Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
AAOS (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons), 194
abdomen, 174, 180–81
abdominal surgery, 167–68, 174, 181, 256
Abernethy, John, 77
ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reconstruction, 289, 295
actinomycetes, 137
adaptation to life on other worlds, 159
adjacent possible, 14
Advancement of Learning, The (Bacon), 43–44
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 290–92
AGI (artificial general intelligence), 333
A.H. Robins Company, 216
AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), 290–92
air/oxygen, 145, 146–47, 148
AKH (Vienna General Hospital), 101–2, 106, 167
Albucasis (Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi), 20–21
Alexander, Albert, 134
Alexandria, xvii–xviii, 15
alkaloids, 169
al-Kindī, 19
Allgemeines Krankenhaus (AKH),Vienna, 101–2, 106, 167
Al-Mamun, 19
alternate allocation trials, 139
AMA (American Medical Association), 201–2, 203–4, 205, 256
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), 194
American Journal of Surgery, 185–86
American Medical Association (AMA), 201–2, 203–4, 205, 256
Amish people of central Pennsylvania, xi–xii
Anatomia (Mondino), 28–29
anatomy
pathologic anatomy, 95
Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures (Hunter), 70
anatomy theater, Padua, Italy, 59
Anderson, Clayton and Company, 226–27
Anderson, Frank, 226, 227
Anderson, H. Clarke, 80–84
Anderson, Monroe Dunaway, 226–27
Andrews, James, 284
anesthesia, 142–59
alleviating pain as first goal, 142–43
chloroform, 157–58
cocaine, 168–71
effectiveness and safety of newer agents, 158
with ether, 153, 154–57
for eye surgery, 169–70
laudanum, 75, 144
nitrous oxide, 149, 152–53
plant and animal cross-reactivity, 143–44
regional anesthesia, 170, 171, 172, 250–51
animal experimentation
creating an animal model for Parkinson’s, 317
dissection of live animals, 36, 63
guinea pigs, 190
Halsted’s abdominal surgery practice with dogs, 174
microelectrodes in cats and monkeys, 314–15
national standard for, 174
testing streptomycin with guinea pigs, 138
ankle replacement surgery, 293
ankylosing spondylitis, 283
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, 289, 295
anthrax, Koch identifies bacterial cause of, 115–18
antibiotics, 122–41
development of, 139–40
penicillin, 5, 124–25, 131, 134–35, 136
streptomycin, 137–40, 269
antiseptic surgery
in battlefields, 166
with carbolic acid, 107
with chloride solution, 105
Listerism, 112–13, 118, 121, 138, 166, 177, 202
appendectomy, 177
Aristotle
Arab scholars’s interest in, xix
on “healers” as philosophers, xv
ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology), 230, 302
Arthrex, 277–80
arthritis
overview, 190
shoulder implants for pain from, 267–68
X-rays allow doctors to see, 190
arthroscopic lenses, 278
arthroscopic surgery, 278–79, 294–96
Articular Surface Replacement (ASR) hip implant, 217, 219, 220, 221–25
Articular Surface Replacement (ASR XL) hip implant, 217, 219, 220
artificial general intelligence (AGI), 333
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), 230, 302
atomic theory, 149
atoxyl molecule experimentation, 126–27
attorneys’ fees for MDL litigation against DePuy, 225
Aubertin, Ernest, 310–11
augmentation surgery, 289–90
Austenal Laboratories, 192
Australia, 221, 222
Austrian War, 166
autoplasticity process, 187
autopsy of young man who had a heart attack, 80–84
azo dyes (aniline derivatives), 126, 128
Bacon, Francis, 39, 43–45, 45–46, 61, 65, 290
bacteriology, 115–18, 130, 173–74, 329
Bad Medicine (Wootton), xiii
Bakken, Earl, 239–40, 241, 242
Balanced Budget Act (1997), 206
barbers as Barber-Surgeons, 65–66
barbers as bloodletters, 29
barber-surgery, 29–30
Barrow, Isaac, 51
basal ganglia, 315, 316, 317–18
Bassinio, Edoardo, 181
Bauer, Göran, 220
Bayer, 127–29
Baylor Medical School, Houston, 228
Baylor University Medical Center, 200
Belize, man in infirmary needs extrication, ix
Bellevue Hospital, New York City, 164, 165, 176
Bell Laboratories, 240–41
Benabid, Alim Louis, 319–20
Berengario, Giacomo, 28
Berlin Medical Society, 188
Bettercare health insurance proposal, 205–6
BHR (Birmingham Hip Resurfacing) implants, 218
Bicétre Hospital, Paris, 310–11
Billings, John Shaw, 164
Billroth, Theodor, 87, 108, 165, 166–68, 169, 174
biological implants, 229–30
BioMEMs (Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems), 331–32, 334, 336
Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) implants, 218
Black, Joseph, 147, 148
Blalock, Alfred, 235–36, 237
Bleeding Edge (film), 323, 327
Block, John, xiv–xv
blood circulation, Harvey’s theory of, 62–65
blood flow and Hippocrates’s four humors theory, xv–xvi
bloodletting, xi–xii, xvii, 29, 77
blood transfusion, 177
BMIs (brain machine interfaces), 230, 301, 320–21, 331
Bnoetus, Theophilus, 84–85
Bohlman, Harold, 194
Boston, Massachusetts, 151–52
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 155–56
Boston Public Garden Ether Monument, 159
Boyle, Robert, 48–49, 65
brain aneurysm, 300
brain machine interfaces (BMIs), 230, 301, 320–21, 331
breast augmentation implants, 304
