, 69, 149, 157, 352, 354, 358I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Herbert Winer. The diacritical marks follow Webster’s Dictionary.—W. D.
Aahmes (ä’-mēz) II, King of Egypt (reigned 570–526 B.C.), 173
Aaron (ā’-rŏn), 583
abacus, 338
Abdera , 69, 149, 157, 352, 354, 358
Abélard, Pierre, French philosopher (1079–1142), 643
Abydos 
, 135, 156, 544, 575, 663
Academus 
, 511
Academy, 226, 473, 474, 479, 486, 500, 501, 511–513, 524, 525, 553, 640, 641, 642, 644, 651
Acanthus 
, 158
Achaea 
, 86, 88, 89, 198, 560, 569, 665
Achaean League, 560–561, 570, 585, 613, 666
Achaeans, 21*, 23, 37–38, 40, 42, 44–55, 62, 63, 64, 89, 106, 108, 128, 151, 160, 180, 203, 311, 613
Achaemenidae 
, 563
Achaeus 
, 39
Acharnae 
, 108
Acharnians 
, The (Aristophanes), 417, 422, 428
Achelous (ăk’-ě-lō’-ŭs), 106
Acheron (ăk’-ēr-ŏn), 67
Achilles 
, 36, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 56, 58–59, 61, 150, 171, 183, 193, 208–209, 220, 302, 405, 406, 538, 541, 544, 546, 548, 551, 620, 660
Achilles and Briseis, 620*
Achilles and Penthesilea 
, 315
Acontius 
, 608
Acragas 
, 130, 170, 171, 172, 327, 339, 342, 355, 357, 438
Acre (ä’-kēr), 580, see also Acco
Acron 
, physician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 342
Acropolis 
(Athens), 108, 120, 122, 178, 226, 251, 325, 330–331, 365, 377, 450, 543, 623
Acropolis (Pergamum), 623
Actium 
, 89†
actors, 232, 379, 380–381, 383, 606
Adana (ä’-dä-nä), 576
Adasa 
, 584
Adeimantus 
, 520
Aden (ä’-děn), 575, see also Adana
Admetus (ăd-mē’-tŭs), 402
Adonia 
, 185*
Adonis 
, 13, 69, 178, 185, 467, 566
adultery, in Homeric society, 51; in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 117, 305
Advokatenrepublik, 483
Aegaleus (ē’-gă-lē’-ŭs), Mt., 241
Aegean (ē-jē’-ăn) Islands, 3–4, 6, 8, 22, 27, 33, 59, 62, 70, 127, 128, 134, 158, 233, 234, 245, 441, 528, 570
Aegean Sea, 4, 5, 6, 10, 33, 70, 71, 106, 109, 128, 274, 275, 439, 445, 451, 463, 477, 571, 572, 578, 665
Aegeus (ē’-jŭs), 23
Aegina 
, 29, 30, 72, 95, 240, 253, 279, 322, 342, 439
Aegira 
, 89
Aegisthus 
, 59, 386, 387, 388, 389, 409
Aegyptus 
, 49
Aenea 
, 60
Aeneas 
, 58
Aeneas Tacticus 
, writer (4th century B.C.), 503
Aeneid 
, The (Virgil), 609*
Aenus (ē’-nŭs), 157
Aeolia 
, 71, 128, 150, 151, 203, 238; dialect, 204
Aeolian League, 128
Aeolus (ē’-ō-lŭs), 177
Aerope (ă-ěŕ-ŏ-pē), 386
Aeschines 
, orator (389-314 B.C.), 279, 381, 479, 483, 484–485, 486
Aeschines, philosopher (5th century B.C.), 364
Aeschylus 
, tragic poet (525-456 B.C.), 189, 196, 201, 211, 233, 236, 267, 270, 303, 312, 317, 337, 361, 376, 377, 379, 381, 383–391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 401, 404, 412, 427, 438, 601
Aeson (ē’-sŭn), 43
Aesop (ē’-sŏp), fabulist (fl. 560 B.C.), 104, 142
Aesop and the Fox, 315
Aethlius 
, 88
Aetolia 
, 88, 105, 106, 128, 542, 560, 663, 664
Aetolian League, 560-561, 570, 585, 662, 664
Afghanistan, 234, 238, 575–576
Africa, 3, 4, 31, 67, 68, 129, 165, 170, 173–174, 241, 486, 590, 613, 637, 666, 667, 669
afterlife, in Crete, 14
in Mycenae, 32
in Egypt, 68
according to Pythagoras, 165
according to Bacchoi, 187–188
in Athens, 311–312
according to Empedocles, 357
according to Plato, 517
Against the Sophists (Isocrates), 363, 485
Agamemnon 
, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 42, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61–62, 77, 107, 177, 193, 208, 223, 302, 311, 386–388, 389, 404–405, 406, 409, 410, 480, 544, 620
Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 387–388
Agariste 
, mother of Pericles, 248
Agatharchus, painter (5th century B.C.), 317, 378
Agathocles 
, tyrant of Syracuse (361?-289 B.C.), 598, 612
Agathocles, musician (5th century B.C.), 374
Ageladas 
, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 323, 324
Agathon 
, tragic poet (ca. 448–400 B.C.), 370, 514
Agave 
, 418
aged, treatment of, 310–311
Agelaus 
, statesman (3rd century B.C.), 662
Agesander 
, sculptor (fl. 1st century B.c), 622, 624
Agesilaus 
II, King of Sparta (ca. 444–361 B.C.), 75, 201, 295, 461, 467, 489
Agias 
, 498
Agis 
II, King of Sparta (reigned 427–398 B.C.), 447
Agis IV, King of Sparta (reigned 244–240 B.C.), 569
Agnonides, Athenian (4th century B.C.), 641
agnosticism, 371
Agoracritus 
, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 326
Agraulos 
, 290
agriculture, in Achaean society, 45
in Egypt, 588
Agrigentum 
, 172, see also Acragas
Agylla 
, 472
Ahmose II, see Aahmes II
Aietes (ī-ē’-tēz), 43
Aigyptiaka 
(Manetho), 612
“Airs, Waters, Places” (Hippocrates), 344
Ajax (ā’-jăks), 57, 58, 109, 297
Ajax (Sophocles), 392
Akaiwasha 
, 37
Albania, 660
Albertinum (Dresden), 498
Alcaeus (ăl-sē’-ŭs), lyric poet (620-580 B.C.), 76*, 151–152, 153, 155, 156
alcaics, 152
Alcamenes (ăl-kăm’-ě-nēz), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 326, 328
Alcander, 78
Alcestis (Euripides), 401–402, 416
Alcibiades 
, politician and general (450-404 B.C.), 36, 184, 227, 237, 253, 272, 281, 282, 302, 308, 364, 365, 366, 370, 433, 443–448, 449–451, 452, 485, 514, 535
Alcibiades (Aeschines of Sphettos), 364
Alcidamas 
, philosopher and rhetorician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 280
Alcinous 
, 48*, 52, 53, 60, 61
Alcisthenes 
of Sybaris, 160
Alcmaeon (ălk-mē’-ŏn), 342, 345
Alcman (ălk’-măn), lyric poet (7th century B.C.), 66, 76–77, 230, 301, 377
Alcmene (ălk-mē’-ně), 41, 180, 182, 401
Aldobrandini Wedding, The, 620
Alexander I, King of Macedonia (d. 455 B.C.), 375
Alexander III the Great, King of Macedonia (356-323 B.C.), 35†, 52, 67, 70, 160, 211, 245, 266, 281, 291, 308, 377, 461, 468, 471, 476, 477, 480–481, 491, 492, 493, 497, 498, 501, 503, 507, 525, 528, 538–554, 557, 558, 563, 565, 571, 572, 573, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 581, 585, 591, 592, 593, 607, 620–621, 627, 634, 637, 642, 646, 656, 660, 666
Alexander Balas, King of Syria (reigned 150, 146 B.C.), 579
Alexander’s Feast (Dryden), 377*
Alexandria, 45, 68, 76, 134, 149, 174, 189, 192, 207, 209, 226, 545, 562, 575, 576, 578, 579, 580, 585, 586–587, 589, 590, 591, 592–595, 597, 509, 601, 602, 603, 606, 607, 608, 609, 616, 618, 623, 627, 628, 636, 638, 639, 641, 669
