NOTES
The page numbers in these notes refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding note reference on your e-reader.
Chapter 1:
Whatever Happened to Good Old-Fashioned AI?
Page 3 Spicer, Dag, “IBM and the 1964 World’s Fair,” Computer History Museum, 2014: computerhistory.org/atchm/ibm-and-1964-worlds-fair/.
Page 4 Barbrook, Richard, Imaginary Futures: From Thinking Machines to the Global Village (London: Pluto, 2007).
Page 6 Shroff, Gautam, The Intelligent Web: Search, Smart Algorithms, and Big Data (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Page 8 Gilgen, Albert, American Psychology Since World War II: A Profile of the Discipline (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1982).
Page 9 Crevier, Daniel, AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence (New York: Basic Books, 1993).
Page 10 Brewster, Edwin, Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know (New York: Doubleday, 1912).
Page 11 Copeland, Jack, Turing: Pioneer of the Information Age (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Page 12 Nilsson, Nils, The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Page 12 Holehouse, Matthew, “Ed Miliband Proposes Turing’s Law to Pardon Convicted Gay Men,” Telegraph, March 3, 2015: telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ed-miliband/11446543/Ed-Miliband-proposes-Turings-Law-to-pardon-convicted-gay-men.html.
Page 12 Kurzweil, Ray, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Viking, 2005).
Page 15 McCorduck, Pamela, Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1979).
Page 20 Searle, John, “Minds, Brains, and Programs,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 3, 1980.
Page 20 Minsky and Papert, “Draft of a proposal to ARPA for Research on Artificial Intelligence at MIT, 1970–71,” quoted in Hubert L. Dreyfus, What Computers Can’t Do, 1979.
Page 21 Moravec, Hans, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988).
Page 22 Kaku, Michio, The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 2014).
Page 23 Raphael, Bertram and Goldstein, Andrew, “Oral History: Bertram Raphael,” IEEE History Center, July 25, 1991: ethw.org/Oral-History:Bertram_Raphael.
Page 26 Ad featured in Computerworld, October 13, 1986.
Page 28 Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995).
Chapter 2:
Another Way to Build AI
Page 33 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, Recollections of My Life (English translation, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1989).
Page 35 Hebb, D. O., The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (New York: Wiley, 1949).
Page 36 Minsky, Marvin and Papert, Seymour, Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1969).
Page 36 https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/18965/Rosenblatt_Frank_1971.pdf?sequence=2.
Page 38 Papert, Seymour, “One AI or Many?,” Daedalus, 1988.
Page 42 Hernandez, Daniela, “Meet the Man Google Hired to Make AI a Reality,” Wired, January 16, 2014: wired.com/2014/01/geoffrey-hinton-deep-learning/.
Page 47 McCarthy, John, “Computer-Controlled Cars,” 1968: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cars.ps.
Page 49 idcdocserv.com/1678.
Page 49 Lohr, Steve, Data-Ism: Inside the Big Data Revolution (London: Oneworld Publications, 2015).
Page 51 Allen, Kate, “How a Toronto Professor’s Research Revolutionized Artificial Intelligence,” The Star, April 17, 2015: thestar.com/news/world/2015/04/17/how-a-toronto-professors-research-revolutionized-artificial-intelligence.html.
Page 52 https://plus.google.com/u/0/102889418997957626067/posts.
Page 53 Metz, Cade, “New Tool Analyzes a Video’s Sound for Better Search Results,” Wired, September 24, 2015: wired.com/2015/09/new-tool-analyzes-videos-sound-better-search-results/.
Page 54 Taigman, Yaniv et al., “DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification,” Facebook Research, June 24, 2014: research.facebook.com/publications/deepface-closing-the-gap-to-human-level-performance-in-face-verification/.
Page 55 Yang, Yezhou et al., “Robot Learning Manipulation Action Plans by ‘Watching’ Unconstrained Videos from the World Wide Web,” AAAI, 2015: umiacs.umd.edu/~yzyang/paper/YouCookMani_CameraReady.pdf.
Page 55 Rashid, Rick, “How Technology Can Bridge Language Gaps,” Microsoft Research, 2012: research.microsoft.com/en-us/research/stories/speech-to-speech.aspx.
Chapter 3:
Intelligence Is All Around Us
Page 57 Warwick, Kevin, “Cyborg 1.0,” Wired, February 1, 2000: archive.wired.com/wired/archive/8.02/warwick.html.
