By far the largest single source for les justifications, as the French call scholarly citations, is the Churchill College Archives Centre at Cambridge University, the repository of 300 collections of private papers, including those of Baroness Spencer-Churchill (Clementine), Bracken, Violet Pearman, Bevin, Grigg, Keyes, E. L. Spears (partial), Hankey (partial), Phipps, Lord Lloyd, Lord Thurso (Sinclair), Christie, Page Croft, Margesson, Attlee, and Halifax (on microfilm—the originals are in the India Office Library, the Public Records Office, and the estate of his heir). Papers of Viscount Templewood (Hoare, partial), Baldwin, and Crewe may be found in the Cambridge University Library; those of Beaverbrook, Lloyd George, and Samuels—until their recent transfer to the Jerusalem Archive—were available in the House of Lords Library; those of Austen and Neville Chamberlain in the Birmingham University Library; those of Lothian and Margo Asquith in the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; Derby’s in the Liverpool Public Record Office; Henry James Scrymgeours-Wedderburn’s in the Dundee Archives; Hankey’s (partial) in the Public Record Office; Marsh’s in the New York Public Library; Dalton’s diary and papers, as well as those of Cherwell (partial) in the British Library of Political and Economic Science; and Baruch’s in the Princeton University Library.
Over a hundred collections of papers remain in private hands, including some of Spears’s, Camrose’s, some of Cherwell’s, some of Halifax’s, Amery’s, Lord Lloyd’s, Lord Southborough’s, Butler’s, Lothian’s, Boothby’s, Geoffrey Dawson’s, J. L. Garvin’s, Sheila Grant Duff’s, Ironside’s, Thomas Jones’s, Harold Laski’s, Paul Maze’s, Harold Nicolson’s, those of Viscount Norwich (Duff Cooper), Major General Pakenham-Walsh, Selborne, Vansittart, Weir, Chaim Weizmann, William Heinemann Ltd., Cripps, Rumbold, Salisbury, Swinton, Thornton-Kemsley, Ramsay MacDonald, Cecil, and the Blenheim Palace Archive.
British Documents
British Cabinet Documents, Premier (Prime Minister), and Foreign Office Documents are catalogued at the Public Record Office in Kew, Richmond, Surrey, under “Records of Interest to Social Scientists.” Guidance is necessary; the records of the Committee of Imperial Defence, for example, are filed under twenty-one different categories.
Published material may be found in Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, particularly the second and third series, edited by E. L. Woodward, MA, FBA, and Rohan Butler, assisted by Anne Orne, MA, and issued by Her Majesty’s Stationery Office in 1952. Other unpublished official material concerning Churchill is in the archives of the Air Ministry, the Committee of Imperial Defence, the Treasury, Documents on International Affairs, and Documents Concerning German-Polish Relations and the Outbreak of Hostilities between Great Britain and Germany, London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1939 (The British Blue Book). Verbatim accounts of all proceedings in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords are published in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), England’s equivalent of America’s Congressional Record.
French Documents
Le Livre Jaune Français. Documents diplomatiques, 1938–1939 (Paris: Ministre des Affaires Étrangères (The French Yellow Book).
Documents Diplomatiques Français, Première Série and Deuxième Série: Les Événements survenus en France de 1933 à 1945, a postwar investigation of French policy in the 1930s conducted by the Assemblée Nationale and published (a two-volume report supported by nine volumes of testimony) in 1947.
German Documents
Dokumente der deutschen Politik, 1933–1940; Akten zur Deutschen Auswürtigen Politik 1918–1945 (German Foreign Policy Documents), published jointly by the Foreign Office and the U.S. State Department; issued in Baden between 1950 and 1956. These documents are divided into Serie C (four volumes, covering January 30, 1933, to October 31, 1933) and Serie D, thirteen volumes which are arranged, not chronologically but by subject, but generally running from September 1937 to December 1941. There is an eleven-month gap here, but there are gaps in the Allied documents, too.
Nuremberg Documents (ND)
Nuremberg seems far in the future to those who have turned the last page of this book, but it was there that all the secret papers of the interwar years—some dating from 1919—first appeared, and in documents which could not be explained away. They may be found in Trial of the Major War Criminals: forty-two volumes covering the proceedings and exhibits—mostly in German—before the International Military Tribunal; Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression: ten volumes of additional interrogation transcripts and affidavits, in English; Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Tribunals: fifteen volumes of selected material from the twelve Nuremberg trials following the adjournment of the IMT.
Other Published Documentary Material
I documenti diploma italiani; Ottavo series, 1935–1939, Rome, Liberia della Stato, 1952–1953; Official Document Concerning Polish German and Polish Soviet Relations 1933–1939, London, 1939 (The Polish White Book); Documents and Material Relating to the Eve of the Second World War, 1937–1939, two volumes, Moscow, Foreign Language Publishing House, 1948; Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, three volumes, London, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1931–1953.
Citations from British manuscript collections are puzzling, or rather are a series of puzzles, because each archive makes its own rules. In some instances the archive is not large enough to require extensive cataloguing. With eminent men it is not so simple. However, there are certain constants. The figure or code to the left of the slash—e.g., “123” in “123/456”—identifies the section or shelf where a document may be found. The figure to the right usually identifies the specific box number, or, if the entry is large, such as a scrapbook, the file number which houses the document. See Janet Foster and Julia Sheppard, British Archives: A Guide to Archive Resources in the United Kingdom (London, 1982).
The first of the three major documents centers for this work is the Churchill College Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge; Correll Barnett, the learned Keeper of the Archives, was ably assisted, during my early visits, by Archivist Marion Stewart, who has since been succeeded by Leslie James. The Centre contains 300 accessions of diplomatic, political, military, scientific, and naval papers, most of them twentieth-century. Everything has been done to make document retrieval simple; even so, the researcher must dig. To take one example, the Spears papers in the Centre comprise four sections. The first number following the code abbreviation gives the section number. Section 1 (300 files) is correspondence, A to Z. The second code number identifies the file number. The papers in Spears’s code 2 (thirty-five files) pertain to personal and family matters. Section 3 (sixty-five boxes) has no material about Churchill and is restricted to scholars. Section 4 (seven files) contains miscellaneous papers.
The second mother lode of documents is the Public Record Office in Kew, Surrey, safe in the hands of Alfred Knightbridge, head of the search department. Here a letter code (CAB for cabinet papers, PrP for Prime Minister’s papers, etc.) opens each citation. The second part, in numbers, breaks down the mass of materials by dates: the date of a cabinet meeting, or of events between meetings. The slash comes next, then the “piece number” identifying a given document.
The third trove of documentary material is the British Library’s reference division in Great Russell Street (D. A. Clark and G. E. A. Raspin in charge). Much of the most valuable material here is kept in the Woolwich Repository; delivery is normally a day after application. British newspapers since 1801 are filed in the library’s Newspaper Library, at Colindale Library, London.
| BSCP | Papers of the Baroness Spencer-Churchill (Clementine Churchill). |
| CAB | British Cabinet Documents, Public Record Office, Kew. |
| ChP | Churchill Papers. |
| DBFP | Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, edited by E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler, assisted by Anne Orne. London, 1952. |
| DDF | Documents Diplomatiques Français, Première Série, Deuxième Série. |
| DGFP | Dokumente der deutschen Politik 1933–1940; Akten zur Deutschen Auswürtigen Politik 1918–1945. Series C, D. |
| Événements | Les Événements survenus en France de 1933 à 1945. |
| FCNA | Führer’s Conferences on Naval Affairs. |
| Hansard | Record of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). |
| ND | Nuremberg Documents (see also NCA, TMWC, and TWC below). |
| NCA | Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, 10 volumes of interrogation transcripts and affidavits; in English. |
| NYT | New York Times. |
| PrP | Premier (Prime Minister) Papers. Public Record Office, Kew. |
| Times | The Times of London. |
| TMWC | Trial of the Major War Criminals; 42 volumes covering the proceeding and exhibits (mostly in German) before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. |
| TWC | Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Tribunals; 15 volumes of selected material from the twelve Nuremberg trials following the adjournment of the International Military Tribunal. |
| WM/[name] | Author’s interviews. |
| WSCHCS | Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, edited by Robert Rhodes James. |
| WSC V | Volume V. The Prophet of Truth, 1922–1939 (biography) |
| CV V/1 | Companion Volume V, part 1 (1922–1929, Documents) |
| CV V/2 | Companion Volume V, part 2 (1930–1935, Documents) |
| CV V/3 | Companion Volume V, part 3 (1936–1939, Documents) |
| WSC VI | Volume VI, Finest Hour 1939–1941 |
1. WM/Lady Soames (at Chartwell), 10/27/80; Robin Fedden, Churchill and Chartwell (Westerham, Kent, 1968), 13 ff.
2. Walter Henry Thompson, Assignment Churchill (New York, 1955), 92.
3. Walter Thompson, 183.
4. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 352; Adam Sykes and Iain Sproat, eds., The Wit of Sir Winston (London, 1965), 85.
5. WM/Lady Soames (at Chartwell), 10/27/80; Fedden, 25–26, 43–44. R. Howells, Simply Churchill (New York, 1965), 19.
6. WM/Grace Hamblin, 11/4/80, and letter of 9/12/87; Hamblin, letter to Martin Gilbert, 6/12/78; WM/Lady Soames (at Chartwell), 10/27/80; Fedden, 27; Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 109.
7. Howells, 41, 36; WM/Sir William Deakin, 10/5/80.
8. Howells, 36; Elizabeth Nel, Mr. Churchill’s Secretary (New York, 1958), 33.
9. Norman McGowan, My Years with Churchill (London, 1958), 86–87; Howells, 19.
10. Howells, 19–20, 49; Halle, 313.
11. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 5 vols. and The Aftermath (New York, 1923–1931), V, Afterword.
