Selected Combat Tasks
Every soldier, regardless of rank, branch or MOS must be proficient in certain individual combat tasks. This appendix provides 11 of these tasks. These tasks are vitally important for every soldier on the battlefield to know. You can find these and other individual tasks in The Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks or your MOS-specific soldier’s manual.
Section I - Shoot, Move, and Communicate
Engage Targets with an M16A1 or M16A2 Rifle
Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except Minefields)
Navigate from One Point on the Ground to Another Point while Dismounted
Perform First Aid for Nerve Agent Injury
React to Indirect Fire While Dismounted
For more information on common tasks, see STP 21-1-SMCT, The Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks.
A-1. Every soldier, regardless of rank, position, and MOS must be able to shoot, move, communicate, and survive in order to contribute to the team and survive in combat. This appendix includes selected combat tasks that support these basic soldier skills. Common tasks can, of course, also be found in the Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks. You should master these basic selected combat tasks as well as other task that your unit may deem necessary.
A-2. SHOOT. Shoot means more than simply squeezing off rounds. It means being able to place effective fire on the enemy with your individual weapon. It is going out in combat and doing what is required of you and with consistency.
A-3. MOVE. When in combat, you can expect to encounter times that you might have to maneuver in or outside the perimeter, in cover of darkness, and over, through and around obstacles. This also can include reacting to indirect fire or direct fire when mounted. Your unit’s ability to move depends on your movement skills and those of your fellow soldiers. These actions require certain skills to ensure your safety and the safety of comrades (high crawl, low crawl and rush). Fire and move techniques. Moving with maneuver units.
A-4. COMMUNICATE. Provide information to those who need it. There are several means of communications; digital, radio, visual, wire, sound, and messenger. The information must be transmitted and received and understood. You must know how to communicate with your leaders and fellow soldiers. You must be able to tell:
• What you see.
• What you are doing.
• What you have done.
• What you are going to do.
• What you need.
A-5. SURVIVE. Action taken to stay alive in the field with limited resources. Survival requires knowledge of how to take care of yourself. While thinking of survival you can not rule out security. You must do everything possible for the security and protection of yourself and your unit. Here is a list of some basic things:
• Be awake and alert.
• Keep your weapon and equipment in good operating condition.
• Move around only when necessary.
• Use lights only when necessary.
• Look and listen for enemy activity in your sector.
• Use challenge and a password.
• Use obstacle to prevent direct access in and out of perimeter.
• Employ intrusion devices on the edge of perimeter and mark them.
• Ensure that fighting position provide cover and concealment while allowing maximum fields of fire. Improve position as time permits.
A-6. Listed on the following pages are selected combat tasks or actions that are necessary and applicable for all soldiers in order to survive in battlefield conditions. You can find the tasks, conditions, standards, performance steps and measures here and in STP 21-1-SMCT, Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks.
SECTION I – SHOOT, MOVE, AND COMMUNICATE
ENGAGE TARGETS WITH AN M16A1 OR M16A2 RIFLE
For more information see FM 3-22.9, M16A1 and M16A2 Rifle Marksmanship.
Conditions: Given an M16A1 or M16A2 rifle, magazines, ammunition, individual combat equipment, and stationary or moving targets (personnel or equipment) at engageable ranges.
Standards: Detected and determined range to targets. Fired the M16A1 or M16A2 rifle, engaged targets in assigned sector of fire. Applied correct marksmanship fundamentals and target engagement techniques so that each target was hit or suppressed. Hit 60 percent or more of the targets in assigned sector of fire.
Performance Steps
1. Assume an appropriate firing position based on the situation. The firing position should protect you from enemy fire and observation, yet allow you to place effective fire on targets in your sector of fire.
a. Foxhole. Advantages: best when available. Disadvantages: no overhead cover.
b. Prone. Advantages: steady, easy to assume, low silhouette, and easily adapted to use of cover and support. Disadvantages: effectiveness can be limited by terrain and vegetation irregularities.
c. Prone supported. Advantages: steadier than prone, other advantages the same as prone. Disadvantages: same as prone.
d. Kneeling. Advantages: used when firing from behind something; used on ground that is level or gently sloping upward. Disadvantage: exposed to small-arms fire.
e. Kneeling supported. Advantages: steadier than kneeling; other advantages the same as kneeling. Disadvantages: exposed to small-arms fire.
f. Standing. Advantages: used in assault to surprise targets or when other positions are not appropriate. Disadvantages: exposed to small-arms fire.
2. Identify targets in your designated sector of fire.
3. Determine range to a target.
a. You can use your M16A1 or M16A2 rifle sights to estimate range to targets(s). Viewed through the front sight, a man-sized target appears:
(1) Twice the width as the front sight post at about 90 meters.
(2) The same width as the front sight post at about 175 meters.
(3) Half the width of the front sight post at about 350 meters.
4. Load and fire on targets using appropriate engagement techniques.
a. Load the weapon.
b. Use the appropriate aiming technique.
(1) Engage a stationary target using reference points or sighting points.
(2) Engage a target moving towards you as you would a stationary target.
(3) Engage a target moving laterally, using the single lead technique, by placing the trailing edge of the front sight post at the center of the target. This method causes the lead to increase automatically as the range increases.
(4) Engage multiple targets by first firing at the one presenting the greatest danger (usually the closest) and then rapidly proceeding to next target.
c. Use the quick-fire technique when there is no time to properly aim. Use this technique on targets within 30 meters of your location. (This technique is most effective in urban terrain or heavy bush.)
(1) Use the standing position.
(2) Use the raised stockwell. Looking two or three inches above the sights, on a plane that is level with the barrel.
(3) Look at the target, NOT at the sights.
d. Fire on the targets until they are destroyed or until you receive an order to cease fire.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: On a live-fire range, provide sufficient quantities of equipment and ammunition to support the number of soldiers tested. Have each soldier use his own rifle and magazine.
BRIEF SOLDIER: Tell soldier that he is to detect and engage targets in his sector and, when asked, state the range to the target.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO-GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-21.75 (21-75) | |
| FM 3-22.9 (23-9) | |
| TM 9-1005-319-10 |
MOVE OVER, THROUGH, OR AROUND OBSTACLES (EXCEPT MINEFIELDS)
071-326-0503
Conditions: Given individual weapon, load carrying equipment (LCE), one smoke grenade, wood or grass mats or chicken wire, a grappling hook, wrapping material, wire cutters (optional) and a buddy. During daylight or darkness, you are in a field location, moving over a route with natural and manmade crossings and obstacles (walls and barbed wire entanglements)
Standards: Approached within 100 meters of suspected enemy position over a specified route, negotiated each obstacle encountered within the time designated while retaining all over your equipment without becoming a casualty to a booby trap or early warning device.
Performance Steps (1-6)
1. Cover your advance using smoke when crossing an obstacle. (Task 071- 325-4407)
2. Ensure your buddy is covering you, since obstacles are normally covered by either fire or observation.
3. Cross barbed wire obstacles.
a. Check barbed wire for booby traps or early warning devices.
(1) Look for booby traps or early warning devices attached to barbed wire.
(2) Throw a grappling hook with a length of rope attached over the barbed wire.
(3) Pull the rope to set off any booby traps or early warning devices.
b. Cross over barbed wire using wood, grass mats, or some chicken wire to protect you from the barbs
(1) Throw the wood, mat, or chicken wire over the barbed wire.
