INDEX

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A

Abbott, Greg, 124–25, 166
abolitionist movement, 47–49, 67–68, 73
Abrams, Stacey, 16–17
accountability, 23–24
ACLU, 157
Adams, Abigail, 66
Adams, John, 38–39, 46, 197, 199
“Address on the Right of Free Suffrage” (Luther), 40
African Americans
- disenfranchisement of, 34, 35, 58–62, 86, 182
- elected officials, 53, 61, 62, 102, 130, 182
- military service, 48, 52, 53
- in women’s suffrage movement, 67, 69, 72, 77–78, 79, 80
- See also African-American suffrage; voter suppression; voting access
African-American suffrage
- early Republican Party and, 51, 52
- Fifteenth Amendment and, 55–57
- racist violence and, 52, 54–55, 58–59, 98–99
- Reconstruction and, 50–51, 53–54, 58
- women’s suffrage and, 76–77
age qualifications, 108
Alito, Samuel, 143
Amar, Akhil Reed, 199
American Anti-Slavery Society, 47–49
American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy (Williamson), 40–41
American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), 71–72
Ames, Adelbert, 59
Anderson, Carol, 60–61
Anthony, Susan B., 64
automatic voter registration (AVR), 155–56, 174, 176–77

B

Bannon, Steve, 145
Barr, William, 139
Barrett, Amy Coney, 136, 208–9
Bayard, James, Jr., 56
Berman, Ari, 9–10, 17, 92–93, 114–15, 169
Bevel, James, 101
Biden, Joe
- on filibuster, 189

on For the People Act, 178–79
reconciliation process and, 187
victory of, 141–42, 173

Bilbo, Theodore, 91
Birth of a Nation, The, 49
Blackmon, Douglas, 59
Black Reconstruction (Du Bois), 50
Blackstone, William, 37
Blackwell, Henry, 76, 77
Blair, Henry, 76
Blight, David, 52
Bork, Robert, 206
Boutwell, George, 55, 56
Boynton, Amelia, 4, 101
Breyer, Stephen, 132
Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, 143
Brown v. Board of Education, 89
Bruce, Blanche, 53
Burn, Harry, 84
Bush, George W., 15, 17, 200, 202
Bush v. Gore, 206

C

Caesar, Love, 190–92
Calhoun, John C., 184
campaign finance, 119
Campbell, Bertha Pitts, 79, 80
Capitol insurrection (Jan. 6, 2021), 15, 140–42
Carlson, Tucker, 22
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 78, 85–86
Chaney, James, 98–99
Cheney, Liz, 144
Churchill, Winston, 23
Citizens United v. FEC, 119
City of Mobile v. Bolden, 168–69
Civil Rights Act (1964), 90–91
civil rights movement
- anniversaries, 3–4, 5–6, 10, 17, 19, 87–88, 96, 104
- Chaney-Goodman-Schwerner murders, 98–99
- Civil Rights Act (1964), 90–91
- Evers assassination, 87, 88–89, 95–97, 103–4
- federal government involvement, 89–90, 91–92
- filibuster and, 184–85
- Freedom Summer, 97–98
- heroism of, 113
- Jimmie Lee Jackson and, 6–9, 10, 101, 129
- modern-day, 217–18
- as revolution, 102–3
- Selma march, 4–5
- Senfronia Thompson and, 165
- Emmett Till murder, 94–95
- university integration, 89–90
- voting attempts, 91
- See also Voting Rights Act
Civil War, 47, 48, 52, 53
Clardy, Travis, 167
Clark, Jim, 100
Clinton, Hillary, 109
colonial era, 31–32
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 37
Compromise of 1876, 59–60, 199–200
Congress
- District of Columbia and Puerto Rico representation, 187
- election of 2010 and, 10, 111, 120
- election of 2014 and, 125
- evolution of, 195–96
- Fifteenth Amendment and, 55–57
- For the People (Freedom to Vote) Act and, 178–79
- misrepresentation in, 15–16, 179–83, 187
- reconciliation process, 187, 189
- reform needs, 179
- Voting Rights Act reauthorization and, 108–9
- women’s suffrage and, 82–85
- See also gerrymandering; Senate
Congressional Committee, 82
Constitutional Convention. See founders