Alexis 
of Thurii, comic dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 483, 607
Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265–1321), 119, 436, 523
Almagest (ăl’-mă-jěst) (Ptolemy), 635
alphabet, Cretan, 14–15
Phoenician, 15
Pelasgian, 31
Semitic, 68
Euboean, 106
Alpheus (ăl-fē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 88
Altis 
, 88
Alyattes 
, King of Lydia (617-560 B.C.), 91, 150
Amaryllis 
, 611
Amasis 
II, see Aahmes II
Amazon, 322
Ameinias 
, brother of Aeschylus, 390
Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’-těp) IV, King of Egypt (reigned 1375?-1358? B.C.), 21, 653
America, 157, 449, 513, 576, 669
American Revolution, 449
amixia, 594
Ammon (ām’-ŏn), 377, 467, 481, 544, 548, 549, 551
Amoebeus 
, musician, 230
Amphictyonic 
, Council, 316, 477, 542
Amphictyonic League, 198, 216, 477
Amphipolis 
, 157, 365, 432, 443, 477
Amphissa 
, 105
Amphitryon 
, 41
Amyntas 
II, King of Macedonia (reigned 393–369 B.C.), 524, 525
Anacharsis 
, scholar (fl. 6th century B.C.), 117, 365
Anacreon 
, poet (560-475 B.C.), 76, 123, 130, 142, 148–149, 193, 223
Anaphlystus 
, 109
anatomy, 345, 502–503, 531, 638–639
Anaxagoras 
, philosopher (500?-428 B.C.), 150, 177, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 317, 337, 339–341, 348, 355, 358, 367, 401, 424, 456, 669
Anaximander 
, philosopher (ca. 610–546 B.C.), 71, 136, 138–139, 140, 145
Anaximenes 
, philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 139, 339, 416
Anchises (ăn-kī’-sēz), 185
andreia 
, 206
Andromache 
, 25, 46, 57, 211, 307, 316, 406–408
Andromache (Euripides), 401*
Andromeda 
, 28
Andromeda (Euripides), 416
Andronicus 
of Rhodes, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.), 526, 601
Andros (ăn’-drŏs), 131, 153, 449
Androtion 
, historian (4th century B.C.), 466
animal worship, in Crete, 13, 20
in Mycenae, 32
Anniceris 
of Cyrene, philosopher (4th century B.C.), 473, 510
Antaeus (ăn-tē’-ŭs), 220
Antalcidas 
, Spartan statesman (fl. 387 B.C.), 461
Antenor (ăn-tē’-nôr), sculptor (fl. 6th century B.C.), 221
Anthesterion 
, 199
anthropomorphism, 176, 177, 179
Antibes (än’-tēb), 169, see also Antipolis
Anticychera 
, 321
Antigone (Sophocles), 303*, 396–397
Antigonus 
I Cyclops, King of Asia (382-301 B.C.), 558, 572
Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedonia (319-239 B.C.), 560, 651
Antigonus III Doson, King of Macedonia (d. 220 B.C.), 561, 570, 571
Antimenes 
of Rhodes, banker (4th century B.C.), 562–563
Antioch 
, 562, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 580, 621, 627
Antiochus 
, I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 280–261 B.C.), 572, 573, 612
Antiochus II Theos, King of Syria (reigned 261–246 B.C.), 573
Antiochus III the Great, King of Syria (reigned 224–187 B.C.), 573, 578, 581, 587, 664
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (200?-164 B.C.), 572, 573–574, 581, 582, 583, 584, 605
Antiochus, Athenian general (d. 407 B.C.), 450
Antiochus of Syracuse, historian (fl. 420 B.C.), 160*
Antipater 
, Regent of Macedonia (?-319 B.C.), 480, 544, 553, 554, 558
Antiphanes 
, comic dramatist (fl. 4th century B.C.), 212, 483, 513
Antiphon 
of Athens, orator (480-411 B.C.), 361, 363, 369, 430
Antipolis 
, 169
Antisthenes 
of Cyrene, philosopher (444-365 B.C.), 369, 372, 505–506, 508, 644, 651
Antisthenes, banker (5th century B.C.), 274
Antonines, 88
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher (121–180), 136, 560, 656
Antonius, Marcus, Roman general (83-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602
Anytus 
, politician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 271, 370, 373, 426, 452, 454, 455, 511
apella, see Assembly (Sparta)
Apelles 
, painter (fl. 330 B.C.), 134, 300, 492–494, 498
Apelles, envoy of Antiochus IV, 583
Apellicon of Teos, bibliophile (d. 84 B.C.), 601
Aphaea 
, 95
Aphetae 
, 240
“Aphorisms” (Hippocrates), 343
Aphrodisias (city), 157
Aphrodite 
, 13, 34, 51, 56, 58, 69, 83, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 105*, 133, 159, 178, 184, 185, 319, 402, 494, 565, 610, 620, 624, 650
Kallipygos, 185
Urania, 185
Aphrodite (Praxiteles), 495
Aphrodite (Scopas), 498
Aphrodite Anadyomene (Apelles), 300, 493
Aphrodite of the Gardens (Alcamenes), 326
Apollo 
, 23*, 56, 58, 73, 87*, 92, 96, 104–105, 118, 131, 141, 159, 161, 169, 179, 180, 182–183, 184, 188, 193, 198, 199, 200, 216, 218, 227, 228, 245, 274, 326, 328, 355, 376, 389, 401, 409, 410, 416, 472, 559, 570, 574, 618
Lyceus, 525
Apollo (Scopas), 498
Apollo Belvedere, 624
Apollo Citharoedus, 498
Apollo of Sunium, 222
Apollo of Tenea, 222
Apollo Sauroctonus (sō-rŏk’-tŏ-nŭs) (Praxiteles), 496
Apollo Smintheus (Scopas), 497
Apollodorus 
, painter (fl. 5th century B.C.), 317
Apollodorus, historian and mythographer (2nd century B.C.), 163
Apollodorus, Macedonian revolutionary (3rd century B.C.), 559, 560
Apollonius 
of Alexandria, grammarian (fl. 1st century A.D.), 601
Apollonius of Miletus, physician (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 639
Apollonius of Perga, geometer (3rd century B.C.), 338, 627, 628
Apollonius of Rhodes, poet and grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 42, 601, 608–609
Apollonius of Tralles, sculptor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 623
Apollonius of Tyre, 650
Apoxyomenos (ăp-ŏk’-sē-ŏm’-ě-năs) (Lysippus), 292, 498
Apology (Plato), 371, 417*, 513*
Appius Claudius, see Claudius, Appius
Arabia, 161, 234, 238, 276, 551, 576, 580, 590, 593, 629, 667
Aral Sea, 575
Aramaic, 603
Aratus 
of Sicyon, statesman (271-213 B.C.), 560–561, 569–570, 612, 619
Aratus of Soli, didactic poet (315-245 B.C.), 560, 635
Arbitrants, The (Menander) 607–608
arboriculture, in Cyprus, 34, 133; in Chios, 150; in Attica, 269, 463; in Egypt, 588
Arcadia 
, 41†, 86, 87, 89, 133, 178, 194, 226, 462, 499*, 570, 613
Arcesilaus 
, philosopher (316-241 B.C.), 636, 643, 657
Archeanassa 
, courtesan, 300
Archelaus (ăr’-kě-lā’-ŭs), King of Macedonia (reigned 413–399 B.C.), 291, 418, 437, 475
