders of England 2
boreworms 113
borh 19
boroughs 58
charters 59
see also towns
Bosworth, battle of (1485) xi
Bourn valley 15–16
brass making 68
bread 28, 65, 108, 109, 111, 260
breastfeeding 110
brick making 69
Bristol 21, 39, 59, 64, 74, 112, 118, 141, 186, 205, 209, 244, 245, 275
churches 84
economic decline 74
guilds 66
Merchant Adventurers 66–7
population 59
Brome 186
Bromholm Priory 102
Bromyard, John 194
Brough 208
Buckfastleigh 259
Bunbury 272
Bungay 198
burgage tenure 60
burgesses 61
burghal plots 69
burial practices
deviant burials 150–1
Scandinavian 6
Viking 9
see also cemeteries
burning at the stake 152
Butler, Eleanor 132
Calne, Sir Richard de 221
Cambridge 56, 70, 177, 198, 202, 203
Cambridgeshire 32
Canon Law 10, 77, 126, 127, 146–7, 160
Canterbury 11, 39, 76, 77, 78, 93, 119, 186, 192, 202, 204
capital punishment 145, 150–1, 152, 163
capitalism 274
carders 64
Carmarthen 122
Carmelites 90
Catholic Church see Church, English
Caxton, William 86, 171, 179, 183
cemeteries 4, 10, 11, 86, 124, 150, 151
execution cemeteries 150, 151–2
Jewish 203
leper cemeteries 207–8
monastic 107
Cerne Abbas 1
champart payments 30
chantries 66, 82, 84, 85, 176, 269
chapels of ease 81
charnel houses 88
Chaucer, Geoffrey 162, 170, 171, 179, 188, 190
Cheddar 17
chess 192
Chester 62, 108, 144, 186, 192, 244, 255, 259, 260
Chichele, Henry, Archbishop of Canterbury 95
Childehampton 30
children
childhood 139–40
custody of 25
diet and nutrition 182
life-cycle service 139
parent–child relationships 140
childwyte 132
see also Church
Christmas 186, 239, 241–6, 262
chronicles 50, 214–20, 223, 227, 238
see also individual chroniclers
church ales 82, 191, 252, 253, 255, 263
church architecture xiv, 11, 81–4, 270
crisis in 100–3
critics of 81, 97, 98–9, 100, 266–7
land ownership 10, 77, 80–1, 89
organizational reform 77, 266–70
social impact 10
Ten Articles 268
and urban development 17
see also clergy; monasteries; monastic crisis and reform; pilgrimage; religious orders
churches
cathedrals 11
chantries 66, 82, 84, 85, 176, 269
chapels of ease 81
estate-churches 8
field churches 11
male–female segregation 140
monastic 8
mother churches 81
upkeep 82
Cirencester 61
clergy 79–80
attacks on 101–2
benefit of clergy 79, 147, 160
burial 87
celibacy 7, 9–10, 79, 80, 127, 134, 135, 224, 268, 269
married 7, 8, 10, 77, 80, 98, 135, 224
monastic 7
numbers of 80
ordained clergy 79–80
secular 7–8
‘technical clerics’ 79
see also canons; friars; monks; priests
climate change 36, 37, 46, 272
Clink Prison 149
clock manufacturing 69
cloth trade 25, 52, 53, 54, 58, 64, 68, 73, 209, 275
see also wool trade
pillar and stall mines 39
cock threshing 248–9
Codicote 34
coffins 87–8
cogs 71
coin clipping 203
gold 67
minting 18
Scandinavian 9
Cok, Hugh 34–5
Collins Creek 40
Collop Monday 248
combers 33
commission of Trailbaston 148
commissions of oyer and terminer 148
Common Law 28–9, 134, 144–5, 147, 178
constables 149
coopers 34
copyholders 271
Corfe Castle 39
coroners’ accounts xiv
Corpus Christi 50, 65, 256–9, 264
Corpus Christi plays 102, 186–7, 264
cottages 44
Cotton, Sir Robert 180–1
Court Leet 145
courtly love literature 134, 178–9
courts
court of common pleas 148
court of king’s bench 148
manorial courts 20, 28–9, 127, 132–3, 144, 145, 146
