The Life of Greece

E

Earth (deity) 99, see also Gaea

earthquakes, 3, 17, 21, 35*, 104, 571

earth worship, in Crete, 13, 15

of Achaeans, 38

in common religion, 177–178

Ecbatana , 546, 551

Ecclesiastes, 401, 603, 604

Ecclesiasticus, 604–605

Ecclesiazusae , The (Aristophanes), 283, 380–381, 427

Eckermann, Johann Peter, German author (1792–1854), 364, 419

Ecphantus of Syracuse, geographer (fl. 390 B.C.), 502

Eden, 43–44

Edessa , 70

Edfu , 618

education, in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 82–83

in Athens, 288–290, 306

in 3rd century, 567

Egypt, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15, 18, 20, 21, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 47, 54, 55, 68, 69, 70, 72, 118, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 161, 165, 173–174, 178, 189, 192, 219, 221, 222, 234, 238, 272, 275, 276, 294, 319, 348, 430, 437, 440, 467, 501, 509, 510, 544–545, 548, 554, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566, 570, 571, 572, 574, 575, 579, 582, 585–598, 599, 600, 606, 607, 618, 620, 634, 663, 667, 668, 669

Eileithyia , 182, 186

ekklesia , 115, 255, 257, 264, 266, 469

ekkyklema, 378–379

Elam (ē’-lăm), 545, 572

Elaphebolion , 200

Elasa , 584

Elatea , 106, 492

Elea , 160, 167–168, 339, 349, 350

Eleatic School, 138, 167–168, 349–350

Eleazar Maccabeus. Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

elections, in Sparta, 79–80

in Athens, 115–116, 125, 257, 263

Electra , 51, 61, 386, 389, 409, 411, 412

Electra (Euripides), 401 *, 409–410

Electra (Sophocles), 392–393

electrum, 273

Elements (Euclid), 628

Elephantine (ěl’-ē-făn-tī’-nē), 430

Eleusinian mysteries, 68, 188–189, 199, 201, 300, 381, 427, 447, 508, 617, 662, 668

Eleusis , 29, 50*, 68, 109, 175, 178, 188, 189, 199, 201, 231, 272, 329, 617

Eleutherae (ě-lū’-thē-rē), 200, 323

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, British diplomat (1766–1841), 331*, 335*

Elis , 39, 41†, 62, 88, 89, 200, 213, 314, 326, 328, 361, 497, 542, 560, 561, 570, 642, 643

Elizabethan drama, 382, 420, 668

Elpinice , sister of Cimon (5th century B.C.), 247, 316*

Elymi , 170

Elysian Fields, 14, 312

Embarkation for Cythera (Watteau), 159

embryology, 503, 529–530

Emmaus (ě-mā’-ŭs), 584

Empedocles (ěm-pěd’-ō-klēz), philosopher (500-430? B.C.), 42*, 99, 139, 172, 339, 342, 345, 355–358, 438, 529, 530, 669

Emporium , 67, 169, 575

Encyclopedists, 363, 413, 657

Endymion , 88

engineering, 142, 500, 588–589

England, 21, 26, 29, 46, 75, 275, 298, 440, 449

engraving, in Crete, 16

in Mycenae, 30

in Homeric society, 52

in Periclean age, 314

in Hellenistic age, 616

Enkomi (ěn-kō’-mē), 34

Enoch, Book of, 604*, 605

Enoch Arden, 59*

entelechy, 530, 532

Epaminondas , Theban statesman and general (ca. 420–362 B.C.), 81, 88, 98, 103, 201, 265, 462–463, 475, 489

epheboi, 289–290

Ephebos, 321

Ephesus (ěf’-ē-sŭs), 122, 142, 143–148, 151, 169, 175, 178, 183, 226, 327, 491, 492, 497, 575, 577–578, 602, 618, 639

Ephialtes (ef’-ē-ăl’-tēz), Athenian statesman (d. 461 B.C.), 246–248, 249, 259, 283, 390

ephorate, 23, 80, 569

Ephorus (ěf’-ō-rŭs) of Cyme, historian (ca. 400–330 B.C.), 486, 488

Ephraim (place), 583

Epicharmus , comic poet (ca. 540–450 B.C.), 420, 438

epics, 44, 207–211, 609

Epictetus , Roman Stoic philosopher (60–120), 656

Epicureanism, 369, 640, 644–649

Epicurus , philosopher (342?-270 B.C.), 136, 156, 300, 369, 565, 567, 607, 640, 644–649, 650, 657, 671

Epidamnus , 67, 575, 662

Epidaurus , 72, 95–97, 327, 346, 378, 497, 569

Epigoni , 41

Epimetheus , 101

Epirus (ē-pī’-rŭs), 37, 67, 70, 103, 106, 181, 246, 557, 660, 661, 665

Equals, see homoioi

equinoxes, precession of, 636

Erasistratus , physician and anatomist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 131, 638–639, 670

Erato , 186

Eratosthenes , geometer and astronomer (276?-195? B.C.), 55, 598, 601, 629, 636–637, 669

Erebus , 99

Erechtheum (ěr’-ěk-thē’-ŭm), 325, 327, 331–332

Erechtheus , 40, 331

Eregli , 157, see also Perinthus

Eresus , 153

Eretria , 107, 157, 169, 378, 568

ergasteria, 272

Ergotimus , potter (fl. 560 B.C.), 219

Erichthonius , 45

Erinnyes , 186, 389, see also Furies

Eros (ēr’-ōs), 99, 178, 186, 303, 416, 495

Eros (Praxiteles), 495, 496

Erythrae , 150, 197, 219

Eryximachus , 370

Esdras (ěz’-drăs), 604

esoterici, 163

essays, 486–488

Essenes (ě-sēnz’), 509

Esther, 603

esthetics, of Plato, 518–519; of Aristotle, 532–533

Eteocles (ē-tē’-ō-klēz), 41, 394, 396

Ether (deity), 99

ethics, in philosophy of Heracleitus, 147

of Pythagoras, 165–166

of medical profession, 346–348

of Democritus, 354

of Socrates, 372

of Cynics, 508

of Plato, 517

of Aristotle, 533–534

of Epicurus, 646–648

of Stoics, 654–656

Ethiopia, 167, 238, 276, 341, 431

ethnology, 107–108

Etna, Mt., 172, 357, 510

Eton, 511

Etruria , 169, 219, 276, 472, 667

Etruscans, 169, see also Etruria

Euboea , 27, 94, 106, 128, 158, 198. 235, 239, 439, 448, 573, 666

Eucleides (ū-klī’-dēz), archon (fl. 403 B.C.), 468

Eucleides of Megara, philosopher (ca. 450–374 B.C.), 207, 369, 503, 510, 642

Euclid , geometrician (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 137, 501, 627–628, 633

Eucrates , demagogue (fl. 5th century B.C.), 255, 442

Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 526*

Eudemus (ŭ-dē’-mŭs) of Rhodes, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500

Eudoxus (ŭ-dŏk’-sŭs), astronomer (409?-353? B.C.), 134, 500, 501–502, 506, 512, 628*

