NOTES

Introduction

1. Henry Mintzberg and James Brian Quinn, The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts, Cases (New York: Prentice Hall, 1996); Max McKeown, The Strategy Book (New York: Prentice Hall, 2011); Andrew Wilson, Masters of War: History’s Greatest Strategic Thinkers (Chantilly, VA: Teaching Company, 2012).

Chapter 1: The First Stroke

1. Arthur Bernon Tourtellot, William Diamond’s Drum (New York: Doubleday, 1959), 19–23.

2. Allen French, The Day of Concord and Lexington: The Nineteenth of April, 1775 (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1925), 140.

3. Allen French, General Gage’s Informers: New Material upon Lexington and Concord (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1932), 53.

4. Tourtellot, William Diamond’s Drum, 138–139.

5. Tourtellot, William Diamond’s Drum, 203.

6. Tourtellot, William Diamond’s Drum, 203.

Chapter 2: Propaganda Meets Reality in 1776

1. Philip C. Davidson, Propaganda and the American Revolution, 1763–83 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941), 165.

2. Thomas Fleming, 1776: Year of Illusions (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), 38 (Adams’s quote).

3. Merrill Jensen, ed., Tracts of the American Revolution, 1763–1776 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), 436–439. Looking back on Common Sense decades later, John Adams called it “a crapulous mass.” David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 43–49.

4. Edmund C. Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, vol. 1: August 29, 1774 to July 4, 1776 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1921), 256, 279.

5. Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2010), 195.

6. Letter to John Augustine Washington, March 31, 1776, in George Washington, Writings, ed. John Rhodehamel (New York: Library of America, 1997), 220.

7. Edward G. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life (New York: Random House, 2005), 131.

8. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, 7 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951), 4:166.

9. Joseph Plumb Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classics, 2001), 4.

10. Freeman, George Washington, 4:180.

11. Edmund C. Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, vol. 2: July 6, 1776 to December 31, 1777 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1923), 83.

12. Freeman, George Washington, 4:180.

13. Fleming, 1776, 478.

14. Freeman, George Washington, 4:317.

15. Martin, Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, 30–31.

16. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2005), 96.

17. Chernow, Washington, 261–262.

18. Leonard Lundin, Cockpit of the Revolution: The War for Independence in New Jersey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1940), 159.

19. Thomas Fleming, New Jersey: A History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 66.

20. Jared Sparks, ed., The Writings of George Washington (Boston: New York Public Library, 1834), 228.

21. Burnett, Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, 232.

22. “Henry Knox to Lucy Knox, 7 January 1777,” Gilder Lehman Collection, #GLC02437.00514.

Chapter 3: The Year of the Hangman

1. James Kirby Martin and Mark Edward Lender, “A Respectable Army”: The Military Origins of the Republic, 1763–389 (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013), 90–94; also see Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951), 4:387–89.

2. “Alexander Hamilton to Robert R. Livingston, 28 June 1777,” Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-01-02-0201.

3. E. Capps et al., eds., Plutarch’s Lives (New York: Loeb Classical Library, 1916), 3:119–295.

4. “Alexander Hamilton to Robert R. Livingston, 28 June 1777.”

5. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2005), 126.

6. Washington to George Clinton, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 9: August 1, 1777–November 3, 1777, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1933), 77.

7. Thomas Anburey, With Burgoyne from Quebec (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1963), 268–271.

8. Entry for July 14, 1777, in James Thacher, MD, A Military Journal During the American Revolution (Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827).

9. David B. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998), 41.

10. “To George Washington from Major General Philip Schuyler, 14 July 1777,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-10-02-0273.

11. Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 55–57.

12. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln, 47.

Chapter 4: The Perils of Fabius

1. Richard Henry Lee to Samuel Adams, November 23, 1777, in Letters of Delegates to Congress: 1774–1789, vol. 8: September 19, 1777–January 31, 1778, ed. Paul H. Smith et al. (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976), 311–314.

2. Smith et al., Letters of Delegates, 314n.–315n.

3. “Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 25 October 1777,” Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Mass Historical Society, https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17771025aa.

4. James Lovell to Horatio Gates, November 27, 1777, in Smith et al., Letters of Delegates, 329.

5. Lovell to Gates in Smith et al., Letters of Delegates.

6. Thomas Nelson Winter, “The Strategy That Gave Independence to the US,” The Classical, Bulletin 53, November 1976, Files, 1A.

7. Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant to James Lovell, November 20, 1777, in Smith et al., Letters of Delegates, 296.

8. Smith et al., Letters of Delegates, 315n.

9. Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin, 2004), 116.

10. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: H. Holt, 2005), 153.

11. Cornelius Harnett to William Wilkinson, December 8, 1777, in Smith et al., Letters of Delegates, 390–391.

12. “To George Washington from Major General Horatio Gates, 19 February 1778,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-13-02-0502. Original source: Edward G. Lengel, ed., The Papers of George Washington, vol. 13: December 1777–February 1778. Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003), 26.

13. William Cresson, Francis Dana: A Puritan Diplomat at the Court of Catherine the Great (New York: Lincoln Mac Veagh, Dial Press, 1930), 46.

14. Friedrich Kapp, Life of Fredrich William von Steuben: Major General in the Revolutionary Army (Gansevoort, NY: Mason Bros., 1859), 115–116.

15. Edmund Cody Burnett, The Continental Congress: A Definitive History from Its Inception in 1774 to March, 1789 (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 332.

16. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington, vol. 2: In the American Revolution: 1775–1783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1967), 290–291.

Chapter 5: General Double Trouble

1. Letter to Dr. Rush, June 4, 1778, in Edward Langworthy and Charles Lee, Life and Memoirs of the Late General Charles Lee (New York: Richard Scott, 1813), 342.

2. From George Washington to Major General Horatio Gates, May 26, 1778, in The Papers of George Washington, vol. 15: May–June 1778, ed. Edward G. Lengel. Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006).

3. Johann von Ewald, Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), 139.

4. “Council of War, 24 June 1778,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-15-02-0543.

5. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: H. Holt, 2005), 175–176.

6. Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2010), 342.

7. “From George Washington to John Augustine Washington, 4 July 1778,” Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-16-02-0026. Original source: David R. Hoth, ed., The Papers of George Washington, vol. 16: July–September 1778. Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006), 25–26.

8. “From Alexander Hamilton to Elias Boudinot, [5 July 1778],” Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0012. Original source: Harold Coffin Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 510–514.

9. Phillip Papas, Renegade Revolutionary: The Life of General Charles Lee (New York: New York University Press, 2014), 259.

Chapter 6: A Surplus of Disappointments

1. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington, vol. 2: In the American Revolution: 1775–1783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1967), 319.

2. Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York: Penguin, 2010), 347.

3. Flexner, George Washington, 324.

4. Sydney George Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincot, 1908), 2:211.

5. Christian M. McBurney, The Rhode Island Campaign (Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2011).

6. Washington to Gouverneur Morris, October 4, 1778, in The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 13: October 1, 1778–January 11, 1779, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1933), 325–327.

7. Todd W. Braisted, Grand Forage 1778: The Battleground Around New York City (Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2016), 59–60.

8. Braisted, Grand Forage 1778, 138–141.

9. Braisted, Grand Forage 1778, 138–141.

10. David B. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998), 55–57.

11. Allen D. Gaff, Bayonets in the Wilderness: Anthony Wayne’s Legion in the Old Northwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), 26.

12. Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 94–100.

13. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951), 5:121.

14. Freeman, George Washington, 5:127.

15. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln, 82. General Lincoln angrily protested the admiral’s statement when they met.

16. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln, 83–87.

17. William B. Wilcox, Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1964), 293.

18. Freeman, George Washington, 5:123.

19. Robert D. Bass, The Green Dragoon: The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1957), 72–77.

20. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln, 107–108.

Chapter 7: Lexington Repeated—with an Army to Look the Enemy in the Face

1. “The Line of March,” Von Jungkenn Papers, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Document 174.

2. The Ernest L. Meyer map of Elizabethtown in 1780 shows an orchard a few hundred yards inland from De Hart’s Point and pasture running parallel to the shore. The map is from the Archives of the New Jersey Historical Society.

3. “The Line of March,” Von Jungkenn Papers. The two German regiments were the Landgrave, the household regiment of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, and the Regiment de Corps, often called Leib after its colonel. Also see Ernest Kipping, The Hessian View of America, 1776–1783 (Monmouth Beach, NJ: P. Freneau Press, 1971), 40.

4. For additional material on William Franklin’s relationship with his father and his arrest in 1776, see Thomas J. Fleming, The Man Who Dared the Lightning: A New Look at Benjamin Franklin (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1971), 291–343. For even more details, see William H. Mariboe, The Life of William Franklin (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1962).

5. W. H. W. Sabine, ed., Historical Memoirs of William Smith, 1778–1783 (New York, 1971), 317.

6. Orderly Book of Adjutant General Alexander Scammell (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1780), 120–121.