Page 58 Hutchings, Emma, “Lenovo’s Smart Shoes Display Your Mood on Tiny Screen,” PSFK, June 1, 2015: psfk.com/2015/06/lenovo-smart-shoes-lenovo-tech-world.html.
Page 60 Dormehl, Luke, “Internet of Things: It’s All Coming Together for a Tech Revolution,” Guardian, June 8, 2015: theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/08/internet-of-things-coming-together-tech-revolution.
Page 61 http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/19thcent/consq19.htm.
Page 61 Stafford-Fraser, Quentin, “The Trojan Room Coffee Pot: A (Non-Technical) Biography”: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/qsf/coffee.html.
Page 63 Woods, Michael and Woods, Mary: Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels (Minneapolis: Runestone Press, 2000).
Page 64 Wiener, Norbert, The Human Use of Human Beings (New York: Doubleday, 1954).
Page 66 Freeman, Walter, “W. Grey Walter Biographical Sketch,” Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
Page 67 Wooldridge, Michael, An Introduction to Multi-Agent Systems (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2009).
Page 71 blog.ifttt.com/post/2316021241/ifttt-the-beginning.
Page 78 Clark, Liat, “Speech Algorithm Detects Early Parkinson’s Symptoms,” Wired, June 26, 2012: wired.com/2012/06/parkinsons-voice-screening/.
Page 79 Townsend, Anthony, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013).
Page 80 http://www.seasteading.org/2011/03/walking-city-archigram/.
Page 81 Stockton, Nick, “Boston Is Partnering with Waze to Make Its Roads Less of a Nightmare,” Wired, February 20, 2015: wired.com/2015/02/boston-partnering-waze-make-roads-less-nightmare/.
Page 82 Weiser, Mark, “The Computer for the 21st Century,” Scientific American, September 1991: ics.uci.edu/~corps/phaseii/Weiser-Computer21stCentury-SciAm.pdf.
Page 82 http://www.antiquetech.com/?page_id=1438.
Page 83 Vincent, James, “Google Contact Lenses: Tech Giant Licenses Smart Contact Lens Technology to Help Diabetics and Glasses Wearers,” Independent, July 15, 2014: independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-licenses-smart-contact-lens-technology-to-help-diabetics-and-glasses-wearers-9607368.html.
Page 86 Olson, Parmy and Tilley, Aaron, “The Quantified Other: Nest and Fitbit Chase a Lucrative Side Business,” Forbes, May 5, 2014: http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/04/17/the-quantified-other-nest-and-fitbit-chase-a-lucrative-side-business/.
Page 87 Dormehl, Luke, “This Algorithm Predicts a Neighborhood’s Crime Rate Using Google Street View,” Fast Company, October 6, 2014: fastcolabs.com/3036677/this-algorithm-knows-your-neighborhood-better-than-you-do.
Chapter 4:
How May I Serve You?
Page 92 Sundman, John, “Artificial Stupidity,” Salon, February 26, 2003: salon.com/2003/02/26/loebner_part_one/.
Page 95 Turing, Alan, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 1950: csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf.
Page 95 Lee, Dave, “Tay: Microsoft issues apology over racist chatbot fiasco,” BBC News, March 25, 2016: bbc.co.uk/news/technology-35902104.
Page 96 facebook.com/zuck/posts/10102577175875681.
Page 98 Isaacson, Walter, Steve Jobs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011).
Page 100 Remarkably, John Sculley’s prediction for the arrival of a Siri-like AI assistant was correct right down to the month it first shipped with the iPhone 4s.
Page 100 Keenan, Thomas, Technocreep: The Surrender of Privacy and the Capitalization of Intimacy (Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2014).
Page 101 oddisgood.com/pages/cd-clippy.html.
Page 101 Wilcox, Joe, “Microsoft Tool ‘Clippy’ Gets Pink Slip,” CNET, January 2, 2002: news.cnet.com/2100-1001-255671.html.
Page 103 Wasserman, Todd, “Wozniak: Siri Was Better Before Apple Bought It,” Mashable UK, June 15, 2012: mashable.com/2012/06/15/wozniak-on-siri/#W9rFoovbVaqT.
Page 104 Wortham, Jenna, “Will Google’s Personal Assistant Be Creepy or Cool?,” New York Times, June 28, 2012: bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/will-googles-personal-assistant-be-creepy-or-cool/?_r=0.
