1Galen, On the Natural Faculties, trans. Arthur John Brock (London: William Heinemann, 1928), p. 279.
2Walter Isaacson, Leonardo da Vinci (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 9.
3Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: How the World Became Modern (New York: W.W. Norton, 2011), p. x.
4Ibid., p. 186.
5Ibid., p. x.
6Galen, On the Natural Faculties, trans. Arthur John Brock (London: William Heinemann, 1928), p. x.
7Owsei Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), p. 10.
8Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies (New York: Scribner, 2010), p. x.
9Owsei Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), p. x.
10David Wootton, Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 42.
11Ibid., p. 31.
12Owsei Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), p. 11.
13Ibid., p. 5.
14Steven Johnson, How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World (New York: Riverhead Books, 2014), pp. 5–6.
15Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 14.
16Owsei Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), p. 3.
17Ibid., p. 4.
18Galen, On the Natural Faculties, trans. Arthur John Brock (London: William Heinemann, 1928), p. xix.
1R. I. Harris, “Arthrodesis for Tuberculosis of the Hip,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol. 17, No. 2, 1935
2E. A. Codman, The Shoulder (Boston: Thomas Todd Co., 1934).
3Charles S. Neer, Shoulder Reconstruction (New York: W.B. Saunders, 1990), p. vii.
4Ibid., p. 146.
5E. A. Codman, The Shoulder (Boston: Thomas Todd Co., 1934), p. 331.
6Arthur Steindler, The Traumatic Deformities and Disabilities of the Upper Extremity (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1946), p. 126.
7A. F. DePalma, Surgery of the Shoulder (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1950), p. 272.
8Ibid., p. 423.
9C. S. Neer, T. H. Brown, H. L. McLaughlin, “Fracture of the neck of the humerus with dislocation of the head fragment,” American Journal of Surgery, March 1953, pp. 252–58.
1Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton. A Global History (New York: Knopf, 2014).
2Matt Ridley, The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge (New York: Harper Collins, 2015), p. 120.
3Ibid., p. 125.
4Kumar Srivastava, “The ‘Adjacent Possible’ of Big Data: What Evolution Teaches about Insights Generation,” Wired, Dec. 2014.
5Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2010), p. 31.
6Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 4.
7Mark Kurlansky, Paper: Paging Through History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p. 13.
8Craig Kallendorf, “Ancient Book,” in The Book: A Global History, M. F. Suarez and H. R. Woudhuysen, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 49.
9Mark Kurlansky, Paper: Paging Through History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p. 14.
10John Man, Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words (New York: MJF Books, 2002), p. 24.
11Ibid., p. 48.
12Ibid., p. 124.
13Ibid., p. 124.
14Ibid., p. 164.
15Ibid., p. 8.
16Mark Kurlansky, Paper: Paging Through History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), p. 51.
17Ibid., p. 26.
18Ibid., p. 160.
19Steven Weinberg, To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 101.
20Ibid., p. 104.
21P. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (London: Macmillan, 1937), p. 315.
22Hillel Ofek, “Why the Arabic World Turned Away from Science,” The New Atlantis, Winter 2011, pp. 3–23.
23Ibid., p. 50.
24Hillel Ofek, “Why the Arabic World Turned Away from Science,” The New Atlantis, Winter 2011, p. 7.
25David Wootton, Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 50.
26Michael Flannery, Avicenna entry, Encyclopedia Britannica online, quoted August 11, 2016.
27Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), p. 57.
28Steven Weinberg, To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 112.
29Charles Burnett and Danielle Jacquart, eds., Constantine the African and Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Magusi; The Pantegni and Related Texts (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1994), Preface vii–viii.
30Nicholas Ostler, Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin (New York: HarperPress, 2009), p. 211.
31David Osborn, “Constantine the African and Gerard of Cremona,” in GreekMedicine.Net, quoted August 20, 2016, http://www.greekmedicine.net/whos_who/Constantine_the_African_Gerard_of_Cremona.html.
32Christopher de Hamel, “The European Medieval Book,” in The Book: A Global History, M. F. Suarez and H. R. Woudhuysen, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 59.
33John Man, Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words (New York: MJF Books, 2002), p. 88.
1David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 58.
2Ibid., p. 106.
3Ibid., p. 75.
4Ibid., p. 78.
5Paul Strathern, The Medici: Power, Money, and Ambition in the Italian Renaissance (New York: Pegasus Books, 2016), p. 46.
6Steven Johnson, How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World (New York: Riverhead Books, 2014), p. 17.
7Ibid., p. 19.
8Ibid., p. 32.
9Ibid.
10Ibid., p. 8.
11Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), p. 129.
12Steven Johnson, How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World (New York: Riverhead Books, 2014), p. 35.
13C. D. O’Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels 1514–1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), p. 6.
14Ibid., p. 10.
15Ibid., p. 14.
16Ibid.
17Ibid., p. 19.
18Ibid., p. 20.
19Ibid., p. 44.
20Ibid., p. 49.
21Ibid., p. 59.
22Ibid., p. 64.
23Ibid., p. 77.
24Ibid., p. 106.
25Ibid., p. 113.
26Ibid., p. 114.
27Ibid., p. 321.
28Ibid., p. 317.
29Ibid., p. 318.
30Ibid.
31Ibid., p. 323.
32S. W. Lambert, W. Wiegand, and W. M. Ivins, Three Vesalian Essays to Accompany the Icones Anatomicae of 1934 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), p. 27.
33Ibid., pp. 3–24.
34C. D. O’Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels 1514–1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), p. 323.
1Thomas Sprat, The History of the Royal Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge (London: 1667), p. 53.
2David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 24.
3Ibid., p. 12.
4Ibid., p. 199.
5Galilei, Galileo, Sidereus Nuncius, or the Sidereal Messenger, Albert van Heiden (trans) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), p. 6.
6David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 215.
7Ibid., p. 39.
8Perez Zagorin, Francis Bacon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 122.
9Ibid., p. 3.
10John Sutton, Encyclopedia of the Life Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 2001), p. 471.
11David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 83.
12Ibid., p. 75.
13Perez Zagorin, Francis Bacon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 79.
14Ibid., p. 3.
15David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 84.
16Perez Zagorin, Francis Bacon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 100.
17Ibid., p. 123.
18Francis Bacon, New Atlantis (1627), 5:415.
19Perez Zagorin, Francis Bacon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 123.
20Ibid., p. 224.
21Bill Bryson, ed., Seeing Further: The Story of Science and the Royal Society (London, HarperPress, 2010), p. 9.
