Note: Entries refer to non-human animals unless otherwise specified.
abstract non-comparability 79
Ackerley, R. 375
action capacities 212
action potential generation 449
Adamo, S. A. 225
additive theory of rationality 114–15
affective component of pain 176, 177
affective-motivational 178
affective priming 421
affective resonance 485
affordances 211
affordance-sensings (AS) 328–9; metacognition and 148–50
AIR theory see Attended Intermediate-Level Representations (AIR theory) of consciousness
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 251
Akins, K. 157
Allen, C. 94–95, 170, 179, 222, 430
Allen, J. 346
allocentric coordinates 36
Alves, C. 190
Alvibrio fischeri 390
American Academy of Neurology (AAN) 171
amphibians, attention and working memory in 188–9
analog magnitude representations 47–49
analytical priority, problem of 316
Andel, D. 16
animal cruelty 461
animal culture 345–52; definitions of 345–8; environment and 349; epigenetics and 349–50; human culture and 345; interpretations of 348–9; recognizing 350–1
animal ethics, unpleasantness of pain and 176–9
Animal Intelligence (Romanes) 503
Animal Liberation (Singer) 461, 462
Animal Machines (Harrison) 461
animal mindreading 229–35; experience-projection test and 231–4; introduction to 229–30; mirror test and 234–5; researcher logical problem with 230–1; research standard methodology used 229–30; types of 229
animal minds, philosophy in 499–507; advantages of studying 1; animal ethics and 499; Bentham and 499–500; Darwin and 503–5; Descartes and 502; Hume and 502; ideologies and 505–6; introduction to 1–2; Klein and 502–3; Locke and 502; Merillat and 504; Mill and 502; veterinary medical ethics and 500–1; Watson and 505
animal navigation strategies 34–35
animal research, decisional authority in 475–82; introduction to 475–6; minimal risk and 481–2; progressive bioethics 480–1; timeliness of 476–9
animal rights 491–7; vs. animal welfare 491; exploiting animals and 495–6; human use of animals and 493–4; interest-based approach to 492–3; owning animals and 494–5; theories 491
animals, ethics and 461–6; captivity and 465; killing and 465–6; moral agents/moral patients distinction 462–4; overview of 461–2; suffering/pain distinction 464–5
animal signal content 324–30; defined 324; in ethological literature 325–7; human communication to 324–5; as natural information 327–9; overview of 324; as semantic information 329–30
Animals’ Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (Salt) 461
animal traditions 362–9; epistemic engineering and 367–8; introduction to 362–3; sensitivity to environmental change and 366–7; simple mechanisms of social learning and 363–6
animal welfare vs. animal rights 491
Ankeny, R. A. 449
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 179–80
ants see desert ant (Cataglyphis fortis)
ants (S. invicta), raft-building colonies of 393–4
apes: trap-platform tasks 31–32, 62; two-cups task 51
Apis mellifera see honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Apperly, I. A. 264
applied non-comparability 79–80
Aristotle 56, 89, 109, 111, 114, 160, 461, 501, 505; see also rationality
arthropod intentionality 13–20; desert ant (Cataglyphis fortis) 14–17; honeybee (Apis mellifera) 17–19; introduction to 13–14
arthropods 209
Artiga, M. 330
Asch, S. 384
ascribing belief, chimpanzees and 258–66; alternative mentalist explanations for 264–5; false belief tests and 258–60; introduction to 280; perceptual mindreading and 260–3
association; see also individual headings: associative learning 401–7; associative models and 419–25; comparative psychology, Standard Practice of 409–17; defined 411, 419; introduction to 8–9; model organisms in neuroscience 448–56; Morgan’s Canon 437–45; simplicity and 427–34
associative accounts (AA), metacognition and 145–6
associative learning 401–7; delay vs. trace conditioning 402–5; instrumental learning vs. operant conditioning 406; introduction to 401–2; modern 406–7
associative learning paradigms 411
associative models 419–25; current view of, problems with 419–22; historical precedent of 424–5; introduction to 419; new view of 422–3; return of 412–14; simplicity and 423–4
associative processing 419
Attended Intermediate-Level Representations (AIR theory) of consciousness 185–92; intermediate-level hypothesis 186–7; introduction to 185–6; mechanisms of 186–91 (see also attention and working memory)