breathing, xix
British National Health Service, 199
Broca, Pierre Paul, 310–11
Brown, Thomas, 10–11
bubble oxygenator for cardiopulmonary support, 238
Bureau of Medical Devices, 216
Bureau of Radiological Health, 215
Butazolidin “Bute,” 283
Butler Sanitarium, Providence, 173, 174–75
Callaghan, John, 221
Camp, Walter, 281–82
cancer
anticancer medicines, 139
dedicated cancer hospital, 227–28
excising rectal cancer, 167
radical mastectomy, 177–79
Canon of Medicine, The (Avicenna), 20–21
cardiac device implants, 231–32
cardiopulmonary bypass machine, 236, 238, 328–29
Carter, Jimmy, 207
cartilage, evaluating slipperiness of, 270–71
cartilage and arthritis, 190
cartilage implant surgery, 296
Catholicism. See Roman Catholic Church
CDRH (Center for Device and Radiological Health), 216
cell as building block of life, 93–94, 96–97
Cellular Pathology (Virchow), 96
Center for Device and Radiological Health (CDRH), 216
Centre for Hip Surgery, Wrightington, England, 210–12, 272–75
Chain, Ernst, 132, 133–36, 137
Charles II, King, 45, 46, 52
Charnley, Sir John, 210, 211–12, 263, 268–75
chemistry
ability to make anything taste edible, 213–14
atoxyl molecule experimentation, 126–27
biochemical revolution in Germany, 127–28
Dalton exposes our universe’s structure, 149
discovery of dyes, 91, 125
as impetus for industrial growth, 91–92, 93
model of quantitative chemical investigation, 147
periodic table and complex molecules, 126
pre mid-19th century, 90
rise of, in 19th century, 149–50
stoichiometry, 90–91
studies of gases, 145–48
synthetic heroin with MPTP, 308–9
chemotherapy, 127, 129–30, 139
childbirth in hospital vs. midwife, 102–4, 105
chloroform, 157–58
Christianity, 16, 17
Civil Rights Act (1964), 198, 205
Civil Rights activism, 206
“Civil Rights Address” (Kennedy), 198
Civil War, chloroform use during, 158
Cleveland Clinic, 244
Cleveland Rams, 282
Cline, Henry, 77
coal tar, 91, 111, 128
cocaine addiction, 171–73, 174, 176, 181
cocaine uses, 168–71
cochlear implant, 290, 301, 331
codex (wooden tablet notebook), 16
Codman, Ernest Amory, 3, 7
cognitive neuroscience, 311
Cohen, Deborah, 221
Cohen, Wilbur, 206, 207
Cohn, Ferdinand, 117
Cohnheim, Julius, 117–18
Colombo, Realdo, 62
Columbus, Christopher, 24
Commentaria (Berengario), 28
commercial insurance companies add health insurance, 202–3, 208
communication skills of a deaf and blind couple, 323–26
Compound 606 (Salvarsan), 126–27
Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (Pasteur), 110
Constantine the African, 21
Constantinople, 25
Cooke, John, 192
Cooper, Theodore, 215–16
Cooper Report, 216
Copernicus, 24–25
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 244
cotton and technological progress, 14
Crane Court, London, 39, 40
Craven, Harry, 272
CRISPR technology, 329, 336
cross-circulation cardiopulmonary support, 236–37
Cushing, Henry, 181
cyclosporine, 301–2
Dalkon Shield crisis, 216
Dalton, John, 149
Dandy, Walter, 311
Danger Within, The (Lenzer), 234
Darrach, William, 6
Darwin, Charles, 337
Darwin, Francis, 112
Davy, Humphry, 149
DBS (deep-brain stimulation), 290, 300–301, 320–21
De humani corporis fabrica “De fabrica” (Vesalius), xviii, 25, 33–38
Deiters, Otto, 311–12
DeLong, Mahlon, 315–19, 317–18
de Luzzi, Mondino, 28, 32
Democratic Party, 205
dental implants, 305
dental procedures with ether, 153, 154
Denver General Hospital, 247–52
DePalma, A. F., 8
DePuy Orthopedics, Warsaw, Indiana, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221–23, 224
Descartes, René, 47, 52, 65
De Sedibus (Morgagni), 74, 84–86
DeWall, Richard, 238
diabetes, 330
digitalis, 143
“discovery” as a new word, 24
discrimination and segregation, 196–98, 206–7
diseases
cellular basis of, 93, 96, 97, 214
Morgagni’s new understanding of, 85–86
three-way war of the future, 330
See also specific diseases
dissection
Aristotle as first to use, xvi
attempts to understand blood flow, 60
Harvey’s obsession with, 61, 62–65
of live animals, 36, 63
See also human dissection
Domagk, Gerhard, 128
Dreyer, George, 131
Dubos, René, 137
Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford, 131–32
dyes and microscopy slides, 91–93, 126, 128, 311–12
Edinburgh, Scotland, 108, 157
Effler, Donald, 244
Ehrlich, Paul, 125–28
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 204, 245
elbow replacement surgery, 293
Eldercare health insurance proposal, 205–6
elective surgery, 180–82
Tommy John operation, 285–87
electroceuticals, 334
electromotive force of metals, 193
electronic implants, 235
embolism, 94–95
embryologists, 96
Emperor of All Maladies (Mukherjee), xv
Empire of Cotton (Beckert), 14
England
Black Death in, 47–48
Company of Barbers and Surgeons of London, 252
condemned men’s bodies, 67–68
Industrial Revolution, 252
monarchs and Parliament, 45
Royal College of Physicians, 252
Royal College of Surgeons, 65–66, 252
See also Royal Society
entitlement, 199
epidemics
overview, 88, 103, 109
anthrax, 115–18
cholera outbreaks, 111, 126
decrease in scope after identifying germs, 120, 125
influenza pandemic, 200
plague, 16, 42, 47–48, 56
epidemiology, 125, 126, 158
ether, 78, 150, 151