22David Wootton, The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 35.
23Bill Bryson, ed., Seeing Further: The Story of Science and the Royal Society (London, Harper Press, 2010), p. 3.
24James Gleick, Isaac Newton (New York: Harper Perennial, 2004), p. 3.
25Edward Dolnick, The Clockwork Universe: Isaac Newton, the Royal Society, and the Birth of the Modern World (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), p. 5.
26Bill Bryson, ed., Seeing Further: The Story of Science and the Royal Society (London, HarperPress, 2010), p. 33.
27Gerek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London: Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1987), p. 24.
28Matthew Green, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/London-cafes-the-surprising-history-of-Londons-lost-coffeehouses/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
29Ibid.
30John Maynard Keynes, quoted in James Gleick, Isaac Newton (New York: Harper Perennial, 2004), p. 188.
31Perez Zagorin, Francis Bacon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 95.
1Stephen Paget, John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon (London: Fischer Unwin, 1924), p. 27.
2Wendy Moore, The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), p. 177.
3Thomas Wright, Circulation: William Harvey’s Revolutionary Idea (London: Vintage, 2013), pp. 41–42.
4Ibid., p. 91.
5Ibid., p. 119.
6Ibid., p. 110.
7Ibid., p. 121.
8Ibid., p. xiii.
9Finch, Ernest, “The Influence of the Hunters on Medical Education,” Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1957, vol. 20, pp. 205–48.
10Wendy Moore, The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), p. 14.
11Ibid.
12Ibid., p. 28.
13Ibid., p. 37.
14Ibid., p. 39.
15Ibid., p. 41.
16Ibid., p. 43.
17William Hunter, Two Introductory Lectures (London: printed on the order of the trustees for J. Johnson, 1784), p. 73.
18John Hunter, The Works of John Hunter, ed. James Palmer, vol. 4, (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Breem, 1835), pp. 81–116.
19John Hunter, Essays and Observations on Natural History, Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Geology, ed. Richard Owen, (London: John Van Voorst, 1861), vol. 1, p. 189.
20Megan Oaten, Richard Stevenson, et al., “Disgust as a Disease-Avoidance Mechanism,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 135, No. 2, pp. 303–21.
21Wendy Moore, The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), p. 62.
22Ibid., p. 149.
23Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New York: P.F. Collier, 1909), p. 157.
24http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/shippen_wm.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
25Betsy Copping Corner, ed. William Shippen Jr., Pioneer in American Medical Education, With Notes, and the Original Text of His Edinburgh Dissertation, 1761, (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1951), p. 7.
26Wendy Moore, The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), p. 84.
27Jessé Foot, The Life of John Hunter (London: T. Becket, 1794), pp. 81–2.
28Wendy Moore, The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), p. 7.
29Ibid., p. 89.
30Ibid.
31Ibid., p. 112.
32Royal Society Journal Book Copy, vol. 26, 1767–1770, February 5, 1767 (no page numbers).
33John Hunter, The Works of John Hunter, ed. James Palmer, vol. 4, (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Breem, 1835), p. 417.
34Ibid., pp. 417–19.
35Wendy Moore, The Knife Man: Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), p. 6.
36Ibid., p. 176.
37Ibid., p. 177.
38Ibid.
39Ibid., p. 269.
40Ibid., p. 170.
41Ibid., p. 171.
42Ibid., p. 223.
43Thomas Wright, Circulation: William Harvey’s Revolutionary Idea (London: Vintage, 2013), p. 225.
44Ibid.
1Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 156.
2Ibid., p. 157.
3Ibid., p. 159.
4Ibid., p. 147.
5Rudolf Virchow, “Morgagni and the Anatomic Concept,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Oct. 1939; vol. 7, pp. 975-90.
6Antoni Lewenhoeck, “De Natis’e E Semine Genitali Animalculis,” Philosophical Transactions (1665–1678). 1753-01-01. 12:1040–1046.
7Catherine Wilson, The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 36.
8Ibid., p. 37.
9Bernard de Fontenelle, p. 9. https://books.google.com/books?id=VOqbtFnjR0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed October 9, 2019.
10https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/vincent-van-gogh-sunflowers. Accessed October 9, 2019.
11http://ursula.chem.yale.edu/~chem220/chem220js/STUDYAIDS/history/chemists/perkin.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
12“The Top Pharmaceuticals that Changed the World,” Chemical and Engineering News, vol. 83, Issue 25, June 2005, https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325emergence.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
13S. I. Hajdu, “Microscopic contributions of pioneer pathologists,” Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 41(2), 2011, p. 201.
14R. Ali Faisal, et al., “Hematoxylin in History—The Heritage of Histology,” JAMA Dermatology, 2017, 153(3), p. 328.
15Gary W. Gill, Cytopreparation: Principles & Practice; Essentials in Cytopathology (New York: Springer, 2012), p. 207.
16Johannes Steudel, Johannes Müller, German Physiologist, in Encyclopedia Britannica online, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Muller. Accessed October 9, 2019.
17Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 310.
18Ibid., p. 320.
19Ibid., p. 306.
20Ibid., p. 307.
21Ibid., p. 325.
1http://en.muvs.org/topic/the-gate-for-the-secretly-pregnant.pdf. Accessed October 9, 2019.
2Sherwin Nuland, The Doctor’s Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignác Semmelweis (New York: Atlas Books, 2003), p. 96.
3Ibid., p. 96.
4Ibid., p. 94.
5Ibid., p. 90.
6Ibid., pp. 99–100.
7Ibid., p. 100.
8Edward Huth and T. J. Murray, Medicine in Quotations: Views of Health and Disease Through the Ages (Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 2006), p. 176.
9Lane, Nick “The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) ‘Concerning Little Animals’” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 370: 20140344, 2015, pp. 1–10.
10Sherwin Nuland, The Doctor’s Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignác Semmelweis (New York: Atlas Books, 2003), p. 156.
11Ibid., pp. 159–61.
12Thomas Hodgkin, “On Some Morbid Appearances of the Absorbent Glands and Spleen” Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, 1832. 17:68–114.
13Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 352.
14David Wootton, Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 234.
15Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 354.
16Ibid., p. 355.
17Ibid., p. 356.
18Richard A. Fisher, Joseph Lister 1827–1912 (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), p. 52.
19Melvin Santer, Confronting Contagion: Our Evolving Understanding of Disease (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 211.
20Jacob Henle, On Miasmata and Contagia, trans. George Rosen (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1938), p. 14.
21Ibid., p. 19.