7. W. D. Ford, ed., Correspondence of and Journals of S. B. Webb (New York: Wickersham Press, 1894), 1:232–245.

8. Letter of June 4, 1780, to Moore Furman, Deputy Quartermaster General of New Jersey, in Nathanael Greene, Papers of Nathanael Greene, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

9. Orderly Book of Adjutant General Alexander Scammell.

10. “From George Washington to Elias Dayton, 21 May 1780,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-01938.

11. Sabine, Historical Memoirs, 271; Edwin F. Hatfield, DD, History of Elizabeth, New Jersey (New York: Carlton & Lanahan, 1868), 488.

12. Papers of George Washington, Library of Congress, 137 LC, f 16, Series 4: Reel 67. Hereafter referred to as Papers of GW.

13. Colonel Aaron Ogden, Autobiography (Paterson, NJ: Press Print. & Pub. Co., 1893), 12–13.

14. Ogden, Autobiography, 13; for Ogden’s wound, see Lucius Q. C. Elmer, The Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey: With Biographical Sketches of the Governors from 1776 to 1845 and Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar, During More Than Half a Century (Newark: M. R. Dennis, 1872).

15. Historical Magazine, 2nd ser., 8 (July 1870): 55–56; see also Theodore Sedgwick Jr., A Memoir of the Life of William Livingston (New York: Harper, 1833), 349–350.

16. Previous historians have described this signal as a “lofty pole with a tar barrel on top” (e.g., James Connolly, Proceedings of the NJHS 14, 411). In The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution: Or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History, Biography, Scenery, Relics, and Traditions of the War for Independence (New York: Harper & Bros., 1850), Benson John Lossing included a drawing of a pole with a tar barrel on its apex, but it happens to be a picture of such a signal device on Beacon Hill, Boston. This Boston beacon was first erected in 1635 and never replaced after 1789, so Lossing could never have seen it. Contemporary New Jersey sources support the description of the beacon I have used. See also the New Jersey Gazette of January 18, 1778; John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 14: January 12, 1779–May 5, 1779 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1936), 284; William Henry Smith, ed., The St. Clair Papers: The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair, Soldier of the Revolutionary War; President of the Continental Congress; and Governor of the Northwest Territory; with His Correspondence and Other Papers (Cincinnati, OH: Robert Clarke & Co., 1881), 1:469; Minutes of the Council of Safety of New Jersey, November 17, 1777; Ambrose Ely Vanderpoel, History of Chatham, New Jersey (Chatham, NJ: Chatham Historical Society, 1959).

17. Unpublished correspondence of William Livingston and John Jay, edited by Frank Monaghan, Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, July 1934, 144.

18. David Bernstein, New Jersey and the American Revolution: The Establishment of a Government Amid Civil and Military Disorders, 1770–1781 (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1969), 329.

19. Weekly State of the Continental Army Under the Immediate Command of His Excellency General Washington, General Services Administration, National Archives, Miscellaneous, June 3, 1780.

20. “The Line of March,” Von Jungkenn Papers.

21. Extract from a letter to the Landgrave of Hesse by Lieutenant General Knyphausen, July 2, 1780, translated by Gerhard Mueller and published in the Milburn and Short Hills Item, January 31, 1963. Mr. Mueller discovered this letter in the Hessian State Archives in Marburg, Germany.

22. Major Carl L. Baurmeister, Revolution in America: Confidential Letters and Journals, 1776–1784, of Adjutant General Baurmeister of the Hessian Forces, ed. and trans. B. A. Uhlendorf (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957), 348; Sabine, Historical Memoirs, 271. In his memoir, The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775–1782, ed. William B. Willcox (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1954), 192, Clinton says that his aide-de-camp, presumably Crosbie, did not arrive in time to stop Knyphausen because the frigate on which he sailed, “happening to fall in with some of our cruisers off the port of New York and mistaking them for an enemy, was through a mutual ignorance of signals repeatedly driven off the coast, and thereby retarded in her arrival at least a fortnight longer than necessary.” But both Baurmeister and William Smith note Crosbie’s arrival on the sixth of June. In fact, Baurmeister, on 352, says that Knyphausen “had just embarked” when Crosbie arrived.

23. Clinton, The American Rebellion, 191.

24. Baurmeister, Revolution in America, 353, tries to excuse Knyphausen by writing, “All the troops had already embarked when Major Crosbie arrived. No decision had been reached as to whether or not this expedition should be carried out. I am constrained to believe the whole affair was a scheme of Generals Robertson and Skinner.”