royal 28, 29, 99, 146, 147, 160
courtyard farms 44
Coventry 51, 59, 65, 74, 112, 140–1, 159, 205, 260
Mystery Plays 140–1, 186, 187, 259
craft specialization 18
crafts 33–4
see also guilds; and individual crafts
Cranbrook 209
Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 263, 268
Creeping to the Cross 251, 263
crew yards 44
crime see law and order
Crispin, Gilbert, Abbot of Westminster 196–7
Cromwell, Thomas 266
cross-breeding 234–6
currency
debasements 275
see also coinage
cycle of the year 239–65
Danegelds 3
Danelaw xii, 4, 6, 14, 20, 32, 72
deacons 10
deer parks 49
dental health 111
Derbyshire 157
deserted medieval villages (DMV) 44, 46, 47, 53, 232
deserving poor 156
Anglo-Saxon 23–4
Carbohydrate-based 111
children 182
fasting 40, 241, 248, 249, 263
lower-class diet 108, 109, 111–12, 184
malnutrition, effects of 108
meat consumption 107, 109, 111, 182, 184, 241
monastic 107
protein-rich 23
diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) 107
dining and table etiquette 182–4
Dioscorides 23
disabilities, people with 237
diphtheria 121
hygiene and 113
obesity-related 107
sin–disease association 122, 208
see also individual diseases
Distaff Day 245
divorce 131–2
Domesday Book 11, 20, 29, 33, 105
Doncaster 102
Dorchester-on-Thames 76
Dorset 39
Dover 40–1
drama 186–8
liturgical 65–6, 140–1, 186–8, 258–9
processions and folk plays 186
Dublin 21
Durham 30, 39, 94, 144, 180, 255
Eadgifu ‘the Fair’ 24
earls 19
Earl’s Barton 77
Early Modern period 141–2, 268, 273, 277
earthquakes 216, 219, 227, 228
East Anglia xii, xiv, 2, 16, 32, 35, 43, 46, 51, 53, 171, 247
economic recessions 73, 154, 155, 158, 271
Edinburgh 278
Edmund of East Anglia (king and martyr) 9
Edmund Ironside 19
Edric ‘the Wild’ 220–1
education 176–8
elementary 176
grammar schools 176
home tutoring 176
women 143
Edward the Elder 72
Edward I, King 58, 202, 203, 251
Edward III, King 113–14, 153, 156, 209, 244
Edward VI, King 102, 248, 250, 251, 253, 262, 264, 266, 269–70
eel catchers 33
Eleanor of Provence 90
Elfgifu 24
Elizabeth I, Queen 251, 263, 264, 270, 272
embalming 88
‘end to the Middle Ages’ 270
entertainment see board games; drama; mumming; musicians; sport
entry fines 30
epilepsy 251
ergotism 121
Eric ‘Bloodaxe’ 2
Essex 45, 50, 73, 83, 106, 138
estates
boundaries 14
break-up of multiple estates 15
Church estates 33, 77, 99, 274
female ownership 24
Ethelred II (‘the Unready’) 4, 6, 7, 19, 252
Ethelweard 4
ethnic identity 4–6, 7, 12, 105
Eucharist 78, 79, 82, 98, 252, 256, 268, 269
Exeter 59, 62, 63, 71, 73, 74, 136, 180
Exmoor 13
Eynsham Abbey 107
eyres 148
fairy folklore 22–3, 220–4, 233–4
faldagium 30
family life 137–40
extended family patterns 138
parent–child relationships 140
farm (sale of town rights) 61
farming
arable 13, 15, 16, 23, 24, 35–6, 42, 53, 271
average acreage 34
commercial exploitation 35–6, 271, 273, 274
Danish farmers 5
livestock diseases 46, 52, 105
open-field farming 13, 15, 16, 42, 43
pastoral 16
recessions 46, 52, 73, 105, 154
fashion 184–6
Fastolf, Sir John 150
feasts 182, 241, 242, 251, 252, 260, 261
Feltwell 43
fish weirs 40
fisheries 49
food prices 28, 46, 65, 108, 111, 271, 274
Forest of Dean 222
Forest Laws 38
foresters 33
forests 37–8
see also woodlands