Eugaeon (ū-jē’-ōn), writer, 140

eugenics, 81–82, 521

Euhemerus (û-hěm’-ēr-ŭs) of Messana, my-thologist (fl. 300 B.C.), 565

Eumaeus (ū-mě’-ŭs), 61

Eumelus (ū’-měl-ŭs), Corinthian poet (8th century B.C.), 91

Eumenes (ū’-mē-nēz) I, King of Pergamum (fl. 263 B.C.), 578

Eumenes II, King of Pergamum (reigned 197–159 B.C.), 578, 600, 602, 618, 664, 665

Eumenides , 186, 201, 389, 395

Eumenides (Aeschylus), 389

Eupatrids , 110, 111, 112

Euphorbus (ū-fôr’-bŭs), 165

Euphrates (ū-frā’-tēz) River, 3, 460, 502, 557, 564, 572, 575

Euphronius , potter (6th-5th century B.C.), 220

Eupolis , comic dramatist (ca. 446–411 B.C.), 364–365, 420–421

Eupolis, boxer, 213

Eupompus, painter (4th century B.C.), 498

Euripides , tragic dramatist (480-406 B.C.), 36, 43, 55, 97, 109, 197, 202, 207, 231, 232, 251, 253, 267, 280, 297, 303, 304, 306, 316, 337, 340, 360, 368, 373, 379, 380, 382, 385, 392, 398, 399, 400–419, 421, 426–427, 429, 433, 436, 437, 467, 482, 510, 576, 601, 612, 625, 671

Euripus (ū-rī’-pŭs), 107

Europa , 55

Europe, 4, 6, 8*, 26, 50, 129, 140, 157, 170, 174, 274, 349, 456, 497, 513, 544, 547, 551, 552, 558, 566, 571, 576, 577, 629, 637, 667, 669, 670

Eurotas (ū-rō’-tăs) River, 72, 82, 88, 447

Eurus (ū’-rŭs), 177

Eurydice , 190, 303, 319

Eurymanthus (ū’-ră-măn’-thŭs), Mt., 41†

Eurymedon River, 234, 245, 247, 279

Eurynome , 182

Euryphron , physician (5th century B.C.), 342

Eurystheus , 39, 41, 42

Euterpe (ū-tûr’-pě), 186

Euthias , 300

Euthydemus I, King of Bactria (fl. 230 B.C.), 626

Euthydemus, 71

Euthydemus (Plato), 513*

Euthymides , potter (6th century B.C.), 220

Euthyphro , soothsayer (5th century B.C.), 361–362

Euthyphro (Plato), 372, 513*

Eutychides of Sicyon, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 621

Euxine Sea, see Black Sea

Evagoras (ē-väg’-ō-răs), King of Salamis (reigned 410–374 B.C.), 488

Evangeline (Longfellow), 132*

Evans, Sir Arthur John, British archeologist, 5–7, 17, 21, 32, 61*

evolution, 139, 340, 342, 355, 356–357, 530

excavations, at Crete, 5–6

at Troy, 25–27, 34–36

at Tiryns, 27–28

at Mycenae, 28–32

at Melos, 33

at Ephesus, 602

Execestides , nephew of Solon (6th century B.C.), 152

Execias , potter (6th century B.C.), 219

exegetai, 261

exile, 261

exoterici, 163

exploitation of poor, in, 280–281, 596–597

Ezra, 579

F

Fabian (Quintus Fabius Maximus), Roman general (fl. 210 B.C.), 442

fables, 142, 171*

Fabricius (Caius Fabricius Luscinus), Roman general and statesman (fl. 280 B.C.), 660

factories, in Crete, 11

in Athens, 272, 280, 464

in 3rd century, 562

in Seleucid Empire, 575

in Egypt, 589

faience, 16–17, 19, 616

Fall of Miletus, The (Phrynichus), 382*

family, position of, in Homeric society, 45, 50, 51–52

break-up of, under Lycurgus, 79

in Athens, 108, 307–308

in early Ureece, 201

in 3rd century, 567–568

Farnese Athena, 179

Farnese Bull (Apollonius and Tauriscus), 623

Farnese Heracles (Glycon), 624

Farnese Palace, Rome, 623*

Fascism, 523

Fates, 135, 186, 334, see also Moirai

father, the, in Homeric society, 50–51

in religion, 192

in Athens, 307–308

fauns, 178

Faust (Goethe), 624

Fayum , 155

fellah, 587, 596

feminism, 253

fertility worship, in Crete, 13

in Mycenae, 32

in common religion, 177, 178, 199

fertilization, 269

festivals, 199–200

fetishism, 13

finance, 274

fines, 260, 261

fire, in Crete, 21

as means of communication, 47, 273

of Prometheus, 100

first principle, 137, 138, 139, 144–146

fishing, in Mycenae, 30

in Achaean society, 45

in Taras, 160

in Athens, 270

Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, Roman general and statesman (ca. 228–174 B.C.), 570, 663, 664

flood, in Greek myth, 39

in Achaean civilization, 45

in Attica, 268

flood control, 268, 588–589

flowers, 308–309

fog, 4

Fokia, 150, see also Phocaea

food, in Crete, 14

of Achaeans, 45

in Sparta, 85

in Sybaris, 160

in Athens, 269–270

foot races, 48, 214, 215

footwear, in Crete, 9

of Achaeans, 45

in Athens, 293

Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French revolutionary and minister of police (1763–1820), 541

France, 3, 11, 26, 169, 298, 302, 363, 438

France, Anatole, French critic and novelist (1844–1924), 657

Franciscans, 506, 651

François vase, 219

Frederick William I, King of Prussia (1688–1740), 477

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (1712–1786), 70, 418, 477

freedmen, 276, 278

freedom of speech, 54, 231

freemen, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, 110–111, 124–125, 262, 276–277

French Academy, 603

French Revolution, 119, 558

French School at Athens, 6

frescoes, in Crete, 7, 17–18

in Mycenae, 31

in Periclean age, 316

Freud, Sigmund, Austrian psychoanalyst, 394, 670

friezes, in Crete, 19

in Mycenae, 31

in Homeric society, 52

Frogs (Aristophanes)’, 417, 427

“Funeral Oration” (Pericles), 434

Furies, 99, 186, 386

furniture, of Achaeans, 45

in Homeric society, 53

in Athens, 309

G

Gadara, 580

Gaea , 41†, 99, 104, 177, 180, 182

Galatia , 557, 559

Galen (gā’-lěn), Claudius, physician and medical writer (130-200?), 524, 670

Galilei, Galileo, Italian astronomer (1564–1642), 634, 657

Gallic invasion, 559

Gallipoli, 36, 157, see also Callipolis

Gamelion , 199

games, in Crete, 12

in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 82, 83

in Athens, 122

in festivals, 199–200

in common culture, 211–217

of children, 288

Ganges (găn’-jēz) River, 3, 546, 637

Ganymede , 182

Garden of Daphne, 573

gardens, 269, 308–309, 617

Gargantua, 401

Gastrology (Archestratus), 649

Gaugamela , 545

Gaul, 67, 71, 104, 128, 161, 169, 219, 470, 472, 559, 560, 578, 613, 623, 664, 667