(2) Cross carefully because such a mat or net forms an unstable path.
c. Cross under the barbed wire.
(1) Slide headfirst on your back under the bottom strands.
(2) Push yourself forward with your shoulders and heels, carrying your weapon lengthwise on your body and holding the barbed wire with one hand while moving.
(3) Let the barbed wire slide on the weapon to keep wire from catching on clothing and equipment.
d. Cut your way through the barbed wire.
(1) Leave the top wire in place to make it less likely that the enemy will discover the gap.
(2) Wrap cloth around the barbed wire between your hands.
(3) Cut partly through the barbed wire.
(4) Bend the barbed wire back and forth quietly until it separates.
(5) Cut only the lower strands
4. Cross exposed danger areas such as roads, trails, or small streams.
a. Select a point at or near a bend in the road or stream. If possible, select a bend that has cover and concealment on both sides.
b. Crawl up to the edge of the open area.
c. Observe the other side carefully before crossing.
d. Move rapidly but quietly across the exposed area.
e. Take cover on the other side.
f. Check the area around you.
5. Cross over a wall.
a. Roll quickly over the top.
b. Do not go over standing upright.
6. Cover your buddy as he crosses the obstacle.
| Performance Measures (1-6) | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Covered your advance using smoke. | _____ | _____ |
| 2. Ensure your buddy was covering you. | _____ | _____ |
| 3. Crossed barbed wire obstacles. | _____ | _____ |
a. Checked barbed wire for booby traps or early warning devices.
(1) Looked for booby traps or early warning devices attached to the barbed wire.
(2) Threw a grappling hook with a length of rope attached over the barbed wire.
(3) Pulled the rope to set off any booby traps or early warning devices.
b. Crossed over barbed wire using wood, grass mat, or some chicken wire.
(1) Threw the wood, mat or chicken wire over the barbed wire.
(2) Crossed carefully because such a mat or net forms an unstable path.
c. Crossed under barbed wire.
(1) Slide headfirst on your back under the bottom strand.
(2) Pushed yourself forward with your shoulders and heels, carried your weapon lengthwise on your body, and held the barbed wire with one hand while moving.
(3) Allowed the barbed wire to slide on the weapon so that the wire did not catch on clothing and equipment.
d. Cut your way through the barbed wire.
(1) Left the top wire in place.
(2) Wrapped cloth around the barbed wire between your hands.
(3) Cut partly through the barbed wire.
(4) Bent the barbed wire quietly until it separated.
(5) Cut only the lower strand.
4. Crossed exposed danger areas such as roads, trails, or small streams.
| _____ | _____ |
a. Selected a point at or near a bend in the road or stream that has cover and concealment on both sides.
b. Crawled up to the opened area.
c. Observed the other side before crossing.
d. Move rapidly but quietly across the exposed area.
e. Took cover on the other side.
f. Checked the area around you.
| 5. Crossed over a wall. | _____ | _____ |
a. Rolled quickly over the top.
b. Did not go over standing upright.
6. Covered your buddy while crossing the obstacle. |
_____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Scored the soldier NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores a NO-GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-21.75 (21-75) |
NAVIGATE FROM ONE POINT ON THE GROUND TO ANOTHER POINT WHILE DISMOUNTED
071-329-1006
Conditions: Given a standard topographic map of the area, scale 1:50,000, a coordinate scale and protractor, a compass, and writing materials.
Standards: Moved on foot to designated points at a rate of 3,000 meters in an hour.
Performance Steps (1-4)
1. Determine your pace count.
a. When traveling on foot, measure distance by counting paces. The average soldier uses 116 paces to travel 100 meters. Check your pace length by practicing on a known 100-meter distance, like a football field plus one end zone, which is 110 yards (about 100 meters).
b. When traveling cross-country as in the field, you use more paces to travel 100 meters, usually about 148 instead of 116. This is because you are not traveling over level ground, and must use more paces to make up for your movement up and down hills. You should pace yourself over at least 600 meters of crisscrossing terrain to learn how many paces it takes you to travel an average 100 meters over such terrain.
c. Be sure you know how many paces it takes you to walk 100 meters on both level and crisscrossing terrain.
(1) The problem in pacing is maintaining a straight line. At night, you will tend to walk in a clockwise circle if you do not use a compass. In daylight, you should use aiming points and a compass. Also, remember to figure only the straight-line distance when you have to walk around an obstacle.
(2) Another problem is keeping count of paces taken. One way is to use pebbles. For instance, suppose you want to pace off one kilometer. (A kilometer is 1,000 meters or the distance between two of the black grid lines on your map.) Put ten pebbles in your right pocket. When you go 100 meters, move one pebble to your left pocket and start your count over. When all ten pebbles had been moved to your left pocket, you have traveled 1 kilometer. Or, you can tie knots in a string, one knot per 100 meters.
d. Sample problem: You are to move 715 meters, and your pace count for 100 meters is 116 paces.
(1) Using the pebble methods, you will need seven pebbles. This will take you 700 meters. But what about the other 15 meters?
(2) To determine how many paces it will take to go the remaining 15 meters, multiply 15 meters by your pace count. (116--15 x 116 = 1,740). Mark out the last two numbers (40). The remainder (17) is how many paces it will take to go 15 meters.
(3) So you would go 715 meters using the pebble method by pacing off 116 paces per 100 meters until all seven pebbles are used, then go an additional 17 paces to arrive at 715 meters.
2. Navigate from one point to another using terrain association.
a. This technique uses terrain or manmade features to serve as landmarks or checkpoints for maintaining direction of movement. It can be used anywhere, day or night, as long as there are distinguishable terrain features. You use terrain association when moving from the unit area to the motor pool. You walk down the road or sidewalk using intersections or buildings to steer or turn on (landmarks or checkpoints). In the field, with few roads and buildings, use terrain features for your axis and checkpoints.
b. In using association, you locate first your position on the map, then your destination or objective. It will seldom be the best way to travel. For example, look at Figure A-1 (071-329-1006-1). Assume that you are to move from point A to point B. You see that a straight line could cause you to climb several small ridges and valleys (the “X’s” on Figure 071-329-1006).
Figure A-1. (071-329-1006-1) Straight-line route.
c. When adjusting your route, consider the following:
(1) Tactical aspect. Avoid skylining open areas and danger areas like streams or crossings on roads and hilltops. Your tactical concern is survival. The mission is causing you to move to your objective. You need to be sure you get to that objective. Looking at Figure A-2 (071-329-1006-2), you decide for tactical reasons to cross the stream where you would not be seen from the road (C) and to cross the road in a small valley (D). You know that valleys offer better cover and concealment, so you will use them (E) (F).
Figure A-2. (071-329-1006-2) Adjusted route.
(2) Ease of movement. Always pick the easiest route that the tactical situation allows. However, you achieve surprise by doing the unexpected. A difficult route increases your chance of getting lost. A difficult route may be noisy and may tire you out before you get to your objective.
(3) Boundaries. It is almost impossible to travel in a straight line, with or without a compass. Pick an axis or corridor to travel along. Pick boundaries you will be able to spot or feel. Hardtop roads, streams, high grounds, and railroads all make good boundaries. If you start to wander too far off course, you will know it.
d. You decide the route shown in Figure A-3 (071-329-1006-3) offers you easy movement. You check your axis up the valley (1); across the ridge at the saddle (2); cross the stream, turning left and keep the stream on the left, high ground on the right (4); to the third valley (5); to the saddle, then on the objective (6).