attention and working memory 186–91; in birds 188; in cephalopods 190–1; in fish 189–90; in insects 191; in mammals 187–8; in reptiles/amphibians 188–9
Australian desert ant (Melophorus bagoti) 16
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 373–4
autoinducers 390
autonomy 472
avian prefrontal cortex 188
Avramides, A. 316
awareness, states of 212
Baird, J. A. 270
Baldwin, D. 270
Balter, M. 133
Baron-Cohen, S. 120
Barron, A. B. 179, 219, 221, 223
basic cognitive embodiment (BCE) 210
bat echolocation, consciousness and 157–66; as auditory experience 160–2; introduction to 157–8; intuitions about 158–60; naïve introspection, threat to 162–3, 165; philosophers’ thoughts of 158
Battesti, M. 357
Bayesian decision theory 37, 40–41
beaconing, navigation strategy 34
Becchio, C. 281
Beck, S. R. 62
bees see honeybees (Apis mellifera)
behavior-reading hypothesis (BRH) 248–9, 250–1; across observationally disparate situations 252–3, 254; with intervening variable 254
behavior-reading prediction strategy 229
behaviour-reading demon 270
Behrens, T. E. J. 360
Békésy, G. von 67
Bekinschtein, T. A. 404
belief, rationality and 89–98; animal concepts and 94–95; holism and 95–97; inferences, intelligence and 97–98; knowledge and perception 92–94; lingualist master-argument 89–90; overview of 89; representationalism, intentional states and 90–91; triangulation, truth and 91–92
beliefs: intentional systems theory and 262–3; knowledge and perception 92–94; Language of Thought (LOT) and 263; phenomenal-dispositional account of 262; second-order 91; triangulation, truth and 91–92; understanding of 261–2
Bergson, H. 56
Berkson, G. 377
Bermúdez, J. L. 35, 119, 126, 129
Bernard, C. 502
Bernard, P. 502
Bicchieri, C. 382
biology, model organism selection in 450–1
bioluminescence 390
birds: attention and working memory in 188; colours and 65–66, 67, 69, 74; food-caching 57–58, 200; magnitude representations 47; neocortex, pain and 172–3
Biro, J. I. 158
BItRIP (branched, iterative retention-impression-protention) 208, 213
Blaisdell, A. P. 102
bobtail squid 390
bodily intentions 281
Bolker, J. 453
Boyd, R. 381
Braithwaite, R. B. 261
Brandom, R. B. 89
breast feeding, as touch interaction 376
Brenner, S. 450
Brophy, B. 461
Brown, C. 190
Brown, T. 424
Bruner, J. S. 372
Burian, R. M. 452
Burkett, J. P. 131
Busby, J. 59
Bussey, T. 200
Buttelmann, D. 265
Butterfill, S. A. 264
Byrne, A. 73
Byrne, R. 26
Cabanac, M. 189
Caeiro, C. 373
calcarine cortex 161
Call, J. 30, 51, 102, 106, 273–4, 282, 283, 284, 374
captivity, animals and 465
capuchin monkeys: intelligence tests of 97; metacognition and 143; tool-mediated retrieval experiments 28–30
Carnap, R. 296
Carnapian pragmatics 296
Carpenter, M. 374
Carruthers, P. 13–14, 120, 136–7, 146, 200, 264, 441, 442
Cartmill, E. A. 306, 307, 308, 338–9
cartographic representation, cognitive maps and 38–39
Cartwright, B. A. 15
Case for Animal Rights, The (Regan) 462
Cataglyphis fortis see desert ant (Cataglyphis fortis)
categorical incompatibility between color spaces (incompatibility) 79
categorical non-comparability between color spaces (non-comparability) 79
categories, objects and 211
categorisation, behaviour reading and 271
Causal Markov Condition (CMC) 253
causal models, mindreading and 247–55; advantages of using 252–5; intervening variable approach 248–50; introduction to 247–8; obstacles for 250–2
central integration space (CIS) 18
cephalopods: attention and working memory in 190–1; evolutionary background of 218, 220; sensing/perceptual representation of 221; spatiality and 211
C-fiber low-threshold mechanoreceptors (CLTMs) 376
Cheung, A. 35
Chimpanzee Facial Action Coding System (ChimpFACS) 373
chimpanzees: ascribing belief and 258–66; false belief prediction, explanations for 264–5; metacognition and 143; perceptual mindreading and 260–3; social cognition in (see social cognition in chimpanzees); social norms and 383–4; Sonso 358–9; theory of mind and 280; trap-platform tasks 30–32; VPT1 capabilities 239–40
Chomsky, N. 406
chordates 209
Chrysippus, dog of 97
Church, R. M. 47
Ciaunica, A. 284
Clark, A. 178
Classical Gricean picture of communication 291–2
classificatory claim (CC), human beings are rational animals 113
Cobain, K. 169
code model of communication 302
cognitive load, problem of 316