Archelaus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 367, 371
Archeological Museum (Constantinople), 623, 625
Archeological Museum (Florence), 219
archeology, 5–6, 24–27, 34–35, 44
Archermus 
, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 150, 222
Archestratus (ăr’-kě-strā’-tŭs), banker (5th century B.C.), 274
Archestratus, poet (fl. 330 B.C.), 649
Archestratus, tyrant of Sicyon, 619
Archidamus 
, King of Sparta, 81, 82
Archilochus 
, lyric poet (714?-676 B.C.), 132, 152, 157, 193, 229
Archimedes 
, scientist (287?-212 B.C.), 265, 501, 588, 598–599, 627, 628–634, 640, 669, 671
Archippe, courtesan, 300
architecture, in Crete, 7, 11–12, 18–19
in Tiryns, 27–28
in Mycenae, 28–30
in Troy, 34–35
in Homeric society, 52–53
in 7th and 6th centuries, 223–226
in Periclean age, 327–336
in 4th century, 491–492
in Hellenistic age, 617–618
archon basileus, 109, 117, 263–264
archon eponymos, 109
archon polemarchos, 109
archon thesmothetai, 109*, in, 258
archonship, 23, 108, 109–110, 115–116, 121, 249–250, 263–264
Archytas, philosopher and scientist (428-347 B.C.), 166, 500, 501, 510
Arctic Circle, 637
Arctonnesus 
, 156
arenas, see stadiums
Areopagiticus 
(Isocrates), 487–488
Areopagus 
, 110, 115, 124, 125, 247, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 390, 488
Ares (ā’-rēz), 50, 57, 58, 182, 184, 185
Ares (Scopas), 497
Arete 
, daughter of Aristippus, 505
Argo (är’-gō), 43
Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 609
Argonauts (är’-gō-nŏts), 42–43, 44, 189, 403
Argos (är’-gŏs), 23, 27, 39, 41, 50*, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 70–72, 79, 86, 89, 90, 125*, 165, 178, 200, 221, 231, 239, 246, 322, 378, 441, 466, 497, 569, 570, 661, 665
Ariana, 546
Arion 
, poet of Lesbos (7th century B.C.), 91, 230, 232
Aristaeus 
, mathematician (4th century B.C.), 628
Aristagoras 
, Regent of Miletus (d. 497 B.C.), 234–235
Aristander 
, soothsayer (4th century B.C.), 540
Aristarchus 
of Samos, astronomer (fl. 280–264 B.C.), 502, 634, 635, 636, 658, 669
Aristarchus of Samothrace, grammarian and critic (220-143 B.C.), 209, 601, 602
Aristeas, 595*
Aristides 
, statesman and general (?-468? B.C.), 236–237, 245, 246, 294
Aristides of Thebes, painter (4th century B.C.), 492
Aristippus 
of Cyrene, philosopher (435?-356? B.C.), 173, 290, 301, 302, 369, 467, 504–505, 506, 510, 644
Aristo 
of Chios, Stoic philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 652*
Aristocles 
, see Plato
Aristocles, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 223
Aristocles, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322
aristocracy, in Sparta, 79–80
in Corinth, 91; in Attica, 108
in Miletus, 134; in Athens, 281–282
Aristodama 
of Smyrna, poetess (4th century B.C.), 567
Aristodemus 
, King of Messenia (8th century B.C.), 73
Aristogeiton 
, tyrannicide 6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 298, 301
Aristomenes 
, 73
Aristophanes 
, comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C.), 108, 130, 178, 199, 231, 252–253, 266, 273, 283, 293, 307, 337, 363, 364, 370, 373, 390, 401, 415, 417, 420–429, 439, 453, 467, 469, 482, 489, 514, 606
Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian and critic (257-180? B.C.), 132, 205*, 601, 602, 607
Aristotle 
, philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 5, 56, 95, in, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 136, 137, 158, 160, 166, 167, 172, 174, 196, 204, 207, 228*, 229, 230, 231, 245, 247, 249, 278*, 280, 287, 289, 293, 302, 303, 310, 321, 340, 353, 356, 363, 364, 368, 373, 381, 398, 411, 431, 442, 449, 459, 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 486, 488, 501, 512, 513, 515, 524–537, 538, 539, 547, 550, 553, 586, 601, 607, 617, 638, 640, 641, 642, 644, 656, 657, 669
Aristotle (Grote), 532 *
Aristoxenus 
of Tarentum, philosopher and writer on music (fl. 4th century B.C.), 364, 617, 669
arithmetic, 163–164, 337–338, 500, 627, 630
Arkalochori (ăr’-kō-lō-kôr’-ē), 6
Ark of the Covenant, 583
Arles, 169
army, in Crete, 23
in Homeric society, 54–55
in Sparta, 77, 80, 81, in Athens, 264–265
in Macedonia, 476–477
army equipment, 264–265, 471, 476–477
tactics, in Sparta, 81
in Athens, 265
in Thebes, 462
in Macedonia, 476–477
Arnold, Matthew, English critic (1822–1888), 579
Arretophoria 
, 200
Arrian, Flavius, historian (100?-170?), 502, 548, 549, 550*
Arsaces 
, founder of kingdom of Parthia (248? B.C.), 578
Arsinoë 
, Queen of Egypt (285 B.C.), 586, 593
Arsinoë (city), 576
Artaxerxes (är’-tăk-sûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (d. 425 B.C.), 234, 246, 343
Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (d. 361 B.C.), 460, 461
Artaxerxes III, King of Persia (reigned 359–338 B.C.), 542, 547
Artemis 
, 58, 108, 142, 143, 175, 178, 181, 182, 183, 185, 200, 226, 322, 326, 402, 410, 411, 577
Artemisia 
, consort of Mausolus, Prince of Caria (fl. 350 B.C.), 134, 494
Artemisium 
, 239–240, 245, 383
in Tiryns and Mycenae, 30–33
in Homeric society, 52–53
after Dorian invasion, 63
in Corinth, 91–92
in Athens, 122
in 7th and 6th centuries, 217–233
in Periclean age, 313–336
in Syracuse, 438
in 4th century, 491–499
in Judea, 580
in Hellenistic age, 616–626
arts, patronage of, 10, 251–252, 472
Aryans, 35
Ascalaphus 
, 41†
Ascalon 
, 580
Asclepiodorus 
, painter (4th century B.C.), 492
Asclepius 
, 96, 179, 180, 182, 327, 342, 346
Asculum, 660
Ashdod, 580, see Azotus
Asia, 4, 20, 34, 35, 55, 59, 62, 63, 127, 140, 165, 174, 437, 461, 467, 477, 480, 486, 525, 543, 544, 545, 547, 551, 557, 558, 562, 565, 571, 572, 575–577, 578, 579, 617, 625, 637, 644, 645, 664
Asia Minor, 3, 20, 25, 42, 55, 68, 70, 98, 128, 151, 158, 170, 234, 499, 551, 557, 558, 559, 572, 573, 578, 601, 613, 667
Aspasia 
of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.), 251, 252–253, 254, 289, 300, 337, 348, 439, 442, 450
Assembly (Athens), 115–116, 119–120, 121, 125, 126, 237, 240, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255–256, 257, 263, 264, 266, 298, 358, 360, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 466, 469, 479, 483, 554, 645, 651