25. Sabine, Historical Memoirs, 278, 281.

26. New Jersey Journal, July 12, 1780.

27. Marquis de Chastellux, Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781, 1782, rev. trans. Howard C. Rice Jr. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963), 125. Even though the marquis traveled through New Jersey in the late fall, he still found that “the beauty of the country… everywhere corresponds to the reputation of the Jerseys, called the garden of America.” In the Condict Transcripts, Jemima Condict: Her Book (South Orange: New Jersey Daughters of the American Revolution, 1930), militiaman David Ammerman recalled that when Connecticut Farms was burnt, “flax and oats were eight inches high.”

28. Hatfield, History of Elizabeth, New Jersey, 488–489; for the visibility of von Wurmb’s troops from the Short Hills, see Joseph H. Jones, ed., Life of Ashbel Green, V.D.M. (New York: Robert Carter and Bros., 1849), 96: “On a clear day, with a good telescope, the city of New York may be seen from these heights.”

29. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 19: June 12, 1780–September 5, 1780 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1936), 134–136.

30. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 18: February 10, 1780–June 11, 1780 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1937), 488.

31. Entry for June 7, 1780, in Diary of Sylvanus Seeley, ms., Morristown National Historical Park Library.

32. Charles B. Bullard, “Some New Jersey Sidelights on Revolutionary Days,” Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 8 (1923): 191–192.

33. For the Newark volunteers, see Joseph Atkinson, The History of Newark (Newark, NJ: W. B. Guild, 1878), 116–117; for Jonathan Crane, see Ellen Crane, Geneaology of the Crane Family, Elizabeth Public Library, 473.

34. Richard H. Ammerman, “Treatment of American Prisoners During the Revolution,” Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 78 (1960): 299; also see New Jersey Journal, August 9, 1780; Henry G. Steinmeyer, Staten Island Under British Rule (New York: Staten Island Historical Society, 1949), 17; Charles W. Lang and William T. Davis, Staten Island and Its People: A History, 1609–1929 (New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1930–1933), 1:190. FitzRandolph began the game by kidnapping Colonel Christopher Billopp, commander of the loyalist militia on Staten Island.

35. Letter of William Maxwell to Governor Livingston, June 14, 1780, in The Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History and Biography of America (New York: Charles B. Richardson, 1859), 3:211.

36. Elizabeth Ellet, Domestic History of the American Revolution (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1876), 239–241; see also Charles A. Philhower, Brief History of Chatham, Morris County, New Jersey (New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1914).

37. Philhower, Brief History of Chatham, 20.

38. Colonel John Womack Wright, Some Notes on the Continental Army (Vails Gate, NY: National Temple Hill Association, 1963), 70. A British infantry soldier carried sixty-three pounds.

39. Diary of the “Excellent” Geide Jaeger Corps, Morristown National Historical Park Library, Morristown, NJ.

40. Sabine, Historical Memoirs, 271.

41. Letter of William Maxwell to Governor Livingston, June 14, 1780.

42. Diary of the “Excellent” Geide Jaeger Corps.

43. Record of Jacob Sisco, Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 7 (January 1922): 29.

44. All the details are contained in the depositions of Catherine Benward, Abigail Lennington, and Mrs. Patience Wade and published under the title “Certain Facts Relating to the Tragic Death of Hannah Caldwell, Wife of Reverend James Caldwell,” New Jersey Journal 81 (September 6, 1780). Caldwell concluded from this testimony that his wife was murdered. But he was in no position to be an objective judge of this tragedy.

45. Entry for June 7, 1780, in Diary of Sylvanus Seeley.

46. Entry for June 7, 1780, in Diary of the “Excellent” Geide Jaeger Corps.

47. Letter of William Maxwell to Governor Livingston, June 14, 1780.

48. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society.

49. Carlos E. Godfrey, The Commander in Chief’s Guard: Revolutionary War (Washington, DC: Stevenson-Smith Co., 1904), 68.

50. See Historical Magazine, 2nd ser., 3 (1868): 24–25, for correspondence between Nathanael Greene and historian William Gordon. Original source: Nathanael Greene to Mr. Gordon, undated, 1785, L. W. Smith Collection, Morristown National Historical Park.

51. Sabine, Historical Memoirs, 281.

52. Sedgwick, A Memoir of the Life of William Livingston.

53. Lieutenant John Charles Philip von Krafft, Journal of Lieutenant John Charles Philip von Krafft, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1881, 112.

54. Entry for June 8 in Diary of the “Excellent” Geide Jaeger Corps.

55. Von Krafft, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1881, 112.

56. John Barber and Henry Howe, Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey (New York: S. Tuttle, 1845), 198.

Chapter 8: Enter the Outraged Conqueror of Charleston

1. Entry for June 9 in Journal of Lieutenant John Charles Philip von Krafft, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1881, 113.

2. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 18: February 10, 1780–June 11, 1780 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1937), 500–501.

3. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 18:505–507, 509–511.

4. Major Carl L. Baurmeister, Revolution in America: Confidential Letters and Journals, 1776–1784, of Adjutant General Baurmeister of the Hessian Forces, ed. and trans. B. A. Uhlendorf (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957), 354–355.

5. “Mathew’s Narrative,” Historical Magazine, April 1857, 105.

6. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, 18:504. See also vol. 19: June 12, 1780–September 5, 1780, 1.

7. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 19:14–15.

8. James Thacher, MD, A Military Journal During the American Revolution (Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827), 239.

9. “Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Barton,” Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 69 (1951): 190–191.

10. Tallmadge to George Washington, Papers of GW, vol. 6:13–80, ed. Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983).

11. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 18:508–509; also see entry for June 15 in Thacher, A Military Journal, 235–242.

12. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 19:32–33; also see letters of Quartermaster Joseph Lewis (typewritten copies at Morristown Historical Park).

13. Papers of GW, 138 LC, Series 4, Microfilm Reel 67, Forman to GW, June 18, 1780.

14. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 19:26–28.

15. Sir Henry Clinton, Clinton Papers, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, MI, 192.

16. Sir Henry Clinton, Clinton Papers, 192.

17. Sir Henry Clinton, Clinton Papers, 193.

18. Papers of GW, 139 LC, f 139–6.

19. Papers of GW, 139 LC, f 139–23.

20. Von Krafft, Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1881, 114; Lieutenant Colonel John Graves Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal (New York: Bartlett & Welford, 1844), 96.

21. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 19:51–52.

22. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal, 96; entry for June 22 in Diary of the “Excellent” Geide Jaeger Corps, Morristown National Historical Park Library, Morristown, NJ.

23. Evidence that the Americans were aware of their strategic problems appears in a letter from Major Henry Lee to former Washington aide Governor Joseph Reed of Pennsylvania, written at the “advance post” on June 20, 1780. Published in Henry Lee, Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States (New York: University Publishing Company, 1870), 25.

24. William Gordon, History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States (London: Printed for the author and sold by Charles Dilly, 1788), 3:368–374.

25. Greene to Washington, June 24, 1780, in New Jersey Archives, 2nd ser., 4, 480–484.

26. Christopher Ward, The War of the Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 373 ff.

27. Weekly State of the Continental Army Under the Immediate Command of His Excellency General Washington, General Services Administration, National Archives, Miscellaneous, Jacket 16-5.

28. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 19:57–59. Washington also rushed a letter to the Continental Congress Committee of Cooperation, which was still at Morristown, begging them to find wagons to remove the army’s stores. His doubts about Greene’s ability to hold off Knyphausen are also visible in the postscript to this letter: “Morristown is become an ineligible place for the Committee. As I wish to have their support and aid, I beg leave to recommend their removal” (57–58). The Meade letter is in Papers of GW, 39 LC, f 70; also see Orderly Book of Adjutant General Alexander Scammell, 179–180.

29. John Barber and Henry Howe, Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey (New York: S. Tuttle, 1845), 190.

30. Springfield Historical Society, Bulletin No. 6, March 1961, 7.

31. Springfield Historical Society, Bulletin No. 6, March 1961, 6–10.

32. Thacher, A Military Journal, 235–242.

33. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 8 (1923): 191.

34. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society 9 (January 1924): 51, 53 (from Condict Transcripts).

35. New Jersey Journal, July 14, 1780, New York Historical Society.

36. Nicholas Murray, Notes on Elizabethtown (rpt.; New York: Columbia University Press, 1941), 97.

37. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal, 96–97.

38. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal, 96–97.

39. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal; Andrew Sherman, Historic Morristown, New Jersey: The Story of Its First Century (Morristown, NJ: Howard Pub. Co., 1905), 368–370.

40. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal, 96–97.

41. Joseph H. Jones, ed., Life of Ashbel Green, V.D.M. (New York: Robert Carter and Bros., 1849), 117.

42. Mrs. Williams, Biography of Revolutionary Heroes; Containing the Life of Brigadier General William Barton and Also of Captain Stephen Olney (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1839); original Olney letter in L. W. Smith Collection, Morristown National Park Library.

