Contents

Acknowledgments

Part I. The Conflict between Religion and Materialism

1. The Materialist Creed

2. Materialism as an Anti-Religious Mythology

3. Scientific Materialism and Nature

The Scientific Materialist’s View of Nature

Five Plot Twists

A New Story and a New Moral

Part II. In the Beginning

4. The Expectations

5. How Things Looked One Hundred Years Ago

6. The Big Bang

The Discovery of the Big Bang

Attempts to Avoid the Big Bang

The Big Bang Confirmed

7. Was the Big Bang Really the Beginning?

The Universe in the Standard Big Bang Model

The Bouncing Universe Scenario

The Baby Universes Scenario

The Eternal Inflation Scenario

8. What If the Big Bang Was Not the Beginning?

Part III. Is the Universe Designed?

9. The Argument from Design

The Cosmic Design

Two Kinds of Design

10. The Attack on the Argument from Design

Pure Chance

The Laws of Nature

Natural Selection

11. The Design Argument and the Laws of Nature

Two Ways to Think about Laws of Nature

In Science, Order Comes from Order

In Science, Order Comes from Greater Order

An Example Taken from Nature: The Growth of Crystals

The Order in the Heavens

12. Symmetry and Beauty in the Laws of Nature

13. “What Immortal Hand or Eye?”

The Issue

Can Chance Explain It?

Is Natural Selection Enough?

Does Darwin Give “Design without Design”?

Part IV. Man’s Place in the Cosmos

14. The Expectations

15. The Anthropic Coincidences

16. Objections to the Idea of Anthropic Coincidences

The Objections

Answers to the Objections

17. Alternative Explanations of the Anthropic Coincidences

The Weak Anthropic Principle: Many Domains

The Weak Anthropic Principle: Many Universes

The Weakness of the Weak Anthropic Principle

The Problem with Too Many Universes

18. Why Is the Universe So Big?

How Old Must a Universe Be?

How Big Must a Universe Be?

Are We Really So Small?

Part V. What Is Man?

19. The Issue

The Religious View

The Materialist View

Clearing Up Some Confusions

20. Determinism and Free Will

The Overthrow of Determinism

Quantum Theory and Free Will

Is Free Will Real?

21. Can Matter “Understand”?

Abstract Understanding

What are Abstract Ideas?

Truth

If Not the Brain, Then What and How?

22. Is the Human Mind Just a Computer?

What a Computer Does

What Gödel Showed

The Arguments of Lucas and Penrose

Avenues of Escape

23. What Does the Human Mind Have That Computers Lack?

Can One Have a Simple Idea?

Is the Materialist View of the Mind Scientific?

24. Quantum Theory and the Mind

The London-Bauer Argument in Brief

Going into More Detail

Is the Traditional Interpretation Absurd?

25. Alternatives to Traditional Quantum Theory

Modifying Quantum Theory

Reinterpreting Quantum Theory: The “Many-Worlds” Idea

26. Is a Pattern Emerging?

Appendices

A. God, Time, and Creation

B. Attempts to Explain the Beginning Scientifically

C. Gödel’s Theorem

Notes