D

Daley, David, 118, 120
Declaration of Independence, 25, 33, 36, 66
“Definitive Case for Ending the Filibuster, The” (Klein), 186
Delta Sigma Theta, 79
democracy
- accountability and, 23–24
- case for, 22–25
- current crisis, 215–16
- current fragility of, 12–13, 16
- equality and, 25
- founders’ disbelief in, 38, 136, 197–98
- hope for, 219–21
- precarious nature of, 62–63, 218–19
- Republican disbelief in, 14–15, 21–22, 142
- Trump administration subversion of, 133–34
- voting as core of, 14, 23, 24–25, 153–54
Democratic Party
- Congressional underrepresentation of, 180, 193
- end of Reconstruction and, 59, 61
- For the People Act and, 178–79
- institutional reform and, 218
- Southern voter suppression and, 93
- white primaries, 93
DeSantis, Ron, 157
Dickinson, John, 37
disabilities, people with, 108, 151, 155
District of Columbia statehood, 187, 190
Dobynes, James, 7
Doolittle, James, 56
Dorr, Thomas Wilson, 33–35
Douglass, Frederick, 46, 48–49, 57, 68, 76, 77
Du Bois, W.E.B., 49, 50
Ducey, Doug, 139
Dupree, Jack, 54

E

early Republic
- Dorr’s rebellion, 33–35, 45–46
- Electoral College, 40, 197
- gerrymandering, 38, 117, 118
- women’s suffrage, 65–66
- See also founders
early voting, 159–60
Eastland, James, 98
Eighteenth Amendment, 82
election administration
- Trump coup attempt and, 138–39
- voter suppression and, 15, 144–45, 203
- voting access and, 149–53
Election Day
- as national holiday, 161–62
- timing of, 159
election of 1800, 197, 199
election of 1876, 59–60, 199–200
election of 2000, 174, 200, 202, 206
election of 2010, 10, 110–11, 118, 119–20, 193
election of 2012, 115–16, 120, 122, 193
election of 2014, 125
election of 2016, 127–28, 200
election of 2018, 193
election of 2020
- election administration activism, 149–53
- For the People Act and, 178
- importance of, 134
- Texas Republican victories, 163
- Trump coup attempt after, 15, 135–36, 137–42, 203
- voter fraud accusations, 173
election of 2024, 146
Electoral College
- early Republic, 40, 197
- end of Reconstruction and, 199–200
- founders on, 136, 197–99
- reform needs, 154
- reform proposals, 200–204
- slavery and, 198–99
- Trump coup attempt and, 136–40, 203
Elliott, Robert Brown, 57, 61
Ellis, Rodney, 152
Ellsworth, Oliver, 40
Enforcement Acts, 55, 57–58
equality, 25
Evers, Charles, 91, 94, 102
Evers, Medgar, 87, 88–89, 90, 91, 95–97, 103–4
Evers, Myrlie, 95, 96

F

Faulkner, William, 31
Federalist Papers, 38, 184
Fifteenth Amendment
- City of Mobile v. Bolden and, 168–69
- drafts of, 55–57
- Enforcement Acts and, 55, 57–58
- voter suppression in spite of, 60, 61–62, 92
- Voting Rights Act and, 108
- women’s suffrage and, 71, 77
filibuster, 183–87
- civil rights movement and, 184–85
- founders and, 183–84
- reform proposals, 188–90
- women’s suffrage and, 82–83
Fischer, Trey Martinez, 164–65
Foner, Eric, 50, 53
formerly incarcerated enfranchisement, 157–58
For the People (Freedom to Vote) Act, 178–79
Fortune, Emanuel, 54
founders, 35–36
- Congressional misrepresentation and, 180–81
- election of 1800 and, 197
- on Electoral College, 136, 197–98
- filibuster and, 183–84
- on property qualifications, 36–40
- on Supreme Court, 209, 211
- See also early Republic
Fourteenth Amendment, 52–53, 58, 71, 92
Fox News, 22, 110
Framers. See founders
Franklin, Benjamin, 39–40
Franklin’s Jackass, 39–40
Freedmen’s Bureau, 53–54
Freedom Partners, 157
Freedom Summer, 97–98
Freedom to Vote (For the People) Act, 178–79