Page 104 Kovach, Steve, “With Google Now, Android Puts Apple’s Siri to Shame,” Business Insider, July 1, 2012: businessinsider.com/google-now-better-than-siri-2012-7?IR=T.
Page 105 Chui, Michael et al., “The Social Economy: Unlocking Value and Productivity through Social Technologies,” McKinsey Global Institute, July 2012: mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/the_social_economy.
Page 105 Alba, Davey, “The AI Bot That Scans Your Email and Automatically Schedules Meetings,” Wired, January 12, 2015: wired.com/2015/01/virtual-email-assistant/.
Page 106 Blackman, Christine, “Can Avatars Change the Way We Think and Act?,” Stanford News, February 25, 2010: news.stanford.edu/news/2010/february22/avatar-behavior-study-022510.html.
Page 107 Dormehl, Luke, “Why We Need Decimated Reality Aggregators,” Fast Company, June 21, 2013: fastcolabs.com/3013382/why-we-need-decimated-reality-aggregators.
Page 108 Bonnington, Christina, “Apple Blames Glitch for Siri’s Anti-Abortion Bias,” Wired, December 1, 2011: www.wired.com/2011/12/siri-results-unintentional/.
Page 108 Dormehl, Luke, “Did ‘Bug’ Cause Russian Siri to Be Homophobic?,” Cult of Mac, April 14, 2015: cultofmac.com/319130/did-bug-cause-russian-siri-to-be-homophobic/.
Page 108 Raghavan, Sharad, “Over a Third of Rural India Still Illiterate,” Hindu, July 5, 2015: thehindu.com/news/national/socio-economic-and-caste-census-2011-shows-growing-illiteracy-in-rural-india/article7383859.ece.
Page 108 Mishra, Pankaj, “‘Political Siri,’ Big Data Startups Rise Amid Indian Elections,” TechCrunch, April 15, 2014: techcrunch.com/2014/04/15/political-siri-big-data-startups-rise-amid-indian-elections/.
Page 112 Turkle, Sherry, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011).
Page 113 Nass, Clifford and Brave, Scott, Wired for Speech: How Voice Activates and Advances the Human-Computer Relationship (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2005).
Page 114 Griggs, Brandon, “Why Computer Voices Are Mostly Female,” CNN, October 21, 2011: edition.cnn.com/2011/10/21/tech/innovation/female-computer-voices/.
Page 114 http://www.androidauthority.com/google-now-accents-515684/.
Page 114 Alexander, Bryan, “Arnold Schwarzenegger Voices Waze as the Terminator,” USA Today, June 14, 2015: http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/06/14/arnold-schwarzenegger-waze-terminator-voice-app-terminator-genisys/71124570/.
Page 115 Kandangath, Anil and Tu, Xiaoyuan, “Humanized Navigation Instructions for Mapping Applications,” USPTO/Apple, April 23, 2015: patents.justia.com/patent/20150112593.
Page 116 Dormehl, Luke, The Formula: How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems and Create More (London: W. H. Allen, 2014).
Page 117 Newman, Judith, “To Siri, With Love,” New York Times, October 17, 2014: nytimes.com/2014/10/19/fashion/how-apples-siri-became-one-autistic-boys-bff.html.
Page 117 Markoff, John and Mozur, Paul, “For Sympathetic Ear, More Chinese Turn to Smartphone Program,” New York Times, July 31, 2015: nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/for-sympathetic-ear-more-chinese-turn-to-smartphone-program.html?_r=1.
Page 118 Levy, David, Love + Sex with Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relations (New York: HarperCollins, 2007).
Page 119 Hempel, Jessi, “Computers That Know How You Feel Will Soon Be Everywhere,” Wired, April 22, 2015: wired.com/2015/04/computers-can-now-tell-feel-face/.
Chapter 5:
How AI Put Our Jobs in Jeopardy
Page 123 Baker, Stephen, Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011).
Page 129 Keynes, John Maynard, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” 1930: econ.yale.edu/smith/econ116a/keynes1.pdf.
Page 130 Clark, Gregory, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).
Page 130 Wong, Tessa, “Drone Waiters to Plug Singapore’s Service Staff Gap,” BBC News, February 8, 2015: bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-31148450.
Page 131 Ford, Martin, Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (New York: Basic Books, 2015): salon.com/2015/05/10/robots_are_coming_for_your_job_amazon_mcdonalds_and_the_next_wave_of_dangerous_capitalist_disruption/.
