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“Only two days until the weekend.” “Just 10 more minutes of sleep!” “Oh, no!” “Excellent!” These are some common responses to “It’s time to get up for work.”
Have you ever wondered why some people find great satisfaction in their work while others only put in their time? As with other personal financial decisions, career selection and professional growth require planning. Most people will change jobs, and even careers, five or more times during a lifetime. Be ready to reevaluate your choice of work on a regular basis.
The Career Planning Process
Career planning activities may be viewed using the following steps:
Personal assessment—to determine interests and values, and to identify talents and abilities.
Employment market analysis—to assess geographic, economic, technological, and social influences on employment opportunities.
Application process—in which you prepare a résumé and create a cover letter.
Interview process—in which you practice your interview skills, research the organization, and send a follow-up message to the organization.
Employment acceptance—when you assess the salary and other financial factors as well as the organizational environment of your potential employer.
Career development and advancement—in which you develop plans to enhance career success behaviors and build strong work relationships.
Career Information Sources to Identify Career Trends
While careers have dwindled in some sectors of our economy, opportunities in other sectors have grown. Service industries that are expected to have the greatest employment potential include information and computer technology, health care, social and government services, technical sales, transportation and logistics, hospitality and food services, management and human resources, education and training, and financial services.
page 503Many career information sources are available; these include:
Career development offices on campus have information and services for career planning and assistance in creating a résumé and preparing for an interview.
Online sources can assist with all aspects of career planning. Consider a web search to gather information about résumés, effective interviewing, or creating a career portfolio. Also available is the Occupational Outlook Handbook (www.bls.gov/ooh/), which provides detailed information on most careers.
Informational interviews are very effective for obtaining career information. A planned discussion with a person in a field of interest to you will help you learn about the job duties, required training, and the person’s feelings about the career. Most people like to talk about their work experiences. Before the interview, plan to ask questions such as:
How did you get your current position? Did other jobs lead to this one?
In what ways do you find your work most satisfying? What are your main frustrations?
What tasks and activities are required in your work?
What are the most important qualifications for working in this field? What training and education are needed?
What advice would you give a person who is considering this type of work?
Obtaining Employment Experience
Most people possess more career skills than they realize. Your involvement in school, community, and work activities provides a foundation for employment experiences. The following opportunities offer work-related training:
Part-time employment can provide experience and knowledge for a career field.
Volunteer work in community organizations or agencies can help you acquire skills, establish good work habits, and make contacts.
Internships allow you to gain experience needed to obtain employment in a field.
Campus projects offer work-related experiences to help you obtain career skills through campus organizations, course assignments, and research projects.
Identifying Job Opportunities
Some of the most valuable sources of job information include:
Job advertisements in newspapers, professional periodicals, and online posting boards are a common source. However, most available jobs may not be advertised to the general public, so you need to also consider other job search activities.
page 504Career fairs, on campus and at convention centers, allow you to contact several firms in a short time. At a career fair, you will be asked a couple of questions to determine if you qualify for a longer interview. Prepare for job fairs by being ready to quickly communicate your potential contributions to an organization. Knowing something about the organization will help distinguish you from other applicants.
Employment agencies match job hunters with employers. Often the hiring company pays the fee. Be wary when asked to pay a fee in advance. Government employment services may be contacted through your state employment service or state department of labor.
Business contacts advise people about careers. Friends, relatives, and others are potential business contacts. Networking is the process of making and using contacts to obtain and update career information.
Job creation involves developing a position that matches your skills with organizational needs. As you develop skills you enjoy, you may be able to create a demand for yourself.
Other job search sources include (a) visits to companies to make face-to-face contacts; (b) business directories and websites to obtain names of organizations that employ people with your qualifications; and (c) alumni who work in your field.
Developing a Résumé
Marketing yourself to prospective employers usually requires a résumé, or personal information sheet.
Résumé Elements
A résumé is a summary of your education, training, experience, and other qualifications with these main components:
The personal data section presents your name, address, telephone number, and e-mail address. Do not include your birth date, sex, height, and weight unless this information applies to a specific job qualification.