G

Gage, Matilda Joslyn, 64, 75, 77–78
Garcia, Adrian, 152
Garland, Merrick, 125, 208
Garner, Eric, 4
Garrison, William Lloyd, 47–48, 57
Gerry, Elbridge, 37–38, 117, 118
gerrymandering
- early Republic, 38, 117, 118
- methods of, 116–17, 191, 193–94
- reapportionment and, 117–18
- recent Republican efforts, 10, 16, 116, 118–20, 144, 190–95
- reform efforts, 14, 192–93, 194–95
- reform needs, 154
- Trump administration on, 131–32
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 11, 125–26, 132, 136
Give Us the Ballot (Berman), 9–10, 17, 92–93, 114–15, 169
Goebbels, Joseph, 173
Goodman, Andrew, 98–99
Gore, Al, 137, 174, 202
Gorsuch, Neil, 131
Graham, Lindsey, 141, 144
grandfather clauses, 93, 165
Grant, Ulysses S., 55
Great Compromise, 181, 183, 198
Griffith, D. W., 49
Grimké, Angelina, 67, 85
Grimké, Sarah, 67
Grovey v. Townsend, 93

H

Hamer, Fannie Lou, 97
Hamilton, Alexander, 183–84, 187
Hare, James, Jr., 100
Harper, Frances, 86
Hayes, Rutherford B., 59, 199
Hemingway, Ernest, 74
Henry, Patrick, 117
Hidalgo, Lina, 152
Hinojosa, Gina, 164–65
History of Woman Suffrage, 74
Holder, Sharon Malone, 102
Hollins, Chris, 149–52, 162, 163–64, 167
Hood, James, 89
House of Representatives, See also Congress; gerrymandering

I

“I Have a Dream” (King), 96–97
immigrants, 56
institutional reform, 154, 177
- Electoral College, 200–204
- filibuster, 188–90
- Supreme Court, 210–13

J

Jackson, Andrew, 42
Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 6–9, 10, 101, 129
James, LeBron, 108
Jefferson, Thomas, 197, 199
Jentleson, Adam, 184, 185, 186, 215–16
Jim Crow
- emergence of, 13
- lynching as enforcement of, 93–94
- persistence of, 24–25, 92
- removal of, 89–90
John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, 164–65, 171–72, 173, 176, 177, 178
Johnson, Andrew, 52
Johnson, Luci Baines, 17
Johnson, Lyndon B., 9, 97, 98, 99–100, 102, 107

K

Kagan, Elena, 122, 131–32
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 89, 99–100
Kavanaugh, Brett, 136
Keenan, Cody, 219
Kemp, Brian, 138
Kennedy, Anthony, 121–22
Kennedy, John F., 89–91
Kennedy, Ted, 169–70
Keyssar, Alexander, 42, 43, 44–45, 52–53, 55, 108
Kill Switch (Jentleson), 184, 215–16
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
- “I Have a Dream” speech, 96–97
- Selma march and, 8
- Albert Turner and, 129
- Voting Rights Act and, 9, 99–101, 102, 104
King, Samuel Ward, 34
King, Steve, 10–11
King, Susan A., 74
Klein, Ezra, 186, 189–90
Koch brothers, 119
Ku Klux Klan
- civil rights movement and, 7, 9, 95
- late nineteenth century rebirth of, 62
- Reconstruction era, 50, 54, 57–58

L

LaFayette, Bernard, 4
Langer, Bernhard, 128
Latino Americans, 114, 119
Lee, Cager, 6–8, 10
Lee, Mike, 21–22
Leonhardt, David, 182
Lepore, Jill, 37, 42, 162
Lewis, John
- death of, 17
- on democracy, 54
- heroism of, 113
- Selma march and, 4, 9, 12, 101, 123–24
- on voter suppression, 112
- on voting rights, 218
- Voting Rights Act and, 102, 124
Lincoln, Abraham, 47, 52, 54
literacy tests, 42, 56, 60–61, 92, 129
Lockwood, Belva, 75
Lopez, Maria de, 78
Lost Cause, 49
Lozier, Clemence, 73
Luther, Seth, 33, 35, 40, 46
lynching, 93–94, 185