12. Bruce West, Churchill’s Pilot: The Man Who Flew Churchill (Canada, 1975), 6; McGowan, 93; Howells, 110.
13. Fedden, 50–51; Howells, 37–39; WM/Lieutenant General Sir Ian Jacobs, 11/12/80; Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day: Memoirs by Lord Normanbrook, John Colville, Sir John Martin, Sir Ian Jacobs, Lord Bridges, Sir Leslie Rowan (London, 1968), 183; Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (London, 1953), 309.
14. Howells, 36, 138; McGowan, 92–93.
15. Howells, 20.
16. Howells, 138; CV I/2 996; Phyllis Moir, I Was Winston Churchill’s Private Secretary (New York, 1941), 1, 89–90; WM/ Deakin; WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80.
17. WM/Sir John Colville, 10/8/80; Sarah Churchill, A Thread in the Tapestry (New York, 1967), 38.
18. Fedden, 49.
19. Fedden, 49; Sir David Hunt, On the Spot: An Ambassador Remembers (London, 1975), 63; Colin Coote and Denvil Batchelor, Maxims and Reflections (London, 1947), 36; Viscount Chandos, Memoirs (London, 1962), 167; Howells, 150.
20. WM/Virginia Cowles, 10/15/80; WM/George Malcolm Thompson, 10/13/80; WM/Lord Geoffrey Lloyd, 11/27/80, WM/Deakin; WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; WM, personal information.
21. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., 87.
22. WM/Lord Lloyd; WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/80.
23. WM/A. J. P. Taylor 12/1/80; WM, personal information.
24. Second Earl of Birkenhead, The Professor and the Prime Minister (Boston, 1962), 27–35, 36.
25. Birkenhead, 129–159 passim.
26. Sir John Colville, Footprints in Time (London, 1976), 100; WM/Colville.
27. Birkenhead, 38.
28. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Halle, 263; Wheeler-Bennett, ed., 25–28.
29. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics (New York, 1966), 130.
30. Coote and Batchelor, 44.
31. WM/Cowles; WM/Kay Halle, 8/6/80; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22–23/80; Elizabeth Longford, Winston Churchill: A Pictorial Life Story (Chicago, 1974), 87, 130–131.
32. Sykes and Sproat, eds., 70, 71; Eade, ed., 307; Coote and Batchelor, 119–120.
33. Lord Moran, Churchill. Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival. 1940–1965 (Boston, 1966), 198; Halle, 152.
34. WM/Colville; Wheeler-Bennett, ed., 59–60.
35. McGowan, 72.
36. McGowan, 70; WM/Vanda Salmon, 11/26/80.
37. WM/Salmon; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 28; Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill, The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 11.
38. Walter Thompson, 94; Eade, ed., 356–357; McGowan, 60.
39. John Paget, The New “Examen” (London, 1934).
40. Halle, 263; Soames, 323; Gilbert, Wilderness, 129.
41. Hunt, 77.
42. Soames, 301.
43. Eade, ed., 300, 309.
44. Eade, ed., 305.
45. Violet Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait (New York, 1965), 151, 152; Moran, 449.
46. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics (New York, 1966), 26.
47. Soames, 305; WM/Deakin; Moran, 420; Winston S. Churchill, Young Winston’s Wars; The Original Despatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent 1897–1900, edited by Frederick Woods (New York, 1972), xiii; WM/William L. Shirer, 7/20/74.
48. WM/Deakin.
49. WM/Cecily Gemmell, 7/10/80; Walter Thompson, 45.
50. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., 144; Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, II, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), 320–321.
51. Peter Stansky, ed., Churchill: A Profile (New York, 1973), 38.
52. Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London, 1980), 229; Moran, 604.
53. WM/Hill, 11/4/80.
54. WM/Gemmell, 7/10/80.
55. Nel, 31.
56. Moir, 2, 58; Howells, 61.
57. Nel, 32; Moir, 88.
1. Times 11/12/32.
2. NYT 10/19/32; Times 10/31/32.
3. NYT 10/6/32, 10/25/32, 11/1/32; Time 11/7/32.
4. Time 11/14/32.
5. James Morris, Farewell The Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat (New York, 1978), 314, 311; Colin Cross, The Fall of the British Empire (New York and London, 1968), 216.
6. Morris, 313–314; Time 3/21/32.
7. Morris, 362; Time 4/11/32, 4/18/32.
8. Sir John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 71.
9. Morris, 335
10. Times 8/18/14; Robert Rhodes James, Memoirs (New York, 1970), 110.
11. NYT 11/18/29; Nation 2/12/30.
12. Times 1/22/29; Book Review Digest 433–434, 792–793; Siegfried Sassoon, Siegfried’s Journey, 1916–1920 (New York, 1946), 116–119.
13. Harold Nicolson, Public Faces (London, 1932), 16–17; Richard Kenin and Justin Wintle, eds., The Dictionary of Biographical Quotations (New York, 1958), 35.
14. Winston S. Churchill, Amid These Storms: Thoughts and Adventures (New York, 1932), 15–16; Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 204.
15. Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York, 1931), 131.
16. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 5 vols. and The Aftermath (New York, 1923–1931), V, 66.
17. Hugh Dalton, The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 41–42.
18. William Manchester, The Last Lion: Visions of Glory (Boston, 1983), 76.
19. T. R. Fehrenbach, F.D.R.’s Undeclared War 1939 to 1941 (New York, 1967), 22.
20. Telford Taylor, 107; Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle (Boston, 1969), 22–23.
21. Churchill, Crisis, The Aftermath, 156.
22. William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1969), 137.
23. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle (Boston, 1969), 56–57; Simone de Beauvoir, La Force de l’âge (Paris, 1961), 116–117.
24. Shirer, Collapse, 203; Beauvoir, 120–121; Horne, 57.
25. Beauvoir, 120–121.
26. Horne, 52; Beauvoir, 155.
27. Robert T. Elson and the editors of Time-Life Books, Prelude to War (New York, 1976), 47.
28. Elson et al., 74–79.
29. NYT 12/2/25.
30. Berliner Tageblatt 6/25/22.
31. Frankfurter Zeitung 12/2/25; The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. (Chicago, 1974), XIX, 966–967; Berliner Tageblatt 5/9/19; NYT 6/25/22.
32. WSCHCS 5197–5206; J. D. Scott, Vickers: A History (London, 1962), 86–87, 150–151; Otto Lehmann-Russbüldt, Die blutige Internationale der Rüstungen (Berlin, 1933), 50.
33. General Karl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. Col. J. J. Graham, 3 vols. (London, 1911), I, 5: Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York, 1962), 314.
34. Hugh Gibson, A Journal from Our Legation in Belgium (New York, 1917), 324.
35. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Munich, 1932), 369–370; Konrad Keiden, Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus (Berlin, 1932), 36.
36. Living Age 12/12/25; WM/Tilo Freiherr von Wilmowsky, 5/30/63 (Essen); Der Spiegel 6/5/63; Tilo von Wilmowsky, Rückblickened möchte ich sagen… (Hamburg, 1961), 178–181; The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, XIX, 969.
37. Hans Kohn, The Mind of Germany, The Education of a Nation (New York, 1960), 308; Franz L. Neumann, Behemoth (New York, 1942), 23.
38. Süddeutsche Monatshafte 12/21/24.
39. Time 8/22/32, 10/17/32.
40. Time 9/5/32, 11/28/32.
41. Times 2/2/32; Arnold Brecht, Prelude to Silence (New York, 1944), 35.
42. ND 203, 204, 37–25 PS.
43. André François-Poncet, The Fateful Years: Memoirs of a French Ambassador in Berlin 1931–1938 (New York, 1949), 61.
44. NYT 3/25/33; Oswald Spengler, Jahre der Entscheidung (Munich, 1933), xiii.
45. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 84; Hansard 5/13/32, 7/11/32.
46. Churchill, Storm, 84; Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hitler, The Missing Years (London, 1957), 193–196.
47. Hansard 11/23/32; Daily Mail 10/17/32; WSC V, 627.
48. Günter Grass, On Writing and Politics 1957–1983, trans. Ralph Manheim (San Diego, 1985), cited in NYT Book Review 6/23/85.
49. Times 2/18/33.
50. Times 2/24/34; WSC V, 545; Christopher Hollis, The Oxford Union (London, 1955), 184–193.
51. Churchill, Storm, 85 fn.; WSC V, 504–505.
1. Fodor’s London 1984 (New York, 1984), 152.
2. WM, personal information (1/30/53).
3. WM, personal information (1/30/53); Sir John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 36.
4. Sir David Hunt, On the Spot: An Ambassador Remembers (London, 1975), 30–31.
5. Lord Boothby, I Fight to Live (London, 1947), 38.
6. Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 549, 550, 555.
7. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80.
8. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 83.
9. Thomas Jones, A Diary With Letters, 1931–1950 (Oxford, 1954), 239–265.
10. Frank Owen, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times (London, 1954), 737; Daily Express 9/16/36.
11. DBFP series 2, vol. IV, no. 265; Vernon Bartlett, Nazi Germany Explained (London, 1933), 517–522.
12. Telford Taylor, 217 fn.; New York Herald Tribune 5/19/33, 5/12/33.
13. München Süddeutsche Zeitung 9/26/30; Frankfurter Zeitung 9/26/30.
14. Fritz Hesse, Hitler and the English (England, 1954), 11–12; WM/R. A. Butler, 12/5/80.
15. Strand 11/35.
16. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day: Memoirs by Lord Normanbrook, John Colville, Sir John Martin, Sir Ian Jacobs, Lord Bridges, Sir Leslie Rowan (London, 1968), 11.
17. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London, 1958), 482; WM/R. A. Butler.
18. NYT 7/30/31; Lord Moran, Churchill, Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965 (Boston, 1966), 65; Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill; The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 285.
19. WM/A. J. P. Taylor, 12/1/80; WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80; Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change (London, 1966), 291; Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (London, 1953), 67.
20. Elizabeth Longford, Winston Churchill: A Pictorial Life Story (Chicago, 1974), 84; Macmillan, 437; Victor Wallace Germains, The Tragedy of Winston Churchill (London, 1931).
21. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Macmillan, 113.
22. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics (New York, 1966), 120–122.
23. WM/Malcolm Muggeridge, 11/25/80.
24. Hansard 11/23/32.
25. DBFP series 2, vol. IV, nos. 263, 30.
26. DBFP series 2, vol. V, nos. 5, 2229.
27. DBFP series 2, vol. V, no. 2229.
28. William E. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938, edited by William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd (London, 1941), 239 (4/15/35); Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1937, I, 84.
29. Jones, 180; Josiah Wedgwood, Memoirs of a Fighting Life (London, 1941), 225.
30. WM/William L. Shirer, 7/5/83.
31. WM/Shirer.
32. Vernon Bartlett, 242–243.
33. Churchill, Storm, 207.
34. Winston S. Churchill, While England Slept (New York, 1938), 35.
35. Claud Cockburn, The Week, No. 166, June 17, 1936; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 165; CAB 23/86.
36. Stephen Roskill, Hankey: Man of Secrets, vol. III, 1931–1963 (London, 1974), 53.
37. A. L. Kennedy, Britain Faces Germany (London, 1937), 83–86; Gilbert, Wilderness, 136.
38. Hansard 6/29/31; Gilbert, Wilderness, 37.
39. Hansard 6/29/31.
40. WSC V, 445; Daily Mail 5/26/32.
41. ChP 18/75; Daily Mail 5/26/32.
42. Hansard 11/10/32.
43. Len Deighton, Fighter (New York, 1977), 39.
44. Daily Mail 11/17/32; 11/23/32.
45. Alistair Horne, To Lose A Battle (Boston, 1969), 22; WM/Lady Soames; WM/R. A. Butler.
46. ChP 9/103; Times 4/13/33.
47. Hansard 4/13/33.
48. Birmingham Post 4/19/33.
49. WSC V, 460–461.
50. Macmillan, 354; Hansard 3/23/33.
51. Hansard 3/23/33.
52. Hansard 11/5/29 (Lords); Telford Taylor, 249.
53. Birmingham Post 3/28/33.
54. Jones, 129; Murray Papers.
55. Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 11.
56. ChP 2/266; Times 9/27/33, 6/17/36; J. R. M. Butler, Lord Lothian (London, 1960), Appendix IV, 354–362.
57. Cowles, 293.
58. Times 6/26/33.
59. Times 6/26/33.
60. Vernon Bartlett, 242–243.
61. Gilbert, Wilderness, 161; Norman Angell, The Defence of the Empire (New York, 1937), 183–184; Kennedy, 83–86.
62. Eade, ed., 44.
63. Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 37, 181, 323.
64. Halle, 268, 322.
65. Hansard 7/10/35, 6/25/41.
66. Colin Coote and Denvil Batchelor, eds., Maxims and Reflections (London, 1947), 53–54; Hansard 12/8/44.
67. Halle, 269; Coote and Batchelor, eds., 142.
68. Hansard 1/21/31; Halle, 125, 257.
69. Halle, 131, 133.
70. William Safire, “Banned Words,” NYT 10/28/84.
71. Gilbert, Wilderness, 132.
72. Telford Taylor, 205; CAB 23/76.
73. John Baker White, True Blue (London, 1970), 161.
74. ChP 2/201.
75. BSCP 8/31/29.
76. Cowles, 296; Gilbert, Wilderness, 15.
77. Foreign Office Papers 371/16733.
78. Harper’s, March 1946.
79. Gilbert, Wilderness, 120.
80. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. (Chicago, 1974), VII, 4, 597.
81. DBFP series 2, vol. V, no. 127; NYT 2/17/85.
82. Vansittart, 478.
83. Gilbert, Wilderness, 118, 119.
84. Hansard 5/11/35; Sir John Colville, Foot-prints in Time (London, 1976), 95; WM/Sir John Colville, 10/8/80.
85. Epping West Essex Gazette 8/13/33; Hansard 8/23/33.
86. Horne, 38 passim.
87. Oswald Spengler, Jahre de Entscheidung (Munich, 1935), viii; TMWC XXXIV.
88. Völkischer Beobachter 5/18/33.
89. Hermann Rauschning, Gesprache mit Hitler (Munich, 1940), 55; Franz von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse (Munich, 1953), 330–333.
90. Beaverbrook Papers.
91. Blomberg’s directive, TMWC, XXIV, 487–491.
92. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 212.
93. Gottfried Benn, Der neue Staat und die Intellecktuellen (Stuttgart/Berlin, 1933), 576.
94. André François-Poncet, De Versailles à Potsdam (Paris, 1948), 107; ND 2001-PS; Alan Bullock, Hitler—A Study in Tyranny (New York, 1952), 199; ND EC-419.
95. Wolfgang Foerster, Ein General kaempft gegen den Krieg (Munich, 1949), 70–73.
96. NCA, VII, 335; Foerster, 122; Völkischer Beobachter 8/20/34; Frankfurter Zeitung 8/20/34; Berliner Tageblatt, 8/20/34.
97. ND C-100.
98. Telford Taylor, 205; CV V/1, 306, 307.
99. Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (New York, 1970), 262; “How Wars of the Future Will Be Waged,” News of the World 4/24/38.
100. Ronald H. Bailey and the editors of Time-Life Books, The Air War in Europe, 1940–1945 (Chicago, 1981), 26.
101. PrP 1/237; Bailey et al., 43; Deighton, 78.
102. Churchill, Storm, 116, 127, 128.
103. WSC V, 553.
104. Hansard 3/11/35; Vansittart, 509.
105. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day, 11.
106. Lord Eustace Percy, Some Memories (London, 1958), 187.
107. General Georg Thomas, Basic Facts for a History of German War and Armament Economy (mimeographed) (Nuremberg, 1945), cited in Shirer, Rise and Fall, 259; NCA, I, 827–830.
108. Walter Görlitz, History of the German General Staff 1657–1945 (New York, 1953), 299.
109. Vansittart, 226; Gilbert, Wilderness, 108; Telford Taylor, 591–592; CAB 23/83–86.
110. ChP 2/271; WM/Kathleen Hill 11/4/80.
111. Templewood Papers.
112. Times 11/17/34; WSCHCS 5433 (verse form added).
113. Hansard 11/28/34.
114. Hansard 11/28/34.
115. Frances Stevenson, Lloyd George: A Diary by Frances Stevenson, edited by A. J. P. Taylor (New York, 1971), 294.
116. Hansard 11/28/34.
117. Hansard 3/8/34.
118. Telford Taylor, 246.
119. BSCP 3/8/35.
120. Foreign Office Papers 371/18828.
121. White Papers Cmd. 5107; BSCP 3/8/35.
122. Foreign Office Papers 371/18828.
123. NYT 3/17/35; Telford Taylor, 98; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 284.
124. Strand 11/35.
125. Hansard 3/19/35.
126. ChP 4/143.
127. Hansard 3/19/35.
128. Hansard 3/19/35.
129. Foreign Office Papers 371/18828.
130. BSCP 4/5/35.
131. Telford Taylor, 218.
132. Hansard 5/2/35.
133. Hansard 5/22/35.
134. Vansittart, 497–498.
135. BSCP 5/11/35, 5/13/35.
136. Daily Telegraph 4/26/35; Daily Express 5/3/35.
137. ChP 8/503; BSCP, 4/11/35.
138. Churchill, Storm, 126; Coote and Batchelor, 158–159.
139. Telford Taylor, 123.
140. NYT 5/23/35; Times 5/23/35.
141. John Evelyn Wrench, Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times (London, 1955), 361.
142. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 287–288.
143. Telford Taylor, 222–223; CAB 23/82, 6/19/35.
144. CAB 23/82, 6/19/35; Hansard 7/11/35.
145. Telford Taylor, 223.
146. Hansard 7/11/35.
147. Daily Herald 3/27/36; Halle, 299.
148. Telford Taylor, 97.
149. Telford Taylor, 222.
150. Hansard 3/19/35.
151. Churchill, Storm, 123.
152. Birla Papers; Martin Gilbert, Churchill’s Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1981), 85–88; Peter Stansky, ed., Churchill: A Profile (New York, 1973), 201.
153. Robert Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (London, 1969), 868; WM/Macmillan; Macmillan, 395–397; A. W. Baldwin, My Father: The True Story (London, 1956), 242.
154. Middlemas and Barnes, 867; Times 11/1/35; L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1953), III, 75, 170; Middlemas and Barnes, 369.
155. Strand 11/35; Hansard 10/24/35.
156. Strand 11/35.
157. Foreign Office Papers 371/18878, 371/18880; ChP 2/237.
158. Foreign Office Papers 371/18880.
159. WSC V, 680; ChP 2/237.
160. Eade, ed., 171; DNB 11/8/38, 11/6/36, 9/9/38.
161. Henry Pelling, Winston Churchill (New York, 1974), 373; ChP 4/141.
162. Vansittart, 497.
163. Churchill, Storm, 128, 200; Baldwin Papers, 47, 113.
164. Hansard 5/2/35.
165. Wrench, 322.
166. Isaiah Berlin, Mr. Churchill in 1940 (Boston, 1964), 16.
167. Jones, 157.
168. Jones, 203.
169. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power (Boston, 1970), 6; WM/A. J. P. Taylor, 12/1/80; A. J. P. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1961), 116.
170. Churchill, Storm, 181; Longford, 86; Boothby, I Fight to Live, 137; WM/Lord Boothby 10/16/80.
171. Churchill, Storm, 181.
172. Robert T. Elson and the editors of Time-Life Books, Prelude to War (New York, 1976), 149.
1. Francis Paul Walters, A History of the League of Nations (New York, 1952), 648.
2. Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change (London, 1966), 383; Robert T. Elson and the editors of Time-Life Books, Prelude to War (New York, 1976), 150–151.
3. Hansard 10/24/35.
4. Lord Moran, Churchill. Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival, 1940–1965 (Boston, 1966), 692.
5. Macmillan, 386; Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 133–134, 166–169.
6. Templewood Papers; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 137.
7. Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (New York, 1970), 286; Times 9/27/35.
8. Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 233.
9. Times 10/4/35; Hansard 10/24/35.
10. Rhodes James, Failure, 283; Macmillan, 402; Elson et al., Prelude, 152; Earl of Avon, Facing the Dictators (Boston, 1962), 303.
11. Paris-Soir 12/9/35; Macmillan, 408; Times 12/18/35.
12. ChP 2/238.
13. Churchill, Storm, 183.
14. Vincent Sheean, Between the Thunder and the Sun (New York, 1943), 30, 42.
15. BSCP 12/30/35.
16. BSCP 1/7/36; Churchill, Storm, 181; BSCP 12/26/35.
17. Hansard 6/10/36; Telford Taylor, 232-233.
18. Telford Taylor, 169; NYT 11/2/36.
19. Templewood Papers; Avon, 355.
20. ChP 1/284.
21. Gilbert, Wilderness, 145; Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), I, 228; WSC V, 709.
22. CAB 21/424; Templewood Papers; ChP 2/251.
23. BSCP 2/21/36, 2/27/36, 3/3/36.
24. Randolph Churchill Papers.
25. BSCP 1/8/36, 1/15/36; WM/Malcolm MacDonald, 11/6/80.
26. Beaverbrook Papers; ChP 2/28.
27. ChP 2/251; Edinburgh Evening News 2/13/36.
28. Time 3/16/36.
29. White Papers Cmd. 5107; WSC V, 711–712, 727; Hansard 3/10/36; A. J. P. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1961), 117.
30. Hansard 3/10/36; Churchill, Storm, 190.
31. Churchill, Storm, 191–192; NYT 5/22/35.
32. BSCP 1/17/36.
33. William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1969), 251–252; General Maurice Gustave Gamelin, Servir, 3 vols. (Paris, 1947), II, 194–195; Événements, I, 138.
34. André François-Poncet, The Fateful Years: Memoirs of a French Ambassador in Berlin 1931–1938 (New York, 1949), 188–189; ND C-159; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 288, 291.
35. Shirer, Collapse, 253.
36. Shirer, Collapse, 250; Avon, 373, 376.
37. Avon, 373–376.
38. Time 3/16/36.
39. William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary (New York, 1941), 52–53.
40. Telford Taylor, 99–100; NYT 3/8/36.
41. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 51–54.
42. DGFP series D, vol. XI, no. 411.
43. Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Buehne 1923–1945 (Bonn, 1945), 320.
44. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 294; TMWC XV, 352.
45. François-Poncet, Fateful Years, 192–193.
46. NYT 3/8/36.
47. Événements, III, 722.
48. Événements, I, 157–158; Gamelin, II, 212–218; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 49–50; Événements, I, 201; François-Poncet, Fateful Years, 190, 194–195.
49. Telford Taylor, 135.
50. Churchill, Storm, 193; Événements, I, 20.
51. DDF, I, Doc. No. 301, 413–414; I, Doc. No. 316, 426–427.
52. Avon, 385.
53. Avon, 388, 387.
54. Événements, III, 591–592.
55. Times 3/9/36.
56. Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931–1950 (Oxford, 1954), 180; Nicolson, I, 248–249.
57. Hansard 3/9/36.
58. Avon, 394.
59. Pierre-Etienne Flandin, Politique française 1919–1940 (Paris, 1947), 202–204, 207–208.
60. Gilbert, Wilderness, 148–149; CAB 23/83.
61. CAB 23/83.
62. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 779, 828.
63. Churchill, Storm, 192–193.
64. Hansard 3/36.
65. N. Chamberlain Papers, diary; Hansard 3/36; Evening Standard.
66. WSC V, 712–713; Churchill, Storm, 195.
67. Foreign Office Affairs Comm. minutes; PrP 1/194.
68. N. Chamberlain Papers, diary, 3/12/36; WM/R. A. Butler, 12/5/80.
69. Gilbert, Wilderness, 152–153.
70. Gilbert, Wilderness, 152–153.
71. Churchill, Storm, 196.
72. Nicolson, ed., Diaries and Letters, I, 249–250.
73. Churchill, Storm, 195–196.
74. Churchill, Storm, 198, 197; Flandin, as quoted in Shirer, Collapse, 277; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 55; WM/William L. Shirer, 7/5/83; NYT 3/20/36.
75. Hansard 3/26/36.
76. Macmillan, 291; Elizabeth Longford, Winston Churchill: A Pictorial Life Story (Chicago, 1974), 84.
77. ChP 2/252.
78. Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 48.
79. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle (Boston, 1969), 41.
80. Hansard 4/6/36.
81. Hansard 3/26/36; WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80.
82. NCA, VII, 890; ND I-150.
83. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London, 1958), 497, 499; Gilbert, Wilderness, 268; Churchill, Storm, 152–153.
84. WSC V, 833–834.
85. Churchill, Storm, 198.
86. Churchill, Storm, 200.
87. Gilbert, Wilderness, 146; BSCP.
88. Sir Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 278.
89. Macmillan, 431; Iain Macleod, Neville Chamberlain (London, 1961), 193; Gilbert, Wilderness, 146.
90. Feiling, 278.
91. Feiling, cited by Churchill, Storm, 200; Macleod, 193; Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 5.
92. Macmillan, 432; Macleod, 193, Robert Rhodes James, Memoirs (New York, 1970), 410; Times 3/16/36; Inskip, quoted in Gilbert and Gott, 365.
93. Churchill, Storm, 200.
94. Gardner, 5; Churchill, Storm, 200; Macmillan, 432; WM/Lord Geoffrey Lloyd, 11/27/80; ChP 2/330.
95. Churchill, Storm, 201; Gardner, 5; Evening Standard 5/4/36.
96. Hansard 3/26/36.
97. ChP 2/268.
98. Hansard 7/20/36; Nicolson, I, 269.
99. Hansard 4/23/36.
100. Glasgow Forward 10/3/36; Times 10/6/36.
101. Times 10/9/36. Ibarruri (born 1895) was still alive in 1988.
102. Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 97–104.
103. Peter Stansky and William Abrahams, Journey to the Frontier. Julian Bell and John Cornford: Their Lives and the 1930s (London, 1966), 315–316, 387, 390.
104. Macmillan, 436; WM/Macmillan; A. J. P. Taylor, Origins, 395; Wm/A. J. P. Taylor, 12/1/80.
105. Telford Taylor, 538; Nicolson, I, 270; Avon, 453.
106. Macmillan, 438; Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1938, I.
107. Telford Taylor, 286.
108. Churchill, Storm, 214; Evening Standard 8/10/36.
109. Macmillan, 435.
110. Hansard 2/12/33.
111. Sheean, 59–60.
112. WM/Macmillan; Churchill, Storm, 144.
113. Daily Telegraph 12/30/38, 4/20/39; Hansard 4/14/37.
114. ChP 2/266.
115. PrP 1/193.
116. Jones, 233; Gilbert, Wilderness, 160–161.
117. Gilbert, Wilderness, 160–161; ChP 2/356.
118. Jones, 191.
119. CAB 23/86.
120. Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (New York, 1954), 220.
121. ChP 2/271.
122. Hansard 11/11/36; Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action This Day: Memoirs by Lord Normanbrook, John Colville, Sir John Martin, Sir Ian Jacobs, Lord Bridges, Sir Leslie Rowan (London, 1968), 242–243.
123. Hansard 11/12/36.
124. Hansard 11/12/36.
125. Nicolson, I, 278.
126. Hansard 11/12/36.
127. Nicolson, I, 278–279.
128. Hansard 11/12/36.
129. Times 11/1/35.
130. Hansard 11/12/36.
131. ChP 2/267; Churchill, Storm, 216.
132. Macmillan, 400; WM/Macmillan; Telford Taylor, 252–253, 254.
133. Telford Taylor, 535.
134. Eugen Spier, Focus (London, 1963), 9, 25; Gilbert, Wilderness, 153.
135. Gilbert, Wilderness, 156, 157, 158.
136. Winston S. Churchill, While England Slept (London, 1938), 302–303; ChP 2/283.
137. Churchill, Storm, 217; Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.
138. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65; Walter M. Citrine, Citrine; Men and Work, An Autobiography (London, 1964), 357.
139. Citrine, 357; Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.
140. Churchill, Storm, 217; Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.
141. Churchill, Storm, 217–218.
142. Macmillan, 441; WM/Macmillan; WM/Lord Strauss, 10/13/80.
143. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.
144. Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 132; WM, private information.
145. Hansard 6/28/1894.
146. WM/Anita Leslie, 10/1/84.
147. Duke of Windsor, A King’s Story: Memoirs of the Duke of Windsor (New York, 1947), 237.
148. Francis F. Beirne, Amiable Baltimoreans (New York, 1951), 297, 119.
149. Robert Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (London, 1969), 280; Lord Birkenhead, The Life of Walter Monckton of Trenchley (London, 1969), 123.
150. ChP 2/264.
151. Lord Birkenhead, Monckton, 130; ChP 2/264.
152. ChP 2/264.
153. NYT 10/4/36, 10/15/36, 11/18/36; Telford Taylor, 541.
154. Macmillan, 440; WM/Macmillan.
155. Lord Beaverbrook, The Abdication of King Edward VIII (London, 1966), 37; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.
156. ChP 2/264.
157. Middlemas and Barnes, 999; Gilbert, Wilderness, 169.
158. ChP 2/264; Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics (London, 1966), 123.
159. Macmillan, 440; WM/Macmillan.
160. Times 12/3/36; Duke of Windsor, 358.
161. Citrine, 328.
162. Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: A Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 359; Telford Taylor, 542; Nicolson, I, 282; Lord Moran, Churchill, 207.
163. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65; Hansard 12/9/36.
