INDEX
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accountability issues, 227–31, 232–35
Active Citizen, 109–11
Adams, Douglas, 235–36
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 14–15, 27
Affectiva, 119–20
Age of Industry, 2
Age of Information, 2
airlines, driverless, 133
algebra, 15
algorithms
and animation, 158
and the artisan economy, 149
and “back propagation,” 44
dangers to humanity, 212
and dating services, 145
definition and operation of, 11–12, 161
and the financial sector, 47
and law practice, 134
and MICrONS project, 203–4
and music composition, 158, 162–65
and music streaming services, 147
PageRank, 209
and parsing data, 71
and risks of thinking machines, 214, 220, 223, 225, 243
and smart devices, 59
and smart home technology, 76–79
speech recognition, 51–52
and web catalogue, 28
See also back-propagation
AliveCor, 77
AlphaGo (AI Go player), 241
Amy (AI assistant), 105
ANALOGY program, 15
Analytical Engine, 174
animation, 158–59
Antabi, Bandar, 69–70
Apple
and the Age of Information, 2
and AI assistants, 97, 100, 102–3, 103–4, 107–8, 115–16, 120–21
and Deep Learning, 49
and “flash crash” anomaly, 224
and generating novelty, 170
iMac computer, 57
origins of, 29
and self-driving cars, 81
Apple iPhone, 97–98, 102–3, 170
Apple Music, 147
architecture, 175
Artificial Artificial Intelligence (AAI), 142
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), 213–14, 218, 220, 226–27, 240
Artificial Intelligence (AI), x
authentic, 35
development problems, 17–22, 26–27
Good Old-Fashioned (Symbolic), 17, 20, 22–23, 28, 30, 31, 33, 38, 42–43, 45, 53, 213
history of, 1–28
Logical Artificial Intelligence, 233
naming of, 14
new, 29–56
strong, 219–20
See also risks of AI
artificial stupidity, 222–24
“artisan economy,” 148–50
Athlone Industries, 229
Atteberry, Kevan J., 101
Automated Land Vehicle in a Neural Network (ALVINN), 47–48
automation, 130, 133–34, 139–40, 148
avatars, 106, 183–84, 186–87, 191–92
Babbage, Charles, 174
back-propagation, 44–46, 51, 55
Bainbridge, William Sims, 189–90, 192, 196–97
banking, 79
BeClose smart sensor system, 77
Bell Communications, 191
black boxes, 224–27
BMW, 116
body, machine analogy, 10
BP, 85
brain-like algorithms, 214
brain-machine interfaces, 201
Brain Preservation Foundation, 207–8
Brain Research Through Advanced Innovative Neurotechnologies, 204–5
Breakout (video game), 29–30
Bringsjord, Selmer, 233–34
Caenorhabditis elegans, 198–99, 220
calculus, 15
call centers, 116
Campbell, Joseph, 20
“capitalization effect,” 140
cars, self-driving, 47–49, 81, 132–33, 138–39, 234–35
Chef Watson, 178–81
chemistry, 24
chess, ix, 20–21, 22, 29, 126–28, 141, 166–67, 213
Cheyer, Adam, 99
“Chinese Room, the,” 19–20
“clever programming,” 25
Clippy (AI assistant), 101
clocks, self-regulating, 63–64
cognicity, 59–61
Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes (CALO), 102
cognitive psychology, 8
Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI), 158, 166
computers, history of, 7–12
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), 87
connectionists, 46–49
connectomes, 196–99
consciousness, 208–9, 219–20, 235–37
contact lenses, smart, 83
Cook, Diane, 76–77
Cortana (AI assistant), 103, 108
crime, 87–88
curiosity, 175
Cyber-Human Systems, 189–90
cybernetics, 63–65
Dartmouth conference 1956, 13–14, 239
ownership, 145–46
unlabeled, 50
Deep Knowledge Ventures, 134
Deep Learning, 7, 49–55, 87, 154, 212–13
DeepMind, 29–31, 211–12, 232, 241
Deep QA, 127–28
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 27, 102
DENDRAL (expert system), 24–25
Descartes, René, 236–37
Dextro, 54
DiGiorgio, Rocco, 222
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 25
Digital Reasoning, 198
“Digital Sweatshops,” 143