Ether Monument, Boston Public Garden, 159
Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever (Semmelweis), 106
Europe
and animal experimentation, 36, 63
awakening of intellectual curiosity, 17, 22, 25–28
ether transformation in, 156–57
Halley predicts total solar eclipse, 39–40
Islamic libraries superior to, 19–20
political upheavals in 1848, 86–87
primitive conditions 500 years ago, 56–57
Revolutions of 1848, 95
wars, 30–31, 73–74, 166
See also England
Evans, Rowland, 205
Evarts, Edward, 314–15, 331
Ewing, Oscar, 203, 204
Ex Machina (film), 333, 334
eye surgery, 169–70
Fabricius, Hieronymus, 59, 64
Favaloro, René, 244
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Feldman, William, 138
fetomaternal transfer, 230
fever
from infection, 30
penicillin vs., 134–35
puerperal fever believed to be in the air, 102–3, 104, 105, 106
Rhazes’s theory, 20
finger replacement surgery, 293
flail arm patients, 4, 8–9
Flaubert, Gustave, xiv
flea, microscopic view of, 88
Fleming, Alexander, 130–31, 137
Florey, Howard, 132, 133–36, 137
Fontenelle, Bernard de, 89
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938), 214–15
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
overview, 209, 215
Bureau of Radiological Health, 215
Center for Device and Radiological Health, 216
creation of, 213
erroneous approvals, 217
International Corsortium of Orthopedic Registries, 225
premarket approval for medical devices, 216
Ford, Gerald R., 216
four humors theory of Hippocrates, xv–xvii
fracture care
overview, 294
implants of metal plates and screws, 190
pre-antibiotics, 5–6
stabilization surgery, 289–90
trauma hardware for internal stabilization, 289
and X-rays, 3
“Fracture of the neck of the humerus with dislocation of the head fragment” (Neer, Brown, and McLaughlin), 10–11, 266–67
fractures (compound) as potentially lethal, 5, 106–7, 282
Franco-Prussian War, Germans use Listerism, French do not, 112–13, 166
Franklin, Benjamin, 71
Fye, Bruce, 252–53
Gage, Phineas, 309–10
Galante, Jorge, 183
Galen
Arab scholars’s interest in, xix
biographical info, xvii–xix
Harvey and Galen’s theory of blood flow, 59–60, 62–65
Hunter, J., and scientific training of surgeons, 78
influence of, xiii
On the Natural Faculties, xi
teachings about blood flow and lungs, 59–61
Vesalius’s comprehensive analysis of, 33–37
Galileo, 41–42
gallstone surgery, 177
“Gangrene” (Lister), 108
gases, 145–48, 149, 152–53
genetic modification of humans, 329, 330, 332
Genius on the Edge (Imber), 172, 177–78
genius societies, 46.See also Royal Society
Gerard of Cremona, 21–22
German Opthalmological Society Conference, 170
Germany
awareness of cellular basis of diseases, 214
biochemical revolution, 127–28
discovery of mauveine, 126, 311–12
effect of WWII on antibiotic research, 136–37
Hitler attacks Poland, 134
Sickness Insurance Act of 1883, 199
surgery pioneers, 166
germs, 98–121
overview, 120–21, 125
chloride solution as effective deterrent, 105
discovery of germs in infected tissue, 113
fungal colonies on an AIDS patient, 98–101
Listerism vs., 112–13, 118, 121, 138, 166, 202
Pasteur finds yeast and bacteria in slimy beer, 110–11
puerperal fever believed to be in the air, 102–3, 104, 105
and Semmelweis, 101, 103–6, 105–6, 112
two main classes stain as purple or red, 125–26
See also Koch, Robert; Lister, Joseph
Gibbon, John, 236
Gibney, Virgil, 258, 260
glassmakers in Venice, 25–26
Gluck, Themistocles, 187–88, 195
Goetz, Thomas, 114
Golgi, Camillo, 312–13
Gompers, Samuel, 212
graft-versus-host disease, 229
Gram, Hans Christian, 125
Grass Stimulator, 239
grave robbing, 33, 68
Graves, Steven, 221
Greater Journey, The (McCullough), 255
Great Instauration, New Organon (Bacon), 39, 43–44
Greek gods, 144
Greenblatt, Stephen, xiv
Grenoble, France, 319
Gross, Robert, 235
guilds, 29
Guinter, Johann, 32–33
Gutenberg, Johannes, 16–17
gynecology, 304
Hahnemann, Samuel, 144
Halley, Edmund, 39–40
Halsted, William Stewart
abdominal surgery experiments, 174
biographical info, 164–65, 168, 176, 179–80
cocaine addiction, 171–73, 174, 176, 181
and gloves for nurse’s inflamed hands, 177
at Johns Hopkins, 175–78, 179–82
legacy of, 179–80
morphine addiction, 173, 174–75, 181
regional anesthesia with cocaine idea, 170, 171, 172
in sanitarium for cocaine addiction, 173, 174–75
Handbook of Systematic Human Anatomy (Henle), 113–14
hand surgery, 286
Harvey, William
biographical info, 57–58, 59, 61, 78
learning about the heart, lungs, and blood flow, 62–65
at University of Padua, 42
healthcare, paying for, 288–89, 327–28
health insurance
Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 201–2, 207
in Germany, 199
as government-subsidized fringe benefit of workers, 202, 203
helping the elderly, 203
hospital prepayment program for teachers, 200–201
incrementalism plan, 204
Medicaid, 198, 205, 206
“sick benefit fund” for teachers, 200
See also Medicare
heart attack response, 233, 245
heart surgery, 235–46
overview, 243, 245–46, 297–300
angioplasty, 245
cardiac valve disease, 243–44
on children and teens, 236–37, 238–39
coronary artery bypass grafting, 244
development of cardiopulmonary support, 236–38