Gaza , 541, 544, 572, 580

Ge (jē), see Gaea

Gedrosia , 547

Gela (jâ’-lä), 170, 315, 438

Gelon (jē’-lŏn) of Gela, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 478 B.C.), 172–173, 241, 327, 438, 439

geocentric theory, 634, 635

Geographica (Eratosthenes), 637

geography, 135, 139, 140, 502, 637

geology, 527–528

Geometrical style, 63, 218–219

geometry, 135, 136–137, 163, 338, 500–501, 628, 629–630

georgoi, 110

Geras , 186

Gerasa , 580

Germany, 24

germ theory of disease, 195–196

Gerontia , 158

gerousia , see Senate (Sparta)

gerousia (Jews in Alexandria), 594

Geryon , 41†

Ges periodos (gāz pĕ-rē’-ō-dŏs) (Hecataeus), 140

Gibbon, Edward, English historian (1737–1794), 431, 432

Gibralter, 3, 129, 341

Gibralter, Straits of, see Pillars of Hercules Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter (1276?-1337?), 400, 669

Gitiadas , 87*

Glaucon (glō’-kŏn), 511–512

Glaucus (glô’-kŭs), ironworker (fl. 7th century B.C.), 150

Glotz, Gustave, French historian, 479*

Glycera , courtesan, 492, 607

Glycon (glī’-kŏn) of Athens, sculptor (fl. ist century B.C.), 624

glyptic art, in Crete, 16, 20

in Mycenae, 31–32

in Periclean age, 314

in Hellenistic age, 616

Gnathaena , courtesan, 300

God, 131, 137, 138, 139, 144–147, 168, 176, 181, 189, 350, 357, 516–517, 532, 604, 605, 653–654, 655, 656, 658

gods, 11, 13–14, 37, 98–102, 175–202, 467, 565, 566

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German author (1749–1832), 76†, 137, 296, 298, 364, 386, 419, 624, 638

Golden (street), 150

Golden Age (Homer), 5

Golden Fleece, 43–44, 403

Golden Race (Theogony), 102

Gomme, A.W., British classical scholar, 255†, 278*

Gorgias , orator (485?-380?), 213, 295, 356, 358, 360, 367, 430, 433, 434, 446, 485, 486, 506, 513, 554, 642

Gorgias (Plato), 513*

Gortyna , 23, 205

Gothic style, 336

Gournia , 6, 7, 11, 16, 22, 30

government, of Crete, 10–11

of Mycenae, 30–31

in Homeric society, 53–55

of Sparta, 79–81

of Athens, 114–118, 255–263

of Rhodes, 571

of Seleucid Empire, 575

of Pergamum, 578–579, of Egypt, 587–592

Graces, 182, 186

Graces (Socrates), 365

Graia , 169

Graii (grī’-ē), 107

grammar, 359, 361

grammateus, 261

Granada, 56

Grand Inquisitor, 524

Granicus River, 234, 541, 544, 550

graphe paranomon, 256

Great Assembly (Judea), 579, 604

Greater Mysteries, 188–189, 199

Great World (Democritus), 354

Greek Anthology, The, 288, 307, 621

Greek Orthodox Church, 229

Greeks, derivation of name, 107

Greek War of Independence, 335*

Grenfell, Bernard Pyne, English papyrologist (1869–1926), 155

Grote, George, English historian (1794–1871), 5, 114*, 247*, 455*, 532*, 549

Gryllus , son of Xenophon (d. 362 B.C.), 463, 489

guilds, 150, 207, 380, 589

Gylippus , Spartan general (5th century B.C.), 448

gymnasiums, 150, 288–289, 567, 582

gymnastics, in Sparta, 75, 82–83

in Athens, 289–290

Gymnopedia , 75, 86, 229

gymnosophists, 581, 642

gynaeceum, 302, 309

Gyrton (jēr’-tŏn), 106

H

Hades (hā’-dēz), 11, 39*, 41†, 42*, 61, 67, 96, 165, 178, 179, 181, 189, 190, 199, 311, 312, 367

Hadrian, Roman emperor (76–138), 207

Haemon (hē’-mŏn), 396–397

Hagia Triada (Holy Trinity), 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19†, 21

Haifa , 580, see also Polis

Halbherr, F., Italian archeologist, 6

Halias, 48*

Halicamassus , 134, 430, 491, 494, 575

Hall of the Double Ax, 11, 19

Hall of Initiation, 189

Hallstatt culture, 62

Halys River, 575

Hamburg, 24

Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general (3rd century B.C.), 575

Hamilcar , Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.), 173, 241–242, 438

Hamlet, 210, 402

Hammurabi, King of Babylon (reigned ca. 1955–1913 B.C.), 117, 261

handicrafts, 46, 589

Han Dynasty, 575

Hanging Gardens, 143*

Hannibal , Carthaginian general (5th century B.C.), 438, 471, 472

Hannibal, Carthaginian general (247-183 B.C.), 561, 573, 614, 615, 662–663

Hanno of Carthage, navigator (fl. 500 B.C.), 341

Hanukkah, 584†

Harmodius , tyrannicide (6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 301

Harmonics (Aristoxenus), 617

Harpalus, treasurer (4th century B.C.), 541, 553

Harvesters’ Vase, 17

harvest festivals, 17

Harvey, William, English anatomist and physician (1578–1657), 638

Hasmonai (hăz’-mō-nī), 583, 584

Hatzidakis, Joseph, Greek archeologist, 6

Hawes, Harriet Boyd, American archeologist, 6

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American writer (1804–1864), 496

headdress, in Crete, 8–9

of Achaeans, 37, 45

in Athens, 291

Head of a Girl, 499

Head of Cleobis, 68*

Head of Zeus, 624

heating, 270, 309

Heaven (deity), 99, 101, 177

Hebe (hē’-bē), 182, 186, 334

Hebrew (language), 594, 603, 604

Hebrews, 297, 593

Hecataeus of Miletus, historian and geographer (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.), 55, 68, 139, 140, 144, 430

Hecate , 179–180, 623

Hecatombaion , 199

Hecatompedon , 330

hectemoroi, 111

Hector (hěk’-tēr), 36, 48, 57–59, 208, 211

Hecuba (hěk’-ū-b), 27, 36, 58, 307, 406

Hecuba (Euripides), 401*, 406

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, German philosopher (1770–1831), 145, 147, 349

Hegesias of Cyrene, philosopher, 657

Hegesias of Magnesia, rhetorician and historian (fl. 300 B.C.), 492

Heifer (Myron), 324

Helen, 36, 39, 46, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 171, 180, 210, 218, 297, 316, 408, 548