43. Washington Irving, Life of George Washington (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1857), 4:61–72. This is the earliest reference I have been able to find for this story, which has a strong oral tradition. Irving spent a good deal of time in New Jersey, and his biography of Washington was a serious historical effort. In 1857, there were still many men alive in New Jersey whose fathers had fought at Springfield. This convinces me that the story is substantially true.

44. Williams, Biography of Revolutionary Heroes.

45. Papers of GW, 139 LC, f 61, Microfilm Series 4, Reel 67.

46. Greene to Washington, June 24, 1780. This letter is also in Jared Sparks, ed., The Writings of George Washington (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1835), 7:506–509.

47. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal, 97.

48. The Trial of Honorable Colonel Cosmo Gordon of the 3rd Regiment of the Foot Guards for Neglect of Duty Before the Enemy on the 23rd of June, 1780, near Springfield in the Jerseys (London, 1783), 102. Testimony of Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Barton. The loyalist urged Gordon to take the flowers out of his hat; they were attracting bullets and cannon balls.

49. The Trial of Lt. Colonel Thomas of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards on a Charge Exhibited by Lt. Colonel Cosmo Gordon for Aspersing His Character (London, 1781), 93.

50. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal, 98; also see New Jersey Archives, 2nd ser., 4, 474–477.

51. John Peebles, Notebook of Captain John Peebles During the War of Independence, 13 volumes in manuscript, original in Scottish Record Office, microfilm copy in Library of Congress.

52. Jones, Life of Ashbel Green, 117–118.

53. Stephan Popp, The Hessian Soldier in the American Revolution, privately printed, 1953. No other account of the battle mentions this, and other details of Popp’s narrative on June 23 are confused. The comment about the pigsty is, however, widely corroborated.

54. Thacher, A Military Journal, confirms this body count; also see Diary of the “Excellent” Geide Jaeger Corps.

55. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal.

56. Jones, Life of Ashbel Green, 119.

57. See entry for June 23 in Diary of the “Excellent” Geide Jaeger Corps; Von Jungkenn Papers, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, MI; von Wurmb letter of July 1, 1780.

58. Simcoe, Simcoe’s Military Journal, 99–100.

59. “Return of the Killed, Wounded & Missing of the Troops Under the Command of His Excellency Lieutenant General Knyphausen in Jersey the 7th and 8th of June, 1780,” Sir Henry Clinton, Clinton Papers, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, MI, June 23, 1780, in Sparks, The Writings of George Washington.

60. Leonard Lundin, Cockpit of the Revolution: The War for Independence in New Jersey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1940), 433.

61. Jones, Life of Ashbel Green, 121.

62. The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw (Boston: Wm. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1847), 74; Thomas Balch, ed., Papers Relating Chiefly to the Maryland Line During the Revolution (Philadelphia: 1857), 110–111.

63. Harold Coffin Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 2:347–348.

64. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington, 19:63–65.

65. Charles K. Bolton, The Private Soldier Under Washington (New York: Scribner, 1902), 126.

66. Entry for July 12, 1780, in Diary of Sylvanus Seeley, ms., Morristown National Historical Park Library.

Chapter 9: How Much Longer Can Fabius Last?

1. “From George Washington to Mesech Weare, 30 June 1780,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/Washington/99-01-02-02323. Weare was president of New Hampshire.

2. “From George Washington to Fielding Lewis, 6 July 1780,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington-99-01-02-01653.

3. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: H. Holt, 2005), 227.

4. Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London: T. Cadell, 1787), 18–19.

5. Robert D. Bass, The Green Dragoon: The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1957), 79–82.

6. Patrick K. O’Donnell, Washington’s Immortals (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2016), 245–246.

7. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 99–100.

8. Thomas Fleming, Liberty! The American Revolution (New York: Viking, 1997), 310.

9. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington, vol. 2: In the American Revolution: 1775–1783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1967), 386.

10. George Washington to John Mathews, October 23, 1780, in Golway, Washington’s General, 230.

11. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 19 November 1780,” Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-03982.

Chapter 10: A Plan So Daring Even Daniel Morgan Feared the Worst

1. George Washington Greene, Life of Major General Nathanael Greene (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871), 70.

2. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 28 December 1780,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-02251.

3. Don Higginbotham, Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961), 96–116.

4. Greene, Life of Major General Nathanael Greene, 129.

5. “From George Washington to Nathanael Greene, 2 February 1781,” Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-04731.

6. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 114; for Cornwallis quote, see 102.

7. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 113, 117 (Marion quote).

8. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 176–178; also see Edward McCrady, A History of South Carolina in the Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1902), 820–823.

9. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 121–125; also see H. Butterfield, George III, Lord North and the People, 1779–80 (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1949). The book describes the so-called Yorkshire Movement, an attempt to mobilize massive popular resistance to the established government.

10. Clyde R. Ferguson, General Andrew Pickens (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1973), 108–109.

11. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 142–143.

12. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 148–149.

13. Robert D. Bass, Ninety Six: The Struggle for the South Carolina Back Country (Lexington, SC: Sandlapper Store, 1978), 142–143.

14. Bass, Ninety Six, 292.

15. Bass, Ninety Six, 295–297.

16. Bass, Ninety Six, 305.

17. Bass, Ninety Six, 307. Bass says Pickens had ninety-five men; other accounts say sixty.

18. McCrady, A History of South Carolina in the Revolution, 61–67.

19. Chalmers Davidson, Piedmont Partisan: The Life and Times of General William Lee Davidson (Davidson, NC: Davidson College, 1951), 49.

20. James Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan of the Virginia Line of the Army of the United States (Cincinnati, OH: H. W. Derby & Co., 1856), 268.

21. Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, 268.

22. Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, 274–275.

23. Nathanael Greene Papers, William Clements Library, Microfilm in the author’s possession.

24. Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, 285–286.

25. North Callahan, Daniel Morgan: Ranger of the Revolution (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1961), 197.

26. Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, 285–286.

27. Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, 261.

28. Bass, Ninety Six, 321, gives Pickens most of the credit for deciding to fight at Cowpens.

29. Jones, Life of Ashbel Green, 545.

30. Lieutenant Thomas Anderson, Journal of Lieutenant Thomas Anderson of the Delaware Regiment, 1780–1782 (Morrisania, NY: Henry B. Dawson, 1867), 209.

31. “General Richard Winn’s Notes—1780,” The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, ed. Samuel C. Williams (January 1942).

Chapter 11: Downright Fighting

1. Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London: T. Cadell, 1787), 213–212.

2. Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 250.

3. Bass, Ninety Six, 298.

4. Adrian B. Caruna, Grasshoppers and Butterflies: The Light Three Pounders of Pattison and Townshend (Bloomfield, Ontario: Museum Restoration Service, 1979), 16–32.

5. Higginbotham, Daniel Morgan, 77.

6. Magazine of History (October 1881): 277–279.

7. Higginbotham, Daniel Morgan, 134.

8. Joseph Johnson, MD, Traditions and Reminiscences Chiefly of the American Revolution in the South (Charleston, SC: Walker & James, 1851), 446.

9. James Collins, “Autobiography of a Revolutionary Soldier,” in Mrs. S. G. Miller, Sixty Years in the Nueces Valley, 1870 to 1930 (San Antonio, TX: Naylor Print. Co., 1930), 51–55.

10. Bass, Ninety Six, 322.

11. Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, 297.

12. Quoted in Johnson, Traditions and Reminiscences, 453.

13. William Seymour, Journal of the Southern Expedition, 1780–1783 (Wilmington: The Historical Society of Delaware, 1896), 13.

14. “John Eager Howard: Patriot and Public Servant,” Maryland Historical Magazine 62 (1967).

15. Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 217.

16. Bass, The Green Dragoon, 158.

17. Johnson, Traditions and Renaissances, 451–452.

18. Rev. J. D. Bailey, History of Grindal Shoals (Gaffney, SC: Ledger Print, n.d.), 39.

19. Tarleton, A History of the Campaigns, 252.

20. Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan, 334.

Chapter 12: Fight, Get Beat, Rise and Fight Again

1. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 24 January 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-04635.

2. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 24 January 1781.”

3. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2005), 249.

4. Golway, Washington’s General, 249.

5. James Graham, The Life of General Daniel Morgan of the Virginia Line of the Army of the United States (Cincinnati, OH: H. W. Derby & Co., 1856), 318; for quote, see Edmund C. Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, vol. 5: January 1, 1780 to February 28, 1781 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1921), 568.

6. Golway, Washington’s General, 247–248.

7. Golway, Washington’s General, 248.

8. “To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Morgan, 1 February 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-04-02-0608.

9. John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1997), 340–341.

10. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 5 February 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-04859.

11. Buchanan, Road to Guilford Courthouse, 363–364.

12. Golway, Washington’s General, 255.

13. Buchanan, Road to Guilford Courthouse, 274–275.

14. Patrick K. O’Donnell, Washington’s Immortals (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2016), 320–321.

15. “From George Washington to Nathanael Greene, 18 April 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05444.

16. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 18 March 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05132.

17. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 29 March 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05238.