fornication 99, 127, 131, 132, 133, 159, 204
Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 100, 129, 200–1, 256
France, war against 47, 49, 73, 153, 154, 163, 170, 193, 198
freemen 20, 28, 32–3, 42, 43, 51
frérèche 138
see also individual orders
Geoffrey of Burton 231–2
Geoffrey de Mandeville 218, 219
Gervase of Tilbury 222, 223–4, 228, 229–30, 235
Gest of Robyn Hode 81
Gippeswic 16
Glastonbury Abbey 118
Gloucester 155, 192, 193, 197, 198, 205, 256
godparents 137
Godshill 95
Good Friday 250–1
Confessio Amantis 178–9
grammar schools 176
graves and grave memorials 85, 86, 87, 88
graveyards 81
see also cemeteries
Great Bromley xiv
Great Chalfield 45
Great Rebuilding 74
Great Yarmouth 41, 58, 69, 209
Gregory IX, Pope 201
Gresham 160
Grimston 14
guilds 48, 50, 60, 62, 63–6, 187, 251, 256
cartels 65
indentures 63
maidens’ and young mens’ guilds 140
religious role 65, 253, 256, 258, 262–3, 263–4
social functions 66
town privileges 60
see also Mystery Plays
Gypsies 276
Halle, Adam de la 254
halls 44
hamlets 43
Hampshire 35
Hamwic 16
Harrogate Hoard 17
Harthacnut 252
harvest 260
Hastings 40
Havelok the Dane 170
Havering 191
Hawisa, Countess 128
Hawkins, John 277
haywards 34
Hecche, Agnes 136
Hemington Quarry 40
Henley-on-Thames 57
Henry III, King 90, 200, 201–2
Henry V, King 55
Henry VIII, King 102, 131, 142, 191, 211, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268–9, 271, 274, 275
Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester 219
Henry of Bratton 145
Henry of Bretteby 163
Henry of Huntingdon 216–17, 218–19, 225, 226
herbal remedies and charms 23, 123
Hereford Gospels 26
Hille, Thomas 119
hocking 82
hoggling 244
Holy Innocents’ Day 241, 244–5, 262
holy loaf 252
Holy Roman Empire 11
honey 111
Horn Dance 243
monastic infirmaries 89, 122, 123
House of Lords 89
houselling towel 252
houses of correction 149
housing, peasant 43–4
Huish Episcopi 83
hulks 71
Hull 62, 69, 73, 112, 122, 141
human sacrifice 9
humanism 143
humours, theory of 88, 123, 129
hunting 37–8
Huntingdonshire 32
Hythe 40
illuminated writing 178
impotence 132
incunabula 179
indentures 63
scale and efficiency 39
see also individual industries
influenza 119
Ingatestone 31
Inglewood Forest 224
inheritance xiv–xv
coming of age and 130
Innocent III, Pope 200
inns 190
Inns of Chancery 178
Ireland 18, 21, 118, 198, 229, 230, 235, 236, 278
cast iron 38
wrought iron 38
ironmongers 34
Isle of Purbeck 39
James IV of Scotland 276
Jerome, St 92
Jews 78, 105, 140, 195–204, 209, 212
mikveh (ritual bath) 204
persecution of 140, 195–203, 211
John XXII, Pope 256
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 50
John of Oxenedes 218
John of Wallingford 112
John of Worcester 216, 217, 227–8
Josce of Gloucester 198
Julian of Norwich 95
juries of presentment 145
Justices of the Peace 48, 149, 153, 155
Katherine of Aragon 131, 142, 211, 276
keepers of the peace 148
Keynsham Abbey 100–1
Killingholme 66
King’s College, Cambridge 91
Knighton’s Chronicle 121
labour service
Lacnunga 23
Lammas Day 260
Lancaster 144
land grants, royal 24
land price boom 271
land rents 30, 31, 33, 43, 49, 52, 271, 273
landscape management 15–16, 43
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 77
Langland, William 171