Assembly (Sparta), 79, 80, 447, 452
Assembly (Syracuse), 474
Assumption, feast of the, 183
Assyria, 30, 68, 69, 224, 238, 572, 603
Astacus 
, 156
Astarte (ăs-tär’-tē), 178
astronomy, 15, 69, 135, 137, 163–164, 339, 501–502, 566, 631, 634–637
asylum, right of, 192–193, 262
Atalanta in Calydon (Swinburne), 105*
ataraxia, 644
Atarissyas 
, King of the Ahhijavas, 39
Athamus 
, 42
atheism, 644–645
Athena 
, 26, 40, 49, 50*, 58, 59, 61, 87*, 101, 120, 122, 167, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199, 227, 273, 323, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 389, 431, 492, 622, 650
Athena (Scopas), 497
Athena and Marsyas (Myron), 323
Athenaeus (ăth’-ē-nē’-ŭs), grammarian (fl. 2nd century), 91, 149, 160†, 218, 278*, 301, 349, 370*, 390, 435, 561, 593, 617, 640
Athene Parthenos 
(Pheidias), 179, 221, 253, 266, 324, 325, 329
Athene Promachos (prō’-mă-kŏs) (Pheidias), 325
Athenian Confederacy, 439–440, 442, 469, 470, 487
Athenis 
, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150
Athenodorus 
, sculptor (2nd? century B.C.), 622
Athens (ăth’-ěnz), 5, 23*, 40, 42, 50*, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90, 98–126, 127, 131, 135, 149, 151, 157, 172, 173, 174, *75, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215, 219, 221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 239–241, 242, Chapters XI, XII, XIII, and XIV passim, 337, 339, 341, 342, 349, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363, 368–369, 372, 375, 381, 430, 433, 436, 437, 439–456, 459, 461, 463–470, 477, 478–480, 481, 485–488, 489, 491, 497, 503, 507, 509, 510, 514, 519, 523, 524, 525, 542, 543, 552–554, 558, 560, 561–562, 563, 565, 566, 570, 573, 574, 586, 591, 600, 601, 606–607, 608, 612, 616, 617, 623, 625, 638, 640, 641, 643, 644, 645, 650, 651, 652, 662, 666
Athens Museum, 212, 222, 223, 321, 322, 331, 499.
athletics, in Homeric society, 48
in Sparta, 82–83; in social structure, 211–217
Athos (ăth’-ŏs), Mt., 239, 545*
Atlantis, 118
Atman (ät’-màn), 654
atomic theory, 342, 352, 353–354, 646–647
Atossa 
, daughter of Cyrus the Great, and wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Hystaspis (6th century B.C.), 342
Atreus 
, 26, 27, 29, 39, 42, 386
Attalus 
I, King of Pergamum (reigned 241–197 B.C.), 578, 623, 627
Attalus II Philadelphus, King of Pergamum (reigned 159–138 B.C.), 481, 549
Attalus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 481, 549
Atthis 
, 154
Attica 
, 17, 27, 30, 40, 62, 74, 75, 77, 103, 106, 107–126, 128, 129, 134, 178, 188, 189, 200, 212, 220, 226, 231, 250, Chapter XII passim, 320, 322, 323, 324, 329–335, 440, 441, 447, 470, 562, 568; dialect, 204
Attic pottery, 219–220
Atys 
, see Attis
Augeas (ô -jē’-ăs), 41†
Augustine, Saint (354–430), 455*, 523
Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C–A.D. 14), 89†, 121, 149, 499, 552, 598
auletrides, 299–300
Aurelius, Marcus, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius
Azotus (à-zō’-tŭs), 580
Babylon 
, 294, 431, 507, 545, 549, 551, 575, 577, 587, 605, 612, 627, 634
Babylonia 
, 68–69, 72, 135, 178, 203, 238, 460, 557, 558, 566, 572, 578, 635
Babylonians, The (Aristophanes), 421
Bacchae (băk’-ē), The (Euripides), 401, 411, 418
Bacchante (Scopas), 498
Bacchantes (bă-kăn’-tēz), 418
Bacchoi (bă’-koi), 187
Bacchus (băk’-ŭs), 625, see also Dionysus
Bacchylides 
, poet (ca. 505–450 B.C.), 76*, 131, 375, 438
Bach, Johann Sebastian, German composer (1685–1750), 375, 400
back-to-nature movement, 372, 509
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher (1561–1626), 353, 644
Bactria 
, 238, 552, 557, 573, 575, 576, 578, 616, 617
Bactriana, 546
Baer, Karl Ernst von, Estonian naturalist and embryologist (1792–1876), 529
Baghdad 
, 572
Balaustion’s Adventure (Browning), 402*
Balkans, 35, 127, 157, 486, 559
ball games, 212
Baluchistan 
, 547, see also Gedrosia
banking, 274, 464, 562–563, 575, 590
Banquet (Xenophon), 364
barbarian (in Greek sense), defined, 70
Barberini Faun, 625
barbers, 291
Basilica 
, 168
bas-relief, in Crete, 16–17, 19–20
in 7th and 6th century, 222–223
in Periclean age, 319
in 4th century, 494
Bassae, 327–328
Baths of Caracalla, 623*
Baths of Titus, 622
Bathycles 
of Magnesia, sculptor (fl. 550 B.C.), 87*
Batis 
, general of Gaza (4th century B.C.), 541
Battle of Issus, 620–621
Battle of Marathon (Panaenus), 317
Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher and critic (1647–1706), 432
beauty contests, 218
Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770–1827), 326, 401
Beirut 
, 575, see also Berytus
Bellerophon (bě-lŏr’-ō-fŏn), 25
Beneventum, 661
Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809), 616*
Bentley, Richard, English critic and classical scholar (1662–1742), 210
Berenice (běr’-ě-nī’-sē), Queen of Egypt (28?-70), 587
Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, 147, 657
Berkeley, George, Irish metaphysician (1685–1753), 531†
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (1598–1680), 622†
Berosus (bě-rō’-sŭs), Chaldean priest and chronicler (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 612
Berytus 
, 575
Bessus, satrap of Bactria under Darius III (fl. 331 B.C.), 546
Bias (bī’-ăs) of Priene, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 570 B.C.), 141, 261
Bible, 36, 135, 206, 210, 211, 594–595, 603, 628
biblos, 206
Bios Hellados 
(Dicaear-chus), 488
Birds, The (Aristophanes), 338, 378, 428
birth control, 287, 468, 567–568
Birth of Aphrodite, The, 319
Bisanthe 
, 157
black-figure ware, 219–220
Black Sea, 3, 4, 36, 43, 44, 55, 70, 128, 129, 135, 156, 157, 158, 219, 234, 245, 275, 276, 430, 437, 440, 441, 460, 559, 575, 578, 667
Blegen, Carl W., American archeologist, 35*
Blepyrus 
, 283
Boar Hunt, 31
Boedromion 
, 199
Boeon (bē’-ŏn), Mt., 103
boeotarch, 462
Boeotia 
, 27, 33, 40–42, 61*, 98–103, 106, 107, 108, 128, 198, 227, 238, 437, 440, 441, 462, 463, 477, 495, 569, 666
Boeotian Confederacy, 103, 437, 462
Boethus, (bō-ē’-thŭs) of Sidon, philosopher (1st century B.C.), 652