Helen (Euripides), 404

Helen (Zeuxis), 318

Helenus (hěl’-ē-nŭs), 36

heliaea, 116, 125, 126, 249, 259–261, 263, 358

Helice , 89

Helicon , Mt., 98, 99, 104, 106

heliocentric theory, 634, 635

Heliopolis , 118, 501, 589

Helios , 177, 621

Hell, see Hades

Helle (hěl’-ē), 42

Hellen (hěl’-ěn), 39–40, 207

Hellenes (hěl’-ēnz), derivation of name, 39, 106

Hellenica (Callisthenes), 550*

Hellenica (Theopompus), 488

Hellenica (Xenophon), 489–490

Hellenic Conference, 440

Hellenic Sea, 10*, see Aegean Sea

Hellenistic age, 133, 177, 178, 315, 557–666

Hellespont , 4*, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 55, 69, 128, 141, 156, 158, 238, 241, 242, 248, 276, 437, 449, 477, 538, 544, 585

Helots , 73–74, 77, 80–81, 82, 247, 443, 459, 570

Helus (hē’-lŭs), 73

Hemeroscopium , 3, 169

Hephaestion, Macedonian general (d. 324 B.C.), 540, 551

Hephaestus (hē-fěs’-tus), 27†, 58, 101, 182, 183–184, 185, 384, 650

Heptastadium, 592

Hera , 41, 50*, 56, 58, 72, 88, 142, 172, 175, 179, 182, 183, 185, 187, 213, 226, 231, 318, 322, 327, 490, 549

Heracleia , 156, 317, 575, 660

Heracleidae , 41, 63, 72, 73, 79, 128

Heracleides of Pontus, philosopher (fl. 4th century B.C.), 500, 502

Heracleitus , philosopher (fl. 500 B.C.), 136, 138, 143–148, 161, 176, 350, 352, 512, 515, 642, 644, 651

Heracles , 38†, 41–42, 43, 44, 63, 70, 169, 180, 220, 227, 273, 302, 303, 328–329, 361, 385, 392, 398, 402, 414, 432, 610

Heracles (Euripides), 401

Heracles (Scopas), 497

Heracleum , 5†

Heracleum Museum, 18, 19*

Heraclids, see Heracleidae

Heraeum (hē-rē’-ŭm), 496

Herculaneum , 618, 645

Hercules, see Heracles

herding, among Achaeans, 45

among Dorians, 62

in Attica, 269

hermaphrodite, 185

Hermaphrodites, 625

Hermeias (hěr-mī’-ăs), philosopher and tyrant of Atarneus (4th century B.C.), 524–525, 553

Hermes (hŭr’-mēz), 101, 178, 179, 184–185, 227, 319, 333, 446, 496

Hermes (Praxiteles), 217, 496, 631

Hermes (Socrates), 365

Hermes of Andros, 499

Hermione (hûr-mī’-ō-nē) (city), 72, 569

Hermippus , comic poet (5th century B.C.), 141, 254

Hermolaus , Macedonian conspirator (4th century B.C.), 550

Hermus River, 150

hero worship, 177, 180

Herodas (hěr’-ō-dăs), writer of mimes (d. 300 B.C.), 593

Herodicus , physician (5th century B.C.), 343

Herodotus , historian (ca. 484?-425 B.C.), 30, 35, 55, 68, 77, 78, 118–119, 134, 140, 142, 161, 173, 187*, 206, 210, 213, 234, 238, 242*, 298–299, 305, 316, 341‡, 361, 404, 430–432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 488, 491, 613

Heroic Age, 32, 37–64, 305, 311

Heroic Race (Theogony), 102

Heron (hē’-rōn) of Alexandria, mathematician and mechanician (fl. 1st century B.C.), 633

Herophila , (sibyl), 169, 197

Herophilus of Chalcedon, anatomist (fl. 300 B.C.), 638, 639, 670

Herpyllis , consort of Aristotle, 525

Hesiod , epic poet (ca. 800 B.C.), 63, 69, 71, 98–103, 135, 144, 167, 180, 181, 186, 210, 259, 432, 495

Hesperides , 41†, 105*

Hestia , 186

hetairai (hē-tī’-rī), 83, 154, 300–301

hetaireiaiy 255

Hexapolis (Dorian), 128, 134

Hiawatha (Longfellow), 132*

Hiera Anagrapha (Euhemerus), 565

hieroglyphics, 5-6, 7, 15

Hieron (hī’-ē-rŏn) I, tyrant of Syracuse (reigned 478–467 B.C.), 130, 131, 375, 376, 383, 438, 533

Hieron II, tyrant of Syracuse (reigned 270–216 B.C.), 438*, 571, 575, 598–599, 609, 616, 618, 627, 628, 630, 631–632

Hieronymus , tyrant of Syracuse (2nd century B.C.), 599

Himalaya Mts., 546

Himera , 170, 171, 173, 234, 241, 438

Himes, Norman, medical historian, 468*

Himilcon, Carthaginian general (4th century B.C.), 242, 472

Hindus, 135, 165, 177, 350*, 637, 643

Hipparchia, consort of Crates (4th century B.C.), 650–651

Hipparchus , tyrant of Athens (ca. 555–514 B.C.), 123, 129, 149, 190

Hipparchus of Nicaea, astronomer (160?-125? B.C.), 635, 640, 669

Hipparete , wife of Alcibiades (5th century B.C.), 444

hippes, 110, 115

Hippias , tyrant of Athens (d. 490 B.C.), 123–124, 221, 223, 234, 235

Hippias of Elis, Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.), 213, 338, 361, 367, 368

Hippo , 67, 580

Hippocrates , physician (460-359 or, 377? B.C.), 134, 136, 270, 342–348, 531, 639, 669

Hippocrates of Chios, mathematician (fl. 440 B.C.), 338, 628*

Hippocratic Oath, 287, 347

Hippocrene , 98, 99

Hippodameia , 39, 51, 180, 328, 386, 548

Hippodamus of Miletus, architect (5th century B.C.), 330, 437, 617

hippodrome, 215

Hippolytus , 22, 402–403, 418

Hippolytus (Euripides), 401*, 402–403, 411, 417

Hippomenes , 105*

Hipponax of Ephesus, poet, (fl. 6th century B.C.), 143–144, 149

Hipponicus , Athenian general (d. 424 B.C.), 444

Hissarlik , 25

Historial (Hecataeus), 140

Histories (Herodotus), 206, 430–431

Histories (Polybius), 613, 615

historiography, 139–140, 193, 430–436, 488–491, 612–615

History of Alexander (Callisthenes), 550*

History of Animals (Aristotle), 526*, 529*, 531, 637

History of Plants, The (Theophrastus), 637

History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 206, 433–435

History of the Sacred War (Callisthenes), 550*

Hittites, 15, 35, 37, 39, 68, 224

Hobbes, Thomas, English philosopher (1588–1679), 657

Hody, Humphrey, English divine (1650–1707), 595*.