Piers Plowman 48, 80, 140, 166
Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury 201
Chancery Standard 171
Cornish 278
Early Modern English 171
French borrowings 171
Gaelic 278
Irish 278
Scandinavian 6
Welsh 278
Latin script 178
laundries 136
criminality, levels of 152–9
death penalty 145, 150–1, 152, 163
fines 19, 28, 38, 132, 146, 150
Forest Law transgressions 38
justice system 144–9
legal abuses 159–60
pardons 163
prisons 149–50
punishments 145, 147, 149–50, 150–1, 152, 163
trial by combat 162
trial by jury 162–3
trial by ordeal 162
women’s access to justice 147–8
see also Canon Law; Common Law; courts; Statute Law
lay brothers 89
Lay Subsidy Rolls 106, 174, 176
leather working 69
Leckhamstead 36
Legrand, Jacques 183
Leicester 64, 74, 141, 186, 202
Leicestershire 39, 47, 121, 138
Lent 230, 231, 239, 241, 248–9, 263
leprosy 109, 120–1, 207–9, 211, 212
lesbianism 237
Levellers 273
leyrwite 30
libraries 179–81
life expectancy 22, 106–7, 110, 115–16
life-cycle service 139
Lillingstone Dayrell 44
Lincoln 18, 39, 56, 58, 59, 62, 74, 136, 197, 198, 199, 202, 203
Lindisfarne 215
Lindisfarne Gospels 180
literacy 79, 143, 171–2, 176, 179, 181, 277
living standards 23, 47, 53, 109
Lollards 97–100, 172, 257, 264, 268
London 39, 51, 54–6, 57, 59, 64, 65, 118, 136, 244, 245, 260, 261
banking 67
Flemish community 209
growth 55–6
hospitals 122–3
Jewish community 198, 200, 202, 203, 204
Norman buildings 55
pre-eminence of 18–19
prisons 149–50
prostitution 205
Roman 16
trade and industries 18, 63, 68–9, 112, 114, 275
London Chronicles 172
London Grocers’ Company 67
longhouses 44
lords of the manor 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 45, 51, 260
Lords of Misrule 245, 252, 262
Louth 173
Ludenwic 16
Luttrell Psalter 193
Lydgate, John 248
lye pits 37
Magna Carta 133, 134, 147, 163, 180, 189
Maidstone 50
Malebisse, Richard 199
Malmesbury Abbey 180
malnutrition 121
see also starvation
Mannyng, Robert 132
manor houses
moated 45
manorialization xii, 15–16, 20, 42
custom of the manor 30–1
lords of the manor 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 45, 51, 260
Map, Walter 214, 220–1, 233, 234
marble 39–40
markets 60
marriage 24, 34, 106, 129–30, 146
age at 130
annulment 132
aristocratic 133–4
consanguinity and affinity restrictions 130, 131
divorce 131–2
of free and unfree 51
minimum age for 130
parental consent 130
and property holding 24
Marshall Rebellion (1233–4) 217
Mary I, Queen (Mary Tudor) 262, 263, 270
masons 33
Mass 66, 78, 82, 84, 102, 231, 241, 245, 252, 256, 257, 268
see also Eucharist
Matilda, Empress 197
Maundy Thursday 250
May Day and May Games 186, 253–4, 255
maypoles 253
Meaux Abbey 180
sin–disease association 122, 208
see also diseases; hospitals
mendicant orders 89–91
see also friars
mercers 54
Merchant Adventurers 66–7, 275
merchets 30
Merman, sighting of 213–14, 229
Merton Abbey 123
Michaelmas 260
Mickleover 31
Midlands xii, 32, 42, 43, 46, 106, 171, 247
Midsummer Processions 186, 264
Midsummer’s Eve 259
Mildenhall 31
mistletoe 243
Moleyns, Lord 160
monarchical succession 19
dissolution of 8, 102, 267, 274, 275
income 78
land holdings 267
monastic libraries 179–80
monastic crisis and reform 9, 10, 100–1
moneylending 196, 199, 200, 202, 204