A career objective is designed to clearly focus you to a specific employment situation. Your career objective is usually omitted from the résumé and communicated in your cover letter. Also, consider a summary section with a synopsis of your main skills and capabilities.
The education section should include dates, schools attended, fields of study, and degrees earned.
The experience section lists organizations, dates of involvement, and responsibilities for previous employment, relevant school activities, and community service. Highlight computer skills, technical abilities, and other specific competencies. Use action verbs to connect your experience to the needs of the organization. Focus this information on results and accomplishments.
page 505The related information section may include honors, awards, and other activities related to your career field.
The references section lists people who can verify your skills. These individuals may be teachers, past employers, supervisors, or business colleagues. References are usually not included in a résumé; however, have this information available when requested.
Résumé Preparation
No exact formula exists; however, a résumé must be presented in a professional manner. Many candidates are disqualified by poor résumés. The use of bulleted items, bold type, and short sentences improves readability. Be sure to read your résumé on a smartphone or tablet since many hiring managers review applications on a mobile device. Limit your résumé to one page. Send a two-page résumé only if you have enough material to fill three pages; then use the most relevant information to prepare an impressive two-page presentation.
One key to successful résumé writing is the use of action words to demonstrate what you have accomplished or achieved. Examples of strong action words include:
Achieved
Administered
Coordinated
Created
Designed
Developed
Directed
Edited
Facilitated
Initiated
Implemented
Managed
Monitored
Organized
Planned
Produced
Researched
Supervised
Trained
Updated
Other words and phrases that commonly impress prospective employers include foreign language skills, computer experience, achievement, research experience, flexible, team projects, and overseas study or experience. Instead of just listing your ability to use various software packages (such as Excel or PowerPoint), describe how these tools were used to research information or to present findings for a specific project. For best results, seek assistance from counselors, the campus placement office, and friends to find errors and suggest improvements (see Exhibit B–1).
Exhibit B–1 Résumé Makeover
When preparing a résumé, consider using the STAR principle to communicate your experiences and achievements:
S |
Situation, or the setting |
Example: Fundraising coordinator for campus organization |
T |
Task, your duties |
Example: Prepared a plan to raise funds for social service agency |
A |
Actions you took |
Example: Administered a team that solicited donations on campus |
R |
Result, the outcome |
Example: Resulted in donating over $2,000 to a homeless shelter |
On your résumé, this experience could be presented in this manner:
Coordinated fundraising campaign for campus organization to raise funds for social service agency, resulting in soliciting and donating over $2,000 to a homeless shelter.
The STAR principle is also useful when communicating your background in an interview.
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Résumé Submission
Traditionally, résumés have been mailed or hand delivered. When presenting a résumé in person, you have an opportunity to observe the company environment and make a positive impression about your career potential. Today, most résumés are submitted online.
Most résumé posting sites are free. Never pay a large fee; scam artists have set up phony websites with an online payment system to defraud people. Only post to sites with jobs in the geographic region of interest to you and for which you qualify.
Résumés sent by e-mail should be addressed to a specific person with a subject line referencing the specific job. Your e-mail should include a cover letter to introduce yourself and to encourage the recipient to read your résumé. Properly format your résumé and include it in the body of the e-mail or attach it as a PDF.
Follow up with a call or e-mail to reinforce your qualifications and interest. Ask about how and when to follow up on your status in the job search process.
Creating a Cover Letter
A cover letter, designed to express your interest in a specific job, accompanies your résumé and consists of three main sections:
The introductory paragraph gets the reader’s attention. Indicate your reason for writing by referring to the employment position. Communicate what you have to offer the organization. If applicable, mention the person who referred you.
The development paragraphs highlight aspects of your background that specifically qualify you for the position. At this point, elaborate on experiences and training. Connect your skills and competencies to specific organizational needs.
The concluding paragraph should request action. Ask for an interview to discuss your qualifications in detail. Include your contact information, such as telephone numbers and the times when available. Close your letter by summarizing your benefits to the organization.
Create a personalized cover letter for each position addressed to the appropriate person in the organization. A poorly prepared cover letter guarantees rejection (see Exhibit B–2).