Boethus, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 625
Boghaz Keui (bō-gäz’ kû-ē), 37
Bokhara 
, 546
Book of the Law, 581, 582, 583, 594
Book of the Dead, 190
Boreas (bō’-rē-ăs), 177
Borghese Gallery (Rome), 625
Bosanquet, Robert Carr, English archeologist, 6
Bosporus (bŏs’-pô r-ŭs), 4*, 92, 156, 157, 234, 242, 449
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627–1704), 432
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 17, 499
botany, 637–638
boule 
, 54, 110, 115, 256–257, 263
bouleuterion, 257
Bouphonia 
, 200
Bourbons, 451
Boxers’ Vase, 17
Bozzaris, Marco, Greek patriot (1788–1823), 105
Brahman (brä-măn), 654
Brahmans, 612, see also India
Branchidae (brăn-kī’-dē), 222, 226, 546
Brasidas 
, Spartan general (?-422 B.C.), 443
Brazen Race (Theogony), 102
Brennus, Gaulish leader, invader of Italy (fl. 390 B.c.), 472
Brennus, Gaulish leader (fl. 279), 559
Brentesium 
, 159
Brindisi, 159, see also Brentesium
Briseis 
, 56, 58, 208, 302, 620
British Isles, 590
British Museum, 29, 68*, 134, 222, 322*, 492, 494*, 499, 616*, 622‡
British School of Athens, 33
Bronze Age, in Crete, 7
in Mycenae, 28
in Cyprus, 33
in Achaean society, 64
in Melos, 133
bronzework, in Crete, 16
in Homeric society, 46
in Sparta, 77
in Samos, 143
in 7th and 6th centuries, 221
in Periclean age, 314–315
Browning, Robert, English poet (1812–1889), 402*
Bruttium 
, 614
Brutus, Marcus Junius, Roman politician (85-42 B.C.), 124*, 541
Bryaxis 
, sculptor (fl. 350 B.C.), 494
Brygus (brī’-gŭs), potter, (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315
Bucharest, 542
Buddha, 357
Bug River, 157
building trade, 18–19, 122, 272
Bularchus, painter (8th century B.C.), 316
Bulis, Spartan envoy (5th century B.C.), 238
Buonarotti, Michelangelo, Italian artist (1475–1564), 400, 497, 622, 623*, 669
Bupalus (bŭ’-pă-iŭs), sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150
Burgas, 157, see also Apollonia
burial, in Crete, 14
in Mycenae, 32
in Homeric society, 48
in Athens, 311–312
Burke, Edmund, English statesman and orator (1729–1797), 488*
Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist (1801–1852), 26
burnt offerings, 194–195
Butades 
of Sicyon, first Greek modeler in clay (7th century B.C.), 222
Buthrotum (bŭ-thrō’-tŭm), 660*
Butrinto, see Buthrotum
Byron, George Gordon, Baron, English poet (1788–1824), 105, 156, 386, 412, 497
Byzantium 
, 92, 157, 275, 449, 470, 489, 498, 557, 559, 562, 566, 575, 576
Byzas (bī’-zăs), supposed founder of Byzantium (fl. 657 B.C.), 157*
Cadmus (kăd’-mŭs), 40, 68, 418, 462
Cadmus of Miletus, logographer (fl. 550 B.C.), 140
Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C.), 67, 70, 106, 169, 493, 540, 552, 574, 580, 598, 602, 612
Calamis, Athenian sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324
Calaurian Amphictyony, 199
Caledonia, 376
calendar, Minoan, 15
Callias 
, statesman and profligate (fl. 371 B.C.), 281*, 517
Callicles 
, Sophist (5th century B.C.), 295
Callicrates 
, architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 331, 332
Callimachus 
, Athenian sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 327, 332
Callimachus of Cyrene, poet and grammarian (320?-240? B.C.), 598, 602, 608–609, 636
Callinus (kă-lī’-nŭs) of Ephesus, elegiac poet (fl. 700 B.C.), 143
Calliope (kă-lī’-ō-pē), 186
Callipolis 
, 157
Callisthenes 
, philosopher and historian (ca. 360–327 B.C.), 550
Callon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322
Calvinism, 656
Calydon 
, 105
Camarina 
, 438
Cambridge Ancient History; The, 532*
Cambridge University, 670
Camirus (kă-mī’-rŭs), 134, 571
Canachus 
, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 322
Candia 
, 5
Candaules, King of Lydia, (8th century B.C.), 316
Canetha 
, 580
Canopus 
, 173
Canova, Antonio, Italian sculptor (1757–1822), 334
Capitoline Museum (Rome), 321*, 495, 623, 624†
Capitoline Venus, 624
caprification, 269
Captivity, 605
Caria 
, 20, 30, 34, 134, 238, 276, 450, 494, 576, 623
Carneades 
, orator and philosopher (213-129 B.C.), 351, 503, 598, 643, 657
Carneia 
, 75
Carrel, Alexis, American surgeon, born in France, 516*
Carthage 
, 67, 70, 169, 170, 171, 173, 241–242, 272, 438–439, 471, 472, 474, 557, 561, 575, 598, 599, 602, 613, 660–661, 662, 666
Caryatids 
, Porch of the, 332
Carystus 
, 503
Cassander, King of Macedonia (ca. 350–297 B.C.), 558
Cassandra (kă-săn’-drá), 180, 301, 307, 388, 406
Cassius Longinus, Caius, Roman politician (d. 42 B.C.), 124
Castalian Spring, 104
Castor 
, 105*
Catalogue of Women (Hesiod), 100–102
Categories (Aristotle), 526*
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), Roman statesman (234-149 B.C.), 643
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), Roman statesman (95-46 B.C.), 656
Caucasus, 384
Causes (Callimachus), 608
Causes of Plants, The (Theophrastus), 637
Cayster (kī-stěr) River, 143
Caystrian Gulf, 143
Cecrops (sē’-krŏ;ps), 40, 50*, 331
celibacy, 83
Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist in metal and writer (1500–1571), 32, 332, 630
Ceos (kě’-ōs), 129–131
Cephallenia (kyě’ fäl-yē-nē’-ä), 159
Cephalus 
, Athenian businessman (fl. 5th century B.C.), 272
Cephesus (sē-fī’-sŭs) River, 269
Cephisodotus 
, sculptor, and father of Praxiteles (fl. 400 B.C.), 495
Cephisodotus, sculptor, and son of Praxiteles (fl. 4th century B.C.), 621
ceramics, in Crete, 6–7, 16–17
in Mycenae, 31
in Cyprus, 34
in Troy, 35
after Dorian invasion, 63
in Sparta, 77
in Samos, 143
in 7th and 6th centuries, 218–220
in Peri-clean age, 315; in Hellenistic age, 616
Ceramicus 
, 219, 220, 315, 464
Cercidas 
, philosopher of Megalopolis (3rd century B.C.), 569
Ceres (sē’-rēz), 168, see also Demeter
Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count, Italian-American archeologist (1832–1904), 33*
Ceylon, 564
Chaerephon 
, Athenian, 367
Chaeronea 
, 29, 103, 104, 442, 479, 480, 488, 541, 558
Chalcedon (kăl’-sē-dŏn), 156, 449
Chalcis (kăl’-sis), 30, 106, 107, 157, 169, 219, 275, 141, 553, 562, 573, 575
alphabet, 205
Chamaizi (kă-mī’-zē), 6
Champollion, jean François, French Egyptologist (1790–1832), 8
Chance, see Tyche