harvesting a vein to bypass blockage, 244
on newborns, 235–36
postoperative complete heart block, 238–39, 240–41
Heatley, Norman, 133
Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), 92–93
Henle, Jacob, 109, 113–14
Her (film), 332, 334
Hermundslie, Palmer, 239
hernia repair surgery, 180–81, 303–4
Hill-Burton Hospital Survey and Construction Act (1946), 203
Hilts, Phillip, 214
Hinshaw, Corwin, 138
HIPAA (1996), 225
hip nailing with the Smith-Petersen nail, 6–7
Hippocrates, xi, xiii, xiv–xv, 143
“Hippocratic corpus,” xiv
hip replacement surgery
overview, 217–18, 291–92
BHR, 218
failure of ASR hip and ramifications, 221
MDL complaints against DePuy, 223–24
Smith-Petersen’s contribution to, 190–92
histological staining, 91–93
History of the Royal Society of London (Sprat), 52–53
Hitti, Philip, 19
HMWP (polyethylene), 274–75
Hobbes, Thomas, 42
Hodgkin, Thomas, 107
homeopathy, 144
home remedies, 140
Homo electrus, 334–35, 337–38
Hooke, Robert, 49, 87–88
Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, 258, 259–60
Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled (R&C), New York, 258–59
hospitals
childbirth with a midwife vs., 102–4, 105
as death houses, 181, 252
dedicated cancer hospital, 227–28
as healing institutions, 102
segregation in, 197–99, 206–7
House of Wisdom, Baghdad, 19
Houston, Texas, 226–29
human body
balance and imbalance theories, 143–44
doctors experimenting with, 157
electrical nature of, 238
as a GMO, 330
human brain
overview, 321–22
basal ganglia, 315, 316, 317–18
increase in signaling molecule results in a decrease in a corresponding effect, 317
indications that there specific regions of function, 309–11, 315–16
isolating an individual nerve cell, 311–12
medical artwork of neurons, brain and spinal cord, 312–14
neuromodulation, 290, 300–301, 315–19, 320–21
staining nerve cells, 312–14
subthalmic nucleus, 317–18
testing electrical transmissions of, 314–15
thalamus, 319–20
human dissection
in ancient times, xvi
Galen’s opposition to, 34
by Harvey, 62
Italians proceed with, 27–28
procurement of bodies, 67–70, 71
prohibitory bull of Boniface VIII, 27
by Vesalius, 29, 32
humeral head fractures, 7–8, 9, 10–11, 163, 185–86, 267–68
humoral theory, xv, 76, 78, 85, 143, 167. See also Galen
Hunter, John
achieving surgeon status, 75
biographical info, 54, 71, 77–78, 79
caring for patients and teaching, 72, 77
injecting himself with gonorrhea and syphilis, 76–77
study of embryo development, 71
teaching at St. George’s Hospital, 75
training and working with his brother William, 66–67, 68–70
treating war wounded, 73–74
unblocking a urethral stricture, 70–71
Hunter, William, 66–67, 68–70
hydraulics and Greek medicine, xv
hydrocelphalus, 300
IAA (Intercollegiate Athletic Association), 281
ibn Sina, 20–21
ICOR (International Corsortium of Orthopedic Registries), 225
ideaphoria (flow of ideas), 279
illustrations
anatomical illustrations gain importance, 28, 32–33, 34
in De fabrica, 35–37
Imber, Gerald, 172, 177–78
implant manufacturers
A.H. Robins Company, 216
DePuy Orthopedics, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221–23, 224
and FDA, 216–17
market analysis drives research, 233
requirement for success, 209
sources of metals, 231
implant revolution, 263–76
overview, 229–32, 260, 308, 337–38
Bacon’s prediction of, 44
bacteriology leading to, 121
categorizing implants based on function, 289–90
and heart attack recovery, 246
impact to medical costs, 288–89
national implant registry needed, 225, 234, 290–91
in today’s world, 263–66
transistors and integrated circuits leading to, 241
implants
overview, 11, 121, 140–41, 225, 229–32, 235
and antimicrobial medicines, 149
national implant registries, 219–21, 223–34, 225, 290–91
shoulder implant arthroplasty, 185–86
individualism, 26–27
Industrial Revolution, 102, 270
inexorable technological progress, 14
infections
overview, 103
cadaver particles as cause of puerperal fever, 105
discovery of germs in infected tissue, 113
fever from, 30
penicillin for treating, 134–35
puerperal fever, 102–3, 104, 105
washing hands with chloride solution as effective deterrent, 105
inflatable penile implant, 302
influenza pandemic (1918), 200
inguinal hernias, 180–81
Institutiones Anatomicae (Guinter), 32
Institutiones Anatomicae (Vesalius), 32–33
Institut Pasteur, 129
insulin pumps, 303
intellectual property, 218
Intercollegiate Athletic Association (IAA), 281
International Corsortium of Orthopedic Registries (ICOR), 225
International Medical Congress of 1876, Philadelphia, 111
intestinal anastomosis, 174
“Intracapsular Fractures of the Neck of the Femur” (McLaughlin and Neer), 6
intraocular lens implantation surgery, 303
Invention of Science, The (Wootton), 24
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 230, 302
Islam
Abbasid Caliphate, the Golden Age of Arabic learning/Islam, 19
Mohammad, 18
Sunni Umayyad caliphate, 18–19
Italian Renaissance, 28, 84
IVF (in vitro fertilization), 230, 302
ivory for joint replacement, 188
Jackson, Charles, 153, 154, 156
Jobe, Frank, 283–87
John, Tommy, 284–85, 286–87
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 165, 175, 176–78, 194, 235–36, 255, 260, 316–17