Figure A-3. (071-329-1006-3) Route of travel.
e. With boundaries to keep you straight, you need to know where along your corridor you are. You do this with checkpoints. The best checkpoint is a line or linear feature that you cannot miss. A linear feature across your corridor, or axis, is crossed no matter where you are in the axis. Use hardtop roads, railroads, power lines, perennial streams (solid blue lines, the dash blue lines are frequently dry), rivers, ridges, and valleys.
NOTE: DO NOT use light-duty roads and trails, there is always more on the ground than the map shows. DO NOT use wood lines, which are rarely permanent.
g. Referring to Figure A-4 (071-329-1006-4), pick your checkpoints.
(1) Saddle, use Hill 241 to line on up the right valley, and follow to –
(2) Stream, move along it until—
(3) Bend in the stream, turn right to—
(4) Road in the valley (the ridge crossing on the road on the 12- grid line will serve as a limiting feature), then up to—
(5) Far saddle, and right to your objective (B).
g. If you cannot find linear features, use an elevation change--hill or depressions, small ridge, or a valley. Look for one contour line of change during the day, two at night. Regardless of contour interval, you will spot a contour interval of change on foot.
h. Determine the distance between checkpoints. DISTANCE IS THE CAUSE OF MOST NAVIGATIONAL MISTAKES. Estimate or measure the distance from one checkpoint to another. Trust that distance.
Figure A-4. (071-329-1006-4) Checkpoints.
i. Referring to Figure A-5 (071-329-1006-5), check your distances:
(1) 500 meters to the saddle (1).
(2) 800 meters to the stream (2).
(3) 500 meters to the bend in the stream (3).
(4) 300 meters to the road (4).
(5) 1,000 meters to the far saddle (5).
3. Navigate from one point to another using dead reckoning.
a. Dead reckoning is a technique of following a set route or line for a determined distance. This technique is used on flat terrain, like deserts and swamps. It can be used day or night. To use dead reckoning--
(1) Locate the start point and finish point on the map. Figure A-5 (071-329-1006-5).
Figure A-5. (071-329-1006-5) Distance between checkpoints.
(2) Determine the grid azimuth from the start point to the finish point or to the first intermediate point on the map.
(3) Convert the grid azimuth taken from the map to a magnetic azimuth.
(4) Determine the distance between the start point and the finish point or any intermediate points on the map.
NOTE: If you do not know how many paces you take for each 100 meters, you should move to a 100-meter course and determine your pace count.
(5) Convert the map distance to pace count.
(6) Make a thorough map reconnaissance of the area between the start point and the finish point.
b. Before moving from the start point, shoot an azimuth on a well-defined object on the ground in the direction of travel. These objects, known as steering points, may be lone trees, buildings, rocks, or any easily identifiable point. At night, the most likely steering point will be a star. Because of the rotation of the Earth, the positions of the stars continually change. You must check your azimuth frequently. Do this only when halted. Using your compass while moving will cause you to go off-course. Your steering mark may be beyond your objective. Remember to travel the distance you determined.
c. Once you have selected a steering point, move toward it, remembering to begin your count. You should have some methods devised to keep track of the number of 100 meters you travel.
d. Upon reaching your first steering point, shoot an azimuth to another steering mark, and repeat c, until you reach the finish point.
e. If you should encounter an obstacle, you may have to detour around it. See Figure A-6 (071-329-1006-6). To do this, complete a series of 90-degree turns until the obstacle is bypassed and you are back on the original azimuth.
Figure A-6. (071-329-1006-6) Bypassing an obstacle.
(1) At the edge of the obstacle, make a note of the number of paces taken to this point.
(2) If your detour is to the right, add 90 degrees to the original azimuth.
(3) Using the new azimuth, pick a steering mark and move toward it, making sure you begin a new pace count. Move on this azimuth until reaching the end of the obstacle.
(4) Stop and make a note of the number of paces taken, again as in (2) above, add or subtract 90 degrees from the azimuth just read, and move to the far side of the obstacle.
(5) Upon reaching the far side, stop the count and make note of the number of paces taken; add this pace count to the pace count noted in (1).
(6) At this time, again add or subtract 90 degrees from the azimuth used. Using this new azimuth, move the same number of paces taken on the first leg of the offset or detour.
(7) Place the compass on your original azimuth, pick up the pace count you ended with when you cleared the obstacle, and proceed to your finish point.
f. Bypassing the same obstacle at night calls for special considerations:
(1) To make a 90-degree turn, hold the compass as you would to determine a Magnetic Azimuth.
(2) Turn until the center of the luminous letter "E" is under the luminous line (do not change the setting of the luminous line).
NOTE: If you turn to the right, "E" is under the luminous line. If you turn to the left, "W" is under the line.
(3) Proceed in the direction until you have outflanked the obstacle.
(4) Turn until the north arrow is under the luminous line and proceed parallel to your original course until you have bypassed the obstacle.
(5) Turn until the "W" is under the luminous line and move back the same distance you originally moved.
(6) Finally, turn until the north arrow is under the luminous line and proceed on your original course.
(7) You must do the pace count the same as you do for bypassing the obstacle during daylight.
g. After reaching the finish point, conduct a detailed terrain analysis to confirm your location.
4. Navigate from one point to another by combining terrain association with dead reckoning.
a. Frequently, you must consider the advantage and disadvantage of both navigation techniques.
(1) Terrain association is fast and easy, and it allows for mistakes. It also is subject to map accuracy and can only be used with recognizable terrain features.
(2) Dead reckoning is accurate and works on flat terrain that lacks terrain features; however, all work must be precise, and the technique takes time.
b. There may be times when you combine both techniques. For instance, in the desert, you may need to use dead reckoning to arrive at or near a road, or a ridge, then use terrain association to follow that feature to an objective.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: Select an area with varying terrain and vegetation that is large enough to have two points, 1,000 to 2,000 meters apart. Ensure each point is on or near an identifiable terrain feature and marked on the ground with a sign containing a letter or number. Place dummy signs not less than 100 meters but not more than 200 meters to the right and left of the correct point. Clearly mark correct points on the map. Prepare a sheet of paper giving the azimuth and distance for each leg of the course to be covered. Have pencils available for the tested soldier.
BRIEF SOLDIER:
1. Terrain Association.
a. Give the soldier the map and tell him to identify the best route to take between the two points that have been plotted on the map (1,000 to 2,000 meters apart).
NOTE: The best route must have been determined by an SME before the test.
b. Give the soldier the map and tell him he must move from point A on the map to point B (1,000 to 2,000 meters apart) using terrain association (no compass is used). Tell the soldier he has _______ (standards in minutes and/or hours) to complete the course.
2. Dead Reckoning. Give the soldier the sheet of paper with the azimuth and the distance for each leg of the course (three to five points, 200 to 500 meters apart), and the compass; no map will be used. Tell the soldier to move over the course shown by the azimuth and the distance on the paper. Tell the soldier to record the letter or number at the end of each leg of the course. Tell the soldier he has __________ (standards in minutes and/or hours) to complete the course.
NOTE: Time standards are based on the average time it takes two SMEs to complete the course plus 50 percent. For example, if the SMEs time is one hour and thirty minutes. SME time(1 hour) + 50 percent (30 minutes) = course test time of one hour and 30 minutes.