Page 131 Manyika, James et al. “Disruptive Technologies: Advances That Will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy,” McKinsey Global Institute, May 2013: mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/disruptive_technologies.
Page 131 McCulloch, Warren, “Why the Mind Is in the Head?,” Dialectica, vol. 4, no. 3, 1950.
Page 133 “Google’s Self-Driving Car in Five-Car Crash,” Mountain View Voice, August 8, 2011.
Page 133 Black, Thomas, “Google Sees Automated Flight Going ‘All the Way’ to airlines,” Bloomberg, May 5, 2015: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015–05-05/google-sees-automated-flight-going-all-the-way-to-airliners.
Page 133 Frey, Carl and Osborne, Michael, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?,” Oxford Martin School, September 17, 2013: fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/The-Future-of-Employment-How-Susceptible-Are-Jobs-to-Computerization.pdf.
Page 134 Wile, Rob, “A Venture Capital Firm Just Named an Algorithm to Its Board Of Directors—Here’s What It Actually Does,” Business Insider, May 13, 2015: http://www.businessinsider.com/vital-named-to-board-2014–5?IR=T.
Page 135 Kellenbenz, Herman, “Technology in the Age of the Scientific Revolution, 1500–1700,” in C.M. Cipolla (ed.) The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol 2. (London, Collins/Fontana, 1970).
Page 136 ruchalachimney.com/history.html.
Page 137 Wilde, Oscar, “The Soul of Man Under Socialism,” 1891.
Page 137 Dormehl, Luke, “Foxconn CEO Unimpressed by his iPhone-Building Robot Army,” Cult of Mac, September 22, 2014: cultofmac.com/297110/foxconn-ceo-unimpressed-iphone-building-robot-army/.
Page 138 Mokdad, Ali et al., “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,” American Medical Association, 2004: csdp.org/research/1238.pdf.
Page 140 http://arstechnica.co.uk/gaming/2015/07/pewdiepie-responds-to-haters-over-his-4–5-million-youtube-earnings/.
Page 141 http://uk.ign.com/articles/2013/10/09/gta-5-currently-holds-seven-guinness-world-records.
Page 141 Gaudiosi, John, “New Reports Forecast Global Video Games Industry Will Reach $82 Billion by 2017,” Forbes, July 18, 2012: http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/2012/07/18/new-reports-forecasts-global-video-game-industry-will-reach-82-billion-by-2017/.
Page 141 http://www.pwc.co.uk/en_uk/uk/assets/pdf/ukeo-regional-march-2015.pdf.
Page 142 “Artificial Artificial Intelligence,” The Economist, June 8, 2006: economist.com/node/7001738?story_id=7001738.
Page 142 Chen, Edwin, “Improving Twitter Search with Real-Time Human Computation,” January 8, 2013: http://blog.echen.me/2013/01/08/improving-twitter-search-with-real-time-human-computation.
Page 143 forums.aws.amazon.com/thread.jspa?threadID=58891.
Page 143 Cushing, Ellen, “Amazon Mechanical Turk: The Digital Sweatshop,” East Bay Express, Jan/Feb 2013: utne.com/science-and-technology/amazon-mechanical-turk-zm0z13jfzlin.aspx.
Page 144 Conley, Neil and Braegelmann, Tom, “Decision of the German Federal Supreme Court no. I ZR 112/06,” Journal of the Copyright Society, Vol. 56, 2009: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1504982.
Page 144 Lanier, Jaron, Who Owns the Future? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013).
Page 146 Love, Julia, “Apple Ups Its AI Experts Hiring, But Faces Obstacles . . . ,” Reuters, September 7, 2015: venturebeat.com/2015/09/07/apple-ups-its-a-i-hiring-but-faces-obstacles-to-making-phones-smarter/.
Page 147 Dredge, Stuart, “Apple Music Interview,” Guardian, June 9, 2015: theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/09/apple-music-interview-jimmy-iovine-eddy-cue.
Page 147 Dormehl, Luke, “New Apple Patents Hint at a Headphone, Music Revolution,” Cult of Mac, May 29, 2014: cultofmac.com/281353/apple-focus-reinventing-headphones/.
Page 149 Moss, Caroline, “Meet the Guy Who Makes $1,000 an Hour Tutoring Kids of Fortune 500 CEOs Over Skype,” Business Insider, August 26, 2014: http://www.businessinsider.com/anthony-green-tutoring-2014–8?IR=T.