22Richard A. Fisher, Joseph Lister 1827–1912 (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), p. 132.
23Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 362.
24Ibid., p. 363.
25Richard A. Fisher, Joseph Lister 1827–1912 (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), p. 134.
26Ibid.
27Edwin S. Gaillard, The American Medical Weekly, vols. 8–9, 1878, p. 243.
28Richard A. Fisher, Joseph Lister 1827–1912 (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), p. 131–2.
29Francis Darwin, The Eugenics Review, vol. 6:1, 1914, p. 1.
30Thomas Goetz, The Remedy: Robert Koch, Arthur Conan Doyle, and the Quest to Cure Tuberculosis (New York: Gotham Books, 2014), p. 11.
31Ibid., p. 13.
32Ibid., p. 6.
33http://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/anthrax/overview-of-anthrax. Accessed July 23, 2017.
34Thomas Goetz, The Remedy: Robert Koch, Arthur Conan Doyle, and the Quest to Cure Tuberculosis (New York: Gotham Books, 2014), p. 23.
35Jacob Henle, On Miasmata and Contagia, trans. George Rosen (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1938), p. 42.
36Thomas Goetz, The Remedy: Robert Koch, Arthur Conan Doyle, and the Quest to Cure Tuberculosis (New York: Gotham Books, 2014), p. 39.
37Ibid., p. 40.
38https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Koch. Accessed July 29, 2017.
39Thomas Goetz, The Remedy: Robert Koch, Arthur Conan Doyle, and the Quest to Cure Tuberculosis (New York: Gotham Books, 2014), p. 87.
40E. Cambau and M. Drancourt, “Steps Towards the Discovery of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Robert Koch, 1882” Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 20, Issue 3, March 2014, pp. 196–201.
41Thomas Goetz, The Remedy: Robert Koch, Arthur Conan Doyle, and the Quest to Cure Tuberculosis (New York: Gotham Books, 2014), p. 88.
42Ibid., p. 87.
43David Wootton, Bad Medicine: Doctors Doing Harm Since Hippocrates (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 227.
44Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 379.
1William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 41.
2Ibid., p. 39.
3H. Maruta, “From chemotherapy to signal therapy (1909–2009): A century pioneered by Paul Ehrlich,” Drug Discoveries Therapeutics, 2009; 3(2): 37–40.
4William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 57.
5Ibid., p. 62.
6Ibid., p. 63.
7William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 53.
8Ibid., p. 63.
9Ibid., p. 68.
10Ibid., p. 107.
11Ibid., p. 113.
12Eric Lax, The Mold in Dr. Florey’s Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015), chapter 8.
13William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 131.
14Ibid., p. 135.
15Robert Bud, Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 36.
16William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 135.
17Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 341.
18William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 192.
19Ibid.
20Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff, “Streptothricin, a New Selective Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Agent, Particularly Active Against Gram-Negative Bacteria” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Feb. 1, 1942, 49(2), pp. 207–10.
21Albert Schatz, Elizabeth Bugle, and Selman Waksman “Streptomycin, A Substance Exhibiting Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria,” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Jan. 1, 1944, 55(1) pp. 66–9.
22William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 211.
23Ibid., p. 268.
24Ibid., p. 303.
25Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 336.
26William Rosen, Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine (New York: Viking, 2017), p. 256.
1William Mayo, Collected Papers of the Mayo Clinic and the Mayo Foundation, vol. 13, (New York, Saunders, 1922), p. 1274.
2J. Ashhurst Jr., “Surgery Before the Days of Anesthesia,” in J. C. Warren, J. C. White, W. I. Richardson, H. H. Beach, F. C. Shattuck, W. S. Bigelow, eds. The Semi-Centennial of Anesthesia, October 16, 1846–October 16, 1896, (Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital, 1897), 27–37.
3Ann Ellis Hanson, “‘Your mother nursed you with bile’: anger in babies and small children,” in Susanna Braund, and Glenn W. Most, eds., Ancient Anger, Perspectives from Homer to Galen (Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press, 2004), p. 185.
4https://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/morpheus-the-god-of-dreams/. Accessed October 4, 2018.
5M. L. Meldrum, “A capsule history of pain management,” JAMA, 290(18), Nov. 12, 2003.
6Ibid., p. 2.
7Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p. 25.
8 https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/josephpriestleyoxygen.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
9Ibid.
10Ibid.
11Henry Guerlac, “Joseph Black and Fixed Air, a Bicentenary Retrospective, with some New or Little Known Material,” Isis, vol. 48, No. 2, 1957, p. 125.
12https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/josephpriestleyoxygen.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
13Humphry Davy, Researches, Chemical and Philosophical: Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide (Bristol, UK: Biggs and Cottle, 1800), p. 556.
14Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p. 54.
15Ibid., p. 55.
16Ibid., p. 63.
17https://archive.org/stream/101495446.nlm.nih.gov/101495446#page/n1/mode/2up. Accessed October 9, 2019.
18Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p. 65.
19Ibid., p. 67.
20Ibid., p. 68.
21John Collins Warren, “Inhalation of ethereal vapor for the prevention of pain in surgical operations,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, December 9, 1846.
22Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p. 99.
23Gordon, H. Laing, quoted in Sherwin Nuland, The Origins of Anesthesia (Birmingham: Classics of Modern Medicine, 1983), p. 108.
24http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/victoria.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
1 Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted (New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 66.
2James Thomas Flexner and Simon Flexner, “William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine, 1942; 227: 152–54, July 23, 1942.
3Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted (New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 42.
4Joshua Berrett, “Doctors Afield: Theodor Billroth,” New England Journal of Medicine, 264; Jan. 5, 1961, p. 38.
5A. Cesmebasi, et al., “A Historical Perspective: Bernhard von Langenbeck German Surgeon (1810–1887),” Clinical Anatomy 27: 972–75, 2014.
6Ibid.
7Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies (New York: Scribner, 2010), p. 58.
8Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 391.
9R. Kazi and R. Peter, “Christian Albert Theodor Billroth: Master of Surgery,” Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 2004; 50: 82–3.
10Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 391.
11M. Goerig, et al., “Carl Koller, Cocaine, and Local Anesthesia. Some less known and forgotten facts,” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 37(3, May-June): 318, 2012.
12Ibid.
13G. Gaertner, Die Entdeckung der Lokalanasthesia (Vienna: Der neue Tag, 1919), 6.
14Ibid.
15H. D. Noyes, “The Ophthalmological Congress in Heidelberg,” Medical Record. 1884; 26: 417–18.
16Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted (New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 55.
17Howard Markel, An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug, Cocaine (New York: Vintage, 2012), p. 108.
18Ibid., p. 111.
19Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted (New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 80.
20Ibid., p. 87.
21Ibid., p. 98.
22Ibid., p. 349.
23Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p. 414.
24Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted (New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 115.
25Ibid., p. 118.
26Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies (New York: Scribner, 2010), p. 47.
27Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted (New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 228.
28Ibid., p. 233.
29Ibid., p. 349.
30Ibid., p. 296.
31Ibid., p. 348.
32Ibid., p. 146.
33Ibid., p. 350.
1A. Boire, V. A. Riedel, N. M. Parrish S. Riedel, “Tuberculosis: From an Untreatable Disease in Antiquity to an Untreatable Disease in Modern Times?” Journal of Ancient Diseases and Preventable Remedies, 2013, vol. 1, pp. 1–11.
2N. J. Eynon-Lewis, D. Ferry, and M. F. Pearse, “Themistocles Gluck, Unrecognized Genius,” British Medical Journal, 1992, vol. 305, pp. 1534–36.
3R. A. Brand, M. A. Mont, and M. M. Manring, “Biographical Sketch: Themistocles Gluck (1853–1942),” Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 2011, 469, pp. 1525–27.
4Ibid., p. 1527.
5M. J. Bankes and R. J. Emery, “Pioneers of Shoulder Replacement: Themistocles Gluck and Jules Emile Péan,” Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 1995, vol. 4, pp. 259–62.
6Ibid., p. 260.
7M. N. Smith-Petersen, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1953, vol. 35, pp. 1042–44.
8M. N. Smith-Peterson, “Evolution of mould arthroplasty of the hip joint,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1948, vol. 30B, pp. 59–75.
9C. S. Venable, W. G. Stuck, and A. Beach, “The effects of bone of the presence of metals; based upon electrolysis, an experimental study,” Annals of Surgery, 1937, vol. 105, pp. 917–38.
10M. N. Smith-Petersen, “Arthroplasty of the hip, a new method,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1939, vol. 37, p. 269–88.
11Ibid., p. 278.
12E. D. McBride, “A femoral head prosthesis for the hip joint. Four years’ experience and the results,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1952, vol. 34, pp. 989–96.
13Ibid., p. 989.
14M. J. Bankes and R. J. Emery, “Pioneers of Shoulder Replacement: Themistocles Gluck and Jules Emile Péan,” Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 1995, vol. 4, p. 262.
1Sue Blevins, Medicare’s Midlife Crisis (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2001), p. 25.
2Ibid.
3Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Compulsory Health Insurance: The Continuing American Debate (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), p. 6.
4R. Cunningham and R. M. Cunningham, The Blues: A History of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield System (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University, 1997), p. ix.
5Ibid., p. 5.
6Ibid., p. 4.
7James E. Stuart, The Blue Cross Story: An Informal Biography of the Voluntary Nonprofit Prepayment Plan for Hospital Care (self-published), 1952, p. 18.
8R. Cunningham and R. M. Cunningham, The Blues: A History of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield System (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University, 1997), p. 35.
9Ibid., p. 59.
10Ibid., p. 92.
11Ibid., p. 118.
12Oscar Ewing, press statement (Federal Security Agency, Washington, DC, June 25, 1951).
13Julian E. Zelizer, “How Medicare Was Made,” New Yorker, Feb. 15, 2015.
14Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
15Howard, S. Berliner, “The Origins of Health Insurance for the Aged,” International Journal of Health Services 3, no. 3 (1973): 465.
16Sue Blevins, Medicare’s Midlife Crisis (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2001), p. 42.
17Julian Zelizer, “The Contentious Origins of Medicare and Medicaid,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 13.
18James Morone and Elisabeth Fauquert, “Medicare in American Political History: The Rise and Fall of Social Insurance,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 299.
19Ibid., p. 299.
20Ibid.
21Ibid., p. 300.
22Ira Katznelson, Fear Itself, The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York: Liveright, 2013)
23Sue Blevins, Medicare’s Midlife Crisis (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2001), p. 46.
24Ibid.
25D. B. Smith, “Civil Rights and Medicare, Historical Convergence and Continuing Legacy,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 35.
26Ibid.
27Nathaniel Wesley, Black Hospitals in America: History, Contributions, and Demise (Tallahassee, Fla., NRW Associates Publications, 2010).
28Cited in Rick Mayes, “The Origins, Development, and Passage of Medicare’s Revolutionary Prospective Payment System,” Journal of the History of Medicine 62, Jan. 2007, p. 25.
29Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 172.
30Ibid.
31Ibid., p. 173.
32Ibid.
33Ibid., p. 174.
34Ibid., p. 175.
35American Medical Association, “History of the RBRVS,” http://www.ama-assn.org//ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding-billing-insurance/medicare/the-resource-based-relative-value-scale/history-of-rbrvs.page. Accessed October 9, 2019.
36Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 178.
37Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 179.
38Kaiser Family Foundation, “10 Essential Facts About Medicare’s Financial Outlook,” Feb. 2, 2017, http://kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/10-essential-facts-about-medicares-financial-outlook/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
39Uwe Reinhardt, “Medicare Innovations in the War Over the Key to the US Treasury,” in Medicare and Medicaid at 50, America’s Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care, Alan B. Cohen, David C. Colby, Keith A. Wailoo, and Julian Zelizer, eds. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 182.
1Philip J. Hilts, Protecting America’s Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), p. ix.
2Ibid., p. 3.
3Ibid., p. x.
4Ibid., p. xi.
5David Greenberg, “How Teddy Roosevelt Invented Spin,” Atlantic, Jan. 24, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/how-teddy-roosevelt-invented-spin/426699/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
6Ibid.
7Philip J. Hilts, Protecting America’s Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), p. 24.
8Ibid., p. 55.
9Ibid.
10Ibid., p. 93.
11Ibid.
12Carol Rados, “Medical Device and Radiological Health Regulations Come of Age,” FDA Consumer Magazine, Jan.–Feb., 2006, https://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/whatwedo/history/productregulation/medicaldeviceandradiologicalhealthregulationscomeofage/default.htm. Accessed October 9, 2019.
13Meryl Gordon, “A Cash Settlement, but No Apology”, New York Times, Feb. 20, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/20/opinion/a-cash-settlement-but-no-apology.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
14I. D. Learmonth, C. Young, C. Rorabeck, “The Operation of the Century,” The Lancet, 2007, 1508–19.
