Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.
activism: M. Berry on,
153; of black professional associations,
178; definition of,
87; outside of social movement organizations,
70; in professions,
174,
175; of UCC,
114activists: IOSM,
158; and NCSW,
154; organizing within institutions,
167; recruiting,
166activists, black, organizational structure for,
151Addams, Jane,
69,
72,
73,
75,
77,
153; and African American uplift,
154; role in civil rights movement of,
83adoption, transracial,
4,
147–48; alternatives to,
137; and best interest of children,
138; and black expertise,
145; discourse on,
169; pressure for,
136–37adoptions, international,
137advocacy work, of NFS,
77–78affirmative action standard, of CSWE,
129African American, use of term,
191n1African Americans: CSWE task force for,
129–30; degree-holding,
121; education data for,
49–50; employment rates for,
50; excluded from professional associations,
52; impact of Black Power movement on,
25; intelligence testing for,
57; mainstream,
ix; and NCSW 1968 conference,
123; racial loyalty of,
138; in social work profession,
16,
67; strategic absences of,
160; and unequal power relations,
157; in white collar jobs,
146.
See also social workers, black
African American teachers organization,
40Afro-American Patrolmen’s League,
xiiiAlexander, Sandra Carlton,
17Alinsky organizations,
80American Anthropological Association (AAA),
60American Association of State Social Work Boards,
134–35American Indians, CSWE task force for,
129American Library Association (ALA): Black Caucus of,
58–59; Statement of Concern presented to,
59American Psychological Association (APA), ABPsi demands presented to,
55–57American Sociological Association (ASA): CBS caucus of,
58; criteria for acceptance of papers of,
58; resolutions of black sociologists submitted to,
57–58anthropologists, black professional associations for,
60–61antipoverty programs, of Great Society,
17–18,
22Asian Americans, CSWE task force for,
129Association of Black Anthropologists (ABA),
60,
65Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi),
55; logos of,
64Atlanta School of Social Work,
17
Barrett, Janie Porter,
16–17Batiste-Roberts, Gloria,
177,
178Berkeley School of Social Welfare (BSSW), charges of discrimination at,
126Berry, Margaret,
82,
86,
96,
97,
163,
195n17; and black associate director,
99–101; and Cincinnati conference,
108; commitment to integration of,
111; on community control,
105; and H. Gans’s article,
102; on NFS Black Caucus,
107; on NFS leadership,
110; at 1968 NFS conference,
109; on 1969 NCSW annual forum,
117–18; resignation of,
100; on Techni-Culture Conference,
95; work in Pittsburgh’s Hill district,
153“Bill of Rights, Black,”
62black activists, and NFS,
107black capitalism initiative,
43Black Caucus of American Library Association (BCALA),
58–59Black Caucus of NFS: demands and proposals of,
90,
91–93; position paper of,
92–93black community, and NABSW,
141black dissent, internal,
88“black faces in higher places,”
37–39,
41,
97black freedom movement,
x,
191n2black liberation movement: defined,
138; institutionalization of,
21,
192–93n14; makeup of,
27; periodization of,
27,
28; and redefinition of race,
9; studies of,
4; time period for,
7black liberation movement and social welfare,
76–78; civil rights actions,
78–84; Mississippi Project,
85–87; with rapid social change,
84–85Black Manifesto (Forman),
40–41
Black Metropolis (Drake and Clayton),
84
Black Panther Party,
22,
35–36,
58,
61,
63,
174; community self-help programs of,
36; health related social programs of,
26; manifesto of,
53–54Black Power: black faces in higher places variety of,
41; and black professional associations,
xii; challenges to NFS of,
102; and civil rights movement,
ix,
26,
30; defined,
38,
43–44,
44; emergence of,
34–37,
37; in federal politics,
63; historiography of,
22; as ideological phenomenon,
ix,
xii–xiii; ideology of,
144–45; impact of,
25; in institutional spaces,
2–3; language of,
49; in mainstream organizations,
44; revisiting,
174–76; and SNCC radicalism,
34; sociological literature on,
26; white resistance to,
174Black Power: The Politics of Liberation (Carmichael and Hamilton),
37–38,
119,
199n3
Black Power activists, work of,
35Black Power Conference, first national (1967),
39–41Black Power conferences,
41Black Power discourse, around social action,
76Black Power era: American organizations during,
158; black professional associations during,