18. “From George Washington to Major Nathanael Greene, 22 April 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-02-02-1159.

Chapter 13: From Mutiny and Despair to Improbable Victory

1. Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 118–125.

2. “[Diary entry: 1 May 1781],” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-03-02-0007-0001-0001. Original source: Donald Jackson, ed., The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 3: 1 January 1771–5 November 1781 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1978), 356–357.

3. “To George Washington from Marquis de Lafayette, 24 May 1781,” Founders Online, http://founders.archive.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-05856.

4. “Comte de Rochambeau to Admiral de Grasse, June 11, 1781,” in Henri Doniol, Histoire de la participation de la France à l’établissement des États-Unis d’Amérique: Correspondence diplomatique et documents (Paris: Imprimerie national, 1890), 4:647.

5. Terry Golway, Washington’s General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2005), 271.

6. William B. Wilcox, Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1964), 404–408.

7. Golway, Washington’s General, 280–284.

8. “To George Washington from Nathanael Greene, 17 September 1781,” https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-06976.

9. Don Higginbotham, The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 383.

Chapter 14: Victory’s Unexpected Challenge

1. “To Benjamin Franklin from George Washington, 22 October 1781,” in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, May 1 thru October 31, 1781, ed. Barbara Oberg (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 637–638. Letter cites source for Greene’s report on the battle of Eutaw Springs.

2. Thomas Fleming, The Man Who Dared the Lightning: A New Look at Benjamin Franklin (New York: W. Morrow and Co., 1971), 415–462.

3. Entry for January 20, 1783, in Robert Morris, The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781–1784, vol. 7: November 1, 1782–May 4, 1783, ed. John Catanzariti (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988), 329.

4. “To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 4 March 1783,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0171. Original source: Harold Coffin Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962), 3:277–279.

5. Journals of the Continental Congress (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1906), 4:207.

6. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951), 5:431–437; also see James Thomas Flexner, George Washington, vol. 2: In the American Revolution: 1775–1783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1967), 505–508.

7. “From George Washington to Elias Boudinot, 18 March 1783,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/99-01-02-10856.

8. “From George Washington to Robert Morris, 3 June 1783,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11365.

9. “To George Washington from Elias Boudinot, 12 April 1783,” Founders Online, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-11042.

10. John Armstrong to Horatio Gates, June 26, 1783, Gates Papers. Cited in Mary A. Y. Gallagher, “Reinterpreting the ‘Very Trifling Mutiny’ at Philadelphia in June 1783,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 119, no. 1/2 (January–April 1995): 25.

11. Varnum Lansing Collins, The Continental Congress at Princeton (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1908), 30–39.

12. Arthur Lee, “Congress—Notes on Debates, Feb. 21, 1783,” in The Papers of James Madison, ed. William T. Hutchinson et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 5:231–234. Also see Louis W. Potts, Arthur Lee: A Virtuous Revolutionary (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981).

13. Gerald H. Clarfield, Timothy Pickering and the American Republic (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980), 84.

Chapter 15: George Washington’s Tears

1. Benjamin Tallmadge, Memoir of Col. Benjamin Tallmadge, ed. Henry Phelps Johnston (New York, 1904), p.97.

2. Stuart Leibiger, Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999), 50–54, 70–73.

Chapter 16: Major General Anthony Wayne to the Rescue

1. Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951), 6:336–337.

2. Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 358.

3. Paul David Nelson, Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 228–229.

4. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington, vol. 3: George Washington and the New Nation, 1783–1793 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), 304–307. The Miamis fired on negotiators carrying flags of truce. Some were killed. Yet Washington persisted until he had demonstrated that “conciliation had been proved utterly hopeless.” John C. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 31: January 22, 1790–March 9, 1792 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1939), 81; also, vol. 32: March 10, 1792–June 30, 1793 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1939), 205–206.

5. Nelson, Anthony Wayne, 243.

6. Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 198.

7. Nelson, Anthony Wayne, 259. As the Indians retreated, the garrison of Fort Recovery emerged to taunt them.

8. Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 183–187, 212–221.

9. Nelson, Anthony Wayne, 272. Secretary of War Knox informed General Wayne, “It is with great satisfaction, the President of the United States directs the communication of the Unanimous Thanks of the House of Representatives to you, your army and the Kentucky Volunteers.”

10. Edward L. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 5–7; also see Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802 (New York: Free Press, 1975), 184–187; Letter of James McHenry to Congress, March 14, 1796, “Ought the Military Force of the United States to Be Diminished?,” in American State Papers, Class V: Military Affairs, ed. Walter Lowrie (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1832–1861), 1:114.