Chandragupta Maurya 
, King of Magadha (321-296 B.C.), 6l2
Characters (Theophrastus), 196–197, 641
Charaxus (kăr’-ăk-sús), brother of Sappho (fl. 600 B.C.), 153
Chares (kā’-rēz), 68*
Chares of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 280 B.C.), 621
Charilaus 
, King of Sparta (9th? centuryB.C.), 78
Charioteer of Delphi, 143, 217, 221
Charlemagne, see Charles I
Charles I, King of France and Emperor of the West (742–814), 29
Charmides (kăr-mī’-dēz), philosopher (5th centuryB.C.), 366, 452, 510
Charmides (Plato), 513*
Charon (kā’-rŏn), 311
Charondas 
, Sicilian lawgiver (fl. 6th centuryB.C.), 77, 170, 258
Chasidim 
, 581, 582, 583, 584, 604, 605
chemistry, 589
Cheops (kē’-ŏps), King of Egypt (fl. ca. 3700 B.C.), 432
Chersonese (kûr’-sō-nēz) in Taurus, 108
Chersonese in Thrace, 470
Chigi vase, 219
children, position of, in Homeric society, 47, 51–52
in Sparta, 82–83
in Athens, 287–288 Chilon (kī’-lŏn) of Sparta, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 6th centuryB.C.), 141
Chilonis 
, wife of Cleombrotus III (3rd centuryB.C.), 569
China, 36, 135*, 180, 220, 575, 590, 637, 669
Chios (kī’-ŏs), 150, 193, 207, 275, 279, 470, 499, 567
Chloe (klō’-ē), 171
Choephoroe (kō-ěf’-ō-rē) (Aeschylus), 388–389
Choerilus 
, tragic poet (fl. 524 B.C.), 233
Choiseul-Gouffier (shwä-zěl gouf-yā) Apollo, 222
choral ode, 77
chorus, in drama, 232, 379, 412
Chremonides 
, statesman (3rd centuryB.C.), 560
Christ, 188, 191, 321, 566, 595
Christianity, 26, 68, 131, 139, 147, 176, 178*, 183, 189, 191, 192, 195, 311, 373, 523, 577, 583, 595, 640, 653, 657, 658
Chronicles, Books of, 603
Chronographia (Eratosthenes), 636
Chrysa 
, 497
Chryseis, (krī-sē’-ís), 56, 302
Chryseis Queen of Macedonia (3rd century B.C.), 571
Chryses (krī’-sēz), 56
Chrysippus 
, Stoic philosopher (ca. 280–206 B.C.), 643, 649, 652, 655*, 656
Chrysopolis, 156
chthonic worship, 38, 177, 179–180, 188, 194–195
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C.), 70, 80, 107, 118, 130, 356, 432, 488*, 491, 526, 541, 612, 631*, 649
Cimon (sī’-mŏn), Athenian statesman and general (510-449B.C.), 236, 245, 247, 279, 316, 420, 535
Cineas 
of Thessaly, minister of Pyrrhus (fl. 280 B.C.), 660
Circe (sûr’-sē), 60
Cirrha 
, 104*
Cithaeron 
, Mt., 98
citizenship, in Sparta, 79–80, 570; in Athens, 110, 116, 124–125, 250, 254
city-state, 71, 174, 203–204, 554
Cius (kē’-ŭs), 156
Cladeus (klă’-dā-ŭs) River, 88
clans, in Crete, 10
in Attica, 108
abolishment of, in Athens, 124, 268
classes, in Homeric society, 46
in Sparta, 73–74
see also metics, slaves, freemen, etc.
class war, in Homeric society, 47
in Athens, 112–114, 280–286, 465–467
in 4th and 3rd centuries, 562–564
in Sparta, 569–570
Claudius, Appius, Roman statesman (fl. 300 B.C.), 660
Claudius Ptolemy, see Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)
Clazomenae (klā-zŏm’-ē-nē), 150, 219, 339
Cleanthes (klē-ăn’-thēz), Stoic philosopher (300?-220?B.C.), 136, 634, 652, 653–654, 655, 658
Cleinias 
, father of Alcibiades (d. 447 B.C.), 444
Cleinias, friend of Xenophon, 302
Cleis, daughter of Sappho, 153
Cleisthenes, (klīs’-thē-nēz) of Athens, statesman (fl. ca. 507 B.C.), 79, 108, 110, 124–126, 237, 248, 249, 469, 487
Cleisthenes tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.), 79, 89, 124†, 160, 231
Cleitus, Macedonian general (d. 328 B.C.). 538, 544, 550
Cleobolus (klē’-ō-bū’-lŭs) of Lindus in Rhodes, one of the Seven Sages (fl. 6th century B.C.), 141
Cleombrotus (klē’-ŏm-brō’-tus) II, King of Sparta (reigned 380–371B.C.), 462
Cleombrotus III, King of Sparta (reigned 243–240 B.C.), 569
Cleomenes (klē-ŏm’-ē-nēz) I, King of Sparta (reigned 520–490 B.C.), 85
Cleomenes III, King of Sparta (reigned 235–220 B.C.), 569–570
Cleon (klē’-ŏn), Athenian demagogue and general (d. 422 B.C.), 255, 271, 341, 421–422, 423, 429, 433, 440, 441, 442–443
Cleonae (klē-ō’-nē), 158
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602
Cleophon (klē’-ō-fŏn), Athenian demagogue (fl. 411–404 B.C.), 255, 450
Clepsydra 
, courtesan, 300
Clio (klí’-ō), 186
Clitias 
, potter, (fl. 560 B.C.), 219
clothing, in Crete, 9
in Homeric society, 51
in Sparta, 85
in Athens, 292–293
Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 339*, 369, 381, 424–428, 429
Clymene 
, 103*
Clytaemnestra 
, 29, 32, 36, 39, 51, 56, 59, 386–389, 404–405, 409
Cnidian Sentences (Euryphron), 342
Cnidus (nī’-dŭs), 62, 105, 133–134, 141, 171, 342, 461, 491, 495, 497, 499, 501, 564
Cnossus (nŏs’-ŭs), 5–8, 10–13, 15, 18–23, 28, 29, 33, 35, 44, 47
Codrus, legendary King of Athens (fl. 1068 B.C.), 109, 113
coinage, in Lydia, 69
in Argos, 72
in Corinth, 90
in Athens, 114, 121, 273–274, 314
in Syracuse, 314
in Elis, 314
in Seleucid Empire, 575
Colchis 
, 43, 55, 157, 238, 403
Collection of Lemmas (Archimedes), 629
colonization, 3, 34, 59, 70–71, 106, 121, 127–129, 133–135, 156–158, 159–160, 168–169, 170, 173
Colonus (kŏ-lō’-nŭs), 180, 391
Colophon (kŏl’-ŏ-fōn), 148, 645
Colotes (kō-lō’-tēz) of Lampsacus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 649
Columbus, Christopher, Genoese explorer (1446?-1506), 27
columniation, 68, 169, 221, 224–225, 327, 492, 617–618
Coma Berenices, 587
comedy, 230–231, 420–429, 482–483, 606–608
Commentaries (Pythagoras), 163
common land, see property, community
common mess, in Crete, 23; in Sparta, 83, 84–85
communication, in Homeric society, 46–47; in Egypt, 589–590
communism, in Pythagorean society, 166
in plays of Aristophanes, 283
in Athens, 465
in philosophy of Plato, 509–510, 520
Concord, temple of, 172
concubinage, in Homeric society, 48, 50
in Athens, 304–305
in 4th century, 467
in Hellenistic age, 567
Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551-478 B.C.), 371, 376, 473
Congress (United States of America), 256
Congreve, William, English dramatist (1670–1729), 607
Conies (Apollonius of Perga), 627, 628
Conies (Euclid), 628
Conon (kō’-nŏn), Athenian general (fl. 400 B.C.), 461
conscription in army, 264
Conservatori, Palace of, 625
Constanta, 157, see also Istrus
Constantine the Great, Roman emperor (272–337), 575, 649, 667*