15G. K. McKee, J. Watson-Farrar, “Replacement of arthritic hips by the McKee-Farrar prosthesis,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1966, 48 B:245, 59.
16D. Cohen, “Out of joint: The Story of the ASR,” British Medical Journal, May 14, 2011, 342:d2905.
17https://www.depuysynthes.com/asrrecall/depuy-asr-recall-usen.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
18C. Delaunay, “Registries in Orthopaedics,” Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 101 (2015), S69–S75.
19P. Slatis and B. Veraart, “Goran Carl Harald Bauer: 1923–1994,” Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 65: 5, 491–8, 1994.
20Barry Meier, “A Call for a Warning System on Artificial Joints,” New York Times, July 29, 2008.
21Australian Orthopedic Association. National Joint Replacement Registry, annual report 2007. AOA, 2008.
22D. Cohen, “Out of joint: The Story of the ASR,” British Medical Journal, May 14, 2011, 342:d2905.
23Ibid.
24Barry Meier, “A Call for a Warning System on Artificial Joints,” New York Times, July 29, 2008.
25Barry Meier, “House Bill Would Create Artificial Joints Registry,” New York Times, June 10, 2009.
26Barry Meier, “Concerns Over Metal on Metal Hip Implants,” New York Times, March 3, 2010.
27Ibid.
28http://www.mcminncentre.co.uk/research-lectures-debate.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
29Barry Meier, “Doctors Who Don’t Speak Out,” New York Times, Feb. 15, 2013.
30DePuy Orthopedics Inc. 2010. “DePuy Orthopedics Voluntarily Recalls Hip System,” https://www.depuysynthes.com/about/news-press/qs/depuy-orthopaedics-voluntarily-recalls-asr-hip-system---depuy. Accessed October 9, 2019.
31http://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/j/NYSE_JNJ_2013.pdf. Accessed October 9, 2019.
32Barry Meier, “Frustrations from a Deal on Flawed Hip Implants,” New York Times, Nov. 25, 2013.
33Matthias Wienroth, et al., “Precaution, governance and the failure of medical implants: The ASR hip in the UK,” Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 2014, 10:19.
34Andrew Barry, Political Machines: Governing a Technological Society (London: Athlone Press, 2001).
35Matthias Wienroth, et al., “Precaution, governance and the failure of medical implants: The ASR hip in the UK,” Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 2014, 10:19.
36D. Cohen, “How Safe are Metal-on-Metal Hip Implants?” British Medical Journal, Feb. 28, 2012, 344: e1410.
1William Henry Kellar, Enduring Legacy: The M.D. Anderson Foundation and The Texas Medical Center (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2014), p. 37.
2Ibid., p. 41.
3Ibid., p. xxi.
4Ibid., p. 182.
5Ibid., p. 196.
6Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, http://www.sart.org/globalassets/__sart/infographics/number-of-clinics-treatments-births.png. Accessed October 9, 2019.
7G. S. Dawe, et al., “Cell Migration from Baby to Mother,” Cell Adhesion & Migration, 1(1): 2007, pp. 19–27.
8M. F. Maitz, “Applications of synthetic polymers in clinical medicine,” Biosurface and Biotribology, vol. 1, 2015, pp. 161–76.
9http://education.seattlepi.com/can-minerals-form-deep-within-earth-6008.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
10https://www.britannica.com/technology/chromium-processing. Accessed October 9, 2019.
11http://www.mining.com/web/global-cobalt/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
12https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/11/placebo-effect-of-the-heart/545012/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
13https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/12/15/897773/0/en/Global-Cardiac-Pacemaker-Market-will-exceed-USD-12-00-billion-by-2021-Zion-Market-Research.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
1Stephen Paget, The Surgery of the Chest (Bristol, England: John Wright, 1896), p. 121.
2http://www.timesleader.com/news/local/455923/dr-victor-greco-operated-heart-lung-machine-during-first-successful-open-heart-surgery. Accessed October 9, 2019.
3William Stoney, Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, vol. 119, pp. 2844–53, 2009.
4Vincent Gott, Lewis Lillehei, and Owen Wangensteen, “The Right Mix for Giant Achievement in Cardiac Surgery,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 79, 2005, pp. S2210–13.
5Ibid., p. S2211.
6Ibid.
7https://medicine.wright.edu/about/news-and-events/vital-signs/article/a-real-life-macgyver-builds-a-medical-school. Accessed October 9, 2019.
8Earl Bakken, A Full Life, The Autobiography of Earl Bakken. Self published, p. 32.
9Ibid.
10Ibid.
11http://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
12http://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/bellabs.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
13Earl Bakken, A Full Life, The Autobiography of Earl Bakken. Self published, p. 38.
14http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/about/facts-stats.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
15Henry Ellis, and John W. Kirklin, “Aortic Stenosis,” Surgical Clinics of North America, Aug. 1955, p. 1033.
16W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 250.
17Ibid., p. 253.
18A. F. Crocetti, “Cardiac Diagnostic and Surgical Facilities in the United States,” Public Health Rep., 1965, 80: 1035–53.
19W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 323.
20W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 323, quoting Hurst, “History of Cardiac Catheterization,” in S. B. King III and J. S. Douglas, eds. Coronary Arteriography and Angioplasty (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985), pp. 5–6.
21W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 326, quoting D. B. Effler to F. A. LeFevre, Nov. 8, 1960, Effler Papers, CCA.
22A. Roguin, Cardiovascular Interventions. Circulation: 2011;4:206–209.
23https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/no-old-maps-actually-say-here-be-dragons/282267/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
24R. P. Hudson, “Eisenhower’s heart attack: How Ike beat heart disease and held onto the presidency,” (review). Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 72 (1), p. 161–62.
25https://www.azquotes.com/quote/1267465. Accessed October 9, 2019.
1William Osler, “Why is it so? Is it so?” Journal of the Tennessee State Medical Association, 1919, 12: 222.
2Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 38.
3Ibid.
4US Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, 1975), p. 78.
5W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 9.
6https://www.thoughtco.com/how-skyscrapers-became-possible-1991649. Accessed October 9, 2019.
7https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
8S. H. Severson, Rochester: Mecca for Millions (Rochester, MN: Marquette Bank & Trust, 1979).
9W. W. Mayo, “Address,” in Memorial of St. Mary’s Hospital, (Rochester, Minn.: St. Mary’s Hospital, 1894), pp. 7–8.
10W. J. Mayo, “John[s] Hopkins, May 1895,” handwritten notebook, MCA.