Monk Bretton 180
monks 7, 80, 88, 101, 106, 107
chroniclers 214
gluttony, accusations of 107 see also monasteries
monogamy 24
More, Thomas 53, 143, 211, 277
Utopia 53
morgengifu 24
Morris dancing 254
mumming 244
Mystery Plays 65–6, 140–1, 186–8, 258–9
nard 192
national culture and identity 6, 12, 277–8
New Buckenham 74
new world exploration 275
Newbury 201
Newton Aycliffe 193
Nine Men’s Morris 192
nobility
Anglo-Saxon 19
dining and table etiquette 182–4
fashion 184–5
marriage 133–4
titles 5
Norman Conquest xi, 2, 29, 105, 106
impact on the English Church 75, 76, 77
impact on English towns 55, 56
impact on women’s role and status 126
North Elmham 76
Northampton 17, 52, 60, 72, 186, 198, 202, 203
Northleach 83
Northumberland 46
Norwich 18, 56, 59, 61, 62, 68, 74, 76, 82–3, 141, 156, 186, 192, 197, 198, 199, 203, 209, 238, 245, 255
Nottinghamshire 157
Occleve, Thomas 171
Offa, King of Mercia 17
Old English 169
Old St Paul’s, London 83
Oldcastle, Sir John 99–100
Oldcastle Revolt (1414) 99–100
optics 69
ordeal, trial by 162
Orderic Vitalis 221
Ordinance of Labourers (1349) 48
Ordinary Time 239
Osbournby 14
Osset 133
osteoarthritis 111
osteoporosis 110
Oxford 17, 18, 56, 57, 156, 177, 179, 197, 198, 201, 205, 245
packhorses 71
cultural 12
pannage 42
pardons
papal 88
royal 163
Paris, Matthew 218, 219–20, 237
Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury 180
Paston family 160–1
Paston, John 32
Paston, Margaret 160–1
Paston, Margery 125–6
Paul, St 97
Peak Castle 223
peasants
Anglo-Saxon 20
landless labourers 34
see also villeinage
Peasants’ Revolt (1381) xiv, 48–52, 61–2, 68, 99, 209, 257
peat digging 41
Peckham, John 256
persecution
of foreigners and minorities 210–12, 276
personal adornment 21
hereditary surnames xiii, 173–4
occupational names 33–4, 175, 190
pre-Conquest names 172, 173, 175–6
Peterborough 198
Peterborough Abbey 32
petty treason 152
physicians 124
pigmen 33
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–7) 103, 267–8
Pinbury 29
pinders 28
see also Black Death
ploughmen 1–2
population
fluctuations 21–2, 36, 45, 46, 73, 74, 105–6, 116, 270–1, 274
gender ratio 110
post-hole-built buildings 15
pot-ash 37
priests 10, 79–80, 84, 98, 99, 102, 159, 176, 194, 224, 257
printing xiii, 69, 171, 179, 277, 278
priors and prioresses 89
prisons 149–50
processions 65, 78, 86, 186, 254–5, 258, 260, 264
property crimes 145, 152, 154, 157–8
property disputes 160
prostitution 70, 141, 158, 159, 204–5, 208, 209, 212
Protestant Reformation xiii, 91, 100, 102, 179–80, 247, 252, 261, 266–9, 277
effect on liturgical year 262–5
reorganization of the English Church 266–70
Psalter of Christina of Markyate 181
public penances 147
purgatory, doctrine of 84, 87, 231, 261, 268
putting out production process 64
Quarter Sessions 149
Ralph of Coggeshall 213–14, 217, 221
Ralph of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bath and Wells 118
rape 24–5, 129, 145, 146, 147–8, 159, 161
rats 117
Raunds Furnells 85–6
Reading 61
Redbourne 218
reeds 41
reeves 28
regional identities 6, 12, 277
religion
paganism 8–9
Viking 8–9
see also Christianity; Church, English
religious orders 88–92
banning of 269
mendicant orders 89–90
military 88
minor orders 10
see also monasteries