164. WSC V, 814; Channon Papers.
165. ChP 2/264; Duke of Windsor, 381.
166. Times 12/6/36.
167. WM/Lloyd; Walter Monckton, quoted in WSC V, 820; WSC V, 820; Boothby Papers 12/11/36.
168. WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/80.
169. WM/Boothby; Nicolson, ed., Diaries and Letters, I, 283–284.
170. Boothby Papers; WM/Macmillan; WM/Boothby; WM/Lloyd; Macmillan, 441; WSC V, 821; Hansard 12/7/36.
171. Hansard 12/7/36; Nicolson, I, 284; Churchill, Storm, 218–219; WSC V, 822.
172. WM/Boothby.
173. Hansard 12/11/36.
174. Nicolson, I, 286; Evening Standard 12/28/36; Amery Papers.
175. Duke of Windsor, 407; ChP 2/264.
176. WM/Sir William Deakin, 10/5/80; Churchill, Storm, 219.
177. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65; Macmillan, 441.
178. ChP 2/264.
179. Soames, 360; ChP 2/264.
180. Macmillan, 441; Nicolson, I, 289, 284.
181. Young, 123; Bernard Baruch, “A Birthday Letter,” Sir James Marchant, ed., Winston Spencer Churchill: Servant of Crown and Commonwealth (London, 1954), 166; ChP 2/312.
182. WSC V, 835–836 fn; Hankey Papers.
183. ChP 2/306; WSC V, 849–850.
184. Soames, 361 fn; Roberts Papers.
185. CAB 23/87.
1. WM/Virginia Cowles, 10/15/80; Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 307; Henry Pelling, Winston Churchill (New York, 1971), 410.
2. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 220; Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), I, 301; Lord Halifax, Fullness of Days (England, 1957), 182–183; Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 135.
3. Churchill, Storm, 221–222; Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change (London, 1966), 467.
4. L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1955), III, 226; Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931–1950 (Oxford, 1954), 350; Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Years (London, 1954), 257.
5. NYT 11/19/37; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 210; Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (London, 1959), 97.
6. Hansard 12/21/37; Gilbert, Wilderness, 210–211.
7. Templewood Papers.
8. ChP 2/341, 2/328.
9. A. Chamberlain Papers.
10. Gilbert, Wilderness, 210; W. J. Brown, So Far (London, 1953), in Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 377.
11. WM/Sir John Colville, 10/8/80; Times 6/1/37; Hansard 5/31/37; Channon Papers.
12. Nicolson, I, 328.
13. J. C. W. Reith, Into the Wind (London, 1949), 307–308.
14. CAB 27/623; PrP 1/27/38.
15. Churchill, Storm, 222–223; Earl of Avon, Facing the Dictators (Boston, 1965), 587–588.
16. R. W. Seton-Watson, Britain and the Dictators (Cambridge, 1938), 77; Times 10/28/37.
17. DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 108, 104.
18. DGFP series D, vol. I, no. 131.
19. DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 138, 148.
20. DGFP series D, vol. I, no. 40; Sir Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission: Berlin 1937–1939 (New York, 1940), 119.
21. NYT 7/12/36.
22. TWC XII, 761–764; Kurt von Schuschnigg, Ein Requiem in Rot-Weiss-Rot (Zurich, 1946), 109–111.
23. TWC XII, 761–764; NCA III, 409–413, NCA III, S. 690–693; NCA III, S. 716–717; NCA VII, S. 300; NCA V, S. 378; Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Buehne, 1923–1945 (Bonn, 1949), 449.
24. Halle, 138; CAB 23/92.
25. Churchill, Storm, 251; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), quoted in Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 767 fn; Avon, 626.
26. Churchill, Storm, 254–255.
27. DDF-2e-V, no. 429; DDF-2e-VI, nos. 249, 482, 465; DDF-2e-VII, nos. 28, 137, 198.
28. Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London, 1986), 192–193; Telford Taylor, 566.
29. Rhodes James, Eden, 193–195, Times 2/14/38.
30. DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 128, 750.
31. A. L. Rowse, All Souls and Appeasement (London, 1961), 28.
32. Churchill, Storm, 257–258.
33. Hansard 2/21/38.
34. Hansard 2/22/38.
35. WM/Kay Halle, 8/6/80; Sir John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 24; Harold Balfour, Wings over Westminster (London, 1973), 230; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 24.
36. Colville, Churchillians, 24; ChP 1/325.
37. WM/Colville; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; Soames, 309.
38. Soames, 321–325; WM/Pamela Harriman; ChP 8/531.
39. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80, 6/25/85; Colville, Churchillians, 565; Soames, 325–326; BSCP 1/11/36.
40. Soames, 303.
41. ChP 1/344.
42. ChP 1/344.
43. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Soames, 339.
44. ChP 8/315.
45. Soames, 365, 369, 326.
46. Soames, 343–344.
47. WSC V, 589; Soames, 352–353.
48. Second Earl of Birkenhead, The Professor and the Prime Minister (Boston, 1962), 442; BSCP 1/1/35.
49. Soames, 345.
50. Soames, 345.
51. Soames, 347.
52. Soames, 349.
53. Willi Kerr, Times Literary Supplement.
54. Soames, 351, 354–355.
55. Soames, 356; WSC V, 933 fn; Gilbert, Wilderness, 209; ChP 8/551, 1/300.
56. William L. Shirer, 20th Century Journey: The Nightmare Years 1930–1940. A Memoir of the Life and the Times (Boston, 1984), 311.
57. Time 2/13/39; Soames, 361.
58. Churchill, Storm, 222–224.
59. Churchill, Storm, 222–224.
60. ChP 2/303, 2/327.
61. Churchill, Storm, 236–237, WSC V, 853.
62. ChP 8/599.
63. ChP 2/304, 9/129.
64. Gilbert, Wilderness, 182–184; CAB 21/626; Hankey Papers.
65. ChP 2/304.
66. Churchill, Storm, 241; Avon, 447–448.
67. Gilbert and Gott, 69.
68. Dirksen Papers, vol. II. Appendix; DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 95, 101; ChP 2/299, 2/302; Phipps Papers; Churchill, Storm, 241.
69. Quickswood Papers.
70. Hansard 6/30/38; WSC V, 952; John Harvey, ed., The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey (London, 1970), 7/2/38.
71. Hankey Papers.
72. TMWC XXV, 402–13 (in German); DGFP series D, vol. I, nos. 29–39; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 307.
73. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 21.
74. Franz von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse (Munich, 1952), 456; DDF-2e-I, doc. 425, 549–552; Avon, 400, 402, 403; Événements, I, 157–158; Bernd Gisevius, Biszum bittern Ende (Zurich, 1946), 229.
75. Berliner Tageblatt 2/21/38, and from Shirer’s notes at the time.
76. Evening Standard 4/4/38; ChP 2/328.
77. ChP 2/328.
78. TMWC XVI, 193; WM/William L. Shirer, 7/20/80; Henderson, 120; Hansard 3/2/38.
79. NYT 2/25/38.
80. Frankfurter Zeitung 3/4/38.
81. ChP 2/328; Nicolson, I, 330.
82. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 335, 336, 343.
83. Henderson, 124.
84. WSC V, 910; DGFP series D, vol. I, no. 146.
85. Jones, 208.
86. Jones, 175.
87. Jones, 395–396.
88. Churchill, Storm, 271.
89. Winston S. Churchill, The Grand Alliance (Boston, 1950).
90. DGFP series D, vol. I, 273–275; Churchill, Storm, 271–272.
91. DGFP series D, vol. I, 273–275.
92. DBFP series D, vol. I, nos. 138–151, 578.
93. WSC V, 911.
94. Henderson, 124–125.
95. Nicolson, I, 330–331; Henderson, 311.
96. CAB 23/91; Templewood Papers.
97. PrP 1/238; CAB 23/91.
98. ChP 2/328; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 353.
99. WM/Shirer; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 351.
100. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 Articles (London, 1939), 227; NYT 5/5/45; ChP 2/328.
101. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 278.
102. NCA, I, 501–502.
103. Nicolson, I, 331; Hansard 3/14/38.
104. Dilks, ed., 3/12/38.
105. Dilks, ed., 2/12/38, 4/22/38.
106. Nicolson, I, 331; DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 57.
107. Hansard 3/14/38.
108. Hansard 3/14/38.
109. Hansard 3/14/38; WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/80.
110. Hansard 3/14/38.
111. NYT 3/18/38; DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 107.
112. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 107; Dirksen Papers.
113. Nicolson, I, 331; Lord Boothby, Recollections of a Rebel (London, 1978), 134–135; WM/Boothby.
114. Star 3/15/35; Liddell Hart Memorandum, “Defence of Britain,” 63–74, CAB 23/93.
115. Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (New York, 1954), 218.
116. DGFP series D, vol II.
117. Frankfurter Zeitung 2/21/38.
118. Balfour Papers.
119. Hansard 5/31/35.
120. ChP 2/266.
121. ChP 2/307, 2/299.
122. CAB 23/93.
123. ChP 2/341.
124. WM/Shirer.
125. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 86; Foreign Office Studies, C 1865/132/18.
126. Foreign Office Studies, C 1865/132/18.
127. Foreign Office Studies, C 1865/132/18; Dilks, ed., 63; Sir Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 347–348; Robert Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (London, 1969), 188; DGFP series D, vol. II, 776.
128. Times 3/19/38. ChP 2/328.
129. Evening Standard 3/18/38.
130. CAB 53/27; Foreign Policy Committee Meeting 3/21/38.
131. CAB 27/623; CAB 27/627; Feiling, 347–348.
132. Duff Cooper, 218.
134. DBFP series 3, vol. I, nos. 106–110, 112, 116; CAB 27/623; Hansard 3/24/38.
135. WM/Cowles; Cowles, 308–309; Middlemas and Barnes, 206–207; Hansard 3/24/38.
136. Hansard 3/24/38 (verse form added).
137. Hansard 3/24/38.
138. WM/Cowles; Cowles, 308–309; Middlemas and Barnes, 206–207; Dilks, ed., 3/26/38.
139. ChP 8/600.
140. WSC V, 835.
141. BSCP 2/2/37.
142. BSCP 2/2/37.
143. BSCP 4/8/37.
144. Daily Express 3/17/38; Times 4/1/38, 4/2/38.
145. Camrose Papers.
146. ChP 1/328.
147. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London, 1958), 477, 499; ChP 1/328.