Johns Hopkins Hospital Medical Society, 181
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 164, 173
Johnson, Lyndon B., 198, 206, 245
Johnson, Steven, 14, 26
joint arthroplasty
overview, 187, 276, 290–94
designing femoral head replacement, 194
metal shoulder replacement, 188–89
search for a material that works, 187, 192, 211
stemmed implants, 194–95
Joseph II, King, 101–2
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 195, 275–76
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 189
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 212–13
Katz, David, 224
Katznelson, Ira, 205
Kauffman, Stuart, 14
Kennedy, Donald, 315
Kennedy, John F., 198, 204, 205, 215
Kerlan, Robert, 282
Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic, Los Angeles, 284
Kerr-Mills Act (1960), 204
Keynes, John Maynard, 51–52
Khwarizmi, al-, 19
kidney transplants, 329
Kimball, Justin Ford, 199–201
King-Anderson bill, 204
Kircher, Athanasius, 105
knee replacement surgery, 292, 295
Knick, The (TV series), 176–77
Knight, James, 258
Koch, Robert
biographical info, 113–14, 163
discovery of TB bacilli, 118–20
identifying anthrax bacteria and how it spreads, 115–18
identifying tuberculosis bacterium, 186–87
Nobel Prize for TB research, 120, 187
seeing patients in Wöllstein, 116, 121
Koller, Carl, 169–70
Kolletschka, Jakob, 104–5
Koufax, Sandy, 283, 284
Krebs, Edwin, 113
Kurzweil, Ray, 335–36
Lambert, Karen, ix
Lambert, Mark, ix–x
Langenbec, Bernhard von, 165–66
Langston, William, 308–9
Latin important for medical training, 29
Latin Vulgate Bible, Gutenberg’s, 17
laudanum, 75, 144
Lavoisier, Antoine, 90–91
Leborgne, Louis Victor “Tan,” 310–11
leeches, xi–xii
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 88–89, 105
Lenzer, Jeanne, 234
lesion case studies, 310
leukemia, discovery of, 94
Lewis, F. John, 236
Lillehei, Walton, 236–38, 239, 240
Lille University (French-Belgian border), Pasteur at, 110–11
Lind, James, 139
Lister, Agnes Syme, 108–9, 110
Lister, Joseph
belief that germs were in the air, 111
biographical info, 107–10
experimenting with antisepsis, 106–7, 111–12
first to propose a therapeutic intervention, 121
performing surgeries antiseptically, 112
studying Pasteur’s work, 111
Lister, Joseph Jackson, 107
Listerism, 112–13, 118, 121, 138, 166, 177, 202
Liston, Robert, 156–57
LMN (lower motor neuron), 314
Locke, John, 80
London, England
coffeehouses open, 51
during English Renaissance, 42–43
Long, Crawford, 150–51, 156, 158, 159
Los Angeles Rams, 282
Louvain, Brussels, cadaver found and restored by Vesalius, 31–32
lower motor neuron (LMN), 314
low friction arthroplasty, 271
Lucretius, xiv, 26
lysozyme, discovery of, 130–31, 132
Mainz, Germany, 16
Mall, Franklin, 174
Malpighi, Marcello, 65
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 152, 153, 154, 155
mastectomy development, 177–79
mauveine (azo dye), 126, 311–12
Mayo, Charles Horace, 253, 257
Mayo, William James “Will,” 253, 254, 255
elected president of the AMA, 256
promoting multi-specialty group practices, 256–57
Mayo, William Worrall, 253–54
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
first registry on joint prostheses, 219–20, 291
originally Saint Marys Hospital, 254, 255
stimulating growth, 255–56
testing streptomycin, 138
McBride, Earl, 194–95
McLaughlin, Harrison, 6, 10–11
McMinn, Derek, 218, 222
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 228
M.D. Anderson Foundation (MDAF), 227
MDL (Multidistrict Litigation) hearings for complaints against DePuy, 223–24
Mecca, 18
Medicaid, 198, 205, 206
Medical Device Amendments (1976), 216
medical devices
Dalkon Shield crisis, 216
design teams and process, 218–19
heroic gallantry and optimism in 1950s, 241–42
intellectual property, 218
invention of, 233–34
pre-1940s, 215
See also specific devices
medical industrial complex, 228, 232–33
medical training
and Flexner report of 1910, 182
four years for baccalaureate degree, 28–29
Langenbeck training apprentices, 166
Latin important for, 29
on-the-job, 251–52
in Rwanda, 183–85
in specialties, 256, 257–58
in urban hospitals, 149–50
Medicare, 198–209
overview, 199, 206
establishment of, 198, 204–5
fee schedule, 207, 208
hospital integration as result of, 206–7
resource-based relative value scale, 208
size and budget, 208–9, 288
medicine
overview, 22, 93, 142–44, 173–73, 243
in Europe 500 years ago, 56–57
experimental, 70–71, 72–73
high cost in the United States, 209
seizure patient treatment, 3
See also pharmaceuticals
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 222
Medtronic, 242. See also Bakken, Earl
Meier, Barry, 221–22
Merck cultivates cocaine, 168–69
mercury calx powder, 148–49
metal implants, 231
metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacement, 218, 221–22
metal plates and screws, 190, 192–93
microbiology, 110–11
microelectrodes, 314–15
Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems (BioMEMs), 331–32, 334, 336
Micrographia (Hooke), 87–88
microscopes and microscopy
dyes discovered for histological staining, 91–93, 126, 128, 311–12