Hogarth, David George, English archeologist (1862–1927), 6

Holland, 24

hollow casting, 68, 143, 221, 320

Homus (hō’-mēr), epic poet (fl. 9th century), 5, 11, 15, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44–55, 59, 60*, 67, 71, 72, 80, 90, 100, 103, 127, 130, 132, 133, 135, 140, 153, 159, 167, 178, 180, 184, 203, 205, 207–211, 229, 301, 302–303, 312, 406, 432, 433, 483, 518, 612, 625

Homeric civilization, 44–55, 103, 115, 176, 188, 303

Homeric Hymns, 185, 190

Homeridae , 150, 207

homicide, 112, 196, 258–259

homoioi, 80, 459

homonoia, 575

homosexuality, in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 83

in Teos, 149

in Athens, 301–302

in 3rd century, 567

hoplites , 81, 87, 264

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Latin poet (65-8 B.C.), 27, 132, 149, 393

horse races, 215

Horas (hō’-rŭs), 13

hospitality, in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 85

in Athens, 263, 294

Hours, 182, 186

House of the Faun, 620

housing, in Crete, n-12, 18–19

in Mycenae, 28

in Troy, 34

in Homeric society, 52–53

in Athens, 308–310

Hugo, Victor, French writer (1802–1885), 412

humanism, 359–360

human sacrifice, 23, 40, 73, 193–194

Hume, David, Scottish historian and philosopher (1711–1776), 350, 531†, 657

Hunt, Arthur Surridge, English classical scholar, 155

hunting, in Mycenae, 30

in Achaean society, 45

in Dorian society, 62

as a sport, 212

Hyacinthia , 75

Hyacinthus , 218

hybris, 119, 186, 383, 390, 397

hydrostatics, 630–631

Hyele (yā’-lē), 167, see Elea

Hygiaea , 499

Hygiaonon (hī’-jē-ī’-nōn), 418

hygiene, 82–83, 86, 196, 201, 292

Hyksos conquest, 8

Hylas (hī’-lăs), 43, 610

Hyllus , 42

Hymeneus (hī’-mĕ-nē’-ŭs), 186

Hymettus (hī-mĕt’-ŭs), Mt., 109, 170, 378

Hymn to Demeter, 109†, 178

Hyperbolus , demagogue (d. 411 B.C.), 255, 442

Hypereides (hī’-pěr-ī’-dēz), orator (390-322 B.C.), 278*, 300–301, 467, 469, 478, 479, 483, 486, 512, 553

Hypnos , 186

hyporchema, 229

I

Iacchus (ī-ăk’-ŭs), 188, 189, see also Dionysus

Iadmon (yăd’-mŏn), master of Aesop (6th century B.C.), 142

Ialysus (city), 134, 571

Ialysus (founder of city), 619

Ialysus (Protogenes), 619

iambic trimeter, 132

Iambulus (yam’-bū-lŭs), philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 563–564

iatreia, 346

Iberia, 637, see also Spain

Ibsen, Henrik, Norwegian dramatist (1828–1906), 415

Ibycus , poet (6th century B.C.), 76*

Icaria , 232

Icarus , 22, 177*

Icmalius , 53

Icos (ē’-kōs), 158

Ictinus , architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 251, 316, 327, 328, 329, 332

Ida, Mt., 16, 35

Idealism, in Cretan religion, 13

in philosophy, 349–351

Ideas (Plato), 87, 368, 508, 515–517, 519, 523

idolatry, 13–14

idyls, 609–612

Ikhnaton , see Amenhotep IV

Iliad, 11, 25, 26, 36, 44, 45–46, 47, 48, 56–59, 71, 122, 206, 207–211, 390, 538, 544, 601

Ilion , see Troy

Ilios , see Troy

Ilissus River, 188, 514

Ilium , see Troy

illumination, in Crete, 12

in Homeric society, 53

in Athens, 270

Illyria , 62, 67, 69, 542, 543, 661-662, 665

Ilus (ī’-lŭs), 35‡

Imbros , 156, 461

immortality, 532, 605

imperialism, 245–246, 437, 439–441, 445–446, 470

income tax, 115, 466

India, 3, 135*, 141, 161, 165, 179, 234, 238, 546–547, 557, 573, 575, 581, 587, 590, 612, 637, 642, 660

Indian Ocean, 547, 564, 576

Indica (Arrian), 502

Indo-Europeans, 20

Indus River, 3, 502, 546, 547

Industrial Revolution, 633

industry, in Crete, 7–8, 21

in Mycenae, 30–31

in Cyprus, 34

in Homeric society, 46

in Athens, 270–272, 463–464

in 3rd century, 562–564

in Seleucid Empire, 575

in Egypt, 589–590

industries, nationalization of, 564, 589

infanticide, in Homeric society, 50

in Sparta, 81–82

in Athens, 287, 468

in 3rd century 567–568

inflation, 114

initiation rites, 163, 189

inns, 273

Inquisition, 523

insurance, 563

interior decorating, 19–20, 309

intermarriage of races, of Dorians, 63

international law, 262–263, 264

Interpretation according to the Seventy, 595

Invalides, Hotel des, 592

inventions, 142, 471, 500, 588, 589, 631–632, 633

Io (ī’-ō), 55

Iola , 303

Iolaus (ī-ō-lā’-ŭs), 302

Iolcus (ī-ōl’-kŭs), 43, 403

Ion (ī-ŏn), 35‡, 39–40, 207, 401

Ion (Euripides), 401

Ion (Plato), 513*

Ion of Chios, poet (5th century B.C.), 150

Ionia , 69, 129–133, 134–151, 159, 169, 197, 204, 221, 226, 234, 242, 245, 276, 305, 320, 327, 441, 448, 486, 494, 523, 544, 557, 576, 618, 634

Ionian Confederacy, 235

Ionians, 35‡, 40, 63, 64, 69, 71, 106, 108, 127, 128, 131, 157, 203, 235, 238; dialect, 204

alphabet, 205

Ionic order (architecture), 105, 143, 224–225, 226, 327, 328, 329, 492, 618

Iophon (ī-ō-fŏn), tragic poet, son of Sophocles (fl. 428 B.C.), 400

los (ī’-ŏs), 131

Iouktas , Mt., 13

Iphicrates , Athenian general (fl. 4th century B.C.), 470

Iphigenia , 36, 51, 56, 108, 193, 307, 386, 387, 404–405, 410–411, 548

Iphigenia in Aulis (Euripides), 401*, 404–405, 418

Iphigenia in Tauris (Euripides), 401*, 410–411

Ipsus , 558

Iran, 578

Iris, 186, 333

Iron Age, 62*, 63

Iron Race (Theogony), 102

irrigation, by Achaeans, 45; in Boeotia, 103

in Attica, 268; in Egypt, 588; in Near East, 575

Isaeus (ī-sē’-ŭs), orator (fl. 4th century B.C.), 483, 486

Isagoras, archon of Athens (6th century B.C.), 124

Isaiah, 401, 653

Ischomachus , 490

isegoria, 254

Ishtar , 13, 34, 69, 178

Isis , 13, 68, 178, 467, 566, 595, 618

Islam, 178*

Island League, 571

Isles of the Blest, 14, 102, 191, 517

Ismarus , 49

Ismene , 394–395

Ismir, 150*

Isocrates , orator and rhetorician (436–338 B.C.), 262, 275, 363, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 485–488, 503, 511*, 525, 553, 554

isonomia, 254, 262

isopoliteia, 263

Israel, 604

Issus , 56, 234, 544

Istanbul, 157, 439, see also Byzantium

Isthmian games, 200, 216, 317, 662, 663

Istrus, 157

Italoa , 199

Italy, 3, 5, 21, 33, 59, 67, 71, 106, 128, 134, 141, 159, 160, 165, 167, 168–169, 170, 192, 203, 219, 275, 276, 302, 437, 445, 472, 486, 557, 558, 566, 598, 613, 614, 622, 659, 660–661, 662, 665, 666, 667