Exhibit B–2 Sample Cover Letter
In recent years, job applicants are increasingly using a targeted application letter instead of a résumé and cover letter. After researching a position and company, you can communicate how your specific skills and experiences will benefit the organization. Once again, your goal is to emphasize achievements and accomplishments so you will be invited for an interview.
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Career Portfolios
In addition to a résumé, many job applicants prepare a career portfolio. This collection of documents and other items provides tangible evidence of your abilities and skills. A career portfolio may include the following items:
Documentation—a résumé, sample interview answers, a competency summary, and letters of recommendation.
Creative works—ads, product designs, packages, brand promotions, and video clips on a DVD, USB drive, or a personal website.
Research project samples—research findings, PowerPoint presentations, website designs, marketing plans, and photos of project activities.
Employment accomplishments—published articles, sales results data, financial charts, and news articles of community activities.
A career portfolio can present your abilities and experiences in a tangible manner. In addition, these materials will communicate your initiative and uniqueness. The cover page of your portfolio should connect your abilities to the needs of the organization.
A digital portfolio can be developed on a website with graphics and links. Be sure your home page is not cluttered and is organized to quickly find desired information.
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The Job Interview
The interview phase is limited to candidates who possess the desired qualifications.
Preparing for the Interview
Prepare by obtaining additional information about the organization. The best sources include the library, the internet, observations during company visits, analysis of company products, informal conversations with employees, and discussions with people knowledgeable about the company or industry. Research the company’s operations, competitors, page 510recent successes, planned expansion, and personnel policies to help you discuss your potential contributions to the company.
Another preinterview activity is preparing questions you will ask, such as:
What do employees like most about your organization’s working environment?
What challenges are most often encountered by new employees?
What training opportunities are available to employees who desire advancement?
What qualities do your most successful employees possess?
What actions of competitors are likely to affect the company in the near future?
Successful interviewing requires practice. Use a video or work with friends to develop confidence when interviewing. Organize ideas, speak clearly and calmly, and communicate enthusiasm. Prepare specific answers regarding your strengths. Campus organizations and career placement offices may offer opportunities for interview practice.
Forbes.com reports that executive recruiters agree on the three vital job interview questions: (1) Can you do the job? (to assess your strengths); (2) Will you love the job? (to assess your motivation); and (3) Can we tolerate working with you? (to assess your organizational fit). In addition, Exhibit B-3 presents other common interview questions.
Exhibit B–3 Common Interview Questions
EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUESTIONS |
What education and training qualify you for this job? |
Why are you interested in working for this company? |
In addition to going to school, what activities have helped you expand your interests and knowledge? |
WORK AND OTHER EXPERIENCE QUESTIONS |
In what types of situations have you done your best work? |
Describe the supervisors who motivated you most. |
Which of your past accomplishments are you proud of? |
Have you ever had to coordinate the activities of several people? |
Describe some people whom you have found difficult to work with. |
Describe a situation in which your determination helped you achieve a specific goal. |
PERSONAL QUALITIES QUESTIONS |
What are your major strengths? |
What are your major weaknesses? What have you done to overcome your weaknesses? |
What do you plan to be doing five or 10 years from now? |
Which individuals have had the greatest influence on you? |
What traits make a person successful? |
How well do you communicate your ideas orally and in writing? |
How would your teachers and your past employers describe you? |
When interviewing, keep in mind that proper dress and grooming are vital. Dress more conservatively than current employees. A business suit is usually appropriate. Avoid trendy and casual styles, and don’t wear too much jewelry.
Confirm the time and location of the interview. Take copies of your résumé, your reference list, and paper for notes. Arrive about 10 minutes earlier than your appointed time.
The Interview Process
Interviews may include situations or questions to determine how you react under pressure. Answer clearly in a controlled manner. Career counselors suggest having a “theme” for interview responses to focus your key qualifications. Throughout the interview come back to the central idea that communicates your potential contributions to the organization.