initial fervor and pause because slides lack color, 87–90
Lister, J.J., resolves chromatic aberration problem, 107
Mihaljevic, Tomislav, 244
Mills, Wilbur, 204–5, 206
Moes, Mother Alfred, 254
Mohammad, 18
mold, 130–31
MoM (metal-on-metal) hip replacement, 218, 221–22
Moore, Wendy, 70–71
Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, 74, 84–86, 87, 309
morphine, 74, 145
morphine addiction, 173, 175, 181
Morton, William, 153, 154–56, 158
Mukherjee, Siddhartha, xv, 167
Muller, Johannes, 93–94
Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) hearings for complaints against DePuy, 223–24
Mumford, Lewis, 27
Murano glassmakers, 25–26, 41
Musk, Elon, 333
mycobacterium genus, 118
mycobacterium tuberculosis, 184–85, 186–87, 269
Nargol, Antoni, 222–23
nasal mucus inhibits bacterial growth, 130
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 18
national implant registries, 219–21, 225, 233–34, 290–91
National Inpatient Sample (NIS), 290–91
National Institute of Mental Health, 315
National Joint Registry of England and Wales, 222
Nature is revealed through science (statue, Sorbonne), xiii
necrotizing fasciitis, 123–25
Neer, Charles Sumner, I, 4
Neer, Charles Sumner, II “Charlie”
biographical info, 4–5, 6–8, 260–62, 266
on fracture treatment, 6
polyethylene shoulder socket component, use of, 275–76
replacement prosthesis proposal, 11
research on shoulder treatments, 1929 to 1950s, 9–10
on shoulder fractures, 1, 3
shoulder implant arthroplasty, 185–86
shoulder implants for pain from arthritis, 267–68
Negro Ward, University of Kansas, 196–98
nerve cells, staining, 312–13
nerves in the human body, 170–71
neural straining, 312–14
neuromodulation, 290, 300–301, 315–19, 320–21
neurosurgery, 290, 300–301, 318, 319–20, 320–21
New Atlantis (Bacon), 44
Newton, Sir Isaac, 42, 46–48, 49–52
New York Orthopedic Hospital, 5
New Zealand, 222
NIS (National Inpatient Sample), 290–91
nitrous oxide, 149, 152–53
Nixon, Richard M., 215–16
Novak, Robert, 205
Noyes, Henry, 170
Oeuvres (Paré), 30–31
Of the seats and causes of diseases investigated through anatomy (Morgagni), 84–85
Okun, Michael, 321
O’Malley, C. D., 33
On Anatomical Procedures (Galen), xviii
“On Miasmata and Contagia” (Henle), 109, 114
“On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium” (Fleming), 131
On the Fabric of the Human Body (Vesalius), xviii
On the Motion of the Heart (Harvey), 59, 65
On the Natural Faculties (Galen), xi
“On the Nature of Things” (Lucretius), xiv, 26
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 337
“On Tuberculosis” (Koch), 118–20
ophthalmology, 303
opium
overview, 144–45
commercialization of, 74–75
morphine from, 145
Oporinus, Johannes, 36
oral surgery dental implants, 305
organic implants, 229
orthopedic surgeons, 163, 290
Osler, Sir William, 20, 175, 179, 247
otolaryngology, 301
oversight and entitlement
overview, 200
discrimination and segregation, 196–98, 206–7
See also health insurance
“Overview of Operating Room Procedures During Inpatient Stays in U.S. Hospitals, 2014” (AHRQ), 291
oxygen, 145, 146–47, 148
pacemakers, 221, 225, 232, 242, 290, 298
Padua, Italy, 32, 42, 58–59, 84
Paget, Stephen, 235
papyrus, 15, 16
Paracelsus, 144
Paré, Ambroise, 30–31, 35
Parkinson’s disease, sudden-onset, 308–9
Parkinson’s disease and the brain, 317–19
path dependence, 14
pathologic anatomy, 95
pathologic physiology, 95
pathology
autopsy of a heart attack victim, 80–84
Cellular Pathology (Virchow), 96
Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford, 131–32
importance of, 174
training in, at University of Vienna, 168
patient allegories
AIDS patient with fungal colonies, 98–101
boy’s dog brings him back to life in SICU, 54–56
boy with compound fracture survives treatment, 106–7, 111–12
dislocated shoulders and seizures patient, 1–3
elderly woman with shoulder fracture, 3, 8–9
lumber mill worker with fingers sawed off, 12–14
necrotizing fasciitis in arm of 78-year-old man, 122–25
railroad worker has spike pass through his head, 309–10
replacing a shoulder replacement with bone nearly destroyed, 263–66
TB patient with a tumor below his jaw, 155
tumor growing on the back of the neck, 151
urethral stricture, 70–71
Péan, Jules-Emile, 188–89
pelvic organ prolapse (POP), 304
penicillin, 5, 124–25, 131, 134–35, 136
“Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent” (Florey and Chain), 135
Penicillium, 131, 133–36
Peoria USDA laboratory, 135–36
pergamum/parchment, 15–16
periodic table, 90–91
Perkin, William Henry, 91, 126, 311
Perry, Jacquelin, 286
pharmaceuticals
antibiotic discovery and production, 140
Butazolidin “Bute,” 283
cyclosporine, 301–2
digitalis, 143
Ehrlich dreaming of targeted drug in 1907, 126
legislation preventing fraud and requiring review, 213–15
penicillin, 136
Prontosil, by Bayer, 127–29
Salvarsan (Compound 606), 126–27
sulfa-based antibacterials, 136–37
sulfa drugs, 137
sulfanilamide, 128–31, 134
Thalidomide disaster, 217
working in the bloodstream, 145
phenol (carbolic acid), 111–12
philosophers pondering the human body, xv
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton), 51–52
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 40