Repyngdon, Philip, Bishop of Lincoln 95
revenants (walking dead) 231–4
Richard I, King 61, 195, 198, 199–200, 217
Richard II, King 50–1, 54, 55, 61, 227
Richard of Chichester, St 93
Richard of Cornwall 202
Richard of Devizes 112
Richard of Durham 194
rickets 111
Ricknall 175
Rievaulx 88
Robert, Bishop of Durham 194
Robert, Prior of Kenilworth 223
Rockingham Forest 37
Roger of Wendover 196
Roma 276
Romney 40
Romney Marsh 45
Rothwell 176
Rous, John 53
Russell, John 183
Rye (East Sussex) 40
sacraments of the Church 78–9, 129, 268
saddlers 65
St Brice’s Day massacre (1002) 4, 12, 252
St Catherine’s Day 262
St Clement’s Day 262
St Elmo’s fire 218
St Mary Spital, London xiii, 111, 122–3
St Neots 18
St Swithun’s Priory, Winchester 107
Salisbury 73, 74, 242, 244, 245, 268
Salisbury Cathedral 39, 83, 180, 192
Sarum Missal 142
Scarborough 91
Scotland 2, 14, 118, 154, 171, 222, 276, 278
Sedgeford 109
Selsey 76
sexual morality 127, 129–30, 131, 132–3, 158–9, 204–7
sexuality
complex attitudes towards 134–6
virginity, value placed on 134, 135, 136
women’s 127, 129, 134–6, 141, 142
Sharp Tuesday 250
shearmen 64
sheep farming 37, 53, 271, 273
see also wool trade
sheep stealing 157
Sheffield 173
shepherds 33
Shrove Tuesday 248
Shrove-tide 248
signs and marvels 213–38
silk industry 136
Simon de Montfort 202
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 243–4
sirens 228–9
Skelton, John 190
Skerne 9
slaves 19, 20–1, 29–30, 276, 277
social classes 19–21, 27, 273, 274
Anglo-Saxon society 19–21
social unrest 47–53
see also Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
sodomy 206
soldiers 153
South Acre 151
South Lynn 256
Southampton 16, 56, 60, 66–7, 117, 201, 205
spirituality xiv, 92, 94–5, 102, 103, 159
sport 192–3
stained glass 269
Stamford 17, 18, 58, 59, 60, 68, 74, 199
Stanley 89
Statue of Winchester (1285) 157
Statute of Labourers (1351) 48, 51
Statute Law 145
Statute of Westminster (1102) 29
Stillington, Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells 131–2
Stokker, William 119
Stonehenge 151
Stoneleigh 51
Stow-on-the-Wold 59
Strongbow (Richard de Clare) 198
sub-tenants 27
sugar 111
suit of mill 30
the supernatural see signs and marvels; witchcraft
superstition 22, 95–6, 250, 261
surgery 124
Sussex 46
Sutton-on-Hull 81
sweating sickness 119
Swein Forkbeard 7
Synod of Exeter (1287) 203
Synod of Oxford (1222) 201
tailors 34
tallages 30
tapeworms 113
Taunton 74
taverns 190
Lay Subsidy Rolls 106, 174, 176
on moneylending 200
poll taxes 49, 50, 105, 137, 138, 173, 203
slave tax 21
tenants-in-chief 27
Tenebrae (Services of Shadows) 250, 251, 263
Tenterden 272
thatching 41
Thaxted 58
Third Lateran Council (1179) 200
Thomas of Cobham 132
Thomas de Berkeley 185
Thomas of Monmouth 140
tilers 33
time frame of the Middle Ages xi–xiii, 270
tithe barns 78
town planning 69–71
boundaries 70
burghal plots 69
trades, grouping of 70
water supplies 70–1
zoning 69–70
town walls 71
towns
borough charters and freedoms 59, 60–1
burgage tenure 60
Church administration 17, 58, 61
early Medieval 16–19
growth and decline 55–74
in-migration 59
monastic 17–18
populations 16, 18–19, 59, 73, 74
post-Conquest establishment 57
‘productive sites’ 16
Viking 18
townships 43
trade
international 3–4, 37, 66–9, 73–4, 210