Constantinople, 155, 157, 571, 577, 667*, see also Byzantium
constitutional law, in Sparta, 79–81, 86
in Athens, under Draco, 111–112, under Solon, 114–118
Constitution of Athens, The (Aristotle), 526*, 534*
contraception, 468
contracts, 259
cooking, in Homeric society, 51; in Athens, 309
Copais (kō’-pīs), Lake, 103
Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer (1473–1543), 340, 502, 634, 635, 669
Corax of Syracuse, rhetorician (fl. 466 B.C.), 430
Corcyra 
, 60, 90–91, 159, 246, 284, 440–441, 662
Corfu 
, 60, 159, 662, see also Corcyra
Corinna 
, lyric poetess (fl. 5th century B.C.), 107, 374, 376
Corinth 
, 38, 62, 64, 79, 89–92, 105, 159, 172, 185, 200, 211, 216, 219, 221, 272, 275, 279, 315, 375, 439, 440–441, 474, 480, 504, 507, 510, 542, 560–561, 562, 569, 575, 662, 663, 666
Corinthian order (architecture), 122, 224, 327, 492, 617
Corinthians I (St. Paul), 91
Coronea 
, 103, 215, 440, 444, 461, 489
Coronis 
, 96
Corpus Hippocraticum, 343–345
Corydon 
, 611
Cos (kōs), 62, 134, 272, 342, 343, 470, 495, 609, 639
cosmetics, 292
cosmogony, 98–103, 135, 137, 138, 139, 144–145, 168
cosmology, in philosophy of Thales, 137
of Anaximander, 138–139
of Heracleitus, 144–145
of Pythagoras, 164
of Anaxagoras, 339–340
of Parmenides, 350
of Leucippus, 353
of Empedocles, 356–357
of Epicurus, 646
of Stoics, 652–653
cosmopolitanism, 362, 562, 600
Cossutius 
, Roman architect (2nd century B.C.), 617
Council of Athens, see boule
Council of Elders (Judea), 579–580
Council of Five Hundred, 256, 263, 264, 290
Council of Five Thousand, 449
Council of Four Hundred (6th century), 115, 121, 125
Council of Four Hundred (411 B.C.), 449
Council of Thirty, 451–452, 510, 554
courtesans, see hetairai, also concubinage, also prostitution
courts, in Crete, 11; in Athens, 116, 125, see also heliaea
Crates (krā’-tēz) of Thebes, Cynic philosopher (4th century B.C.), 509, 650–651
Cratinus 
, comic dramatist (ca. 520–423 B.C.), 420, 429
credit system, 464
cremation, 311
Creon (krē’-ŏn) of Corinth, 403–404
Creon of Thebes, 41, 396–397, 398
Cresilas 
, sculptor (fl. 450 B.C.), 322
Crete (krēt), 5–23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47, 54, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 75, 78, 128, 133, 170, 179, 203, 218, 231, 301, 566, 585
crime, in Sparta, 83
Crimea, 157
Crisaea 
, 104
Critias 
, Athenian orator, politician, and author (d. 403 B.C.), 368, 370, 373, 451–452, 510
Critius, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324
Crito (krī’-tō), Athenian, 260*, 365, 369, 454–455
Crito (Plato), 513*
Croesus (krē’-sŭs), King of Lydia (fl. 560 B.C.), 118–119, 141, 142, 143, 575
Croiset, Alfred (1845–1923) and Maurice, French classical scholars, 453*
Cronia, 199
Cronus (krō’-nŭs), 99, 102, 121, 181, 565
Crotona 
, 142, 160, 161, 166, 167, 169, 172, 203, 318, 327, 342
Crotone (krō-tō’-nē), 161, see also Crotona
Crouching Venus, 499
Crusoe, Robinson, 59*
Ctesias 
, physician and historian (fl. 5th century B.C.), 134
Ctesibius 
of Alexandria, inventor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 588, 616, 633
Ctesicles 
of Ephesus, painter (3rd century B.C.), 619
Ctesiphon 
Athenian orator (4th century B.C.), 484–485
Cumae (kū’-mē), 107, 160, 169, 197, 205, 668
Cupid of Centocelle, 495†
currents, around Aegean Islands, 4
in Bosporus, 4*
curriculum, of Pythagorean school, 163–164
in Athenian schools, 289
in Academy, 511–512
custom, in religion, 193
in Athens (law), 257–258
in morality, 295–296
Cuvier, Georges, Baron, French naturalist (1769–1832), 8
Cybele 
, 13, 20, 69, 76, 143, 178, 227, 467, 507
Cyclades 
, 5, 10*, 21, 33, 96, 106, 128, 129–133, 235, 246, 585
Cyclopes (sī-klō’-pēz), 27†, 60
Cydippe 
, 608
Cyme (sī-mē) in Aeolia, 98
Cyme in Euboea, 169
Cynicism, 280, 369, 372, 503, 506–509, 644, 650–651
Cynosarges (sén’-ō-sär’-jēz), 506
Cynoscephalae 
, 663
Cyprus (sī’-prŭs), 4, 15, 21, 33–34, 70, 118, 133, 185, 193, 219, 234, 238, 247, 272, 275, 437, 461, 558, 585, 589, 650
Cypselus 
, tyrant of Corinth (fl. 655–625 B.C.), 90, 92, 218, 221
Cyrenaic School, 173, 504–505, 586, 644
Cyrene (sī-rē’-ně), 3, 68, 105, 128, 133, 173, 275, 430, 504, 510, 575, 585, 598
Cyrnus (sēr’-nŭs), 92–95
Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 490–491
Cyrus the Great, King of Persia (d. 529 B.C.), 119, 141, 245, 490, 546
Cyrus the Younger, Persian prince (d. 401 B.C.), 460, 461, 489
Cythera 
, 159
Cyzicus 
, 135, 156, 449, 501, 575
Daedalus 
, 6, 15, 17, 19, 22, 229
Damascus, 150, 544, 575, 576, 579, 580
Damo (dā;’-mō), daughter of Pythagoras, 163
Damocles (dăm-ō-klēz), 558*
Damon (dā’-mŏn) of Athens, musician and Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.), 248
Damon of Syracuse, Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*
Damophon of Messene, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 621
Danae (dăn’-ă-ē), courtesan, 300
in Sparta, 83
contests, 212
in 7th and 6th centuries, 229–230
in drama, 232
Dancing Woman, 15
Dante, see Alighieri, Dante
Danube River, 33, 36, 40, 157, 431, 543
Daphnis, architect, 618
Dardanus 
, 35‡
Darius 
I, King of Persia (558?-486? B.C.), 234, 235, 237, 238, 342, 589
Darius III, King of Persia (reigned 336–331 B.C.), 245, 541, 544, 545, 546, 547, 551, 621
Darkness (deity), 99
Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist (1809–1882), 147, 340, 529
Dascylium 
, 156
Datis 
, Persian satrap (5th century B.C.), 235
Daughters of Pelias, The (Euripides), 401
Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray, English archeologist, 6
Day (deity), 99
Dead Amazon, 623
Death, see Thanatos
debts, cancellation of, 113–114, 569
decimal system, 338
Deinarchus (dī’-năr’-kŭs), orator (361-291 B.C.), 483
Delian Confederacy, 131, 245, 251, 276
Delos (dē’-lŏs), 23*, 33, 105, 131, 182, 183, 200, 222, 236, 245, 251, 279, 562, 570, 574, 575, 580, 591, 617, 618, 665
Delphi (dēl’-fī), 29, 68*, 78, 104–105, 118, 124, 132, 141, 142, 179, 180, 182, 183, 188, 198, 200, 211, 216, 274, 316, 317, 321, 472, 477, 559
Delphic Amphictyony, 263, 477, 560
Delphic oracle, 41, 73, 75, 78, 96, 167, 182, 198, 361, 367, 376
Demades 