phrenology, 309
plants and animals, cross-reactivity of, 143
plastic (or polymer) implants, 230–31
plastic surgery, 304
Plummer, Henry, 255–56, 257
PMA (premarket approval) for medical devices, 216
PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate)/acrylic cement, 272
pneuma (a vital spirit), xix, 60
pneumoencephalography, 311
Poggio Bracciolini, xiv
polyethylene (HMWP), 274–75
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/acrylic cement, 272
polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)/Teflon, 211–12, 271–72, 273
POP (pelvic organ prolapse), 304
poppy plants, 144
premarket approval (PMA) for medical devices, 216
Priestley, Joseph, 148–49
biographical info, 145–46
printing press
effects of, 22, 25
Gutenberg’s means for inventing, 16–17
and rise of surgery, 15
pro-drugs, 129
Progressive Party (political), 199
prosthetic mesh, 303–4
Ptolemy, 15
puerperal fever, 102–3, 104
sulfanilamide for treating, 129
puerperal fever believed to be in the air, 105, 106
Purbach, Bodo, 210–11
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 213, 214
quality, commitment to, 327–28
radical mastectomy, 177–79
radioactivity, invention of, 215
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 313–14, 316
Razi, al- “Rhazes,” 20
RBRVS (resource-based relative value scale) for Medicare, 208
R&C (Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled), New York, 258–59
Reagan, Ronald, 208
“Reconstruction of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament in Athletes” (Jobe, Stark, and Lombardo), 286
reconstruction surgery, 289
regional anesthesia, 170, 171, 172, 250–51
Reinhardt, Uwe, 207
Renaissance
effect of Lucretius poem, “On the Nature of Things,” xiv
and mirrors, 26
Muslims’s roles in moving toward, 19, 21
openness and discovery of truth, 43–45
printing press as breakthrough device, 15, 16–17, 22
repair surgery, 289
research and researchers
1950s and now compared, 9–10
double-blind study of streptomycin, 139
weekly meetings, 133
resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) for Medicare, 208
restoration surgery, 289–90
rete mirabile, xix
robots and artificial intelligence (AI), 333
Rochester, Minnesota, 253, 254
Rockwood, Charles, 183
Rokitansky Carl von, 86–87, 89–90
Roman Catholic Church, 27, 45
Roman Empire
breaking apart, xix
history of, xvii
papyrus codex changed to parchment, 16
war with Francis I of France, 31
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 3, 311
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 214
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Jr., 129
Roosevelt, Theodore, 212, 213–14
rotator cuff repair, 295–96
Royal College of Physicians, 252
Royal College of Surgeons, 65–66, 252
Royal Society, 45, 46, 48–49, 52–53, 75, 146
Rutgers University, 137–38
Rwanda, Schneider mentoring physicians in, 183–85
Sack of Constantinople, 25
Saint Marys Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota, 254
Salvarsan (Compound 606), 126–27
Santayana, George, xiv
Sayre, Lewis, 258
Schatz, Albert, 137, 138
Schleiden, Matthias Jacob, 93–94
Schleswig-Holstein Wars, 166
Schmieding, Reinhold, 277–80
Schneider, David
autopsy of a heart attack victim, 80–84
biographical info, 160, 162
excising fungal colonies from an AIDS patient, 98–101
on home encyclopedia’s anatomy pictures, 23–24
patient with necrotizing fasciitis, 122–25
seizure patient with shoulder dislocations, 1–3
shoulder replacement surgery, 160–63
in SICU when a boy’s dog brings him back to life, 54–56
studying nerves in medical school, 170
viewing a 1543 copy of De fabrica, 37–38
weekend shift in trauma, 12–14
Schneider, David, MD
a busy night at Denver General Hospital, 247–52
deaf and blind couple with amazing communication skills, 323–26
in Rwanda, 183–85
Schmieding interview, 277–80
studying in the Negro Ward at KU, 196–98
visiting Bakken at his home in Hawaii, 242
Schwann, Theodor, 93–94
science
founder of surgical science, 78
materials available to, 233
and modern, clear glass, 26
war and scientific advances, 266
scientific revolution, 39–53
Bacon’s rejection of all existing knowledge, 43–45
Halley predicts total solar eclipse, 39–40
and Newton, 42, 46–48, 49–52
scurvy, 139
S.E. Massengill company, 214
seizures, 1–3
Semmelweis, Ignác, 101, 103–6, 105–6, 112
Sepulchretum (Bonetus, ed.), 84–85
Seven Years’ War, 73–74
Shippen, William, Jr. “Billy,” 72
Shockley, William, 241
Shoulder, The (Codman), 3–4, 7
shoulder issues
flail arm patients, 4, 8–9
fracture, 4
humeral head fractures, 7–8, 9, 10–11, 163, 185–86, 267–68
multiple dislocations, 1–3
research on treatments, 1929 to 1950s, 9–10
shoulder replacement surgery, 160–63, 185–86, 292–93
shoulder stabilization surgery, 296
Simpson, James Young, 157–58
Sinclair, Upton, 212–13
singularity, 335–36
Singularity is Near, The (Kurzweil), 336
Six Million Dollar Man (TV series), 195
Smith-Petersen, Marius Nygaard, 6, 190–92, 193, 217
snake-oil medicine salesmen, 213–14
Snow, John, 125, 126, 158
Social Security Act (1935), 203
Social Security Amendments (1960), 204
Social Security Amendments (1965), 198, 206
Sones, Mason, 243–44