Ithaca , 53, 59, 61, 159

Ithome , 247

J

Jaffa, 580, see also Joppa

James I, King of England (1566–1625), 604

Japan, 16, 299

Jason (jā’-sŭn), 38†, 43, 105*, 157, 403–404, 415

Jason, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C.), 581–582

Jefferson, Thomas, President of U. S. (1743–1826), 248

Jerome, Saint, Latin Father of the Church (340?-420), 604*

Jerusalem, 77, 544, 574, 576, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 593, 594, 603

jewelry, in Crete, 9–10

in Mycenae, 32

in Troy, 34–35

of Achaeans, 45

in Athens, 293, 314

Jews, 86, 137, 566, 579–584, 591, 592, 593–595, 597, 603–606, 649, 667

Job, 94, 399, 401

Jocasta , 384*, 393–394, 398

Johannan Caddis, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

Johnson, Samuel, English lexicographer and writer (1709–1784), 307

Jonathon Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583, 584

Jonson, Ben, English dramatist (1573?-1637), 668

Joppa, 580

Jordan River, 575, 580

Josephus , Flavius, Jewish historian (37?-95?), 580, 593

Josiah, King of the Jews (d. 608 B.C.), 77

Judaism, 580, 582, 583

Judas Maccabeus, Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583, 584

Judea, 68, 178*, 509, 557, 579–584, 595

Judith, 603

Jupiter, see Zeus

jurisprudence, in Crete, 11

in Homeric society, 54

in Sparta, 80

in Athens, 112, 116, 249–250, 259–263

jury system, 116, 249, 259–260

Justice, see Dike

K

Kadesh (kā’-děsh), 35

kalokagathos, 298

Kalokairinos, Minos, Cretan merchant and archeologist, 5

Kamares , 16–17

Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher (1724–1804), 349, 350, 643, 657, 670

karma, 390, 523

Keats, John, English poet (1795–1821), 98, 220, 497, 668

keres, 196

Kidinnu , Babylonian astronomer, 636*

kingship, in Crete, 10–11

in Homeric society, 54–55

in Athens, 109

L

Labdacus (lăb’-dā-kūs), 40

labor organizations, 282–283, 589

Labyrinth , 6, 19, 22, 23

Lacedaemon (lās’-ē-dē’-mŏn), see Sparta

Laches (lā’-kēz) of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 621

Laconia , 63, 72–87, 88, 441, 447, 462, 569, 570

Ladas (lä’-dăs) (Myron), 323–324

Lade (lā’-dē), 234, 235

Ladies at the Opera, 20

Ladies in Blue, 19

Ladies in the Box, 31

Ladies in the Chariot, 31

Lady of the Camellias, 607

Laenas, Caius Popilius, Roman statesman (fl. 172 B.C.), 574, 582

Laestrygonia , 60

Lagiscium , courtesan, 467

Lagus (lä’-gŭs), Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 585

Lais , courtesan, 301, 467, 504

Laius , 40, 384*, 393

Lamia , courtesan, 567

Lampsacus , 156, 341, 450, 645, 664

Lancelotti Palace, Rome, 323*

land routes, see trade routes

landownership, of Achaeans, 45–46

in Sparta, 73–74, 568–569

under Lycurgus, 79

in Athens, 11, 268

in Egypt, 587–588

language, of Crete, 14–15

of Achaeans, 37–38

common, 204–205

Lansdowne House, London, 497

Laocoön, 622

Laodamas , 48

Laodice , Queen of Syria (3rd century B.C.), 573

Laodicea , 576

Laomedon (lā-ŏm’-ē-dōn), 35‡, 43

La Parisienne, 9

Lapiths, 328, 333

Larisa , 106

La Rochefoucauld, François de, Duke, French writer and moralist (1613–1680), 295

Last Judgment, 146–147, 190, 376, 605

Lasus (lā’-sŭs) of Hermione, poet (b. ca. 548 B.C.), 72, 374

Lateran Museum, 392

Latin, 107, 204, 205

Laurium , 108, 121, 270–271, 447, 448, 463–464, 562

Laus (lā’-ŭs), 160, 167

law, in Crete, 11, 23

code of Gortyna, 23

in Homeric society, 54

in Sparta, 77–81

code of Draco, 111–112

reforms of Solon, 113–118

as ethics, 135

origins of, 167

in Catana, 170

in Athens, 257–259

in philosophy of Plato, 522–523

in Egypt, 591

lawmaking, 256

Laws (Plato), 197, 467*, 513*, 514–515, 522–523

lawyers, 261

Leaena , courtesan, 123

League of Nations, 198

Leander , 156

Lebanon , 34

Lechaeum (lě-kē’-ŭm), 90

Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, Irish rationalist and historian (1838–1903), 116

Leda , 55*

legends, of Minos, 5

of Heroic Age, 38–44

in Iliad, 56–59

in Odyssey, 59–61

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, German philosopher and mathematician (1646–1716), 646

Lemnian Athena (Pheidias), 325

Lemnos (lěm’-nŏs), 44, 156, 183, 325, 461

Lenaea , 199, 232, 379*, 392, 473

Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici), Pope (1475–1520), 70

Leochares , sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 494

Leon, 451

Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist (1452–1519), 22, 142, 355

Leonidas I, King of Sparta (reigned 491–480 B.C.), 76, 239

Leonidas II, King of Sparta (d. 236 B.C.), 569

Leonidas, athletic instructor (4th century B.C.), 538

Leontini (lē’-ŏn-tī’-nē), 170, 172, 284, 360, 446, 474

Leontium, courtesan, 300, 640, 645

Leontopolis , 594

Lepanto (lā-pän’-tō), 56

Lerna , 41†

Lesbianism, 154–155, 302

Lesbos (lěs’-bŏs), 75, 90, 91, 149, 151–156, 190, 218, 219, 443, 525, 544, 585

Lesche (lěs’-kē), 316

Lesser Mysteries, 188, 199

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, German critic and dramatist (1729–1781), 328, 622†, 626*, 629

Lethe (lē’-thē), 186

Leto (lē’-tō), 182

letters, 204–207, 483–491, 612

Leucas , 155, 159, 193

Leucippus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 69, 157, 339, 352

Leuctra , 81, 86, 98, 180, 194, 462, 469

Lexicon (Suidas), 377

liberty, ideal of, 69; in Athens, 123–124, 204, 298

Liberty, Statue of, 621*

Libon (lē’-bŏn), architect (fl. 460 B.C.), 328

libraries, 206–207, 417, 579, 600–603

Library, Alexandria, 585, 586, 592, 601–602, 603, 608, 627, 636, 667

Libya , 37, 68, 238

Life of Philopoemen (Polybius), 613

Lindus, 134, 571

Linus (lī-nūs), 41, 227

Lion Gate, 28, 29

Lipari Islands, 170, 171

literary criticism, 603

literature, in Crete, 15

of Achaeans, 44–45

in Homeric society, 52

in early Greece, 207–211

in Golden Age, 374–436

in 4th century, 482–491

of Jews, 603–606

in Hellenistic age, 606–615

Little Essays on Nature (Aristotle), 526*

liturgies, 265, 379, 466

Livy (Titus Livius), Roman historian (59 B.C.-A.D. 17), 617, 661, 662

loans, 274, 464

Lock of Berenice, The (Callimachus), 608

Locke, John, English philosopher (1632-1704), 359, 646

Locomotion of Animals (Aristotle), 526*

Locri (lō’-krī), 167, 238, 501, 510

Locris , 77, 104, 105, 167, 441, 477, 666

logic, 351, 361, 515, 526–527, 652

logistai, 263

logography, 140

Logos, 147, 605, 612, 668

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, American poet (1807–1882), 132*

Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, philosopher and critic (213?-273), 154

Long Walls, 250, 451, 461

Lotus-Eaters, 60

Louis XVI, King of France (1638–1715), 401

Lourdes, 96

Louvre, 326*, 417, 496, 499, 573, 624, 625

Love, see Eros

Lu, Duke of, 473

Lucian (lū’-shăn), satirical author (120?–200?), 229, 299, 305, 324, 326, 381, 432, 549*, 632*

Lucifer, 181

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), Roman poet (96-55 B.C.), 136, 145, 354*, 356, 413, 441*, 565, 645, 649

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, Roman consul and general (110-56 B.C.), 492

Ludovisi Hera, 624

Ludovisi Throne, 319

Luther, Martin, Leader of German Reformation (1483–1546), 191

Lycambes (lī-kăm’-bēz), (8th century B.C.), 132

Lycaon (lī-kā’-ŏn), 208

Lyceum, 491, 525, 526, 553, 633, 640, 641

Lycia , 27†, 494, 576

Lycidas , 611

Lycon (lī’-kŏn), Athenian politician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 452

Lycophron (lī’-kō-frŏn), son of Periander (fl. 6th century B.C.), 91

Lycortas (lī-kôr’-tăs), statesman (2nd century B.C.), 613

Lycurgus (lī’-kûr’-gŭs), Spartan lawgiver (fl. 9th century B.C.), 23, 73, 74, 76, 77–78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 117, 459, 523, 568, 569, 614

Lycurgus, orator (396-325 B.C.), 468, 469, 483, 486, 491, 512

Lydia , 69, 72, 76, 122*, 135, 136, 140, 141, 150, 153, 228, 238, 276

Lydian mode (music), 228*

Lyllus , 398

Lysander (lī-săn’-dēr), Spartan statesman and general (d. 395 B.C.), 84, 400, 450–451

Lysanias , grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 636

Lysias , orator (450-380 B.C.), 361, 430, 467, 472

Lysias, Regent of Syria (fl. 165 B.C.), 584

Lysicles , demagogue (5th century B.C.), 255

Lysicrates , choragic monument to, 327, 382, 492

Lysimacheia , 575

Lysimachus , Macedonian general (361?-281 B.C.), 538, 558, 578

Lysippus of Sicyon, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 292, 498, 631, 634, 635

Lysis (Plato), 364, 513*

Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 307, 423–424

Lysistratus, sculptor (fl. 4th century B.C.), 495

M

Maccabeans, 584, 605

Maccabees I and II, 583

Macedonia , 54, 69–70, 157, 158, 234, 239, 437, 465, 468, 470, 475–478, 480–481, 538, 542, 543, 544, 547, 548, 552–553, 554, 557, 558, 559, 560–561, 562, 568, 570, 575, 576, 585, 592–593, 662–663, 665, 666

Macedonian Wars, 662, 663, 664, 665

Machiavelli, Niccolo di Bernardo, Florentine statesman and political writer (1469–1527), 295, 614

Maeander River, 141, 143, 177, 575

Maenaca , 169

Magi, 135

magic, 193, 197, 200

magistracy, see jurisprudence

Magna Graecia , 161, 576

Magnesia, 106, 198, 246, 327, 573, 578, 618, 664

Mahaffy, John Pentland, British divine and author (1839–1919), 160*

Maimakterion , 199

Maine, Henry James Sumner, English jurist and historian (1822–1888), 667†

Malaga, 169

Malea , Cape, 89†

Malic Gulf, 106

Mallia, 7, 546

Manet, Édouard, French painter (1832–1883), 498*

Manetho , Egyptian historian (fl. 250 B.C), 594, 612

manners, in Homeric society, 47–48, 51; in Athens, 116–117, 291–312; in Hellenistic age, 566–567

Mantinea , 88, 378, 443, 463, 489, 496

manumission, 278, 562

maps, 139, 341

Marathon , 55, 71, 87, 88, 105, 108, 126, 127, 133, 195, 215, 226, 233, 234–236, 248, 291, 296, 383, 448, 461, 499

Marble Faun (Hawthorne), 496

Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman general (268?-208 B.C.), 632–633, 661

Marcus Aurelius, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius

Mardonius , Persian commander (479 B.C.), 241, 242

Mark Antony, see Antonius, Marcus

Mareotis , Lake, 592

markets, 275–276

Marmora , Sea of, 3, 4*, 70, 156, 450

marriage, in Troy, 36

institution of, 40

in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 81–82, 83–84

in Athens, 117, 250, 302–305

in 4th century, 467

Marriage Song, see Hymeneus

Mars, see Ares

Marseilles, 3, 67, 150, 169, 213

Marsyas , 227, 323, 365

Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), Latin epigrammatist (40?-102?), 206

Mary, mother of Jesus, 178, 183, 595

masks, 29, 32, 380–381, 606

Mass (ritual), 195, 232, 594

Massagetae , 431

Massalia , 67, 169, 194, 575

Massillon, Jean Baptiste, French pulpit orator (1663–1742), 488*

mass production, 575

Mata Hari, World War spy, 300

materialism, 350, 352–355

mathematics, 135, 163–164, 337–338, 500–501, 627–628, 629–630

Mattathias , Jewish patriot (2nd century B.C.), 583

Maurya Dynasty, 575

Mausoleum (Halicarnassus), 494, 497, 618

Mausolus (maw’-sō-lŭs), King of Caria (reigned 377–353 B.C.), 134, 143*, 494

Measurement of a Circle, The (Archimedes), 629

mechane, 379

Mechanical Problems (Archimedes), 633

mechanics, 500, 527, 630, 631

Mechanics (Aristotle), 526*

Medea , 43, 55, 157, 197, 303, 307, 403–404, 415, 609

Medea (Euripides), 401*, 403–404, 411, 412

meden agan, 296

Medes, 238

Medical History of Contraception (Himes), 468*

Medici, 135

medicine, in Crete, 15

in Epidaurus, 96

under Hippocrates, 342–348

in 4th century, 502–503

in Hellenistic age, 638–639

Mediterranean race, 8, 63, 108

Mediterranean Sea, 3–4, 7, 13, 16, 20, 22, 33, 36, 67, 68, 127, 129, 168, 169, 219, 242, 273, 276, 431, 439, 446, 456, 463, 542, 552, 559, 571, 572, 577, 579, 590, 599, 600, 603, 615, 627, 640, 656, 659, 661, 664, 667

mediums of exchange, in Homeric society, 47

origin of, 69

in Argos, 72

in Sparta, 79

in Athens, 114, 273–274

in Seleucid Empire, 575

N

Nabis , tyrant of Sparta (fl. 207 B.C.), 570

Naiads , 177

Nanno, beloved of Mimnermus (7th century B.C.), 148

Naples, 107, 168, 169, 417, 575; see also Neapolis

Naples Museum, 323, 499, 620*, 623*, 624‡, 625

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1769–1821), 157, 173, 438, 540, 541, 542, 547, 552