M

Madison, James, 38, 117, 181, 182, 184, 198
Malone, Vivian, 89, 102
Manchin, Joe, 179, 189
Marshall, Thurgood, 169, 205
Mason, George, 39
Mathias, Charles, 169–70
McCain, John, 110
McCarthy, Kevin, 144
McConnell, Mitch, 109, 110, 141, 144, 186–87, 208
McDaniel, Mark, 191
Mississippi Freedom Vote, 97
Morris, Gouverneur, 36
Moses, Bob, 97
Mott, Lucretia, 67–68
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, 184

N

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF), 205
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 114
Nash, Diane, 4, 101
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 76, 77
National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 78
National Democratic Redistricting Committee (NDRC), 14, 192–93
National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC), 201–4
National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), 71
Native Americans, 31, 66, 107
Newkirk, Vann, 119
Nineteenth Amendment, 81–86
Nixon, Richard, 108
North Carolina A&T, 190–92
Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. One (NAMUNDO) v. Holder, 121–22

O

Obama, Barack, and administration
- backlash against, 10, 22, 110, 186
- on democracy, 216–17
- election (2008), 109–10
- midterm elections of 2010 and, 10, 110–11
- reelection (2012), 115–16, 120
- Selma march anniversary and, 3, 13, 17
- Supreme Court and, 125, 206, 208
- Voting Rights Act enforcement, 113–15, 119
Oliver Wolcott, 32
One Person, No Vote (Anderson), 60–61
online voter registration, 156–57
Orange, James, 6–7
Orbán, Viktor, 22
O’Rourke, Beto, 166

P

Pak, Byung, 138
Panic of 1873, 58
Park, Maud Wood, 82–83
Parks, Rosa, 102
Paul, Alice, 79–81
Paul, Rand, 185–86
peaceful transition of power, 127–28, 135–36, 146
Pence, Mike, 140–41, 203
Pettus, Edmund, 9
Phillips, Wendell, 52, 53, 57
police violence, 4
political polarization, 193
polling locations, 160–61
poll taxes, 59–60, 92, 114–15, 165, 172
preclearance, 11, 113–15, 122, 169, 171–72
preregistration, 156
property qualifications, 32, 33, 36–40, 42–46
Puerto Rico statehood, 187, 190

R

racist violence, 52, 54–55
Raffensperger, Brad, 137–38, 144, 145
Randolph, Benjamin, 54
Rankin, Jeannette, 81–82
Ratf**ked (Daley), 118
Reagan, Ronald, 108, 169, 170
Reconstruction, 47–58
- abolitionist movement on, 47–49
- African-American government officials, 49, 53
- African-American suffrage and, 50–51, 53–54, 58
- end of, 13, 51, 58–62, 199–200
- Enforcement Acts, 55, 57–58
- Lost Cause propaganda on, 49
- racist violence during, 52, 54–55
- success of, 50–51
Reconstruction Act (1867), 53
redistricting. See gerrymandering
REDMAP, 118–19
Reid, David, 44–45
Rein, Bert, 122
religious restrictions, 32
Republican Party
- backlash against Obama and, 110, 186
- Capitol insurrection and, 141
- dedication to voter suppression, 10–11, 14–15, 111–12, 142–43, 163–64, 167–68
- disbelief in democracy, 14–15, 21–22, 142
- election administration control attempts, 15, 144–45, 203
- election of 2010 and, 10, 110–11
- Electoral College and, 15–16
- filibuster use, 186–87
- formerly incarcerated enfranchisement and, 157–58
- For the People Act and, 179
- gerrymandering and, 10, 16, 118–20, 144, 191, 193
- pre-Civil War African-American suffrage and, 51
- Reconstruction era, 49, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60
- stolen Supreme Court seats and, 125, 131, 136, 154, 208–9
- VRA reauthorizations and, 108–9, 169
Revels, Hiram, 53
Revolutionary War, 48
Rhode Island Suffrage Association, 34–35
Right to Vote, The (Keyssar), 42, 52–53, 55
Roberts, John, Jr., 11, 121, 122, 124, 131, 169–71, 211
“Rock, Paper, Scissors: How We Used to Vote” (Lepore), 37
Roe v. Wade, 208
Rollin, Charlotte, 72
Rove, Karl, 111
Rucho v. Common Case, 131–32
Rutledge, Edward, 39