148. J. Baker White, True Blue (London, 1970), 161.
149. ChP 1/323.
150. Frederick Woods, A Bibliography of the Works of Sir Winston Churchill KG, OM, CH (London, 1963), 75–79, 83, 221–268; ChP 8/596.
151. Soames, 366; ChP 8/626; BSCP 2/2/37.
152. Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (London, 1970), 340.
153. WM/John Grigg, 10/15/80; Rhodes James, Failure, 340.
154. WM/Lady Soames; WM/Lord Geoffrey Head, 11/19/80.
155. Nicolson, I, 347.
156. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 430–433.
157. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 151.
158. Hansard 3/17/38; NYT 3/14/38.
159. Macmillan, 495.
160. Observer 11/29/37; Kingsley Martin, Editor (London, 1968), 50; Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 162.
161. Times 2/27/37, 6/23/37.
162. NYT 4/24/38; DGFP series D, vol. II, nos. 197–198; ND 388-PS item 2.
163. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 158.
164. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 164; Temple-wood Papers.
165. Le Temps 4/12/38; Telford Taylor, 778.
166. WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80; Macmillan, 495–496.
167. Isaiah Berlin, Mr. Churchill in 1940 (Boston, 1964), 16–17.
168. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 98.
169. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 337.
170. Telford Taylor, 638; Lieutenant General Sir Henry Pownall, Chief of Staff, vol. 1, 1933–40, edited by Brian Bond (London, 1972), 80.
171. Churchill, Storm, 231–232.
172. Balfour, 99–110; Nicolson, I, 341–342.
173. Telford Taylor, 759; Anne Morrow Lindbergh, The Flower and the Nettle: Diaries and Letters of Anne Morrow Lindbergh 1936–1939 (New York, 1976), 100; Charles A. Lindbergh, The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh (New York, 1970), 22.
174. Charles Lindbergh, 73.
175. Jones, 409–411.
176. Telford Taylor, 851; Shirer, Nightmare Years, 238.
177. DBFP series 3, vol. I, nos. 171, 170.
178. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 154.
179. Times 6/3/38; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 376.
180. ChP 2/329.
181. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 219, app. III.
182. Foreign Office Papers 271/1719; ChP 2/329.
183. ChP 2/340.
184. ChP 2/340; Churchill, Storm, 286; Times 5/17/38.
185. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 13.
186. DBFP series 3, vol. I.
187. DBFP series 3, vol. I; DGFP series D, vol. II.
188. Telford Taylor, 392–393.
189. Telford Taylor, 655.
190. H. L. Mencken, On Being an American, 1923; NCA, V, 743–744.
191. Daily Telegraph 7/6/38, 7/26/38; ChP 2/330.
192. ChP 2/340, 2/331.
193. DBFP series 3, vol. II, app. IV.
194. ND II, 10.
195. Helmuth Groscurth, Tagebücher eines Abwehroffiziers 1938–1940, edited by Helmut Krausnick and Harold Deutsch (Stuttgart, 1970), 9/2/38; 9/4/38.
196. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 426.
197. TMWC X, 509.
198. Hermann Förtsch, Schuld und Verhangnis (Stuttgart, 1951), 173–174.
199. Dalton, 182.
200. ChP 2/331.
201. PrP 1/266.
202. Churchill, Storm, 293–294.
203. PrP 1/265.
204. Telford Taylor, 670; Dilks, ed., 95.
205. CAB 23/95.
206. PrP 1/266.
207. PrP 1/266.
208. Feiling, 357.
209. DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 42.
210. WSC V, 969; Times 9/7/38.
211. ChP 2/331.
212. Dalton, 174–175.
213. Dilks, ed., 95.
214. DBFP series 3, vol. II, nos. 775, 815, 818, 819, 823, 825; Dilks, ed., 96; Gilbert and Gott, 138; Harvey, 172–173.
215. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 482.
216. Standard 9/13/38; CAB 23/95.
217. Telford Taylor, 676–677.
218. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 862.
219. Harvey, 9/15/38; Feiling, 333; ChP 2/331.
220. WM/R. A. Butler 12/5/80; DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 120; ChP 1/325.
221. WM/Macmillan.
222. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Munich: Prologue to Tragedy (New York, 1948), 108; Feiling, 366.
223. N. Chamberlain Papers, in Feiling, 366.
224. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 335, 386; DGFP series D, vol. II, no. 487.
225. ChP 2/343; N. Chamberlain Papers.
226. Duff Cooper, 229; CAB 23/95.
227. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 907; Le Populaire 9/20/38.
228. ChP 8/612; DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 907.
229. DBFP series 3, vol. II, nos. 928, 951, 952, 961.
230. Times 9/20/38; DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 978.
231. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 973.
232. Dalton, 196.
233. Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1938, III.
234. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1008.
235. ChP 2/331.
236. ChP 4/92.
237. ChP 9/132.
238. Nicolson, I, 363–364.
239. Telford Taylor, 806 fn; DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1033.
240. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1076.
241. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1043.
242. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1058.
243. DBFP series 3, vol. II, nos. 463, 773, 499–508.
244. Paul Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter (New York, 1951), 95–102; Henderson, 156–162; Times 9/24/38.
245. Dilks, ed., 9/24/38.
246. CAB 23/95, Duff Cooper, 234.
247. Duff Cooper, 234; A. J. P. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1961), 177.
248. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1092.
249. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 141–142.
250. NYT 9/28/38.
251. WM/Macmillan; Macmillan, 507.
252. Macmillan, 505, 507; WM/Macmillan; E. S. Turner, The Phoney War (London, 1961), 55.
253. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1231.
254. Times 9/29/38; Kirkpatrick, 124–125; Nicolson, I, 370–371; Macmillan, 506.
255. Macmillan, 506; WM/Macmillan.
256. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 411; Telford Taylor, 897.
257. Templewood Papers; Peterpaul Donat, “Das Munchener Abkommen vom 20. September 1938,” Deutsches Adelsblatt no. 6 (1971), 82; Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970) 11.
258. WM/Walter Lippmann, 10/10/64.
259. Hansard 10/3/38.
260. Daily Telegraph 3/1/65.
261. Nicolson, I, 372.
262. WSC V, 988.
263. Telford Taylor, 50–53.
264. Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943, edited by Hugh Wilson (New York, 1946), 166.
265. DBFP series 3, vol. II, no. 1210.
266. Feiling, 376.
267. Telford Taylor, 48–49.
268. Colin Coote, A Companion of Honour: The Story of Walter Elliot (London, 1965), 174.
269. Coote, 174.
270. Coote, 174; Gardner, 13.
271. Telford Taylor, 49.
272. Wm/Shirer; Boothby, Rebel, 130.
273. G. E. R. Gedye, Fallen Bastions (London, 1939), 488–489; Churchill, Storm, 322.
274. International Military Tribunal, X, 572, 600, 772; Churchill, Storm, 302.
275. IMT, XIII, S. 4; ND 739–PS.
276. Amery, III, 337; J. P. Sartre, The Reprieve (London, 1947), 398.
277. Gilbert and Gott, 179; Middlemas and Barnes, 179; Telford Taylor, 64–65.
278. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 147–148; N. Chamberlain Papers.
279. Feiling, 376.
280. Nicolson, I, 371.
281. Halifax, 200; WM/Lord Lloyd, 11/27/80.
282. Rhodes James, Failure, 373; Duff Cooper, 243; ChP 2/350; Churchill, Storm, 234.
1. ChP 2/350; WSC V, 991–992.
2. Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 198; WM/Malcolm MacDonald, 11/6/80; Hansard 11/24/38.
3. Hansard 10/3/38.
4. John Evelyn Wrench, Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times (London, 1955), 378.
5. CAB 23/95; Hansard 10/3/38.
6. Hansard 10/3/38.
7. Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), I, 374.
8. Hansard 10/3/38.
9. Hansard 10/5/38.
10. Hansard 10/5/38.
11. Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 11; Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (London, 1970), 373.
12. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 363; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.
13. WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80; Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change, 1914–1939 (London, 1966), 485; B. H. Liddell Hart, The Memoirs of Captain Liddell Hart, 2 vols. (London, 1965), II, 211.
14. Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1953), 232.
15. WM/Macmillan; Nicolson, I, 377–378.
16. WM/Lady Soames.
17. Hansard, 10/6/38; ChP 2/332.
18. ChP 2/336, 2/332; WSC V, 1006.
19. A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (New York, 1962), 123, 96, 116; Martin Gilbert, Churchill’s Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1981), 910.
20. Sir Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 406; Dalton, 202.
21. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics (New York, 1966), 128–129; WSC V, 1012.
22. WSC V, 1012, 1014–1015.
23. ChP 1/344.
24. Lord Strang, Home and Abroad (London, 1964), cited in Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 549.
25. Kay Halle, The Irrepressible Churchill: A Treasury of Winston Churchill’s Wit (New York, 1967), 140–141; Oliver Harvey, The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937–1940, edited by John Harvey (London, 1970), 12/25/38.
26. Hansard 11/17/38; WSCHCS 6046–6048.
27. WSCHCS 6046–6048.
28. Nicolson, I, 375–376; ChP 8/597.
29. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 249.
30. Nicolson, I, 384; CAB 23/97; Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 329.
31. Churchill, Storm, 329–330.
32. Nicolson, I, 382.
33. WM/Grace Hamblin, 11/4/80; ChP 8/624.
34. Foreign Office Papers 371/22963.
35. Halle, 255.
36. Daily Telegraph 1/12/39.
37. Vincent Sheean, Between the Thunder and the Sun (New York, 1943), 73–74.
38. ChP 1/343; WM/Lady Diana Cooper; Virginia Cowles, Winston Churchill: The Era and the Man (New York, 1953), 307.
39. BSCP 1/8/39.
40. Perry Knowlton, Adam Deixel, and Ian Gonzales at Curtis Brown; ChP 1/344; WM/Lady Soames.
41. Soames, 364.
42. Soames, 367; BSCP 12/20/38.
43. ChP 2/378.
44. ChP 1/332; Soames, 368.
45. WSC V, 1044.
46. F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Hellen Zimmern (London, 1923), IV, 146; Frankfurter Zeitung 11/5/38.