11W. Bruce Fye, Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 16.
12Ibid., p. 17.
13Ibid., p. 19.
14Ibid., p. 23.
15Ibid., p. 29.
16W. J. Mayo, “Commencement Address,” in Collected Papers of the Staff of St. Mary’s Hospital, Mayo Clinic (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1911), pp. 557–66.
17Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest, rev. ed., (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. ix.
18David B. Levine, Anatomy of a Hospital: Hospital for Special Surgery, 1863–2013 (New York: Hospital for Special Surgery, 2013), p. xi.
19Ibid., p. 4.
20M. M. Manning and J. H. Calhoun, “Royal Whitman, 1857–1946” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Vol., 1946, vol. 28, pp. 890–92.
21Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest, rev. ed., (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. ix.
22David B. Levine, Anatomy of a Hospital: Hospital for Special Surgery, 1863–2013 (New York: Hospital for Special Surgery, 2013), p. 185.
23Ibid., p. 215.
1H. P. Platt, Sir John Charnley in Some Manchester Doctors W. J. Elwood, A. F. Tuxford, eds. (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1985).
2C. S. Neer, T. H. Brown, and H. L. McLaughlin, “Fracture of the neck of the humerus with dislocation of the head fragment,” American Journal of Surgery, March 1953, pp. 252–58.
3C. S. Neer, “Articular replacement for the humeral head,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1955, 37-A, pp. 215–28.
4C. S. Neer, “Replacement arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1974, 56-A, pp. 1–13.
5William Waugh, John Charnley: The Man and the Hip (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990), p. 114.
6John Charnley, “Arthroplasty of the hip—a new operation,” 1961, The Lancet I:1129–32.
7William Waugh, John Charnley: The Man and the Hip (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990), p. 122.
8Ibid.
9C. S. Neer, “Recent experience in total shoulder replacement,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 1982, 64-A, pp. 319–37.
1https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/list/3/#version:static. Accessed October 9, 2019.
2Reinhold Schmieding, “Helping Surgeons Treat their Patients Better: A history of Arthrex’s contribution to Arthroscopic Surgery” Arthrex publication, 2006, p. 12.
3Reinhold Schmieding, Personal communication, June 2, 2017.
4The New York Tribune the following day would declare, “… the sun smiled cheerfully, now and then dodging behind clouds as if he had got a black eye at football … all that was wanted was a little warmth for there were thousands of ‘tiger’ men and pretty girls who shivered in the chill November air.”
5Cowan, a Presbyterian minister, would go on to become the football coach at the University of North Carolina and the University of Kansas (where he coached John Outland). Cowan resigned as head football coach after three years, but continued as a physical culture professor for an additional two years, before being replaced by a new professor … James Naismith.
6http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/HLTransformer/HLTransServlet?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=mssa:ms.0125&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes. Accessed October 9, 2019.
7Ibid.
8Zezima, Katie, May 29, 2014 Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/05/29/teddy-roosevelt-helped-save-football-with-a-white-housemeeting-in-1905. Accessed October 9, 2019.
9Almost never done anymore. We typically use the palmaris longus from the ipsilateral (same side) arm, or one of the smaller hamstring tendons from the ipsilateral leg.
10Dr. Frank Jobe has received special recognition at the Baseball Hall of Fame. It is hard to name another figure who has had such a profound impact on the game. Contemplate the difference between Sandy Koufax walking away from the game at thirty, and Mariano Rivera having elbow surgery from Dr. Jobe before ever having played a single big league game.
1https://www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget-economic-data#2. Accessed October 9, 2019.
2D. P. Rice, B. S. Cooper, National Health Expenditures, 1950–67, Bulletin, Jan. 1969, https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v32n1/v32n1p3.pdf. Accessed October 9, 2019.
3https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=5500&year1=196712&year2=201712. Accessed October 9, 2019.
4https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nis/nisdbdocumentation.jsp. Accessed October 9, 2019.
5Mark Coventry, “The History of Joint Replacement Arthroplasty,’ Joint Replacement Arthroplasty (Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2003), p. 6.
6S. Kurtz, et al., “Projections of Primary and Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 2007, pp. 780–85.
7K. McDermott, et al., “Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in U.S. Hospitals,” 2014. Statistical Brief #233. December, 2017. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Md. HCUP-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2014 (1).pdf. Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
8Ibid.
9Ibid.
10Ibid.
11Ibid.
12S. Kurtz, et al., “Projections of Primary and Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 2007, pp. 780–85.
13R. Westermann, “Reverse shoulder arthroplasty in the United States: A comparison of national volume, patient demographics, complications, and surgical indications,” Iowa Orthopedic Journal, (35), 2015, pp. 1–7.
14E. Melamed, et al., “Trends in the Utilization of Total Wrist Arthroplasty versus Wrist Fusion for Treatment of Advanced Arthritis,” Journal of Wrist Surgery, 5 (3), 2016, pp. 211–16.
15SmartTRAK, 2018 Orthopedic Industry report.
16S. Raikin, “Trends in Treatment of Advanced Ankle Arthroplasty by Total Ankle Replacement or Ankle Fusion,” Foot Ankle International, March, 35(3); 2014, pp. 216–24.
17SmartTRAK, 2018 Orthopedic Industry report.
18K. McDermott, et al., “Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in U.S. Hospitals,” 2014. Statistical Brief #233. December, 2017. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Md. HCUP-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2014 (1).pdf. Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
19Ibid.
20SmartTRAK, 2018 Orthopedic Industry report.
21K. McDermott, et al., “Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in U.S. Hospitals,” 2014. Statistical Brief #233. December, 2017. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Md. HCUP-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2014 (1).pdf. Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
22SmartTRAK, 2018 Orthopedic Industry report.
23Ibid.
24L. T. Buller, et al., “Trends in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the United States,” Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(1), 2015, pp. 1–8.
25M. P. Leathers, “Trends and demographics in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the United States,” Journal of Knee Surgery, Oct. 28(5); pp. 390–94.
26L. T. Buller, et al., “Trends in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the United States,” Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(1), 2015, pp. 1–8.
27https://www.census.gov/popclock/. Accessed Feb. 22, 2018.
28SmartTRAK, 2018 Orthopedic Industry report.
29Ibid.
30A. Chiang Colvin, et al., “National Trends in Rotator Cuff Repair” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Feb. 94(3), 2012, pp. 227–33.
31N. Bonazza, et al., “Trends in surgical management of shoulder instability,” Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine, June, 5(6), 2017, pp. 1–7.
32SmartTRAK, 2018 Orthopedic Industry report.