Tell the soldier he has 10 minutes to study the map and determine a course. At the end of this time, he will move to the start point and begins the test. Time starts when soldier leaves the start point and ends when he crosses the finish point.
| Performance Measures | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Terrain association. | _____ | _____ |
a. Identified the best route within 10 minutes and explained reason for picking that route.
b. Wrote down the correct letter or number at the end of each leg of the course.
| 2. Dead reckoning. | _____ | _____ |
a. Wrote down the correct letter or number of each leg of the course.
b. Arrived at correct destination within the specified time.
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO-GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-25.26 (21-26) | |
| STP 21-1-SMCT |
PERFORM VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
113-571-1022
Conditions: Given one operational radio set (warmed up and set to the net frequency) for each net member; a call sign information card (5 inches x 8 inches) consisting of net member duty position (S-1, S-2), net call sign (letter-number-letter), suffix list (net control station [NCS] - 46, S-1 - 39, S- 2 - 13), and a message to be transmitted.
Situation: The net is considered to be secure and authentication is not required.
NOTE: This task may have as many net members as there is equipment available. Each net member must have a different suffix and message to transmit.
Standards: Enter a radio net, send a message, and left a radio net using the proper call signs, call sign sequence, prowords, and phonetic alphabet and numerals with 100 percent accuracy.
Performance Steps
1. Enter the net.
a. Determine the abbreviated call sign and answering sequence for your duty position.
b. Respond to the NCS issuing a net call.
c. Answer in alphanumeric sequence.
NOTE: At this time, the NCS acknowledges and the net is open.
2. Send a message.
a. Listen to make sure the net is clear. Do not interrupt any ongoing communications.
b. Call the NCS and tell the operator the priority of the message you have for his station.
c. Receive a response from the NCS that he or she is ready to receive.
d. Send your message using the correct prowords and pronunciation of letters and numbers.
e. Get a receipt for the message.
3. Leave the net in alphanumeric sequence.
a. You receive a call from the NCS who issues a close down order.
b. Answer in alphanumeric sequence.
NOTE: The NCS acknowledges and the net is closed. Note: The following call signs are used in this task as an example: Net call sign - E3E, NCS - E46, S-1 - E39, S-2 - E13.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: Position operational radio sets in different rooms or tents or at least 70 feet apart outside. Obtain call signs, suffixes, and a radio frequency through the normal command chain. Select a message 15-25 words containing some number groups such as map coordinates and times. Print the call signs for the sender and the receiver, along with the message to be sent, on 5 x 8 cards. Perform a communications check to ensure operation of the radios. Have an assistant who is proficient in radio operation man the NCS. Provide the assistant with the call signs. If the soldier has not demonstrated sufficient progress to complete the task within 5 minutes, give him a NO-GO. This time limit is an administrative requirement, not a doctrinal one; so if the soldier has almost completed the task correctly, you may decide to allow him to finish.
BRIEF SOLDIER: Give the soldier the card containing the message and call signs. Tell him the radio is ready for operation, the net is considered to be secure and authentication is not required, and to send the message to the NCS and get a receipt. Tell the soldier, if sufficient progress in completing the task within 5 minutes has not been demonstrated, he or she will receive a NO-GO for the task.
| Performance Measures | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Entered the net in alphanumeric sequence. | _____ | _____ |
2. Sent a message of 15 to 25 words using the correct prowords and phonetic alphabet and numerals.
| _____ | _____ | |
| 3. Left the net in alphanumeric sequence. | _____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO-GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
EVALUATE A CASUALTY
081-831-1000
Conditions: You have a casualty who has signs and/or symptoms of an injury.
Standards: Evaluated the casualty following the correct sequence. All injuries and/or conditions were identified. The casualty was immobilized if a neck or back injury is suspected.
Performance Steps
NOTE: When evaluating and/or treating a casualty, seek medical aid as soon as possible. Do not stop treatment, but, if the situation allows, send another person to find medical aid.
WARNING
If there are signs of chemical or biological agent poisoning, immediately mask the casualty. If it is not nerve agent poisoning, decontaminate exposed skin and gross contamination (large wet or oily spots) of the clothing or overgarments. If nerve agent poisoning, administer the antidote before decontamination (see task, Perform First Aid for Nerve Agent Injury, task number 081- 831-1044.)
WARNING
If a broken neck or back is suspected, do not move the casualty unless to save his life.
1. Check for responsiveness.
a. Ask in a loud, but calm voice, "Are you okay?"
b. Gently shake or tap the casualty on the shoulder.
c. Watch for a response. If the casualty does not respond, go to step 2.
d. If the casualty is conscious, ask where he feels different than usual or where it hurts. Go to step 3. If the casualty is conscious but is choking and cannot talk, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1003.)
a. Look for rise and fall of the casualty’s chest.
b. Listen for breathing by placing your ear about one inch above the casualty’s mouth and nose.
c. Feel for breathing by placing your hand or cheek about 1 inch above the casualty’s mouth and nose. If the casualty is not breathing, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task, 081-831-1042.)
NOTE: Checking for pulse during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, as necessary.
3. Check for bleeding.
WARNING
In a chemically contaminated area, do not expose the wound(s).
a. Look for spurts of blood or blood-soaked clothes.
b. Look for entry and exit wounds.
c. If bleeding is present, stop the evaluation and begin treatment as appropriate
(1) Arm or leg wound. (See Task 081-831-1032.)
(2) Partial or complete amputation. (See Task 081-831- 1032.)
(3) Open head wound. (See Task 081-831-1033.)
(4) Open abdominal wound. (See Task 081-831-1025.)
(5) Open chest wound. (See Task 081-831-1026.)
4. Check for shock.
a. Look for any of the following signs and/or symptoms:
(1) Sweaty but cool skin (clammy skin).
(2) Paleness of skin.
(3) Restlessness or nervousness.
(4) Thirst.
(5) Loss of blood (bleeding).
(6) Confusion.
(7) Faster than normal breathing rate.
(8) Blotchy or bluish skin, especially around the mouth.
(9) Nausea and/or vomiting.
b. If signs or symptoms of shock are present, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1005.)
5. Check for fractures.
a. Look for the following signs and symptoms of a back or neck injury:
(1) Pain or tenderness of the neck or back area.
(2) Cuts or bruises in the neck and back area.
(3) Inability of the casualty to move (paralysis or numbness).
(a) Ask about the ability to move (paralysis).
(b) Touch the casualty’s arms and legs; ask whether he or she can feel your hand (numbness).
(4) Unusual body or limb position.
WARNING
Unless there is immediate life-threatening danger, do not move a casualty who has a suspected back or neck injury.
b. Immobilize any casualty suspected of having a neck or back injury by doing the following:
(1) Tell the casualty not to move.
(2) If a back injury is suspected, place padding under the natural arch of the casualty’s back.
(3) If a neck injury is suspected, place a roll of cloth under the casualty’s neck and put boots (filled with dirt, sand, etc.) or rocks on both sides of the head.
c. Check the casualty’s arms and legs for open or closed fractures.
(1) Check for open fractures.
(a) Look for bleeding.
(b) Look for bone sticking through the skin.
(2) Check for closed fractures.
(a) Look for swelling.
(b) Look for discoloration.
(c) Look for deformity.
(d) Look for unusual body position.
d. If a fracture to an arm or leg is suspected, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1034.)
a. Look carefully for reddened, blistered, or charred skin. Also check for singed clothes.
b. If burns are found, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1007.)