46,
174–75; black professional mobilization during,
18; black professional organizing in,
148; black rage and white guilt during,
163; gender dynamic of,
143; professional norms during,
139Black Power movement,
xiii,
3; in academic research,
25; and black middle class,
146–47; black organizing in,
168; and black professionalism,
121–22; and black professionals,
148,
149; and black social workers,
3,
15,
146; civil rights movement compared with,
37,
62–63; compared with IOSMS,
150–51,
150; effect on social work of,
22; focus on institutional racism of,
159; history of,
30–37; impacts of,
171–72; institutionalization of,
4; in international political environment,
36; long-term impacts of,
21; makeup of,
27; marginalization of,
171; “nation building” strain of,
43; and Nation of Islam,
xi–xii; and NFS,
89; and NFS Black Caucus,
92–93; in organizational spaces,
2; political context shaped by,
38; popular conceptions of,
24; scholars of,
26; and settlements,
111–12; shift in focus of,
159; social work during,
66–69; state repression of,
36,
193n4; suppression of,
27–28; tactics of,
36,
37,
53; and Techni-Culture Movement,
113The Black Sociologist, 58
black studies departments,
22,
26,
45; Afrocentric curricula in,
38–39black studies movement,
29black studies programs, demands for,
36–37Black Task Force, CSWE,
130,
131Body and Soul (Nelson),
26
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo,
10Brown, Charlotte Hawkins,
17Brown v. Board of Education, 6,
31,
75
Carlton-LaNey, Iris,
16,
17Carmichael, Stokely (later Kwame Ture),
37–38,
40,
44,
93,
100,
145,
175,
194n2,
199n3; Black Power speech of,
34–35; on white responses to Black Power,
161casework,
71; money management of,
73; role of,
74Chicanos, CSWE task force for,
129Child Development Group of Mississippi (CDGM),
85child rearing practices,
72Child Welfare League, adoption standards of,
137child welfare system, racism in,
179Christian values, and civil rights movement,
32–33church, black, and civil rights movement,
32–33civil disobedience, in Black Power movement,
36civil institutionalization,
11,
14–15; of black liberation movement,
30; defined,
157Civil Rights Act (1964),
33,
50Civil Rights Act (1968),
33civil rights activists, and public opinion,
xicivil rights era,
5; and racial structure of U.S.,
7civil rights leaders, and Black Power,
ixcivil rights movement,
xiii,
171; assimilationist approach of,
31–32; and black church,
32–33; and Black Power,
xii,
30; and black professionals,
149; compared with Black Power movement,
37,
62–63; compared with IOSMS,
150–51,
150; direct action phase of,
31,
193n2; effect of Black Power on,
26; heroic period of,
31–34; integrationist goals of,
31; legal gains of,
13; and Nation of Islam,
xi; and NFS,
89; outcomes of,
12; social work during,
66–69; and social work organizations,
22–23; Southern
vs. Northern,
87; timeline of,
32civil society: Black Power movement in,
28; race in,
5; racialized norms and practices in,
11; and ruling class,
8; use of term,
192n13civil sphere, institutionalization of movements into,
158Clay, Rep. William Lacy,
61Code of Ethics, of Catalysts,
135
code of ethics, of NABSW,
140–41colonialism, internal,
61Committee on Status of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Profession, of ASA,
58community, black, as “research colony,”
57Community Action Programs (CAPs),
45,
46,
51,
67; conflict around,
68; control over,
68; maximum feasible participation of,
67–68,
83; relative success of,
68; War on Poverty,
67community chests: formation of,
72; reliance on,
73community control: and settlement movement,
105; in settlements,
108community programs, in Mississippi,
85Congressional Black Caucus (CBC),
61; Nixon’s State of Union address boycotted by,
160Congress on Racial Equality (CORE),
xCouncil on Social Work Education (CSWE): and curricular transformation,
128; and institutionalized racism,
127; new diversity curriculum standard of,
132; nondiscrimination standard of,
129counter-centers, within organizations,
158Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams,
5cultural development, Black Power Conference mandate for,
40cultural institutionalization, and social movements,
12curricula, social work: demand for change in,
159; guidelines for,
132; human behavior content in,
130; impact of black pressure on,
132; practicum and methods area of,
132; social welfare policy and services sequence in,
131; task forces for,
129–30; white-centered,
128.