Page 149 Tabuchi, Hiroko, “Etsy’s Success Gives Rise to Problems of Credibility and Scale,” New York Times, March 15, 2015: nytimes.com/2015/03/16/business/media/etsys-success-raises-problems-of-credibility-and-scale.html?_r=0.
Chapter 6:
Can AI Be Creative?
Page 153 Mordvintsev, Alexander and Tyka, Mike, “Inceptionism: Going Deeper into Neural Networks,” Google Research Blog, June 17, 2015: http://googleresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/inceptionism-going-deeper-into-neural.html.
Page 156 Jefferson, Geoffrey, “The Mind of Mechanical Man,” British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, June 25, 1949.
Page 157 Smith, Sylvia, “Iamus: Is this the 21st Century’s Answer to Mozart?,” BBC News, January 3, 2013: bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20889644.
Page 158 Li, Boyang and Riedl, Mark, “Scheherazade: Crowd-Powered Interactive Narrative Generation,” Proceedings of the 29th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2015: cc.gatech.edu/~riedl/pubs/aaai15.pdf.
Page 163 There was only one ostensible mistake: Abbey Road was actually released in September 1969, around eight months before Let It Be, which arrived in May 1970. However, as any Beatles fan knows, the majority of the songs on Let It Be were recorded at the start of 1969, before Abbey Road—therefore making Shamir’s algorithm correct.
Page 165 Behrens, Sam, “How Creepy Holographic Concerts Are Transforming the Future of the Music Business,” Music Mic, May 22, 2014: mic.com/articles/89785/how-creepy-holographic-concerts-are-transforming-the-future-of-the-music-business#.AJp0Deyhu.
Page 167 Hobbes, Thomas, Of Man: Being the First Part of Leviathan (New York: Bartleby, 2001).
Page 168 Harry, Bill, The Beatles Encyclopedia (London: Virgin, 2000).
Page 170 Jackson, Joab, “Google: 129 Million Different Books Have Been Published,” IDG News Service: pcworld.com/article/202803/google_129_million_different_books_have_been_published.html.
Page 170 Johnson, Simon, “Britain’s Most Avid Reader, 91, Has Borrowed 25,000 Library Books,” Telegraph, June 29, 2009: telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5932159/Britains-most-avid-reader-91-has-borrowed-25000-library-books.html.
Page 175 Stevenson, Mark, An Optimist’s Tour of the Future (London: Profile, 2011).
Page 175 Geere, Duncan, “Genetic Algorithms Find Unbeatable StarCraft Tactics,” Wired, November 2, 2010: wired.com/2010/11/genetic-algorithms-starcraft/.
Page 178 Watson, Chef, Cognitive Cooking with Chef Watson (Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, 2015).
Chapter 7:
In the Future There Will Be Mindclones
Page 183 Thankfully for those of us over thirty, Jobs went on to disprove his own hypothesis by helping create the iPod, iPhone and iPad well into his fifties.
Page 188 Kopalle, Praveen, “Why Amazon’s Anticipatory Shipping Is Pure Genius,” Forbes, January 28, 2014: forbes.com/sites/onmarketing/2014/01/28/why-amazons-anticipatory-shipping-is-pure-genius/#664afc342fac.
Page 189 Kelion, Leo, “CES 2014: Sony Shows Off Life Logging App and Kit,” BBC News, January 7, 2014: bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25633647.
Page 191 Landauer, Thomas, “How Much Do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory,” Cognitive Science, Vol. 10, 1986.
Page 192 cmu.edu/homepage/computing/2010/summer/synthetic-abe.shtml.
Page 195 Minsky, Marvin, “Will Robots Inherit the Earth?,” Scientific American, October 1994: http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/sciam.inherit.html.
Page 197 Triantaphyllou, Evangelos, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery via Logic-Based Methods: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications (New York: Springer, 2010).
Page 197 Hsu, Jeremy, “Biggest Neural Network Ever Pushes AI Deep Learning,” Spectrum, July 8, 2015: spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/software/biggest-neural-network-ever-pushes-ai-deep-learning.
Page 198 Randerson, James, “How Many Neurons Make a Human Brain? Billions Fewer than We Thought,” Guardian, February 28, 2012: theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/feb/28/how-many-neurons-human-brain.
Page 200 Stoller-Conrad, Jessica, “Controlling a Robotic Arm with a Patient’s Intentions,” Caltech, May 21, 2015: caltech.edu/news/controlling-robotic-arm-patients-intentions-46786.