7. Check for head injury.
a. Look for the following signs and symptoms:
(1) Unequal pupils.
(2) Fluid from the ear(s), nose, mouth, or injury site.
(3) Slurred speech.
(4) Confusion.
(5) Sleepiness.
(6) Loss of memory or consciousness.
(7) Staggering in walking.
(8) Headache.
(9) Dizziness.
(10) Vomiting.
(11) Paralysis.
(12) Convulsions or twitches.
b. If a head injury is suspected, continue to watch for signs that would require performance of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (See Task 081-831-1042), treatment for shock (See Task 081-831-1005), or control of bleeding (See Task 081-831-1033.)
8. Seek medical aid. Seek medical assistance as soon as possible, but you must not interrupt treatment. If possible send another person to find medical aid.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: Prepare a "casualty" for the soldier to evaluate by simulating one or more wounds or conditions. Simulate the wounds using a war wounds moulage set, casualty simulation kit, or other available materials. You can coach a "conscious casualty" to show signs of such conditions as shock or head injury and to respond to the soldier’s questions about location of pain or other symptoms of injury. However, you will have to cue the soldier during evaluation of an "unconscious casualty" as to whether the casualty is breathing and describe the signs or conditions, such as shock, as the soldier is making the checks.
BRIEF SOLDIER: Tell the soldier to do, in order, all necessary steps to evaluate the casualty and identify all wounds and/or conditions. Tell the soldier to tell you what first aid action (give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, bandage the wound, etc.) he or she would take but that no first aid is to be performed unless a neck or back injury is found.
| Performance Measures (1-10) | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Checked for responsiveness. | _____ | _____ |
| 2. Checked for breathing, if necessary. | _____ | _____ |
| 3. Checked for bleeding. | _____ | _____ |
| 4. Checked for shock. | _____ | _____ |
5. Checked for fractures and immobilized neck or back injuries, if found. |
_____ | _____ |
| 6. Checked for burns. | _____ | _____ |
| 7. Checked for a head injury. | _____ | _____ |
| 8. Sought medical aid. | _____ | _____ |
| 9. Performed all necessary steps in sequence. | _____ | _____ |
| 10. Identified all wounds and/or conditions. | _____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all steps are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any step is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 4-25.11 (21-11) |
PERFORM FIRST AID FOR NERVE AGENT INJURY
081-831-1044
Conditions: You and your unit have come under a chemical attack. You are wearing protective overgarments and/or mask, or they are immediately available. There are casualties with nerve agent injuries. Necessary materials and equipment: chemical protective gloves, overgarments, overboots, protective mask and hood, mask carrier, and nerve agent antidote autoinjectors. The casualty has three sets of MARK l nerve agent antidote autoinjectors or three ATNAAs and one convulsant antidote for nerve agents (CANA) autoinjector.
Standards: Administered correctly the antidote to self or administered three sets of MARK l nerve agent antidote autoinjectors or three ATNAAs followed by the CANA to a buddy following the correct sequence.
NOTE: The Antidote Treatment, Nerve Agent, Autoinjector (ATNAA) system is a nerve agent antidote device that will be used by the Armed Forces. A single ATNAA delivers both the atropine and 2 Pam Cl. The ATNAA will replace the MARK I when supplies are exhausted. Procedures for administering ATNAA will be contained in FM 4-25.11 (FM 21-11) and FM 8-285.
NOTE: When performing first aid on a casualty, seek medical aid as soon as possible. Do not stop the first aid; if the situation allows, send another person to find medical aid.
1. Identify mild signs and symptoms of nerve agent poisoning.
a. Unexplained runny nose.
b. Unexplained sudden headache.
c. Excessive flow of saliva (drooling).
d. Tightness of the chest causing breathing difficulties.
e. Difficulty seeing (blurred vision).
f. Muscular twitching around area of exposed or contaminated skin.
g. Stomach cramps.
h. Nausea.
NOTE: For the above signs and symptoms first aid is considered to be self-aid.
2. React to the chemical hazard.
a. Put on your protective mask.
NOTE: Seek overhead cover or use a poncho to provide cover, mission permitting. Do not put on additional protective clothing at this time. Give yourself the nerve agent antidote first. Then, decontaminate exposed skin areas and put on remaining protective clothing.
b. Give the alarm.
3. Administer nerve agent antidote to self (self-aid), if necessary.
a. MARK I.
(1) Prepare to administer one atropine injection.
(a) Remove one set of MARK I from your protective mask carrier, from the pocket of the MOPP suit, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP.
(b) With one hand, hold the set of injectors by the plastic clip with the big injector on top.
(c) With the other hand, check the injection site in order to avoid buttons and objects in pockets where injecting. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site.
(d) Grasp the small injector without covering or holding the needle (green) end, and pull it out of the clip with a smooth motion.
(e) Form a fist around the autoinjector with the needle end (green) extending beyond the little finger end of the fist. Be careful not to inject yourself in the hand.
NOTE: If the injection is accidentally given in the hand, another small injector must be obtained and the injection given in the proper site.
(f) Place the needle end of the injector against the outer thigh muscle. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site.
NOTE: The injection can be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand’s width above the knee to a hand’s width below the hip joint.
NOTE: Very thin soldiers should give the injection in the upper outer part of the buttocks.
CAUTION
When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis.
(2) Administer the atropine injection.
(a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions.
NOTE: A jabbing motion is not necessary to trigger the activating mechanism.
(b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds.
(c) Remove the injector from your muscle and carefully place this used injector between two fingers of the hand holding the plastic clip.
(3) Prepare to administer one 2 PAM Cl injection.
(a) Pull the large injector out of the clip and form a fist around the autoinjector with the needle end extending beyond the little finger.
(b) Place the needle (black) end of the injector against the injection site.
(4) Administer the 2 Pam Cl injection.
(a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions.
(b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds.
b. ATNAA.
(1) Prepare to administer one ATNAA.
(a) Remove one ATNAA from your protective mask carrier, from the pocket of the MOPP suit, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP.
(b) Remove the autoinjector from the pouch.
(c) With your dominant hand, hold the ATNAA in your closed fist with the green needle end extending beyond the little finger in front of you at eye level.
(d) With your nondominant hand, grasp the safety (gray) cap with the thumb and first two fingers.
CAUTION
Do not cover or hold the needle end with your hand, thumb, or fingers. You may accidentally inject yourself.
(e) Pull the safety cap off the bottom of the injector with a smooth motion and drop it to the ground.
(f) With the nondominant hand, check the injection site in order to avoid buttons and objects in pockets where injecting. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site.
(g) Hold the ATNAA in your closed fist with the green needle end pointing out by your little finger.
(h) Place the needle end of the injector against the outer thigh muscle.
NOTE: Very thin soldiers should give the injection in the upper outer part of the buttocks.
CAUTION
When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis.
NOTE: The injection can be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand’s width above the knee to a hand’s width below the hip joint.
(2) Administer the injection.
(a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions.
NOTE: A jabbing motion is not necessary to trigger the activating mechanism.
(b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds.
(c) Remove the injector from your muscle.
4. Secure the used injectors.
a. Drop the plastic clip (MARK I) without dropping the used injectors.
b. Use a hard surface to bend each needle to form a hook without tearing protective gloves or clothing.
c. Push the needle of each used injector (one at a time) through one of the pocket flaps of the protective overgarment.