cognitive maps 34–42; animal navigation strategies 34–35; cartographic representation 38–39; geometric structure 41–42; localization and 36–37; in loose sense 35–36; neurophysiological underpinnings 37–38; overview of 34; in strict sense 35; veridicality-conditions 39–41
“Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men” (Tolman) 413–14
collective behavior 390–6; adaptive decisions and 393–5; behavioral alignment and 391–2; group minds and 395–6; overview of 390–1; social minds and 392–3
Collett, T. S. 15
Colombo, M. 188
color manipulation, comparative color and 76–83; introduction to 76–78; non-comparability and 80–82; Pluralism and 78–79; pure and applied non-comparability and 79–80
colours: birds and 65–66, 67, 69, 74; eye measure of 69–71; grasp of 66–67; novel 65–66, 74; perceptual grasp of 66–67; visible spectrum and 71
comb jellies 217
communication; see also individual headings: animal signal content 324–30; expressive communication and 301–10; intentional 333–41; introduction to 6–7; meaning and 313–21; pragmatic interpretation of 291–8
communicative intention, of signaler 334–5
comparative psychology, Standard Practice of 409–17; association defined 411; associative learning theory and 412–14; cognition defined 410–11; future research in, guiding principles for 414–17; introduction to 409–10
complementary behavior reading (CBR) 239–40
complex active body (CAB) 209–10, 213
conceptual signals 326
concrete maps: properties of 38; veridicality-conditions and 38–39
concrete non-comparability 79–80
conditioned stimulus 402
conditioned taste aversion 414–16
consciousness; see also individual headings: AIR theory of 185–92; bat echolocation 157–66; evolution of, in phylogenetic context 216–25; feelings in fish and 169–74; higher-order thought and 196–202; introduction to 3–5; minds/bodies in animal evolution and 206–13; pain and 176–82; representational theories of 196
consent, animal research ethics and 480–1
Conservative Canon 438–9, 441–4
consolation behavior, prairie vole 131–2
constancy processing 72, 73, 74
control-normativity link 472–3
coordinate transformation 36, 39–40
Corballis, M. C. 133
counterfactual emotion, regret as 60
Crockford, C. 308
Croxson, P. L. 188
Cruse, H. 432
C-tactile (CT) afferents 375–6
culture; see also individual headings: animal 345–52; animal traditions and 362–9; definitions of 345–8; varieties of 354–60 (see also single vs. multiple culture types)
D’Arcy, K. 444
Davidson, D. 89–90, 91–92, 95–96, 261, 263
Dawkins, R. 159
dead reckoning, navigation strategy 34, 35, 36
DeGrazia, D. 478
De Houwer, J. 421
Delaney, K. 189
Dennett, D. 56, 259, 261, 262–3, 281, 333, 335
Descartes, R. 101, 105, 464, 502
Descent of Man, The (Darwin) 461, 503
desert ant (Cataglyphis fortis): Australian 16; dead-reckoning and 34; intentionality 14–17; navigation without i-representation 15–17; path integration system 14, 15
desert locusts 391
determinism world argument 471–3
detours, spatiality and 211
Devitt, M. 102
Dickel, L. 191
Diekema, D. S. 479
difference-in-kind thesis (DKT) 113–16
disjunction problem 15
dispositions: to respond 212; as spatial property 211
dissemination, culture and 350
dissent, animal research ethics and 480–1
distances, spatiality and 210
Disunity Hypothesis 77
Dobzhansky, T. 456
dogs, two-cups task 51
dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) 172
Dostrovsky, J. 37
Dretske, F. 59, 329, 348, 355, 356–7
Drosophila 452
durability, culture and 350
echolocation 157–8; see also bat echolocation, consciousness and; as auditory experience 160–2; human 161; naive intuitions about 165
egocentric coordinates 36
Egyptian fruit bat, navigation and 36
elementary mechanisms 133
emotional contagion 485
emotional transfer/contagion 485
empathy 485–9; cognitive 485, 486–8; emotional 485; entangled 485, 488–9; fellow feeling sense of 485; meanings of 485; types of 485
emulation 212
entropy 325
environment, culture and 349
environmental change, animal traditions and 366–7
epigenetics, culture and 349–50
episodic memories 56–62; as conscious phenomenology of recollection 57–59; event-independent thought about times and 60–62; function of 56–57; higher-order theories and 200; overview of 56; sensitive to passing of time and 59–60
epistemic engineering, animal traditions and 367–8
ethics; see also individual headings: animal mind and 499–507; animal research, decisional authority in 475–82; animal rights 491–7; animals and 461–6; empathy 485–9; introduction to 9–10; moral subjects, animals as 469–73