Page 201 Kever, Jeannie, “Researchers Build Brain-Machine Interface to Control Prosthetic Hand,” University of Houston, March 31, 2015: uh.edu/news-events/stories/2015/March/0331BionicHand.php.
Page 202 Kurzweil, Ray, “The Law of Accelerating Returns,” March 7, 2001: kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns.
Page 202 Linden, David, “The Singularity Is Far: A Neuroscientist’s View,” BoingBoing, July 14, 2011: http://boingboing.net/2011/07/14/far.html.
Page 206 http://2045.com/press/.
Page 206 Hayworth, Ken, “Killed by Bad Philosophy,” Brain Preservation Foundation, January 2010: brainpreservation.org/content-2/killed-bad-philosophy/.
Chapter 8:
The Future (Risks) of Thinking Machines
Page 211 Cook, James, “Elon Musk: Robots Could Start Killing Us All Within 5 Years,” Business Insider, November 17, 2014: http://uk.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-killer-robots-will-be-here-within-five-years-2014–11.
Page 211 Hern, Alex, “Elon Musk Says He Invested in DeepMind Over ‘Terminator’ Fears,” Guardian, June 18, 2014: theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/18/elon-musk-deepmind-ai-tesla-motors.
Page 212 Hawking, Stephen et al., “Stephen Hawking: ‘Transcendence Looks at the Implications of Artificial Intelligence . . . ,’” Independent, May 1, 2014: independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-but-are-we-taking-9313474.html.
Page 215 Hill, Doug, “The Eccentric Genius Whose Time May Have Finally Come (Again),” Atlantic, June 11, 2014: theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/norbert-wiener-the-eccentric-genius-whose-time-may-have-finally-come-again/372607/.
Page 215 Good, I. J., “Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine,” Advances in Computers, 1965.
Page 216 Vinge, Vernor, “The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era,” Vision-21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace, 1993.
Page 217 Ulam, Stanislaw, “Tribute to John von Neumann,” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society: 5, May 1958.
Page 218 Hemingway, Ernest, The Sun Also Rises (New York: Scribner, 1954).
Page 218 Appleyard, Bryan, The Brain Is Wider than the Sky: Why Simple Solutions Don’t Work in a Complex World (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2011).
Page 222 www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbOqsp3oUQI.
Page 223 Bostrom, Nick, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014).
Page 224 Steiner, Christopher, Automate This: How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World (New York: Portfolio/Penguin, 2012).
Page 225 Bostrom, Nick and Eliezer Yudkowsky, “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence,” Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 2011: nickbostrom.com/ethics/artificial-intelligence.pdf.
Page 227 opencog.org.
Page 228 Cole, Dermot, “iPhone Map App Directs Fairbanks Drivers onto Airport Taxiway,” Alaska Dispatch News, September 24, 2013: adn.com/article/20130924/iphone-map-app-directs-fairbanks-drivers-airport-taxiway.
Page 229 Vladeck, David, “Machines Without Principals: Liability Rules and Artificial Intelligence,” Washington Law Review, vol. 89, March 2014.
Page 232 Mizroch, Amir, “Google on Artificial Intelligence Panic: Get a Grip,” WSJ, June 8, 2015: blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/06/08/google-on-artificial-intelligence-panic-get-a-grip/.
Page 235 Thompson, Bill, “The Cruelty of the First Law of Robotics,” August 13, 2015: astickadogandaboxwithsomethinginit.com/2015/08/the-cruelty-of-the-first-law-of-robotics/.
Page 235 Adams, Douglas, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (New York: Harmony Books, 1980).
Page 236 Descartes, René, Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
Conclusion:
Rise of the Robots
Page 239 Rifkin, Glenn, “Marvin Minsky, Pioneer in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 88,” New York Times, January 25, 2015: nytimes.com/2016/01/26/business/marvin-minsky-pioneer-in-artificial-intelligence-dies-at-88.html?_r=1.
Page 239 Rogers, Adam, “We Asked a Robot to Write an Obit for AI Pioneer Marvin Minsky,” Wired, January 26, 2016: wired.com/2016/01/we-asked-a-robot-to-write-an-obit-for-ai-pioneer-marvin-minsky/.
Page 240 Minsky, Marvin, Society of Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986).
Page 240 HAL 90210, “No Go: Facebook Fails to Spoil Google’s Big AI Day,” Guardian, January 28, 2016: theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/28/go-playing-facebook-spoil-googles-ai-deepmind.
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