33Ibid.
34R. Lee, et al., “Fifteen-year outcome trends for valve surgery in North America,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery; 91, 2011, pp. 677–84.
35Ibid.
36F. Algahtani, et al., “Contemporary trends in the use and outcomes of surgical treatment of tricuspid regurgitation,” Journal of the American Heart Association, Dec., 6(12): e007597, pp. 1–10.
37J. S. Gammie, et al., “Trends in mitral valve surgery in the United States: Results from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Database,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery; 87, 2009, pp. 1431–9.
38A. R. Opotowsky, et al., “A shifting approach to management of the thoracic aorta in bicuspid aortic valve,” Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aug., 146(2), 2013, pp. 339–46.
39K. McDermott, et al., “Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in U.S. Hospitals,” 2014. Statistical Brief #233. December, 2017. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Md. HCUP-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2014 (1).pdf. Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
40R. Lee, et al., “Fifteen-year outcome trends for valve surgery in North America,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery; 91, 2011, pp. 677–84.
41K. McDermott, et al., “Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in U.S. Hospitals,” 2014. Statistical Brief #233. December, 2017. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Md. HCUP-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2014 (1).pdf. Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
42Ibid.
43S. Kurtz, et al., “Implantation trends and patient profiles for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in the United States: 1993–2006,” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, June 1, 2010.
44M.J.P. Raatikainen, et al.; “Statistics on the use of cardiac electronic devices and electrophysiological procedures in the European Society of Cardiology countries: 2014 report from the European Heart Rhythm Association,” Europace 17, 2015, i1–i75.
45Anahad O’Connor, “Heart Stents Still Overused, Experts Say,” New York Times, Aug. 15, 2013, https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/15/heart-stents-continue-to-be-overused/. Accessed March 8, 2018.
46L. Szabo, “Stents open clogged arteries of 1M Americans annually,” Aug. 6, 2013. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/08/06/bush-stent-heart-surgery/2623111/. Accessed March 8, 2018.
47Ilene McDonald, “Half of cardiac stent procedures overused, unnecessary,” Fierce Healthcare. https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/half-cardiac-stent-procedures-overused-unnecessary. Accessed March 8, 2018.
48R. Riley, et al., “Trends in coronary revascularization in the United States from 2001 to 2009, recent declines in percutaneous coronary intervention volumes,” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, March 1; 4(2); 2011, pp. 193–97.
49A. Epstein, “Coronary revascularization trends in the United States, 2001–2008,” JAMA, May 4, vol. 305,(17), 2011, pp. 1769–776.
50https://blog.mediligence.com/2009/05/05/drug-eluting-bare-metal-and-absorbable-stents-segment-growth-2009-and-2017/. Accessed March 8, 2018.
51D. Buck, et al., “The Impact of endovascular treatment on isolated iliac artery aneurysm treatment and mortality,” Journal of Vascular Surgery, Aug., 62(2), 2015, pp. 331–335.
52https://www.healio.com/cardiac-vascular-intervention/aneurysm-repair/news/online/%7B51a14891-cdd4-439e-9dd5-368cc492e92a%7D/total-number-of-aaa-repairs-in-us-declining-annually-since-2005. Accessed March 6, 2018.
53L. Mureebe, et al., “National trends in the repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms,” Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 48 (5), Nov. 2008, pp. 1101–07.
54R. Parwardhan, “Implanted ventricular shunts in the United States: the billion-dollar-a-year cost of hydrocephalus treatment,” Neurosurgery, 56; 2005, pp. 139–45.
55F. Khan, et al., “Factors affecting ventriculoperitoneal shunt survival in adult patients,” Surgical Neurology International (6), 2015, p. 25.
56J. Jalbert, “Clipping and coiling of unruptured intracranial aneurysms among Medicare beneficiaries, 2000 to 2010,” Stroke (46); 2015, pp. 2452–457.
57https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/MedicareMedicaidStatSupp/Downloads/2011_Section2.pdf#Table2.1. Accessed March 11, 2018.
58A. A. Brinjikji, et al., “Better outcomes with treatment by coiling relative to clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States, 2001–2008.” American Journal of Neuroradiology, June 2011 vol. 32 (6), pp. 1071–75.
59https://www.medicalalley.org/media/22695/neuromod_pages.pdf. Accessed March 11, 2018.
60B. Youngerman, et al., “A decade of emerging indications: deep-brain stimulation in the United States,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 125 (2), 2016, pp. 461–71.
61J. Prager, “Estimates of annual spinal cord stimulator implant rises in the United States,” Neuromodulation, vol. 13 (1), 2010, pp. 68–9.
62https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/neurostimulation-devices-industry. Accessed March 25, 2018.
63https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/quick-statistics-hearing. Accessed March 11, 2018.
64http://www.medel.com/cochlear-implants-facts/. Accessed March 9, 2018.
65https://unos.org/data/transplant-trends/#transplants_by_organ_type+year+2014. Accessed March 9, 2018.
66https://unos.org/data/transplant-trends/#transplants_by_donor_type+organ+All Organs. Accessed March 9, 2018.
67https://www.cdc.gov/art/pdf/2015-report/ART-2015-National-Summary-Report.pdf#page=65. Accessed March 18, 2018.
68Ibid.
69https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidsable/2014/04/24/ivf-and-infertility-by-the-numbers/. Accessed March 18, 2018.
70https://www.medpagetoday.com/urology/erectiledysfunction/52233. Accessed October 9, 2019.
71S. MacDonald, “Waves of change: national trends in surgical management of male stress incontinence,” Urology, vol. 108, October, 2017, pp. 175–79.
72C. Steiner, et al., “Surgeries in Hospital-Based Ambulatory Surgery and Hospital Inpatient Settings, 2014,” Statistical Brief #223. May, 2017. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. HCUP-Ambulatory-Inpatient-Surgeries-2014.pdf, Accessed Jan. 13, 2018.
73W. Stark, et al., “Trends in Intraocular Lens Implantation in the United States,” Archives of Opthalmology, vol. 104, Dec., 1986, pp. 1769–70.
74https://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/cataract-surgery/news/print/premier-surgeon/%7B6c74b954-0386-4638-957e-9f58eff91c3f%7D/refractive-surgery-and-iols--future-trends. Accessed March 25, 2018.
75https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/simultaneous-bilateral-cataract-surgery-debate-con. Accessed March 25, 2018.
76https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161018094928.htm. Accessed March 21, 2018.