Etienne, A. 35
evaluative-associative accounts (EAA) of metacognition 147–50
Evans, G. 115
event-independent thought about times 60–62
evolutionary-comparative approach in neuroscience 453–5
Evolutionary Game Theory 305
evolutionary history of animals 217–19
evolution of consciousness, in phylogenetic context 216–25; consciousness defined 216–17; divergences 223–5; evolutionary background 217–19; feelings, evaluation and 222–3; integration, complexity and 219–20; introduction to 216–17; perception, sensing and 220–2; phylogenetic defined 216
executive accounts (EA), metacognition and 146–7
executive brain 220
experience-based (EB) metacognition 147–8
experience-projection test: animal mindreading and 231–4; conditions satisfied with 232–3; of ravens 231–4; visual perspective taking 240–4
exploiting animals, animal rights and 495–6
expressive communication 301–10; from, to meaningful speech 307–10; Gricean approach to 301–3; origins of meaning and 303–7; overview of 301
extrapolation 448; model organisms in neuroscience and 451–3
Eyzaguirre, C. 451
Facial Action Coding System (FACS) 373
facial vision 161
false belief: ascribing belief and 258–60; mental states of others and 273–4; tasks 136–7
feelings, evaluation and 222–3
feelings in fish, consciousness and 169–74; behavior of fish and 170–1; food deprivation studies 170–4; neocortex and 171–3; overview of 169–70; protecting/guarding damaged body part 170
fellow feeling empathy 485
first colour response (FCR) 71
first-order representationalism (FOR) 196
fish; see also feelings in fish, consciousness and: attention and working memory in 189–90; behavioral alignment of 391–2; evolutionary background of 218; magnitude representations 47; probabilistic reasoning and 53
Fish Called Wanda, A (movie) 169
Fitch, T. 293, 294, 295–6, 297
Flack, J. C. 464
Flanagan, O. 163
Flavell, J. H. 261
flexible interaction, for intentional communication 340–1; criteria for 339–40; defined 338; participants and 338–9; on recipient’s side 339–40; on signaler’s side 339
Fodor, J. 263
folk psychology 39
Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms with Observations on their Habits, The (Darwin) 503–4
Franklin, B. 463
Friedrich, R. W. 190
Frith, U. 120
function, defined 337
“Furry Shoulder to Cry On, A” (New York Times story) 131
Galef, B. 365
Gallistel, C. R. 14, 34, 36, 401
Gallistel, R. 443
Garcia Effect 414
gaze-following, social cognition and 372–3
General Theory of Relativity 80
Gennaro, R. 198
Gentsch, A. 376
geometrically structured mental representation 41–42
Gerhardt, H. C. 189
Geurts, B. 284
Gingrass, G. 172
Ginsburg, S. 222
Girndt, A. 30
Glanzman, D. L. 404
Godfrey-Smith, P. 159
golden hamsters 35
Gómez, J. C. 275
Goodall, J. 507
gradiency, affordance-sensings and 149–50
Graindorge, N. 191
Greenspan, R. J. 191
greylag goose, instrumental reasoning and 104
grey parrots, imitative vocal learning and 308
Grice, P. 291, 296, 302–3; intentional communication and 334–6; natural/non-natural meaning and 314–15; see also expressive communication
Gricean communication: language evolution and 291–2; signaler-receiver asymmetries and 292–4
Gricean evolutionary trajectory 303
Gricean pragmatics 296
Griffin, D. 161
Griffiths, P. E. 364
Guttridge, T. L. 190
Hall, B. 189
Hamilton, R. 161
hammerhead shark escape response 170–1
hamsters see golden hamsters
Hanlon, R. T. 190
Hare, R. M. 466
Harman, G. 259
Harrison, R. 461
Hateren, J. H. van 19
Hemelrijk, C. K. 432
higher-order perception (HOP) theories 198
higher-order representationalism (HOR), consciousness and 196–202; HOT theory and 198–9; objections to 200–1; overview of 196; prefrontal cortex and 201–2; problem of 196–7; representationalism and 197–8
higher-order thought (HOT) theory 173, 196; animal consciousness and 200–1; of consciousness 198–9; prefrontal cortex and 201–2
Hilbert, D. 73
Hobaiter, C. 340
Homines sapientes 477
Homo floresiensis 478
Homo neanderthalensis 478
honeybees (Apis mellifera): intentionality 17–19; Kanizsa rectangle illusions and 19; navigation with cognitive maps 35; route following and 34; waggle dances 18–19, 325
Hooff, J. van 373
Hopper, L. M. 359
Horner, V. 384
HOT theory see higher-order thought (HOT) theory
human beings as rational animals, Aristotelian definition of 113
human communication, animal signals and 324–5
human culture 345
human distinctiveness, of instrumental reasoning 101–3