47. ChP 9/133; WM/A. J. P. Taylor, 12/1/80.
48. WSCV, 1043.
49. N. Chamberlain Papers.
50. WSCV, 1045.
51. Phyllis Moir, I Was Winston Churchill’s Private Secretary (New York, 1941), 100.
52. Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 248.
53. DGFP series D, vol. IV, nos. 55, 61; ChP 2/340.
54. ChP 3/12/39.
55. NYT 3/17/39.
56. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 445–446.
57. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 445–446; Dalton, 226–227.
58. Martin Gilbert, Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat (London, 1973), 442.
59. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 Articles (London, 1939), 302–303.
60. A. J. P. Taylor, 192; WM/A. J. P. Taylor; Rhodes James, Failure, 377.
61. Gardner, 9–10.
62. Hansard 3/15/39.
63. Times 3/18/39.
64. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 244.
65. Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 209–210.
66. Hansard 5/26/39.
67. Hansard 5/26/39.
68. WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/18; Hansard 5/26/39.
69. Gilbert and Gott, 212.
70. ChP 2/358.
71. ND UdSSR-172; ChP 8/628.
72. Hansard 3/18/39.
73. WSC V, 1069.
74. WSC V, 1070.
75. William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1969), 418.
76. Gardner, 12.
77. N. Chamberlain Papers.
78. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 288, 298, 390, 397, 398, 395.
79. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 298, 390, 397, 398.
80. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 298, 390, 397, 398.
81. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 298, 390, 397, 398.
82. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, no. 395.
83. Leon Noėl, L’Agression allemande contre la Pologne (Paris, 1946), 326 note 1.
84. Telford Taylor, 421; Churchill, Storm, 350.
85. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, no. 433.
86. DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 433, 447; Józef Beck, Final Report (New York, 1957), 187–189.
87. Gilbert and Gott, 240; CAB 27/624; DBFP series 3, vol. IV, nos. 515, 516.
88. ChP 2/340.
89. Ian Colvin, The Chamberlain Cabinet (London, 1971), 194–198; Ian Colvin, None So Blind (New York, 1965), 298–311.
90. ND R-100, C-120.
91. Hansard, 3/31/39.
92. WM/Boothby; Lord Boothby, Recollections of a Rebel (London, 1978), 132; B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York, 1971), 11; Alfred Duff Cooper, The Second World War: First Phase (New York, 1939), 320.
93. Churchill, Storm, 347; Hansard 4/3/39.
94. CAB 23/98; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 16.
95. Lord Halifax, Fullness of Days (London, 1957), 206.
96. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London, 1958), 430; Gilbert and Gott, 245.
97. DBFP series 3, vol. V, no. 207.
98. Churchill, Storm, 350, 352; Arthur Christiansen, Headlines All My Life (New York, 1962), 89.
99. Churchill, Storm, 350–351.
100. N. Chamberlain Papers.
101. Macmillan, 539; WM/Macmillan.
102. Templewood Papers.
103. N. Chamberlain Papers, diary; DBFP series 3, vol. Ill, nos. 477, 495, 496, 500, 502; Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries 1939–1943, edited by Hugh Wilson (New York, 1946), 1/11–14/39.
104. Hansard 4/3/39; Times 4/1/39.
105. N. Chamberlain Papers; Murray Papers; ChP 2/358.
106. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 341.
107. Gardner, 17.
108. Gilbert, Political Philosophy, 376.
109. Gilbert, Wilderness, 249; Reed Whittemore, “Churchill and the Limitations of Myth,” Yale Review, Winter 1955.
110. WSC V, 1016.
111. Sir John Colville, The Fringes of Power, 10 Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 260, 264.
112. Atlantic Monthly, October 1940; Spectator 7/12/40; Transcript 9/26/40.
113. Gardner, 16, 17.
114. WM/Boothby; Lord Boothby, Rebel, 182; E. L. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, 2 vols. (New York, 1955), I, Prelude to Dunkirk, 38–39.
115. WM/MacDonald.
116. ChP 2/332.
117. CAB 27/624.
118. Hansard 11/18/38.
119. PrP 3/2/39.
120. PrP 1/358; Baruch Papers.
121. Nicolson, I, 398; ChP 2/360.
122. Nicolson, I, 398–399; British Weekly 4/27/39; Feiling, 386.
123. Feiling, 406; Nicolson, I, 399.
124. DGFP series D, vol. VI, no. 169; WM/R. A. Butler 12/5/80.
125. N. Chamberlain Papers.
126. Hansard 4/13/39.
127. Hansard 4/13/39.
128. Churchill, Storm, 355; Frankfurter Zeitung, 4/29/39.
129. ChP 2/322.
130. Churchill, Storm, 353.
131. Daily Telegraph 4/28/39; Hansard 4/27/39.
132. WSC V, 1065–1066; N. Chamberlain Papers.
133. NYT 5/23/39; Ironside Papers.
134. ChP 2/350, 8/264.
135. WSC V, 1068, 1080; WM/Butler.
136. WSC V, 1080, 1082, 1084.
137. ChP 2/371, 2/364, 8/628.
138. Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Years (London, 1954), 378; ChP 2/363.
139. Foreign Office Papers 371/22974.
140. Camrose Papers; Nicolson, I, 6/30/39.
141. Camrose Papers.
142. WSC V, 1086; N. Chamberlain Papers.
143. ChP 2/360, 2/343.
144. ChP 8/638.
145. ChP 8/217, 8/626.
146. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 vols. (London, 1956–1958), I, 1.
147. ChP 2/302; BSCP 1/7/37.
148. ChP 1/325.
149. ChP 8/596, 8/597.
150. ChP 8/626.
151. WM/Hamblin; WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80.
152. ChP 8/625.
153. Isaiah Berlin, Mr. Churchill in 1940 (Boston, 1964), 9.
154. WM/A. J. P. Taylor.
155. ChP 8/626.
156. ChP 8/626.
157. ChP 8/626.
158. ChP 8/626.
159. N. Chamberlain Papers.
160. ChP 2/358.
161. Air Ministry Papers 19/26, 19/29.
162. Yorkshire Post 6/28/39; Hansard (Lords) 6/11/39.
163. ChP 2/359; Nicolson, I, 403.
164. Walter Lippmann notes, Lippmann Papers, as cited in WSC V, 1074–1075.
1. Ironside Papers.
2. Ironside Papers.
3. PrP 1/332.
4. Ironside Papers.
5. Hansard 4/3/39.
6. Daily Telegraph 5/4/39.
7. Hansard 4/3/39.
8. Sunday Express 12/5/30; Times 1/21/27.
9. Hansard 4/3/39.
10. Keith Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), 603; Hansard 4/13/39.
11. DBFP series 5, vol. II, no. 1222, 623–624; Ivan Maisky, The Origins of the Second World War, broadcast talk, 1961, cited in Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, 1963), 31.
12. DBFP series 5, vol. II, no. 1221; DBFP series 5, vol. IV, no. 433; Hansard 3/23/39; WM/Lord Boothby, 10/16/80; Lord Boothby, I Fight to Live (London, 1947), 189.
13. Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1930–1962, edited by Nigel Nicolson, 3 vols. (London, 1966), I, 394.
14. Nicolson, I, 391.
15. N. Chamberlain Papers.
16. Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change (London, 1966), 542.
17. Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931–1950 (Oxford, 1954), 418–419.
18. Hansard 4/13/39.
19. Times 4/16/39.
20. David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 4/19/39; Lord Halifax, Fullness of Days (London, 1957), 206–207; DBFP series 3, vol. V, nos. 228, 229.
21. DBFP series 3, vol. I, no. 107.
22. WM/Harold Macmillan, 12/4/80; Macmillan, 542; Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1948), 365.
23. Jones, 418; Le Monde 3/28/39.
24. Dilks, ed., 175; CAB 23/98.
25. Jones, 210; CAB 27/624, 27/627.
26. CAB 27/624, 27/627.
27. Dilks, ed., 180; WM/Duncan Sandys, 11/7/80.
28. Churchill, Storm, 366.
29. Robert Coulondre, De Staline à Hitler: Souvenirs de deux ambassades, 1936–1939 (Paris, 1950), 270; Georges Bonnet, De Munich à la guerre (Paris, 1967), 184.
30. Telford Taylor, Munich: The Price of Peace (New York, 1979), 975; William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic (New York, 1969), 428; Churchill, Storm, 366, 367; Frankfurter Zeitung 5/7/39.
31. Nicolson, I, 401; Churchill, Storm, 366.
32. Daily Telegraph 5/4/39.
33. Camrose Papers.
34. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 481.
35. Churchill, Storm, 371, 373–374; Hansard 5/19/39; Feiling, 603.
36. Feiling, 603; ChP 2/332.
37. Hansard 5/19/39.
38. Hansard 5/19/39.
39. Observer 7/22/39.
40. Richard M. Watt, Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate 1918–1939 (New York, 1974), 389–390; DBFP series 3, vol. VI, nos. 104–107; DGFP series D, vol. V, no. 13; Dilks, ed., 163–164; CAB 27/624.
41. Józef Beck, Dernier Rapport: politique polonaise 1926–1939 (Neuchatel, 1951), 187–189; DBFP series 3, vol. IV, no. 518.
42. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 518.