Dipmeter Advisor (expert system), 26
Dungeons and Dragons Online (video game), 187
eDemocracy, 109
e-discovery firms, 134
education, 149–50
elderly people, 75–77, 78–79, 119, 148–49
electricity, 59–61
Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), 7–8, 9, 82
ELIZA program, 118–19
Elmer and Elsie (robots), 66–67
e-mail filters, 79
employment, 129–38, 139–51, 213, 225–26, 243
eNeighbor, 77
engineering, 171–73
Enigma machine, 10
Eterni.me, 183–87
ethical issues, 235–37
Etsy, 149
Eurequa, 175
Eve (robot scientist), 176
event-driven programming, 71–72
executives, 134
expert systems, 24–27, 41, 187–88, 225
and the Age of Information, 2
and current AI research, 54, 56, 240–41
and opacity of AI tools, 226
and technological unemployment, 142, 144–45
and virtual assistants, 96–97
facial recognition, 6, 54–55, 119
Federov, Nikolai Fedorovich, 193–94
feedback systems, 62–65
financial markets, 46–47, 212, 227
Fitbit, 85
Flickr, 50
Floridi, Luciano, 94
food industry, 130
Foxbots, 138
Foxconn, 137–38
fraud detection, 79
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 200
Furbies, 112–13
games theory, 90
generalization, 213–14
genetic algorithms, 173, 220, 225, 243
geometry, 15
glial cells, 202
Go (game), 240–41
Good, Irving John, 215–16
and the Age of Information, 2
and AI advances, 28
and AI assistants, 120–21
“Big Dog,” 241
and current AI research, 54
and Deep Learning, 51–52
and Lohn, 171
and natural language processing, 114
and opacity of AI tools, 226
PageRank algorithm, 209
Platonic objects, 154–55
and political issues, 107
Project Wing initiative, 133
and reverse-engineering the brain, 202
and self-driving cars, 49, 81, 133
and smart devices, 59
and technological unemployment, 144–45
and “ubiquitous computing,” 82–83
Google Books, 169–70
Google Deep Dream, 153–55, 156–57, 173, 175, 242
Google Now, 104–5, 114, 120–21
Google Photos, 154
Google Translate, 6
Google X (lab), 54
Government Code and Cypher School, 10
Grain Marketing Adviser (expert system), 26
Grímsson, Gunnar, 109–11
guilds, 135
Halo (video game), 103
handwriting recognition, 3
Hank (AI assistant), 100–101
Hawking, Stephen, 212
Hayworth, Ken, 206–10
Healthsense, 77
health-tracking technology, 77–79, 83–85
Her (film, 2013), 111
Herd, Andy, 242
Herron, Ron, 80
High, Rob, 178–81
Hinton, Geoff, 42–46, 49–53, 53–55, 221
hive minds, 196
holograms, 206
HomeChat app, 120
Hopfield Nets, 39–41
Human Brain Project, 204–5
Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs), 142–43
hypotheses, 176
IBM, 3–4, 126–28, 151, 166, 178–80
“IF . . . THEN” rules, 24–25
“If-This-Then-That” rules, 71–72
image generation, 153–55, 157–58
image recognition, 154
imagination, 167–68
immortality, 193–96, 206, 209–10
inferences, 87
Infinium Robotics, 130
information processing, 199
“information theory,” 11
Instagram, 225–26
insurance, 85
Intellicorp, 27
intelligence
ambient, 65
“intelligence explosion,” 215
and reverse-engineering the brain, 197–98
See also Artificial Intelligence (AI)
internal combustion engine, 130, 139–40
disappearance, 82
“Internet of Things,” 60–62, 74, 236, 240
invention, 163, 167, 168, 171–73, 177
Jennings, Ken, 123–26, 128–29, 151, 178
Jeopardy! (TV show), 125–28, 151, 178, 213, 240
Jobs, Steve, 2, 26, 29, 98, 102, 170, 183, 219
Jochem, Todd, 48–49
judges, 142
Kasparov, Garry, 126, 128, 166
Katz, Lawrence, 148
Keck, George Fred, 73
Keynes, John Maynard, 129
Kjellberg, Felix (PewDiePie), 140
“knowledge engineers,” 24, 31–32
Knowledge Navigator, 100
Kodak, 225
Kolibree, 59
Koza, John, 177
Ktesibios of Alexandria, 63–64
Landauer, Thomas, 191
Lanier, Jaron, 144–46
Laorden, Carlos, 90–91
learning
and AI development, 31–33
and “connectionists,” 48
Deep, 7, 49–55, 87, 154, 212–13
and e-mail filters, 79