Humphrey, N. 285
Hunt, T. M. 450
Hurford, J. 297
Husserl, E. 208
ideologies, animal mind and 505–6
imagistic cognition in monkeys/apes 25–32; abstraction and 25–26; elements of 26–28; future research for 32; introduction to 25; tool-mediated retrieval experiments 28–30; trap-platform tasks 30–32
imagistic representation 27
imitation 212
imitative vocal learning 308
incompatibility 79
Incremental Natural Information (INI) 327–8
inferences, intelligence and 97–98
information, culture and 355
informative intention 334
innovation, culture and 350
insects, attention and working memory in 191
instrumental learning 406
instrumental reasoning 100–6; degrees/differences of 105–6; described 100–1; human distinctiveness of 101–3; need for 100–1; production/implementation constraints and 104–5
Integrated Information Theory 219
integration, consciousness and 219
intentional ascent 123
intentional behavior 333
intentional communication 333–41; flexibility in 340–1; flexible interaction criteria for 339–40; flexible participant interaction and 338–9; Gricean approach to 334–6; Millikan approach to 336–8; overview of 333–4
intentional explanation 39
intentional fallacy 41
intentionality: arthropod 13–20; sunflowers 13
intentional signals 333, 334; see also intentional communication
intentional systems theory 262–3
intentional verbs, sentential forms of 89, 90
intention-based semantics (IBS); see also meaning: cognitive load and, problem of 316; limitations of 316; overview of 313–14
intentions-in-action 281
interaction theory (IT), social cognition and 280–1
interest theory, animal rights and 492–3
intervening variable approach, mindreading and 248–50
intervening variables, mental state attributions as 247
i-representation 14–15; desert ant navigation without 15–17; honeybees navigation with 17–19
iterated R-I-P (ItRIP) structure 208
I-thoughts 200
jamming avoiding response (JAR) 190
jellyfish 217
Jennings, H. S. 505
Johnston, M. 67
joint attention, gaze and 374
Jolly, A. 285
Jun, J. J. 190
Kacelnik, A. 356
Kainz, P. M. 69
Kaminski, J. 283
Kandel, E. 406
Kanizsa rectangle illusions 19
Kano, F. 283
Karten, K. 172
Kaye, K. 376
Kitcher, P. 381
Kitchin, R. 35
Kline, K. 169
Koch, C. 219
Köhler, W. 103
Korsgaard, C. M. 101, 105, 381
Kosslyn, S. 26
Kozuch, B. 202
Kramer, G. 35
Kuffler, S. W. 451
Kuroshima, H. 28
language-like/imagistic representations, distinction between 124–5
Language of Thought (LOT) 263
language of thought hypothesis (LOTH) 46
language of thought hypothesis for animals (LOTHA) 46–54; analog magnitude representations and 47–49; introduction to 46; logical inference as test for 49–51; overview of 46–47; two-cups task for 51–53
Laurence, S. 47
learning, forms of 401
Leavens, D. 307
Leonelli, S. 449
Leslie, A. M. 120
level 1 visual perspective taking (VPT1) 238; experiments 239–40
Lewis, D. 158
like signaling 319
Limongelli, L. 30
Lind, J. 187
lingualist master-argument 89–90
localization: cognitive maps and 36–37; defined 36
location, as spatial property 211
Loeb, J. 505
Logan, C. A. 452
logical inference, as test for LOTHA 49–51
long-term potentiation (LTP) 449, 455
loose sense, cognitive maps in 35–36
Lopes, D. M. 163
LOTHA see language of thought hypothesis for animals (LOTHA)
Lovibond, P. F. 421
Lukas, D. 137
Lurz, R. W. 121, 128–9, 241–2, 261
Lycan, W. 198
McAninsh, A. 329
Mcginn, C. 158
Malach, R. 201
Maloney, C. J. 158
mammals, attention and working memory in 187–8
map-based navigation 34–35; see also cognitive maps; described 36; localization and 36–37
Marcus, R. B. 261
Marder, E. 452
marginal others 478
Margolis, E. 47
Marler, P. 303
Marr, D. 274
Mason, W. A. 377
Matter and Memory (Bergson) 56
meaning 313–21; analytical priority and, problem of 316; biological signaling and 316–19; cognitive load and, problem of 316; intention-based semantics and 313–14; natural and speaker 314–15, 318; organic, semanticity and 318, 319–21
meaningful speech, from expressive communication to 307–10
Meck, W. H. 47
Melophorus bagoti (Australian desert ant) 16
mental capacities, animals and 109
Mental Evolution in Animals (Romanes) 503
mental representation; see also individual headings: arthropod intentionality 13–20; cognitive maps 34–42; color manipulation, comparative color and 76–83; episodic memories 56–62; introduction to 2; language of thought hypothesis for animals 46–54; monkeys/apes imagistic cognition 25–32; perceptual qualities 65–74