Sorbonne, Paris, xiii
spinal cord injuries, 331
spinal cord stimulators, 301
spinal fusion, 289–90, 293–94
sports medicine
overview, 294–96
arthroscopic surgery, 278–79, 294–96
Schmieding, 277–80
Sprat, Thomas, 52–53
St. Alban’s, Gorhambury, 44–45
stabilization surgery, 289–90
Starry Messenger (Galileo), 41, 42–43
Steindler, Arthur
stem cells, 96
stents in the heart, 233
Streptococci as test bacterium, 128–29
streptomycin, 137–40, 269
substitution surgery, 289
subthalmic nucleus, 317–18
sudden-onset Parkinson’s disease, 308–9
sulfanilamide, 128–29, 214
Sullenberger, Chesley “Sully,” 285
surgeons and surgery
overview, 162–63, 180
abdominal surgery, 167–68
characteristics, 31, 41
doctors’ self-sacrifice, 77
failure to self-report poor outcomes, 220
German form of medical training, 179
individuals were better off not going to, 96–97
subservient to physicians, 29
surgeon’s skills and characteristics, 285
Surgery of the Shoulder (DePalma), 8
surgiomechanics, 258
sutures, absorbable and non-absorbable, 229
Sweden’s implant registry, 220
Swerve, The (Greenblatt), xiv
Sydenham, Thomas, 75, 144–45
Syme, James, 108–9
Tabulae Anatomicae (Vesalius), 32
TB. See tuberculosis
Technics and Civilization (Mumford), 27
Teflon fails for joint replacement, 211–12, 271–72, 273
Tegmark, Max, 335
telescopes, 41–42
Temkin, Owsei, xvii
tendon transfers, 286–87
Terminator (movie series), 334–35
test-tube babies, 230
tetralogy of Fallot, 235–36, 237
Texas Medical Center, Houston, 228
thalamus, 319–20
Thalidomide disaster, 217
theory of opposites, 143. See also Galen
thumb replacement surgery, 293
Tommy John operation, 285–87
tornado damage in Rochester, Minnesota, 253
training. See medical training
transition movement (Muslim convert to Christianity translates Arabic works into Latin), 21–22
transplant surgery, 301–2
transvaginal mesh (TVM) implant, 304
Traumatic Deformities and Disabilities of the Upper Extremity (Steindler), 7
traumatic injuries in the future, 329
tuberculosis (TB)
overview, 186–87
Charnley and chronic sufferers, 269
Koch presents his findings, 118–20
mycobacterium tuberculosis, 184–85, 186–87, 269
patient with screeching hip prosthesis, 270
reoccurrence after shoulder implant, 189
in Rwanda, 183–85
sanitarium facilities, 269
streptomycin as cure, 138
tumor suppression gene, 317
TVM (transvaginal mesh) implant, 304
Tycho’s nova, 41
ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow, 285, 286
UMN (upper motor neuron), 314
United Network for Organ Sharing, 302
United States
overview, 135
Americans’s postwar prosperity and interest in health, 149
failure to maintain a national implant registry, 219, 225, 233–34, 290–91
financial support for pharmaceutical companies, 136
Florey and Chain work on penicillin at USDA labs, 135–36
University of Alabama, 198
University of Bologna, Italy, 28, 303–4
University of Kansas, 80–84, 196–98
University of Pennsylvania surgical amphitheater, 152
University of Vienna, 166
upper motor neuron (UMN), 314
urinary incontinence surgery, 303, 304
urology, 302
“Use of the Microscope in Medicine” (Lister), 108
van Helmont, Jan, 147, 149
Venable, Charles, 193–94
venereal diseases
germ theorists’s interest in, 109
Hunter injecting himself with gonorrhea and syphilis, 76–77
syphilis, 126–27
syphilitic lesion in the frontal lobe affects speech, 311
Venice, 25–26
ventricular-peritoneal (VP) shunt, 300
Verne, Jules, 187, 193
Vesalius, Andreas
biographical info, 28–29
De fabrica, xviii, 25, 33–38
Instutiones Anatomicae (revised) published, 32–33
Louvain cadaver found and restored, 31–32
medical training, 31–32
Tabulae Anatomicae published, 32
teaching dissection skills, 33
writing and publishing De fabrica, 33–37
Vienna, Austria, Rokitansky’s Pathological Institute, 87
Vienna General Hospital (AKH), 101–2, 106, 167
Vigo, Giovanni da, 30
Virchow, Rudolf, 93, 94–95, 96–97
Virchows Archiv (journal), 95
Vitallium, 192, 193, 268
vivisection, xviii, 83
VP (ventricular-peritoneal) shunt, 300
Waksman, Selman, 137, 138
Wallace, George, 198
war and scientific advances, 266
Warren, John Collins, 151, 154–56
Watanabe, Masaki, 278
Welch, William Henry, 163–64, 165, 172–73, 174–75
Wells, Horace, 152–53, 156
Wells, Thomas Spencer, 111
Where Good Ideas Come From (Johnson), 14
Whitman, Royal, 258–59
Wienroth, Matthias, 224–25
Wilson, Catherine, 89
Wöllstein, eastern Prussia, 113, 114–15, 120–21
Wood, Alexander, 145
Woolsthorpe Manor, 46–47, 48–50
Wootton, David, xiii, 40–41
World War I, 127, 128, 200
World War II, 127, 260–61, 268–69
wounds
cauterizing with hot oil, 30
effect of anesthesia and antiseptics, 166
Hunter treating war wounded, 73–74
Koch proves presence of bacteria, 118
scrap caused by a rusty nail, 232–33
Wren, Christopher, 49
Wrightington, England, 210–12
Wrightington Hospital, England, 269–75
wrist replacement surgery, 293
xenograft implants, 229
X-rays
arthritis becomes surgically treatable, 190
discovery of, 3
and fracture care, 192
invention of, 215
live X-rays for neurosurgery, 319
platinum and rubber shoulder implant, 189
Yale vs. Princeton football game, 280–81
yeast as agent of fermentation, 110