machine, xi, 63, 75–79, 90, 102, 142, 146, 186, 204, 220, 225, 226
and NETtalk, 46
and neural pathways, 35–37
supervised, 50
unsupervised, 50
legal profession, 134, 177, 180
LegalZoom, 134
LG, 120
Lickel, Charles, 126
“life logging” software, 189
Linden, David J., 202–3
Loebner Prize, 92–95
long-term potentiation, 32
love, 111–13
Lovelace Test, 174–75
Lucas, George, 100
“M” (AI assistant), 142
M2M communication, 62
“machine-aided recognition,” 14
Machine Intelligence from Cortical Networks (MICrONS) project, 203–4
machine learners, 32
machine learning, xi
and AI assistants, 102
and digital immortality, 186
and history of cybernetics, 63
and opacity of AI tools, 225–26
and reverse-engineering the brain, 204
and smart homes, 75–79
and spam filters, 90
and technological unemployment, 142, 146
Machine Translator, 6–7
Mattersight Corporation, 116
McCarthy, John, 13, 14–15, 21, 36, 47, 239
McCulloch, Warren, 34–35, 35–36, 53, 131–32
Mechanical Turk jobs, 141–46
medicine, 6, 24–25, 77–79, 83–85, 176–77, 180, 234, 240
memory, 8–9, 11–12, 32–33, 36, 42
Microsoft, 55, 95–96, 101, 103, 107, 117–18
“micro-worlds,” 20
mind
mapping the, 200–203, 206, 207
“mind clones,” 193
uploads, 208
mindfiles, 191–92, 196–97, 201
Minsky, Marvin
and advances in Artificial Intelligence, 13, 15, 18
death, 239–40
and expert systems, 26
on immortality, 195–96
and the Loebner Prize, 94–95
and neural networks research, 36, 38–39, 43, 198
and perceptrons, 37–39
and Rosenblatt, 36
Mitsuku (chatterbot), 92–98
Modernizing Medicine, 6
Momentum Machines, Inc., 130–31
Moravec’s paradox, 20–22
mortgage applications, 225
MTurk platform, 142–46
MYCIN (expert system), 24–25
nanobots, 202–3
nanosensors, 83
Nara Logics, 107
natural selection, 171–72
navigational aids, 100–103, 114–16, 228
Negobot, 89–91
neural networks
and “connectionists,” 46–49
and consciousness uploads, 209
and current AI research, 240–42
and future of thinking machines, 212–13
and Hinton’s research, 42–46
and Hopfield nets, 39–41
and learning process, 32–33
and Minsky’s legacy, 240
Nara Logics, 107
and narrow vs. wide AI, 221
and neural pathways, 35–36
and the new AI mainstream, 53–56
and opacity of AI tools, 224–25
and perceptrons, 38–39
and preservation of human memory, 190
and reverse-engineering the brain, 197–98, 200–201, 203–4
and rights for AIs, 235
and smart devices, 87
and space exploration, 207
neurons
and Hinton’s research, 42–43, 45
and Hopfield nets, 41
and learning, 32–33
and neural pathways, 33–36
and perceptrons, 39
and Profound Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest, 208
and Ramon y Cajal’s research, 33–34
and reverse-engineering the brain, 197–99, 200–202, 204–5
neuroscience, 33–35, 161, 200, 204, 207, 209
Newman, Judith, 117
New York World’s Fair 1964, 1–6
Nuance Communications, 99
offices, smart, 80–81
OpenWorm, 199
“Optical Scanning and Information Retrieval,” 3, 6
“paperclip maximizer” scenario, 222–23
Papert, Seymour, 21, 38–39, 43
Paro (therapeutic robot), 119
patents, 177
pedophile detection, 89–90
Perceiving and Recognizing Automation (PARA), 36
perceptrons, 36–41
personality capture, 189–93
pharmaceuticals, 176–77
politics, 107–11
Profound Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest, 208–9
punch-cards, 3–4
Qualcomm, 83
radio-frequency identification device (RFID), 57–58
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 33–34
Rapidly Adapting Lateral Position Handler (RALPH), 48
“recommender system,” 188
refuse collection, 131
“relational agents,” 119
remote working, 226
rights for AIs, 235–37
risks of AI
accountability issues, 227–31
and artificial stupidity, 222–24
and ethics issues, 231–35
and the Frankenstein Complex, 214–16
and narrow vs. wide AI, 218–21
and opacity of AI tools, 224–27
rights for AIs, 235–37