S

same-day registration (SDR), 156
Scalia, Antonin, 121, 125
Schwerner, Michael, 98–99
Schwerner, Rita, 99
SDR (same-day registration), 156
secret ballot, 37, 42
segregation. See Jim Crow
Selma march (1965), 4–5
- anniversary of, 3–4, 5–6, 10, 17, 19, 123–24
- conception of, 8–9, 101
- impact of, 104
- Albert Turner and, 129
Sen, Amartya, 24
Senate
- filibuster, 82–83, 183–87, 188–90
- misrepresentation in, 15–16, 179–83, 187
- Supreme Court nominations and, 206, 208, 209–10, 211
- Trump impeachment and, 134
- See also Congress
Seneca Falls Convention (1848), 68–69
Serwer, Adam, 133–34
Sessions, Jeff, 130–31, 132
Shaw, Anna Howard, 71
Shelby County v. Holder
- John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act and, 171, 172
- Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. One (NAMUNDO) v. Holder and, 121–22
- Supreme Court politicization and, 207
- unconstitutional nature of, 122–23, 124
- voter roll purges and, 175
- voter suppression in wake of, 11–12, 125–26, 143, 160, 164, 168
Shellabarger, Samuel, 55, 60
Shephard, Alex, 133
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 52
Sinema, Kyrsten, 179, 189
slavery
- Congressional misrepresentation and, 180, 199
- Electoral College and, 198–99
- founders and, 36, 38
- Fourteenth Amendment and, 52
- literacy and, 61
- property qualification elimination and, 43–44, 46
- women’s suffrage and, 69
Smalls, Robert, 53
Smith, Abby, 73–74
Smith, Julia, 73–74
Sorensen, Ted, 90
Sotomayor, Sonia, 132
South
- Compromise of 1876 and, 59–60
- Jim Crow, 13, 24–25, 89–90, 92, 93–94
- property qualification elimination, 43, 46
- women’s suffrage and, 76–77
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 101
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 64, 67–68, 71, 78
Statue of Liberty, 75–76
Sterling, Gabriel, 138–39
Stewart, Potter, 168
Stewart, William Morris, 56
Stone, Lucy, 71–73, 76
Strange Career of Jim Crow, The (Woodward), 93
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 101
Sumner, Charles, 52
Supreme Court, 205–13
- life tenure on, 209–12
- Obama administration and, 125, 206, 208
- politicization of, 206–8, 210
- reform proposals, 210–13
- Republican-appointed justices on, 15, 136
- Republican stolen seats on, 125, 131, 136, 154, 208–9
- reverence for, 205–6
- support for Trump administration, 134
- Trump coup attempt and, 136
- See also specific cases

T

Terrell, Mary Church, 78, 79
Thompson, Senfronia, 165–66, 167
three-fifths compromise, 180, 199
Tilden, Samuel, 59
Till, Emmett, 94–95
Till, Mamie, 95
Trickey, Erick, 117
Trump, Donald, and administration, 14
- coup attempt, 15, 135–36, 137–42, 203
- election of, 127–28, 200
- followers of, 138–39, 140–41
- gerrymandering and, 131–32
- impeachment, 134, 141
- incompetence of, 132–33
- on peaceful transition of power, 127–28, 135–36
- reconciliation process and, 187
- Sessions appointment, 130–31
- subversion of democracy by, 133–34
- Supreme Court support for, 134
- voter fraud accusations, 128–29
Truth, Sojourner, 67, 69, 72
Tubman, Harriet, 78
Tucker, Todd, 182–83
Turner, Albert, 129–30
Tyler, John, 34