Behavioral interviewing, also called competency-based interviewing, is frequently used to evaluate an applicant’s on-the-job potential. In these questions, you might be asked how you would handle various work situations. Behavioral interview questions typically begin with “Describe . . .” or “Tell me about . . .” to encourage interviewees to better explain their work style.
In situational interviewing, you are asked to participate in role-playing, similar to what may be encountered on the job. For example, you might be asked to resolve a complaint with a page 511customer or negotiate with a supplier. This interview experience is used to evaluate your ability to work in various organizational environments.
The case interview gives prospective employees an opportunity to demonstrate their ability to think in a structured, creative manner when presented with a real-world problem. These case situations may address topics such as competition, joint ventures, raising capital, or supply chain management, or may present a candidate with an open-ended question. When involved in a case interview, be sure to listen and read carefully to understand the background and the main problem of the situation. Organize your analysis and consider alternative courses of action. Use evidence to support your analysis and suggested actions. Finally, clearly communicate your analysis process, conclusions, and recommendations. You can find sample cases and suggestions by searching online for “preparing for case interviews.” Most important in a case interview is your emphasis on the process, analysis, and actions rather than finding the “right” answer.
Avoid talking too much, but answer each question completely, maintaining good eye contact. Stay calm during the interview. Remember, you are being asked questions about a subject about which you are the world’s expert—YOU! Finally, thank the interviewer for the opportunity to discuss the job and your qualifications.
After the Interview
Most interviewers conclude by telling you when you can expect to hear from them. While waiting, do two things. First, send a follow-up letter or e-mail within a day or two expressing your appreciation for the opportunity to interview. If you don’t get the job, this thank-you letter can make a positive impression to improve your chances for future consideration.
Second, do a self-evaluation of your interview performance. Write down the areas to improve. Try to remember the questions you were asked that differed from your expected questions. Remember, the more interviews you have, the better you will present yourself and the better the chance of being offered a job.
Job Offer Comparison
The financial aspects of a job should be assessed along with some organization factors.
Salary and financial factors—Your rate of pay will be affected by the type of work and your experience. The position may also include employee benefits. These page 512include insurance, retirement plans, vacation time, and other special benefits for employees. Many organizations offer recreational facilities, discounts, and other advantages for workers.
Organizational environment—While the financial elements of a job are very important, also consider the working environment. Leadership style, dress code, and the social atmosphere should be investigated. Talk with people who have worked in the organization. Advancement potential might also be evaluated. Training programs may be available. These opportunities can be very beneficial for your long-term career success.
Career Strategies in a Weak Job Market
In times of weak economic conditions, obtaining employment can be difficult. What actions would be useful to take when attempting to seek employment or maintain your current position? Consider the following:
Acknowledge stress, anxiety, frustration, and fear. Eat properly and exercise to avoid health problems.
Assess your financial situation. Determine sources of emergency funds to pay needed expenses. Cut unnecessary spending.
Evaluate your current and future employment potential. Consider work and community experiences that you have but are not on your résumé.
Maintain a focus with a positive outlook. Your ability to communicate confidence and competency will result in more job offers.
Connect with others in professional and social settings.
Consider part-time work, consulting, and volunteering to exercise your skills, develop new contacts, and expand your career potential.
An ability to obtain and maintain employment in difficult economic times will serve you in every type of job market.
Exhibit B–4 provides a summary of suggestions for your career planning activities.
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Exhibit B–4 Creating a Focused Career Planning Strategy
Enhance career planning activities with an online presence. Avoid actions that might present you in less than aprofessional manner. To communicate an appropriate online image, consider these actions:
DO get connected to Linkedln and other professional networking sites.
DON’T put items online that create an inappropriate image; search your name to assess online presence.
DO use keywords for capabilities and experiences expected in the industry in which you work.
DON’T post your résumé online arbitrarily; select websites appropriate for your specific job search.
DO regular follow-ups with online contacts; share current news and ideas on industry trends.
DON’T join online groups in which you will not be an active participant.
DO create a blog to enhance your online image and communicate areas of expertise.
Continually search online and use apps to update career planning activities. Also consider a website such asabout.me to connect your personal website, blog, and social media sites in one location.