and the Singularity, 216–18
technological unemployment, 129–38, 150, 213
See also unemployment, technological
robots
Asimov’s three ethical rules of, 231–34
and creativity, 156–58
and current AI research, 54–55, 241–42
and the Frankenstein Complex, 214–15
in kitchens, 180
and the Lovelace Test, 176
and reverse-engineering the brain, 206
robotic limbs, 200–201
and smart cities, 80
and technological unemployment, 129–31, 138, 144, 148–49, 150
therapeutic, 119
“tortoises,” 66–69
Roomba robot vacuum cleaner, 67–68, 222–23
Rosenblatt, Frank, 36–41, 54, 209
Rumelhart, David, 41, 44, 55–56
Russell, Bertrand, 34–35
Rutter, Brad, 128
SAINT program, 15
sampling (music), 144–45
“Scheherazade” (AI storyteller), 158–59
scikit-learn, 226
Scripps Health, 83
Sculley, John, 100
search engines, 98–99
Searle, John, 19–20
Second Life (video game), 184
Second World War, 7–8, 9–10, 12, 64, 215
self-awareness, 68, 233–34. See also consciousness
self-driving, 47–49, 81, 132–33, 138–39
Semantic Information Retrieval (SIR), 15–16
sensors, 66–68, 70–71, 73, 75–79, 83
Shannon, Claude, 9, 11–13, 22, 239
shipping systems, 188
Simon, Herbert, 5, 14, 18, 214
Sinclair Oil Corporation, 2
Singularity, the, 216–21, 237, 241
Siri (AI assistant)
and accountability issues, 227–28
capabilities of, 97–99, 102–3, 120–21
and current AI research, 241
and Knowledge Navigator, 100
and narrow vs. wide AI, 219
personalization, 114–15
and political issues, 107–8
and voice recognition, 103–5
Skynet, 218
smart devices, xi
and AI assistants, 105–6
and feedback, 64–65
and homes of the future, 72–79
and Minsky’s legacy, 240
and narrow vs. wide AI, 218–19
and organization of cities, 79–81
problems with, 84–88
and sensors, 67–69
and “ubiquitous computing,” 82–84
and unemployment, 131
variety of, 58–59
Sony, 189
Sorto, Erik, 200–201
Space Invaders (video game), 30–31
spectrometers, 84
speech recognition, 51–52, 98–99, 100–101, 103, 109
SRI International, 22, 80, 102
StarCraft II (video game), 175
story generation, 158–59
strategy, 30
STUDENT program, 15
synapses, 198–99
Synthetic Interview, 192
Tamagotchis, 112–13
Tay (chatbot), 95–96
Taylorism, 85–86
Terminator franchise, 218, 222
Tetris (video game), 23
Theme Park (video game), 23
“three wise men” puzzle, 233–34
“tortoises” (robots), 66–69
toys, 112–13
traffic congestion, 81
transhumanists, 195
transistors, 11–12
Transits-Into an abyss (musical composition), 158
translation, 4, 6–7, 55, 143, 213
Trojan Room, Cambridge University, 61–62
Turing, Alan, xi, 9–11, 22, 29, 91, 95, 215, 219
Turing Test, 10, 91–96, 217, 219
tutors, remote, 149
Twitter, 142
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), x, 216, 229–31
2045 Initiative, 205–6
unemployment, technological, 129–38, 153, 213, 241
universal micropayment system, 145–46
Universal Turing Machine, 10–11
Ursache, Marius, 183–87, 192–93, 196–97
vacuum cleaners, robotic, 67–68, 222–23
video games, 22–23, 29–31, 140–41, 175, 184, 187
Vinge, Vernor, 216–17
virtual assistants
and accountability issues, 227–28
characteristics, 114–17
early attempts, 100–103
falling in love with, 111–13
and future of thinking machines, 213–14
and Google Now, 103–5
political, 107–11
proactive, 104–7
rise of, 96–99
therapeutic, 117–20
ubiquity of, 120–21
voices, 113–17
Viv Labs, 121
Vladeck, David, 229–31
“vloggers,” 140
von Neumann, John, 9, 12, 90, 217
Voxta (AI assistant), 108–9
waiter drones, 130–31
“Walking Cities,” 80
Walter, William Grey, 66–68
Warwick, Kevin, 57–58
Watson (Blue J), 128, 151, 178–81
weapons, 9, 12–13, 64, 212, 222, 234, 241–42
“wetware,” 197
Wevorce, 134
Winston, Patrick, 43
Wolfram Alpha tool, 98
X.ai, 105–6
Xbox 360, Kinect device, 103
XCoffee, 62
XCON (expert system), 25
Xiaoice, 117–19
YouTube, 140
Yudkowsky, Eliezer, 225