mental states, tracking/representing others’ 269–77; false belief and 273–4; introduction to 269–70; mindreading and 274–5; model of the mental and 275–6; pure behaviour reading 270–3
Merillat, L. A. 504
Merleau-Ponty, M. 281
Messenger, J. B. 190
metacognition 119, 120, 142–50; see also reasoning; affordance-sensing (AS) and 148–50; associative accounts (AA) and 145–6; defined 142; evaluative-associative accounts (EAA) of 147–50; executive accounts (EA) and 146–7; experience-based (EB) 147–8; experimental tasks for 142–3; introduction to 142; as meta-knowledge 143–5; no-metacognition views 145–7
meta-knowledge (MK): as introspection 144–5; metacognition as 143–5; strong 143–4
metamerism 69
methodological reason 333, 340
metric aspect of environment 35
Metzler, J. 26
Mill, J. S. 502
Millikan, R. 101, 105, 149, 333; perception-based communication and 336–8; signal content and 329–30
Milmine, M. 188
Mindblindness (Baron-Cohen) 373
mindreader’s dilemma 244
mindreading 119, 200; see also individual headings; animal 229–35; ascribing belief and 258–66; causal models and 247–55; defined 258; introduction to 5–6; mental states of others, tracking/representing 269–77; one-system model of 264; Pluralistic Folk Psychology (PFP) and 264–5; social cognition in chimpanzees and 280–5; two-system account of 264; visual perspective taking 238–44
mindreading hypothesis (MRH) 248–9; across observationally disparate situations 252–3
mindreading prediction strategy 229
minds/bodies in animal evolution 206–13; action-orientation and 212–13; BItRIP structure and 213; complex active body and 209–10; consciousness structure and 207–9; introduction to 206–7; object-orientation and 211–12; spatiality and 210–11
minimal risk, animal research and 481–2
mirror test, animal mindreading and 234–5
Mitchell, C. J. 421
model-building, simplicity and 429–32, 433–4
model organisms in neuroscience 448–56; defined 449; dimensions of 449–50; evolutionary-comparative approach in 453–5; extrapolating findings from 451–3; introduction to 448–9; reasons for studying 450; selection of, in biology 450–1; selection of, in neuroscience 451
modus tollendo ponens 51
mollusks 209
monkeys/apes: imagistic cognition 25–32; two-cups task 51
Montaigne, M. 461
Moore, G. E. 66
morality, building blocks of 464
moral norms, in chimpanzees 386–7
moral subjects, animals as 469–73; described 470; determinism world argument of 471–3; evil children argument of 470–1; examples of 469; overview of 469–70
Morgan, C. L. 401, 409, 429, 442, 505; see also Morgan’s Canon
Morgan’s Canon 420, 423, 437–45; Cautionary Canon 440, 445; Conservative Canon 438–9, 441–4; four formulations of 438–40; introduction to 437; Prohibitive Canon 438, 440; Restraining Canon 439–40, 444–5; self-concepts and 133, 136, 137
Morton, W. 504
Moser, E. 37
Moser, M.-B. 37
motivations, critical scrutiny of 471–2
motor (M) intentions 281
Mulcahy, N. 30
mutual information 326
naturalness, culture and 351
Nature Podcast 159
neurophysiology, cognitive maps and 37–38
neuroscience, model organism selection in 451
Newen, A. 202
Newport, C. 190
Newton, I. 169
New York Times, The 131
Nietzsche, F. 56
Nilsson, D-E. 221
nociception 222
no confounding cue condition 231, 233, 235
non-comparability 79; color manipulation and 80–82
nonconceptual thought content 144
non-subsistence, culture and 351
Nuremberg Code 480
objects, spatiality and 211
observable cues 229
Ockham’s Razor 442
Olausson, H. 375
one-system model of mindreading 264
operant conditioning 406
OrangFACS 373
orangutans, metacognition and 143
organic meaning, semanticity and 318, 319–21
orientation, spatiality and 210, 212
orienting response 189, 190, 210
Origgi, G. 292
Origin of Species (Darwin) 461
origins of meaning: expressive communication and 303–7; Gricean approach to 301–3; theorist features essential to 301
ostensive communication 335
ostensive-inferential communication 291; see also Gricean communication
Osvath, M. 132
Overgaard, M. 220
Pahl, M. 191
pain 176–82; affective component of 176, 177; animal ethics and unpleasantness of 176–9; components of 176; introduction to 176; nonhuman/human studies of, connecting 181–2; research in other species 179–81; suffering and 464–5
Palin, M. 169
Palombit, R. 296
parietal cortex 187
Pascual-Leone, A. 161
path integration (“PI”) system 14, 15, 210
paths, spatiality and 211