, orator and demagogue (380-318 B.C.), 483
Demaratus (dě’-măr-ā’-tŭs), King of Sparta (reigned 510–491 B.C.), 86
Demesne (dē-mān’) (King’s Commons), 46
Demeter (dē-mē’-tēr), 32, 50*, 68, 69, 109, 170, 175, 178, 179, 182, 188, 189, 198, 231, 232, 319, 329, 426, 471, 622
Thesmophoros, 199
Demeter, Persephone, and Artemis (Damophon), 621
Demetrius, priest (fl. 540 B.C.), 143
Demetrius I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 162–150 B.C.), 579
Demetrius II Nicator, King of Syria (reigned 146–142 and 128–125 B.C.), 584
Demetrius Phalereus 
, Attic orator (345?-283? B.C.), 278*, 483, 558, 561, 586, 594, 641
Demetrius I Poliorcetes 
, King of Macedonia (337-283 B.C.), 503, 558, 560, 567, 571, 619, 624*
demiurgoi, 110
Democedes (dě-mŏ’-sě-dēz), physician (fl. 522 B.C.), 342, 346
democracy, in Sparta, 80
in Athens, 121, 123–126, 246–248, 554
in Syracuse, 172
under Pericles, 248–267, 276–286
in philosophy of Plato, 519–520
in philosophy of Aristotle, 535
Democritus 
, philosopher (460?-362? B.C.), 68, 69, 136, 157, 202, 317, 337, 338, 339, 343, 352–355, 358, 361, 527, 529, 644, 646–647, 657, 669
Demodocus (dē-mŏd’-ŏ-kŭs), 52
Demosthenes (dē-mos’-thě-nēz), orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C.), 158, 272, 278, 301, 304, 468–469, 476, 478–480, 483–485, 512, 542, 543, 553, 626
De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 441*
Descartes, René, French philosopher (1596–1650), 669
Desmoulins, Camille, French revolutionist (1760–1794), 89*
Deucalion 
, 39
deus ex machina 
, 340, 368, 379, 397, 412
Devils’ Club, 361
Diadochi (dī-ăd’-ŏ-kē), 558
Diadumenos 
(Polycleitus), 322, 498
Diagoros (dī-ăg’-ō-răs) of Melos, poet and philosopher (5th century B.C.), 337
Dialogues (Plato), 364, 513–515, 517
Dialogues of the Dead (Lucian), 549*
Diana, 183, see Artemis
Dibre Soferim 
, 580
Dicaearchus (dī’-sē-ärk’-ŭs), Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 320 B.C.), 108, 488, 502
Dicaeopolis 
, 108
Dickens, Charles, English novelist (1812–1870), 428
dictatorship, in Argos, 72
in Sicyon, 89
in Corinth, 90
of Peisistratus, 119–123
in Miletus, 134
in Samos, 142
in Lesbos, 151
in Sicily, 172–173
in philosophy of Plato, 520
in philosophy of Aristotle, 535
Dido (dī’-dō), 67
diet, of Athenians, 270
Dinocrates 
, architect (4th century B.C.), 492, 545, 592
Dinostratus 
, mathematician (4th century B.C.), 501
Dio Chrysostom, Sophist and rhetorician (40–115), 326
Diocles (dī’-ō-klēz) of Carystus, physician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 502–503
Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), Roman emperor (245–313), 576
Diodorus Siculus (dī’-ō-dō’-rŭs sīk’-ŭ-lŭs), historian (fl. 1st century B.C.), 41*, 42*, 160, 187*, 189, 241, 242*, 455
Diogenes (dī’-ŏj’-ē-nēz), Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B.C.), 156, 201, 295, 301, 506–509, 526, 644
Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher (fl. 460 B.C.), 345
Diogenes Laertius, writer (2nd century A.D.), 118*, 138, 148, 163, 164, 168, 261, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 364, 455, 472, 489, 524, 526, 640, 641, 645, 650, 652
Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 652
Diolcos, 89
Diomedes (dī’-ō-mē’-dēz), 41†, 49, 57, 58
Dion (dī’-ōn), tyrant of Syracuse (408-353 B.C.), 473–474, 510
Dione (dī-ō’-nē), 181
Dionysia 
, 178, 188, 200, 229, 232, 233, 379*, 381, 392, 418, 420, 435, 525
Dionyskn Artists, 380
Dionysius 
I, tyrant of Syracuse (430?-367 B.C.), 160, 426, 439, 465, 470–473, 505, 510, 535, 659
Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (fl. 367 B.C.), 473–475, 511, 522
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historian (54?-7? B.C.), 652
Dionysus (dī’-ō-nī’-sŭs), 69, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186–188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199–200, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 273, 321, 330, 375, 378, 379, 400, 413, 418–419, 427, 432, 467, 496, 566*, 583, 587
Dionysus, 321
Dionysus (Scopas), 497
Dionysus, Theater of, 15, 232, 251, 255, 377–383, 391, 401, 491
Dioscuri 
, 316, see also Castor and Pollux
Diotima 
, courtesan, 300
Dipoenus 
, Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C.), 23, 221, 322
Dipolia 
, 200
Dirce (dûr’-sē), 623
Discobolos 
see Discus Thrower
Discus Thrower (Myron), 143, 323
Dium (dē’-ŭm), 580
Divine Word, 147
division of labor, 275
divorce, in Sparta, 84
in Sicily, 170
in Athens, 305
Dnieper River, 157
Dniester River, 157
Dodecapolis 
(Ionian), 128, 134–151
Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, German archeologist, 26, 27, 34, 35*, 159
dokimasia, 263
Dolon (dō’-lōn), 49
Dorian 
invasion, 5, 14, 29–30, 47, 62–64, 90, 106, 127, 133–134, 218, 223
Dorians, 23, 35‡, 42, 44, 62–64, 70, 71, 73, 77, 88, 89, 95, 108, 109, 127, 128, 133–134, 173, 180, 203, 305, 311, 523, 660
dialect, 204
Doric 
mode (music), 74, 228*, 518
Doric order (architecture), 68, 88, 92, 105, 122, 168, 171, 223, 224–225, 226, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 491–492, 617
Doricha 
, courtesan, 153
Doryphoros 
, see Spear Bearer
Dostoevski, Feodor Mikhailovich, Russian novelist (1821–1881), 524
double ax, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32
Draco (drā’-kō), Athenian lawgiver (7th century B.C.), 77, in, 114, 117, 258, 304
drainage system, in Crete, 7, 19
in Athens. 269
in Near East, 576
in Egypt, 588
drama, in Argos, 72
in Athens, 122
in religion, 178, 189, 193, 200
origins of, 230–233
in Golden Age, 379–429
in 4th century, 482–483
in Hellenistic age, 606–608
Draped Venus, 326*
Dream, see Oneiros
Drimachus 
, revolutionary (6th century B.C.), 150
drinking, by Achaeans, 45
in Sparta, 82
drought, 3
drunkenness, in Sparta, 82
in Athens, 270 Drunken Silenus, 625
Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631–1700), 377*
Dumas, Alexandre, fils, French dramatist and novelist (1824–1895), 607
Durazzo, 67, 575, 662, see also Epidamnus
Dying Gaul, The, 623
Dyme (dī’-mē), 560
Dyrrachium 
, 67, see also Epimamnus
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