Narcissus , 98, 218

Nashville, Tennessee, 335*

naturalism, 136, 340

Naucratis , 3, 173, 174, 219, 545

Naupactus (naw-păk’-tŭs), 62, 105, 662

Nauplia , 27

Nausicaa , 46, 60, 210, 297, 302

navigation, 4, 47, 135

navy, of Crete, 5, 10

of Mycenae, 31

in Homeric society, 54–55

of Athens, 241, 246, 250, 265, 275, 449

of Sparta, 448

of Egypt, 585

Naxos , 23, 131, 170, 172, 221

Neacles , painter (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 619

Neapolis (Naples), 157, 169, 575

Neapolis (Shechem), 580

Nearches (nē-är’-kēz), tyrant of Elea (5th century B.C.), 351

Nearchus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 502, 547, 637

Near East, 4, 68, 136, 192, 221, 272, 274, 275, 305, 319, 430, 572, 574, 575, 587, 590, 600, 603, 634, 667

Nebuchadrezzar II, King of Babylon (reigned 605–562 B.C.), 432, 605

Necho (nē’-kō), King of Egypt (reigned 610–594 B.C.), 589

Necropolis , 592

Nehemiah, governor of Judea (465-424 B.C.), 580

Neleus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 601

Nemea , 41†, 211

Nemean games, 200, 216

Nemesis , 186, 390, 397

Nemesis (Agoracritus), 326

Neobule (nē-ŏb’-ū-lē), beloved of Archilochus (7th century B.C.), 132

Neolithic Age, in Crete, 6–7, 16; in Sicily, 170

Neo-Platonism, 192, 516, 595, 657, 668

Neoptolemus , 294

Nepnelococcygia , 428

Neptune, 186, see also Poseidon

Nereids , 177

Nereids, 324*

Nesiotes , sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324

Nestor (něs’-tôr), 53, 58, 60, 105*, 208, 211, 297

New Academy, 643

New Comedy, 419, 606, 608

Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, English theologian (1801–1890), 655

Newton, Isaac, English philosopher and mathematician (1642–1727), 527, 629, 630, 633

Nicaea , 169

Nicanor , governor of Judea (2nd century B.C.), 584

Nicarete , courtesan, 467

Nice, 3, 169

Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 526*, 533–534

Nicias , statesman and general (d. 413 B.C.), 197, 270–271, 281*, 297, 379, 421, 423, 433, 435, 445, 446, 448

Nicomedes I, King of Bithynia (reigned 278–250 B.C), 495

Nicopolis , 156

Nicosthenes , potter (6th century B.C.), 219

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philosopher (1844–1900), 50, 148, 295, 523, 670

Night (deity), 99

Nike (nē’-kē) (Achermus), 222

Nike (Paeonius), 222, 324

Nike Apteros, 327, 331

Nikolaev, 157, see also Olbia

Nile River, 3, 68, 173, 341, 539, 544–545, 564, 587, 589, 590, 591, 592

Nile, 623

Nimes, 169

Nine Lyric Poets, 76

Niobe , 182, 326

Niobe, 652

Nocturnal Council (Plato), 522

nomes, 591

nomoi, 258

nomothetaiy 258, 469

Nordic man, 8*, 63

Norman Conquest, 29

Normans, 170

Norway, 637

Notium , 450

Notus (nō’-tŭs), 177

nous, 339, 340

Novum Ilium , 35†

Nubia , 18, 589, 596

nudity, in Sparta, 82, 83

Numa Pompilius, King of Rome (reigned 715–672 B.C.), 117

number relations, 165, 166

numerals, 627

nymphs, 181

O

oaths, 290

Oblivion, see Lethe

obol, 274

Oceanids , 177, 385

Oceanus , 99, 137, 385

Odessus, 157

Odeum (ō-dē’-ŭm), 330

Odysseus , 24, 36, 45, 47, 48, 49–50, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60–61, 159, 210, 211

Odysseus in Hades (Polygnotus), 316

Odyssey , 46, 59–61, 122, 167, 206, 207–211, 390, 602

Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 313, 490

Oedipus , 40–41, 61*, 180, 311, 384*, 393–396, 398, 548

Oedipus at Colonus (Sophocles), 394–396, 400

Oedipus the King (Sophocles), 393–394, 398, 411

Oeneus (ē’-nūs), 105*

Oenoe (ē’-nō-ē), 156

Oenomaus (ē-nŏm’-ā-ŭs), 39, 328

Oenopides of Chios, astronomer (5th century B.C..), 339

Ogygia , 59

oil refining, 589

Olbia, 135, 157, 575

Old Age, see Geras

Old Comedy, 231, 429

Old Market Woman, 626*

“Old Oligarch,” 279–280, 283

Old Testament, 604

oligarchy, 109–112, 247, 255, 449

olive culture, see arboriculture

Olympia , 38, 39, 40, 48, 88, 89, 105, 180, 181, 211, 213–216, 222, 325, 328, 430, 445, 496, 538

Olympiads, 217, 613, 615

Olympians (gods), 177, 180–188, 195, 210–211, 467

Olympias, Queen of Macedonia (d. 316 B.C), 476, 481, 538, 544, 549

Olympic games, 5, 41†, 91, 200, 213–216, 317, 349, 472, 668

Olympieum 574, 617

Olympus , Mt., 30, 37, 56, 99, 106, 131, 175, 181, 182

Olympus, musician (8th century B.C..), 227

Olynthus , 158, 477, 525

Onatas , sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

Oneiros , 186

Onias III, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C..), 594

On Conoids and Spheroids (Archimedes), 630

On Floating Bodies (Archimedes), 630

“On Marriage” (Theophrastus), 640

On Nature (Alcmaeon), 342

On Nature (Anaxagoras), 339, 417*

On Nature (Empedocles), 356

On Nature (Epicurus), 645

On Nature (Gorgias), 360

On Nature (Heracleitus), 144

On Nature (Parmenides), 350

Onomacritus , scholar (520 B.C.), 190

On Plane Equilibriums (Archimedes), 630

On Purifications (Empedocles), 356

On Spirals (Archimedes), 630

On the Crown (Demosthenes), 484–485

“On the Heart” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 345

On the Heavens (Aristotle), 526*

“On the Improvement of the Intellect” (Pythagoras), 165*

On the Peace (Isocrates), 487

“On the Physician” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 346

On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon (Aristarchus), 634

On the Soul (Aristotle), 526*