perceptual mindreading: chimpanzees and 260–3; defined 261; subtypes of 261
perceptual psychology 39
perceptual qualities 65–74; auditory pitch and 67–69; colour properties 72–73; eye measure of colours 69–71; grasp of colours 66–67; novel colours and 65–66, 74; opponent vs. constancy processing 71–72; overview of 65
perceptual similarity space 27
perceptual states 120
Pernick, M. 504
Perry, C. 224
personhood, in applied ethics 478–9
phenomenal-dispositional account of belief 262
phenomenal notion of consciousness 206
phenomenological notion of consciousness 206
Piaget, J. 103
Pierce, J. 464
pigeons: memory tests of 188; metacognition and 143; navigation with cognitive maps 35; vision and shmeen selection 79, 82
piloting 36
places, spatiality and 211
place theory of pitch perception 67–68
placozoans 217
Pluralism, selectionism and 78–79
Pluralistic Folk Psychology (PFP) 264–5
Porphyry 461
positive reinforcement 476, 480
Povinelli, D. 30, 133, 134, 230, 248, 282
pragmatic interpretation of communication 291–8; Gricean communicators and 291–4; signaler-receiver asymmetries and 294–7
Prechtl, J. C. 189
prefrontal cortex, HOT theory and 201–2
Premack, D. 258–9, 273, 280, 487–8
present/proximal (P) intentions 281
Preuschoft, S. 373
Preuss, T. M. 188
primates, social cognition in 372–8; gaze-following and 372–3; introduction to 372; study implications for 376–7; touch and 375–6; visual mode limitations and 373–5
priming 421
Principia (Newton) 169
prior knowledge condition 231, 232
procedural memory 200
progressive bioethics, animal research and 480–1
propositional attitudes 120, 259
protolanguage 309
Puga-Gonzalez, I. 432
pure behaviour reading 270–3; components of 270–2; defined 270
Rainville, P. 177
Ramcharitar, J. U. 190
rationality 109–16; additive theory of 114–15; Aristotelian definition of human beings and 113–16; defined 111–13; introduction to 109–11; rational-nonrational distinction and 116; transformative theory of 114–15
rational mindreading capacities 295–6
rational-nonrational distinction 116
rats: analog magnitude representations 47–49; border cells in 37; grid cells in 37; head direction cell in 37; instrumental reasoning and 104; metacognition and 143; navigation with cognitive maps 34, 35; place cells in brain of 37; regret and 60–61
ravens: experience-projection test of 231–4; focal, logical problem solving and 234–5; object-oriented behaviours of 307; two-cups task 51
reasoning; see also individual headings: belief, rationality and 89–98; instrumental 100–6; introduction to 2–3; metacognition 142–50; rationality and 109–16; self-concepts, mental life and 131–8; thinking about thinking and 119–29
Reaux, J. 30
receiver’s capacity 335
Redshaw, J. 62
reflective contextual interpretation 302
reflexive communicative intention 314
representationalism 197–8; intentional states and 90–91
representational scope, model organisms and 449
representational signals 326
representational target, model organisms and 449
representational theories of consciousness 196; see also higher-order representationalism (HOR), consciousness and
representing belief 123
representing perception 122
reptiles/amphibians, attention and working memory in 188–9
Rescorla, R. A. 406
Restraining Canon 439–40, 444–5
retention-impression-protention (R-I-P) structure 208
Rhesus monkeys: instrumental reasoning and 100–1; metacognition and 143; self-concepts and 136–7
Richerson, P. 381
Riedl, K. 385
“Rights of Animals, The” (Brophy) 461
Ritchie, J. B. 146
Robinson, D. 505
robotics, navigation and 37
Rosenthal, D. M. 198
Rossano, F. 340
Rousseau, J.-J. 461
route following, navigation strategy 34
Rowlands, M. 464
Rubio-Fernández, P. 284
Rumbaugh, D. M. 405
Russell, B. 66
Russow, L. M. 158
Ryle, G. 261
Salt, H. 461
Santino the chimpanzee studies 132–8
Santos, L. 201
Sapontzis, S. F. 463
Sareen, P. 191
Scaife, M. 372
Scheler, M. 281
Schwartz, J. J. 189
Schwitzgebel, E. 162, 261, 262
Science and Ethics (Rollin) 505
Scott-Phillips, T. 297, 298, 336, 340
scrub jays, episodic memory studies on 57–58, 59
Scrutiny-Control-Normativity-Morality (S-C-N-M) nexus 470, 471
second-order beliefs 91
self-concepts, mental life and 131–8; false-belief tasks and 136–7; Morgan’s Canon and 133, 136, 137; overview of 131; prairie vole consolation behavior and 131–2; Santino the chimpanzee studies of 132–8
self-reflectiveness 144
self-touch 375
semantic memory 200
sensory component of pain 176, 177