43. DBFP series 3, vol. V, no. 163; vol. VI, no. 16.
44. NYT 4/29/39; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 455, 471.
45. NCA, VI, 916–928.
46. N. Chamberlain Papers; DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 417.
47. DGFP series D, vol. IV, no. 513; vol. VII, no. 307, ND TC-73.
48. ChP 2/360.
49. ChP 2/367.
50. ChP 9/137.
51. ChP 4/19; Yorkshire Post 6/28/39; WSCHCP 6141–6142.
52. N. Chamberlain Papers.
53. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, nos. 289, 197, 198.
54. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 212; Hansard 7/10/39.
55. N. Chamberlain Papers.
56. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, nos. 176, 222, 327; Gilbert and Gott, 256.
57. WM/Macmillan; Macmillan 542; DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 659.
58. N. Chamberlain papers.
59. Times 6/13/39; Churchill, Storm, 389; Nicolson, I, 404.
60. Churchill, Storm, 387–388.
61. DDF-2e-II, III, IV, V; Earl of Avon, Facing the Dictators (Boston, 1962), 547–548.
62. Observer 7/22/39.
63. WM/Boothby.
64. Templewood Papers; Churchill, Storm, 363.
65. Pravda 6/16/39; Churchill, Storm, 390, 365, 368.
66. Telford Taylor, 976; Dilks, ed., 189.
67. WM/Macmillan; Macmillan, 542.
68. Churchill, Storm, 363; Boothby, I Fight to Live, 189.
69. Shirer, Collapse, 428fn.
70. WM/Walter Lippmann, 10/10/64; “The Reminiscences of Walter Lippmann,” 191–193, in Oral History Collection, Yale University Walter Lippmann Collection; Shirer, Collapse, 426.
71. Le Livre Jaune Français. Documents diplomatiques, 1039–1940, No. 120, 153–155.
72. Churchill, Storm, 367–370; DGFP series D, vol. VI, nos. 616–617.
73. Churchill, Storm, 393–394.
74. DGFP series D, vol. VI, no. 429.
75. ND 1526-PS, 084-PS, 288-P; Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office (Washington, 1948), 5–7, 8–9.
76. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 503.
77. DGFP series D, vol. VI, nos. 1033–1035.
78. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 673; DBFP, Appendix V, 763.
79. Shirer, Collapse, 454, 455–456; DBFP series 3, Appendix II, nos. 558–614; Événements, I, 39ff.
80. Shirer, Collapse, 454–456.
81. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 714.
82. Hansard 4/3/39.
83. DBFP series 3, vol. V, Appendix I (i); vol. VI, nos. 458, 460.
84. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 461.
85. DBFP series 3, vol. VI, no. 585.
86. Shirer, Collapse, 451.
87. Several of the author’s interviewees have cited WSC’s quip about weekends.
88. Shirer, Collapse, 451–455.
89. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 49, 58–59, nn. 13, 48.
90. Shirer, Collapse, 452.
91. ND 1618–PS; DGFP series D, vol. II, nos. 67–68.
92. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 75.
93. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 105.
94. Shirer, Collapse, 463; DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 113.
95. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 125.
96. Shirer, Collapse, 465.
97. Churchill, Storm, 391, 380.
98. Bonnet, 301–302; General Maurice Gustave Gamelin, Servir, 3 vols. (Paris, 1946), I, 23–24.
99. DBFP series 3, no. 212; Événements, II (Docs.), 276–278; Bonnet, 305–308.
100. N. Chamberlain Papers.
101. Selborne Papers; Nicolson, I, 8/1/39; WSC V, 1095.
102. Nicolson, I, 407.
103. Hansard 8/2/39.
104. Hansard 8/2/39.
105. Nicolson, I, 407–408.
106. ChP 9/137.
107. ChP 9/137.
108. Jones, 419.
109. Observer 7/22/39.
110. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 62–64.
111. ChP 2/365.
112. BSCP 8/14/39.
113. BSCP; E. L. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, 2 vols. (New York, 1955), I, 5.
114. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle (Boston, 1969), 29.
115. Spears, I, 9.
116. Spears, I, 10.
117. ChP 2/371.
118. ChP 2/371.
119. See Churchill, Storm, 474–475; ChP 2/371.
120. Shirer, Collapse, 186.
121. Spears, I, 9; Horne, 18; Churchill, Storm, 474; Simone de Beauvoir, The Prime of Life, trans. Peter Green (New York, 1962), 33.
122. Churchill, Storm, 474; Horne, 72.
123. Winston S. Churchill, Their Finest Hour (Boston, 1949), 36–37.
124. News of the World 4/24/38.
125. B. H. Liddell Hart, The Memoirs of Captain Liddell Hart, 2 vols. (London, 1965), I, 373.
126. Spears, I, 7.
127. WM/Lady Soames, 10/9/80; Consuelo Balsan, The Glitter and the Gold (New York, 1952), 298.
128. Maze Papers, Maze diary.
129. Churchill, Storm, 400; Nicolson, I, 411; Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1940), 18.
130. Churchill, Storm, 400–401.
131. Churchill, Storm, 401.
132. Churchill, Storm, 401; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Boston, 1979), 369.
133. Nicolson, I, 411; ChP 1/344.
134. Churchill, Storm, 396; CV V/3, 1597; Nicolson, I, 413; Norwich Papers.
135. WSC V, 1105; Norwich Papers, Duff Cooper diary.
136. Ironside Papers.
137. ChP 2/361.
138. Churchill, Storm, 396.
139. The British Blue Book, 98–104; DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 210–219; Churchill, Storm, 396–397.
140. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 564.
141. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 564; Churchill, Storm, 442–443.
142. C. Roberts, The Nazi Claim to Colonies, Introduction by Alfred Duff Cooper (London, 1939).
143. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 309.
144. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 367.
145. The British Blue Book, 120–123.
146. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 479–480.
147. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 vols. (London, 1956–1958), I, 58–59.
148. R. J. Minney, The Private Papers of Hore-Belisha (London, 1960), 220.
149. Churchill, English-Speaking Peoples, II, 125–126.
150. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 3.
151. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 349, note 7; no. 402, note 3; nos. 406, 411.
152. ChP 8/626.
153. Churchill, English-Speaking Peoples, III, 306–308.
154. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 420, 426, 455.
155. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 455.
156. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 508.
157. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 508; Sir Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission: Berlin 1937–1939 (New York, 1940), 266.
158. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 519.
159. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 501, 493; Henderson, 267–268.
160. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 523, 526.
161. Foreign Relations of the U.S., Kennedy to Hull, 8/30/39; Minney, 223–224; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 539.
162. ND 2751-PS.
163. Henderson, 270.
164. Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Buehne (Bonn, 1949), 460; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 589.
165. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 405.
166. ChP 2/364.
167. ChP 8/626, 8/624.
168. ChP 8/624.
169. Ironside Papers.
170. Daily Mirror 7/13/39; Churchill, Storm, 405.
171. Churchill, Storm, 405; Martin Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (London, 1981), 262.
172. Hansard, 9/1/39.
173. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 602.
174. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 500; Birger Dahlerus, The Last Attempt (London, 1947), 120; TMWC IX, 471.
175. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 644.
176. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 509–510; Josiah Wedgewood, Memoirs of a Fighting Life (London, 1941), 225.
177. Gardner, 17–18.
178. Command Paper 6144.
179. DGFP series D, vol. VII, nos. 664, 639, 648.
180. ChP 4/96; Churchill, Storm, 406.
181. WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80.
182. Camrose Papers; Hankey Papers.
183. Minney, 225.
184. Minney, 225, 226.
185. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 731, 713.
186. Spears, I, 18.
187. Churchill, Storm, 406; Spears, I, 20.
188. Spears, I, 20; Hansard 9/2/39.
189. Hugh Dalton, Memoirs, 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 264–265; Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1953), 259; Spears, I, 21; Churchill, Storm, 406; L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 3 vols. (London, 1953), III, 324; Hansard 9/2/33.
190. Amery, III, 324; Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (London, 1959), 143–144; Spears, I, 22; Halifax, 210.
191. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 734.
192. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 751.
193. DGFP series D, vol. VII, no. 558.
194. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, nos. 740, 743.
195. Lady Diana Cooper, The Light of Common Day (Boston, 1959), 257; WM/Lady Diana Cooper, 10/20/80.
196. WM/Lady Diana Cooper; Duff Cooper, 259.
197. Duff Cooper, 259; Churchill, Storm, 407; Norwich Papers.
198. Norwich Papers.
199. Norwich Papers.
200. Norwich Papers.
201. ChP 4/96; Churchill, Storm, 407.
202. ChP 4/96; Churchill, Storm, 407.
203. Minney, 226; Sunday Times 9/6/64; Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: A Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (London, 1970), 379; Amery, III, 324.
204. Sunday Times 9/6/64; Minney, 227.
205. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 739.
206. DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 740.
207. Sunday Times 9/6/64; Bonnet, 364.
208. Gilbert and Gott, 308; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 741.
209. Kirkpatrick, 143–144.
210. Sunday Times 9/6/64; Minney, 227; DBFP series 3, vol. VII, no. 746.
211. Sunday Times 9/6/64.
212. Sunday Times 9/6/64.
213. Norwich Papers, Duff Cooper diary; ChP 8/639.
214. Kirkpatrick, 144; Bonnet, 363; Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries, 1939–1943, edited by Hugh Wilson (London, 1946), 137.
215. Dahlerus, 109.
216. ChP 2/363; Churchill, Storm, 408; W. H. Thompson, Sixty Minutes with Winston Churchill (London, 1953).
217. W. H. Thompson; Martia Russell Papers; Churchill, Storm, 408.
218. Hansard 9/3/39; Churchill, Storm, 409.
219. Hansard 9/3/39.
220. Hansard 9/3/39.
221. Amery Papers, Amery Diary.
222. Churchill, Storm, 409; Gilbert, Wilderness, 267.
223. Churchill, Storm, 419–420; Laurence Thompson, 1940 (New York, 1966), 31.
224. CAB 65/1; Churchill, Storm, 442; Minney, 228–230; WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/1/80; Jacob to Martin Gilbert, 7/1/82.
225. WM/Lady Diana Cooper.