5. Decontaminate skin if necessary.
NOTE: Information on this step is provided in Task 031-503-1013.
6. Put on remaining protective clothing.
NOTE: Information on this step is covered in Task 031-503-1015.
WARNING
If, within 5 to 10 minutes after administering the first set of injections, your heart begins beating rapidly and your mouth becomes very dry; do not administer another set of injections.
7. Seek buddy-aid or medical aid.
NOTE: After you have given yourself the first set of MARK I injections or one ATNAA, you most likely will not need additional antidote if you are ambulatory and know who and where you are. If needed, additional injections will be given only by a buddy, a combat lifesaver, or medical personnel.
8. Identify severe signs and symptoms of nerve agent poisoning.
a. Strange and confused behavior.
b. Gurgling sounds made when breathing.
c. Severely pinpointed pupils.
d. Red eyes with tearing.
e. Vomiting.
f. Severe muscular twitching.
g. Loss of bladder and/or bowel control.
h. Convulsions.
i. Unconsciousness or stoppage of breathing.
NOTE: If the casualty is exhibiting severe symptoms, assistance (buddy-aid) is required by the individual to complete first aid treatment.
9. Mask the casualty if necessary.
WARNING
Do not kneel at any time while providing aid to the casualty. Contact with the ground could force the chemical into or through the protective clothing.
NOTE: Reposition the casualty on his back if necessary to mask the individual.
a. Place the mask on the casualty.
b. If the casualty can follow directions, have him clear the mask.
c. Check for a complete mask seal by covering the inlet valves of the mask.
d. Pull the protective hood over the head, neck, and shoulders of the casualty.
e. Position the casualty on the right side, similar to a swimmer position, with head slanted down so that the casualty will not roll back over.
10. Administer first aid to a nerve agent casualty (buddy-aid).
a. MARK I.
(1) Prepare to administer one atropine injection.
(a) Position yourself near the casualty’s thigh.
(b) Remove all three sets of autoinjectors and the single CANA autoinjector from the casualty’s mask carrier, BDU pocket, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP. Place the autoinjectors and CANA on the casualty’s side. DO NOT place the unused devices on the ground.
(c) With one hand, hold the set of injectors by the plastic clip with the big injector on top.
(d) With the other hand, check the injection site to avoid buttons and objects in pockets. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward (toward you), clearing possible obstructions from the site.
(e) Grasp the small injector and pull it out of the clip with a smooth motion.
(f) Hold the injector in your closed fist with the green needle end pointing out by your little finger without covering the needle end.
(g) Place the needle end of the injector against the casualty’s outer (lateral) thigh muscle.
NOTE: The injection can be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand’s width above the knee to a hand’s width below the hip joint.
NOTE: Very thin soldiers should be given the injections in the upper outer part of the buttocks.
WARNING
When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis.
(2) Administer the atropine injection.
(a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions.
(b) Hold the injector in place for at least 10 seconds.
(c) Remove the injector from the muscle and carefully place the used injector between two fingers of the hand holding the clip.
(3) Prepare to administer one 2 PAM Cl injection.
(a) Pull the large injector out of the clip and hold the injector in your closed fist with the black needle end pointing out by your little finger without covering the needle end.
(b) Place the needle (black) end of the injector against the injection site.
(4) Administer the 2 Pam Cl injection.
(a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions.
(b) Hold the injector in place for at least 10 seconds.
(c) Drop the clip without dropping injectors.
(d) Lay the used injectors on the casualty’s side.
NOTE: Repeat steps 10a through 10d until the casualty has received a total (including self-administered) of three sets of antidote injections.
b. ATNAA
(1) Prepare to administer one ATNAA.
(a) Obtain three or all of the remaining ATNAAs and one CANA from the casualty’s protective mask carrier, from the pocket of the MOPP suit, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP.
(b) Remove one ATNAA from the pouch.
(c) With your dominant hand, hold the ATNAA in your closed fist with the green needle and pointing out by your little finger in front of you at eye level.
(d) With your nondominant hand, grasp the safety (gray) cap with the thumb and first two fingers.
CAUTION
Do not cover or hold the needle end with your hand, thumb, or fingers. You may accidentally inject yourself.
(e) Pull the safety cap off the bottom of the injector with a smooth motion and drop it to the ground.
(f) With the nondominant hand, check the injection site in order to avoid buttons and objects in pockets where injecting. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site.
(g) Hold the ATNAA in your closed fist.
(h) Place the needle end of the injector against the outer thigh muscle.
NOTE: The injection can be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand’s width above the knee to a hand’s width below the hip joint.
NOTE: Very thin soldiers should give the injection in the upper outer part of the buttocks.
CAUTION
When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis.
(2) Administer the injection.
(a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions.
NOTE: A jabbing motion is not necessary to trigger the activating mechanism.
(b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds.
(c) Remove the injector from the muscle.
(d) Place the used injector on the casualty’s side.
(3) Repeat the procedure for a total of three ATNAAs.
11. Administer the anticonvulsant, CANA.
a. Prepare to administer the CANA injection.
(1) Tear open the protective plastic packet and remove the injector.
(2) With your dominant hand, hold the injector in your closed fist with the black needle end pointing out by your little finger.
(3) With the other hand, pull the safety cap off the injector base to arm the injector.
CAUTION
Do not touch the black (needle) end. You could accidentally inject yourself.
(4) Place the black end of the injector against the casualty’s injection site.
b. Administer the CANA injection.
(1) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions.
(2) Hold the injector in place for at least 10 seconds.
12. Secure the used injectors.
a. Using a hard surface bend each needle to form a hook without tearing protective gloves or clothing.
b. Push the needle of each used injector (one at a time) through one of the pocket flaps of the casualty’s protective overgarment.
13. Decontaminate the casualty’s skin if necessary.
NOTE: This information is covered in Task 031-503-1013.
14. Seek medical aid.
SETUP: You must use nerve agent antidote injection training aids to train and evaluate this task. Actual autoinjectors will not be used. For self-aid, have the soldier dress in MOPP level 2. Have the soldier wear a mask carrier containing a mask and the training nerve agent autoinjectors. For buddy-aid, have the soldier being tested and the casualty dress in MOPP level 2. Have the casualty lie on the ground wearing the mask carrier containing a mask and the training nerve agent autoinjectors.