U

Union Leagues, 54
Upton, Harriet Taylor, 83
U.S. v. Cruikshank, 58

V

Van Langevelde, Aaron, 139, 144
Verrilli, Don, 121
Vietnam War, 108
Vivian, C. T., 7
vote-at-home option, 161
voter fraud
- early Republic, 41
- public belief in, 173
- rarity of, 109, 173
- Republican acccusations, 128–29, 132–33, 137–40, 145
- secret ballot and, 42
- Sessions and, 130
Voter Fraud Commission, 132–33
voter identification laws, 115, 172–74
voter registration, 154–57, 174, 176–77
voter roll purges, 174–77
voter suppression
- effectiveness of, 92–93, 143–44
- election administration control and, 144–45, 203
- end of Reconstruction and, 59–61
- filibuster and, 185
- persistence of, 92
- public protests against, 166, 170
- Republican dedication to, 10–11, 14–15, 111–12, 142–43, 163–64, 167–68
- Shelby County v. Holder and, 11–12, 125–26, 143, 160, 164, 168
- Texas legislature blocking strategy, 164–67
- Trump administration dedication to, 131
- Trump coup attempt and, 15
- voter roll purges and, 174–76
- voter turnout inspired by, 143
- Voting Rights Act enforcement and, 113–15
voting access
- early voting and, 159–60
- election administration and, 149–53
- Election Day and, 159, 161–62
- Fifteenth Amendment and, 58
- formerly incarcerated enfranchisement and, 157–58
- John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act and, 164–65, 171–72, 173, 176, 177, 178
- polling locations and, 160–61
- vote-at-home option and, 161
- voter identification laws and, 172–74
- voter registration and, 154–57, 174, 176–77
- voter roll purges and, 176–77
- Voting Rights Act and, 61, 107–8, 129
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act (1984), 108
voting by mail, 161
voting restrictions
- colonial era, 31–32
- early Republic, 33–35
- property qualifications, 32, 33, 36–40, 42–46
- Republican belief in, 14–15, 22
- women’s suffrage movement and, 71
Voting Rights Act (VRA) (1965), 9–10
- African-American elected officials and, 61
- bipartisan support for, 108–9
- City of Mobile v. Bolden and, 168–69
- gerrymandering and, 119
- gutting of, 11–12, 121–23, 124–26, 143, 207
- Jim Crow and, 24–25
- Kennedy on, 90–91
- King’s demand for, 99–100
- preclearance enforcement, 113–15, 122
- reauthorizations, 108–9, 169–70
- signing of, 101–2, 107
- voter registrations and, 107–8, 129
- Malcolm X on, 101
voting rights expansion
- Dorr’s rebellion and, 33–35, 45–46
- property qualification elimination, 42–46

W

Wagner, Sally Roesch, 66
Walker, Seth, 84
Wallace, Chris, 127, 135
Wallace, George, 8, 17, 89–90
Warnock, Raphael, 189
War of 1812, 42–43, 48
wars
- African-American suffrage and, 42–43, 46
- age qualifications and, 108
- civil rights movement and, 89
- women’s suffrage movement and, 81
Washington, George, 36, 40
Watson, Frances, 138
Weiss, Elaine, 83, 84
Wells, Ida B., 78, 79, 80, 86
Western expansion, 44, 46
Whig Party, 45
white primaries, 93
Williams, Jamall, 158
Williamson, Chilton, 40–41
Williams v. Mississippi, 92
Wilson, Henry, 56, 57, 60
Wilson, James, 198
Wilson, Woodrow, 79, 81
Wittes, Benjamin, 132
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 75
Woman’s Hour, The (Weiss), 83
Woman’s National Liberal Union, 77–78
Woman’s Rights Convention (1850), 69
women
- in abolitionist movement, 67–68
- disenfranchisement of, 66–67
- See also women’s suffrage movement
Women’s Suffrage Movement, The (Wagner), 66
women’s suffrage movement, 64, 68–86
- abolitionist movement and, 67–68, 73
- African-American disenfranchisement and, 86
- African-American women in, 67, 69, 72, 77–78, 79, 80
- backlash, 69–70
- hunger strikes, 81
- Nineteenth Amendment, 81–86
- ongoing resiliency, 74–76
- organizations, 71–72, 76, 82
- racism in, 71, 76–77, 79–80, 86
- Seneca Falls Convention, 68–69
- tax resistance, 72–74
- Tennessee campaign, 83–85
- voting attempts, 72
- Washington parade (1913), 78–80
- White House picketing, 81
Woodward, C. Vann, 93
World War I, 81

X

X, Malcolm, 101
Xi Jinping, 22