77K. Baylon, et al., “Past, present and future of surgical meshes: a review,” Membranes, vol. 7(3), pp. 1–23.
78https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1534321-overview. Accessed March 21, 2018.
79https://www.goremedical.com/conditions/hernia. Accessed March 21, 2018.
80https://asmbs.org/resources/estimate-of-bariatric-surgery-numbers. Accessed March 18, 2018.
81Ibid.
82http://obgyn.ucla.edu/mesh-related-complications. Accessed March 21, 2018.
83Ibid.
84Ibid.
85Michele Jonsson Funk, et al., “Trends in the surgical management of stress urinary incontinence,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, April; 119(4), 2012, pp. 845–51.
86Ibid.
87https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/News/Statistics/2014/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2014.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2018.
88http://breastimplantinfo.org/fda-breast-implants/. Accessed March 21, 2018.
89L. Gaviria, et al., “Current trends in dental implants,” Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 40(2), 2014, pp. 50–60.
1J. W. Langston, “The MPTP Story,” Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, (7), pp. S11–S19, 2017.
2R. Lewin, “Trail of Ironies to Parkinson’s Disease,” Science, (224), pp. 1083–5, 1984.
3J. M. Harlow, “Recovery from the passage of an iron bar through the head.” Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society. 2(3), pp. 327–47, 1868.
4Maria Konnikova, Scientific American, Feb. 8, 2013, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/the-man-who-couldnt-speakand-how-he-revolutionized-psychology/. Accessed July 15, 2018.
5Aubertin, 1861, quoted by L. L. LaPointe, Paul Broca and the Origins of Language in the Brain (San Diego: Plural Publishing, 2012), p. 129.
6A. P. Wickens, A History of the Brain: From Stone Age Surgery to Modern Neuroscience (London: Psychology Press, 2014), p. 171.
7Bahar Gholipour, “A visual history of neurons,” Brain Decoder, April 13, 2015. http://behdad.org/mirror/www.braindecoder.com/a-visual-history-of-neurons-1089282606.html. Accessed July 19, 2018.
8A. B. Keener, “The first neuron drawings, 1870s,” The Scientist. https://www.the-scientist.com/foundations/the-first-neuron-drawings-1870s-34751. Accessed July 19, 2018.
9Stanley Finger, “Santiago Ramón y Cajal: From Nerve Nets to Neuron Doctrine,” Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and their Discoveries (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 197–216.
10E. A. Newman, A. Araque, and J. M. Dubinsky, eds., The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (New York: Abrams, 2018), p. 12.
11L. Swanson, in E. A. Newman, A. Araque, and J. M. Dubinsky, eds., The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (New York: Abrams, 2018), p. 12.
12M. Fessenden, Smithsonian.com, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/revel-these-wondrous-drawings-father-neuroscience-180961881/ Jan. 23, 2017, Accessed July 27, 2018.
13Ibid.
14E. V. Evarts, “Activity of neurons in visual cortex of the cat during sleep with low voltage fast EEG activity,” Journal of Neurophysiology 25: 812–6, 1962.
15E. V. Evarts, “Temporal patterns of discharge of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey,” Journal of Neurophysiology, 27: 152–71, 1964.
16E. V. Evarts, “Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey,” Journal of Neurophysiology, 29: 1011–27, 1966.
17W. T. Thach, Edward Vaughan Evarts 1926–1985, A biographical memoir. National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoirs, 2000, vol. 78, pp. 1–15.
18Ibid., p. 6.
19A. Mehta, Mahlon DeLong profile part 1. The Dana Foundation. http://www.dana.org/News/Details.aspx?id=42940. Accessed July 29, 2018.
20Ibid.
21M. R. DeLong, “Activity of pallidal neurons during movement,” Journal of Neurophysiology,. 34: 414–27. 1971.
22A. Mehta, Mahlon DeLong profile part 1. The Dana Foundation. http://www.dana.org/News/Details.aspx?id=42940. Accessed July 29, 2018.
23https://med.emory.edu/gamechangers/researchers/delong/bio.html. Accessed July 29, 2018.
24A. Mehta, Mahlon DeLong profile part 1. The Dana Foundation. http://www.dana.org/News/Details.aspx?id=42940. Accessed July 29, 2018.
25Ibid.
26http://www.dana.org/News/Details.aspx?id=42940. Accessed July 29, 2018.
27H. Bergman, T. Wichmann, M. R. DeLong, “Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus,” Science, vol. 249, Issue 4975, pp. 1436–1438, Sept. 1990.
28Ibid.
29J. L. Vitek, et al., “Randomized trial of pallidotomy versus medical therapy for Parkinson’s disease,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 53, 2003, pp. 558–569.
30R. Williams, “Alim-Louis Benabid: Stimulation and Serendipity,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 9, Issue 12, Dec. 2010, p. 1152.
31Ibid.
32A. L. Benabid, P. Pollak, A. Louveau, S. Henry, and J. de Rougemont, “Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease,” Applied Neurophysiology, vol. 50, 344–46, 1987.
33G. E. Alexander, M. R. DeLong, P. L. Strick, “Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex,” Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 9, pp. 357–81, 1986.
34https://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/finalists/2016/benabid.html. Accessed August 4, 2018.
35Michael S. Okun, “Deep-Brain Stimulation—Entering the Era of Human Neural-Network Modulation.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 371, Oct. 9, pp. 1369–73, 2014.
1https://wondery.com/shows/dr-death/. Accessed October 9, 2019.
2Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper Perennial, 2018), p. 21.
3https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html. Accessed Aug. 15, 2018.
4T. James, et al., “BioMEMs—Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine,” Sensors, 8(9): pp. 6077–107, 2008.
5Ex Machina 2015—Behind the Scenes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZcHPhGsNi0
6Joe Rogan Experience #1169- Elon Musk https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/the-joe-rogan-experience/e/56151455. Accessed October 9, 2019.
7M. Rozenfeld, “The future of medicine might be bioelectronic implants,” http://theinstitute.ieee.org/technology-topics/life-sciences/the-future-of-medicine-might-be-bioelectronic-implants. Accessed October 9, 2019.
8Ibid.
9https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/03/elon-musk-has-gone-public-with-his.html. Accessed October 9, 2019.
10Max Tegmark, Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (New York: Vintage Books, 2017).
11Ibid., p. 28.
12Ibid., p. 29.
13Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Penguin Books, 2005) p. 9.
14Ibid., p. 311.
15Ibid., p. 310.
16Ibid., p. 298.
17Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, (London: John Murray, 1885), p. 429.