BRIEF SOLDIER: For step 1, tell the soldier to state, in any order the mild symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. The soldier must state seven of the eight symptoms to be scored GO. Then, tell the soldier that he or she has mild symptoms and to take appropriate action. After the soldier completes step 4, ask what should be done next. Then ask what he or she should do after putting on all protective clothing. Score steps 5 through 7 based upon the soldier’s responses. For step 8, tell the soldier to state, in any order, the severe symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. The soldier must state eight of the nine symptoms to be scored GO. Tell the soldier to treat the casualty for nerve agent poisoning. After the soldier completes step 11, ask what else he or she should do. Score steps 12 and 13 based upon the soldier’s responses.
| Performance Measures (1-14) | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Identified mild signs of nerve agent poisoning. | _____ | _____ |
| 2. Reacted to the chemical hazard. | _____ | _____ |
| 3. Correctly administered the nerve agent antidote to self. | _____ | _____ |
| 4. Secured the used injectors. | _____ | _____ |
| 5. Decontaminated skin if necessary. | _____ | _____ |
| 6. Donned remaining protective clothing. | _____ | _____ |
| 7. Sought help (buddy-aid). | _____ | _____ |
| 8. Identified severe signs of nerve agent poisoning. | _____ | _____ |
| 9. Masked the casualty. | _____ | _____ |
| 10. Correctly administered nerve agent antidote to the casualty. | _____ | _____ |
| 11. Secured the used injectors. | _____ | _____ |
| 12. Decontaminated the casualty’s skin if necessary. | _____ | _____ |
| 13. Sought medical aid. | _____ | _____ |
| 14. Performed steps 1 through 12 in the correct sequence. | _____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all the steps are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any of the steps are failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| DVC 08-36 | |
| DVC 08-37 | |
| FM 4-25.11 (21-11) | |
| FM 4-02.285 (8-285) |
REACT TO CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL HAZARD/ATTACK
031-503-1019
Conditions: You are given mission-oriented protection posture (MOPP) gear, a protective mask, individual decontaminating kits, and a tactical environment in which chemical and biological (CB) weapons have been or may be used by the enemy. You are in MOPP 1, and one or more of the following automatic masking criteria happens:
1. A chemical alarm sounds.
2. A positive reading is obtained on detector paper.
3. Individuals exhibit symptoms of CB agent poisoning.
4. You observe a contamination marker.
5. Your supervisor tells you to mask.
6. You see personnel wearing protective masks.
7. You observe other signs of a possible CB attack.
Standards: React to a chemical or biological hazard attack or attack without becoming a casualty. Identify chemical contamination markers with 100 percent accuracy, and notify supervisor. Start steps to decontaminate yourself within 1 minute of finding chemical contamination. Decontaminate your individual equipment after you have completely decontaminated yourself.
Performance Steps
1. Identify the CB hazard automatic masking criteria.
a. Don your protective mask when there is a high probability of a chemical attack, when--
(1) A chemical alarm sounds.
(2) A positive reading is obtained on detector paper.
(3) Individuals exhibit symptoms of CB agent poisoning.
(4) You observe a contamination marker.
(5) Your supervisor tells you to mask.
(6) You see personnel wearing protective masks.
(7) You observe other signs of a possible CB attack.
b. Respond to the commander’s policy of automatic masking.
NOTE: Commanders at all levels may establish a modified policy when chemical weapons have been employed by designating additional events as automatic masking criteria.
2. Protect yourself from CB contamination using your assigned protective mask without fastening the hood.
NOTE: The mask gives immediate protection against inhalation of agent vapors. Do not fasten the hood. Go to the next step immediately.
3. Give the alarm.
a. Yell "Gas."
b. Give the appropriate hand-and-arm signal.
4. Take cover to reduce exposure, using whatever means is readily available.
5. Decontaminate exposed skin using the individual decontaminating kit, as necessary.
6. Assume MOPP 4. Cover all your skin (your head and shoulders are already protected by the mask and the overgarment).
a. Put on the gloves with liners.
b. Zip and fasten the overgarment jacket.
c. Secure the hood, and then secure the overgarment to increase protection.
d. Put on the overboots.
Note. Combat boots provide protection but should be covered because they absorb chemicals. It takes a long time to put on the overboots, so put them on last in an emergency.
7. Decontaminate personal equipment using the individual decontaminating kit as necessary.
8. Notify your supervisor of any CB hazard markers or indicators.
9. Continue the mission.
NOTE: After assuming MOPP 4 and performing all the tasks according to the unit standing operating procedure (SOP), perform the following actions:
(1) Use all means of CB detection to check your surrounding area for the presence of contamination.
(2) Contact your higher headquarters (HQ) if no contamination is found or if you determine the attack was non-CB.
(3) Await further guidance. (The higher HQ contacts all adjacent/attached units to check the status of CB contamination in their areas. If all units report the absence of contamination, the information is reported up the chain of command.)
(4) Annotate the above actions on your duty log (Department of the Army [DA] Form 1594).
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: A good time to evaluate this task is during a field exercise when a variety of CB hazards can be simulated. Select a site with adequate cover, and ensure that soldiers are in MOPP 1.
BRIEF SOLDIER: Tell the soldier that there will be an encounter with simulated CB contamination and/or a CB alarm will be given. The task is to recognize the hazard and/or alarm and to take appropriate action to protect himself and warn other soldiers by giving the appropriate alarm.
| Performance Measures (1-9) | GO | NO GO |
1. Identified the CB hazard automatic masking criteria. |
_____ | _____ |
2. Protected himself from CB contamination using his assigned protective mask without fastening the hood. |
_____ | _____ |
3. Gave the alarm. |
_____ | _____ |
4. Took cover to reduce exposure, using whatever means was readily available. |
_____ | _____ |
5. Decontaminated exposed skin using the individual decontaminating kit as necessary. |
_____ | _____ |
6. Assumed MOPP 4. Covered all his skin. |
_____ | _____ |
7. Decontaminated personal equipment using the individual decontaminating kit as necessary. |
_____ | _____ |
8. Notified the supervisor of any CB hazard markers or indicators. |
_____ | _____ |
9. Continued the mission. |
_____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all steps are passed (P). Score the soldier NO-GO if any step is failed (F). If the soldier fails any step, show him how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-11.4 (3-4) | FM 3-11.5 (3-5) |
| TM 3-4230-229-10 | |
| TM 3-4230-235-10 |
DECONTAMINATE YOURSELF AND INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT USING CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATING KITS
031-503-1013
Conditions: You are at mission-oriented protection posture (MOPP) 2 given the assigned protective mask, protective gloves, a full canteen of water, a poncho, load-bearing equipment (LBE), assigned decontaminating kit(s) and applicable technical manuals (TMs). Your skin is contaminated or has been exposed to chemical agents, or you have passed through a chemically contaminated area.
Standards: Decontaminate yourself and your individual equipment using chemical decontaminating kits. Start the steps to decontaminate and eyes within 1 minute after you found they were contaminated. Decontaminate all exposed skin and your eyes as necessary before chemical agent symptoms occur. Decontaminate all personal equipment for liquid contamination after decontaminating your skin, face, and eyes.
Performance Steps
1. Assume MOPP 3.
CAUTION
The M291 Decontaminating Kit is for external use only. Keep decontaminating powder out of your eyes, cuts, and wounds. The decontaminating powder may slightly irritate your skin or eyes. Use water to wash the toxic agent out of your eyes, cuts, or wounds.
WARNING
Death or injury may result if you breathe toxic agents while decontaminating your face. If you need to breathe before you finish, reseal your mask, clear it, check it, get your breath, and then resume the decontaminating procedure.
After decontamination with water, cover exposed cuts or wounds with appropriate first aid wrap or bandages before handling the decontaminating package.
2. Decontaminate your skin using the M291 decontaminating kit according to TM 3-4230-229 10. Go to step 3 after skin decontamination is complete.
CAUTION
Keep the decontaminating powder out of your eyes, cuts, and wounds. Do not handle or hold leaking packets above your head, touch or rub your eyes with anything that has been in contact with the decontaminating powder, or touch your lips or the inside of your mouth with anything that has been in contact with the decontaminating powder.
CAUTION
Do not attempt to decontaminate a loaded weapon. Always unload, clear, and place weapons on safe before starting decontaminating procedures.