Shannon, C. E. 348
Shepard, R. 26
Shettleworth, S. J. 133, 410, 442, 443
Shriver, A. 179
signal content: in ethological literature 325–7; as natural information 327–9; as semantic information 329–30
signaler-receiver asymmetries: Gricean communication and 292–4; pragmatic interpretation and 295–7; pragmatics and 294–5
Silva, F. 30
Simmons, J. 159
simple induction 452
simplicity 427–34; eliminating, concerns with 433–4; model-building and 429–32; objections to 433; overview of 427; as scientific virtue 423–4; search for 427–9; as unjustified 427–8
simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem 37
single vs. multiple culture types 354–60; association explanations and 356–7; cognitive explanations and 356, 357–9; introduction to 354–5; Ramsey’s definition of culture 355–6
sizes, spatiality and 210
Sneddon, E. 171
Snowdon, C. T. 303
social cognition; see also individual headings: collective behavior and 390–6; introduction to 7–8; in primates 372–8; social norms and 381–7
social cognition in chimpanzees 280–5; behavior-reading and 280; emotions and 281; enactive, case for 281–5; intentions and 281; interaction theory and 280–1; overview of 280; theory of mind and 280
social learning: local enhancement as 362; simple mechanisms of 363–6
social learning processes 212–13
social norms 381–7; Andrews’s weak view of 385–6; chimpanzee conformity and 384–5; chimpanzees and 383–4; described 381; introduction to 381–2; Luncz nut-cracking study of 382–3; moral, in chimpanzees 386–7; primates and 382
Solomon, P. R. 403
spatial configuration, representation of 27
spatial hearing 163
spatial parts 211
spatio-temporal aspect of pain 177
speaker meaning 302, 314–15, 318
species-specific eliminativists 157
Sperber, D. 292
Sridharan, D. 188
Srinivasan, M. V. 19
stabilizing function 337
standardization, culture and 350
statistical decision theory (SDT) 327
Steck, K. 15
Steel, D. 452
stimulus enhancement 212
Strahowsky, B. 110
Streptomyces lividans 449
strict sense, cognitive maps in 35
structured maps 127
structure extraction, behaviour reading and 271–2
Stueber, K. 485
Suddendorf, T. 58, 59, 62, 102–3, 133
Sufka, K. J. 180
Sunday Times 461
Surridge, A. K. 69
Swinderen, B. van 191
Tanaka, M. 359
target trajectory 210
telos 501
Temnothorax rugatulusm 394
temporal updating 59
theoretician’s dilemma 239, 244
theory of mind: chimpanzees and 280; defined 258
thinking about thinking 119–29; a priori argument’s role in 121; digital/analog mapping and 125–8; introduction to 119; language-dependence of 128–9; language-like/imagistic representations, distinction between 124–5; as object of metarepresentational thinking 119–20; perceptual states and 120; propositional attitudes and 120; propositional vs. perceptual mindreading argument 122–4; selfdirected or other-directed 119
Thornton, A. 137
3 R’s 476
Tolman, E. 34, 35, 406, 413–14, 424–5
Tomasello, M. 273–4, 282, 284, 292, 293, 297, 298, 305, 365, 381
Tomonaga, M. 374
Tononi, G. 219
tool-mediated retrieval experiments, transfer in 28–30
topological aspect of environment 35
touch, social cognition and 375–6
toxicological research 477
tradition, culture and 351
transformative theory of rationality 114–15
Transitivity Principle (TP) 198
trap-platform tasks, transfer in 30–32
Treatise of Human Nature, “Of the Reason of Animals” (Hume) 502
Trinh, A-T. 405
Tronick, E. 377
Tulving, E. 58
turn-taking pattern 340
Tuskegee Syphilis Studies 480
two-system account of mindreading 264
Tyler, E. B. 345
unconditioned stimulus 402
uniqueness thesis (UT), human beings are rational animals 113
unpleasantness, of pain 178
Vaart, E. van der 432
veridicality-conditions: explanatory role of 39–41; mental states with 38–39
veterinary medical ethics 500–1
vicarious conditioning 212
Visalberghi, E. 30
visual perspective taking 238–44; experience-projection experiments 240–4; introduction to 238–9; level 1 experiments 239–40; mindreader’s dilemma 244
Vogeley, K. 202
Voltaire 461
V1 161
Waal, F. B. de 163, 265, 384, 442, 464, 486
Wagner, A. R. 406
Wait, P. B. 19
Washburn, D. A. 405
wasps 224
Weaver, W. 348
Weber, M. 453
weighted average 17
Weir, A. A. 356
Wendler, D. S. 479
Whiten, A. 102–3, 247, 249–50, 251, 275, 285, 384
Wilkinson, A. 189
Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies 480
will theory 492
within-species unity 77
Wittlinger, M. 15
Woodruff, G. 258–9, 273, 280, 487–8
Wynne, C. 438