Merchant Adventurers 66–7, 275
transport costs 71
urban 16, 17, 18, 21, 37, 56–8, 71
transport 71
transubstantiation 98, 256, 268, 269
trenchers 182
trepanation 124
trespasses 145
trial by combat 162
Trinity Sunday 255–6
turbaries 41
turners 34
Twelve Days of Christmas 241–6, 262
Tyndale, William 277
typhus 121
unemployment 275
attacks xii, 4, 7, 8–9, 11–12, 13–14, 17, 215
villages
Anglo-Saxon 14–15
desertion and shrinkage 15, 47
nucleated xii, 3, 10, 13, 15, 42, 43
structure 42–5
villeinage 20, 28, 29, 30–3, 42, 52, 53, 80, 138, 177, 232, 242, 273
protests against 31, 32, 47–8, 49, 51–2
rights and protection 30–1
unpaid labour service 20, 29, 30, 31, 42, 60
vills 43
vineyard keepers 33
Virgin Mary cult 92, 93, 103, 126, 128, 173, 247
wages 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 64, 73, 109, 111, 139, 149, 189, 273
Waghen 81
waits chains 62
Wakefield 157, 158, 186, 187, 188
Walsham-le-Willows 132
Walsingham, Thomas 49, 219, 258
Walter, Hugh, Archbishop of Canterbury 39
Wantage law code 6–7
Warde, John 119
Ware 57
see also France, war against
Warminster 8
Warwick 56
Warwickshire 53
Wash 41
watermills 45
waterways 71
Weardale 38
wells 70
werewolves 235
Wessex 2, 16, 72, 169, 170, 171
Westminster Abbey 39, 106, 107, 192
Weston 146
land reclamation 45–6
Wharram Percy xiii, 4, 42–3, 85, 109–10
whipworms 113
Whitoc, Richard 89
Whitsunday (Pentecost) 255, 264
Whittington, Richard 54–5
Whittlebury 44
Whittok, John and Agnes 89
Whittoke, William 67
Wick Dive 44
wics 18
William I, King 38, 169, 181, 196, 221
William II, King 225–6
William of Malmesbury 196, 225–6
William of Newburgh 218, 219, 221–2, 223, 234
William of Norwich 139–40, 197
Willoughby, Sir Richard 157
Willoughby, Sir Thomas 159–60
wills 24, 25, 31, 136, 146, 268, 270
Winchcombe 259
Winchelsea 40
Winchester 11, 18, 39, 60, 64, 74, 76, 77, 157, 198, 202, 203, 245
windmills 45
wine making 36–7
Wistow 192
women 125–43
conception and pregnancy theories 128–9, 147–8, 235, 237
criminality 154
economic activities 25, 52, 111, 136–7, 141, 190
education 143
fashion 185
health and nutrition 110–11
justice, access to 147–8
Late Anglo-Saxon 24–5
legal definition 127
male regulation of 127, 133–4, 140, 141, 143, 159
property rights and inheritance 24, 25, 126, 127, 130, 133–4
prostitution 70, 141, 158, 159, 204–5, 208, 209, 212
quarrelsome 128
religious life 7, 10, 24, 80, 88, 89, 101, 135, 137
role and status 24–5, 126–7, 136–7
sexuality 127, 129, 134–6, 141, 142
violence against 24–5, 127, 129, 145, 146, 147–8, 159, 161
wood ash 37
Woodstock law code 7
Woodville, Elizabeth 132
woodwards 34
woodworkers 70
wool trade 37, 45, 52, 53, 64, 67–8, 69, 275
see also cloth trade
Woolpits 221
Worcester 31, 136, 180, 186, 202
worsted 68
written records xiii–xiv
Wulfstan, Archbishop of York 9, 242
Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester 21
Wychwood Forest 37
Wyclif, John 50, 97, 98, 99, 172
Wycombe 201
Yarnton 13
Yeovil 101
York 2, 4, 5, 16, 18, 39, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 71, 90, 110, 111, 122, 130, 136, 141, 152, 155, 156, 205, 209, 242, 245
archdiocese 78
economic decline 74
industries 112
Jewish community 198, 199, 203
Mystery Plays 66, 186, 187, 188, 258–9
town government 62
Viking 6