CAUTION
Immediate decontaminating techniques remove only the liquid hazard. Certain items may still present a vapor hazard. See your supervisor for unmasking procedures.
a. Decontaminate your hands, your face, and the inside of your mask.
b. Assume MOPP 4.
c. Remove the decontaminating powder with soap and water when operational conditions permit.
3. Decontaminate your individual equipment using the M295 decontaminating kit according to TM 3-4230-235-10.
a. Use the first mitt to decontaminate your gloves, the exposed areas of your mask and hood, your weapon, and your helmet.
b. Use the second mitt to decontaminate your LBE and accessories, your mask carrier, your overboots and your gloves again.
c. Remove the decontaminating powder when operational conditions permit.
4. Dispose of hazardous waste materials.
a. Dispose of uncontaminated hazardous waste materials.
(1) Dispose of expended or unserviceable materials according to federal, state, and local laws; military regulations and publications; host nation laws (if more restrictive than United States [US] laws); and local standing operating procedures (SOPs).
(2) Place used decontaminating materials in a sealed plastic bag, and label it with the contents (as a minimum). Give the bag to your supervisor.
b. Dispose of contaminated hazardous waste materials. Inform your supervisor of the status of contaminated hazardous waste.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: A good time to evaluate this task is while in a field environment. Gather materials for disposal of hazardous waste according to federal, state, and local rules and regulations.
BRIEF SOLDIER: Tell the soldier what body parts and equipment are contaminated.
| Performance Measures (1-4) | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Assumed MOPP 3. | _____ | _____ |
| 2. Decontaminated his skin using the M291 decontaminating kit. | _____ | _____ |
| 3. Decontaminated his individual equipment using the M295 decontaminating kit. | _____ | _____ |
| 4. Disposed of hazardous waste materials. Complied with all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. | _____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all steps are passed (P). Score the soldier NO-GO if any step is failed (F). If the soldier fails any step, show him how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-11.5 (3-5) | FM 3-11.4 (3-4) |
| TM 3-4230-229-10 | |
| TM 3-4230-235-10 |
REACT TO INDIRECT FIRE WHILE DISMOUNTED
071-326-0510
Conditions: You are a member (without leadership responsibilities) of a squad or team. You are either in a defensive position or moving on foot. You hear incoming rounds, shells exploding or passing overhead, or someone shouting "incoming."
Standards: Reacted to each situation by shouting "Incoming!" followed the leader’s directions if available. Took or maintained cover.
Performance Steps (1-4)
1. Shout "incoming!" in a loud, easily recognizable voice.
2. Look to your leader for additional instructions.
3. Remain in your defensive position (if appropriate), make no unnecessary movements that could alert the enemy to your location.
4. Take cover outside of the impact area (if you are in an exposed position or moving), keep your body low if the leader is not in sight.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: Take the soldiers on a simulated march or field exercise.
BRIEF SOLDIERS: Tell the soldiers they must react to indirect fire on the move and when in a fixed position when they receive the command of "Incoming."
| Performance Measures | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Shouted "incoming" in a loud, easily recognizable voice. | _____ | _____ |
| 2. Looked to the leader for additional instructions. | _____ | _____ |
| 3. Remained in defensive position (if appropriate), made no unnecessary movements that could alert the enemy to their location. | _____ | _____ |
| 4. Took cover outside of the impact area (if they were in exposed position or moving), kept their body low if the leader was not in sight. | _____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO-GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-21.75 (21-75) |
REACT TO DIRECT FIRE WHILE MOUNTED
071-410-0002
Conditions: In a combat environment, given tracked vehicle and a requirement to react to direct fire.
Standards: The vehicle has returned fire and taken appropriate action after analysis of the situation based on an order received from the chain of command.
Performance Steps
NOTE: If the vehicle is in formation, it moves IAW company tactical SOP. If not, it should use evasive action as appropriate to avoid threat fire while performing Step 2.
1. Direct return fire to destroy or suppress threat fire.
NOTE: If threat is destroyed, continue the present mission.
2. Direct the driver to a hull down position.
NOTE: Direct dismount, if appropriate, to establish a base of fire.
3. Analyze the situation.
4. Give a situation report.
5. Take defensive or offensive action based on orders from chain-of-command.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: At the test site, provide a tracked vehicle all equipment and materials listed in the task condition statement. Use only blank ammunition for training. Take the soldiers on a simulated march.
BRIEF SOLDIER: Tell the soldiers to simulate direct fire while mounted in a tracked vehicle.
| Performance Measures (1-5) | GO | NO GO |
1. Directed return fire to destroy or suppress threat fire. |
_____ | _____ |
2. Directed the driver to a hull-down position. |
_____ | _____ |
3. Analyzed the situation. |
_____ | _____ |
4. Gave a situation report. |
_____ | _____ |
5. Took defensive or offensive action based on orders from the chain-of-command. |
_____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO-GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-21.7 (7-7) | |
| FM 3-21.71 (7-7J) |
SELECT TEMPORARY FIGHTING POSITIONS
071-326-0513
Conditions: You must select a temporary fighting position when in an overwatch position, after initial movement into a tentative defensive position, at a halt during movement, or upon receiving direct fire.
Standards: Selected a firing position that protected you from enemy observation and fire, and allowed you to place effective fire on enemy positions without exposing most of your head and body.
Performance Steps (1-5)
1. Choose a position that takes advantage of available cover and concealment. See Figure A-7 (071-326-0513-1).
NOTE: Cover gives protection from bullets, fragments of exploding rounds, flame, nuclear effects, and biological and chemical agents. Cover can also conceal you from enemy observation. Cover can be natural or man-made. Concealment is anything that hides you from enemy observation. Concealment DOES NOT protect you from enemy fire. DO NOT think that you are protected from the enemy’s fire just because you are concealed. Concealment, like cover, can also be natural or man-made.
Figure A-7. (071-326-0513-1) Temporary fighting positions.
2. Choose a position that allows you to observe and fire around the side of an object while concealing most of your head and body.
3. Choose a position that allows you to stay low when observing and firing, whenever possible.
NOTE: This position allows you to aim better and take advantage of concealing vegetation.
4. Choose a position with a background that does not silhouette you against the surrounding environment.
NOTE: A position like this reduces your chances being detected.
5. Follow your leader’s directions after your initial selection of a temporary battlefield position.
NOTE: Your leader may reposition you to gain better coverage of the area.
Evaluation Preparation:
SETUP: Evaluate this task during a march or a simulated march in an area with varying degrees of cover and concealment. Have the soldier in full battle gear.
BRIEF SOLDIER: Tell soldier that the enemy has been reported in the area and may be encountered at any time. At preselected points during the march, at a rest halt, after ordering the soldier to take an overwatch position, or after ordering the soldier to take a tentative defensive position, have the soldier select a temporary fighting position.
| Performance Measures | GO | NO GO |
| 1. Chose a position that took advantage of available cover and concealment. | _____ | _____ |
| 2. Chose a position that allowed for observation and fire around the side of an object while concealing most of your head and body. | _____ | _____ |
| 3. Chose a position that allowed you to stay low when observing and firing, whenever possible. | _____ | _____ |
| 4. Chose a position with a background that did not silhouette you against the surrounding environment. | _____ | _____ |
| 5. Followed leader’s directions after initial selection of a temporary battlefield position. | _____ | _____ |
Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO-GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO-GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly.
| References | |
Required |
Related |
| FM 3-21.75 (21-75) |