See also education, social work
“Declaration of Independence, Black,”
62Democratic Select Committee,
61Detroit, Association of Black Social Workers in,
114,
123Detroit Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM),
94,
196n8Dialogue with Black Power (informational packet),
103
dissent, black, in NFS,
89–93diversity, contemporary forms of,
175
Ebony (magazine),
41,
100
economic development, black,
40Economic Opportunity Act (1964),
50,
51,
67education, public, segregation outlawed in,
31education, social work,
131; curricular change in,
128–29; focus on diversity of,
169educators, black social work,
130Ehrenreich, John H.,
69,
72Eisenhower administration,
74electoral power,: African American,
41elites: Black,
176; and casework model,
73; within NFS,
108; responses to dissent of,
175emergent mobilization framework, in social movements,
149–51emotional displays, appropriate,
204n6employment, African-American access to,
49–50equal access, and black dissent,
90Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972),
50,
51Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),
50“equality of results,”
62exit and voice,
19; emergent mobilization framework,
149–51,
150; emotional labor,
161–67; implications and outcomes,
167–70; IOSMs,
157–61; leadership and strategic decisions,
154–57experience, black American,
130expertise, racial definition of,
145
faculty: black,
45; and curricula changes,
168families, African American/Black,
47; in
Moynihan Report,
46–47; and transracial adoption,
136,
137fear, white,
163; and “Mau-Mauing,”
164Federal Work Study, 475
feminism, and men in NABSW,
143FileMaker Pro record template,
183,
184Fisk University, social work study at,
17Five Towns Community House, New York,
78–79frame analysis, role of leadership in,
155Freedom Centers, in Mississippi,
86,
87Freedom Movement, in Mississippi,
86Freedom Neighborhood Centers,
85“friendly visitors,” practice of,
71
“gatekeepers,”
vs. advocates for change,
122gender: in NABSW dynamic,
143; in social movement process,
185–86German student movement,
29ghettoes: black,
74; racial,
48ghetto living, restructuring,
131Gilkes, Cheryl Townsend,
52Goddard Riverside Community Center,
80graduate programs: black students in,
56; minorities in,
66–67
Hamilton, Charles V.,
37–38,
44,
93,
100,
114,
119,
125,
145,
175,
199n3Hamilton-Madison House, New York,
79–80Hartford Community Centers,
106Hatcher, Mayor Richard G.,
41Haynes, Elizabeth Ross,
16Head Start,
51; in Mississippi,
85helping professionals, black,
18Henry Street Settlement, New York,
111Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks,
17Houston Community Center, Philadelphia,
103
identity, professional: for black social workers,
145; developing,
138–40; developing black,
139–40identity work,
64–65; of black professional associations,
141–42; in NABSW movement,
144individual change model,
71inequality: racial,
8; resistance to,
9; and social institutions,
157inner cities, and settlement house movement,
111.
See also urban riotsInner City Violence, NFS Conference on,
91institutional change,
182institutionalization: of black liberation movement,
21; of Black Power politics,
5; civil,
11,
14–15,
30,
157; cultural,
12; movement,
181–82,
182; organizational,
12,
19–21; political,
11–12; of social movements,
12–14,
159; of social work,
15–18institutional settings: race relations in,
6; for racial politics,
7–8institution building,
44,
51institutions: access to,
171; racial hierarchy of,
8integration: and black dissent,
90; and Black Power,
84–85; as goal of settlement movement,
84; NFS’s commitment to,
102; transition to,
172integration, school: and ALA,
59; efficacy of,
x; resistance to,
31integrationism, NFS’s commitment to,
95integrationist philosophy,
95intelligence testing, for African Americans,
57International Association of Black Professional Fire Fighters, logos of,
64interracial relationships, in Black Power era,
110interracial staff, principle of maintaining,
84interviews, oral history,
185–86intra-organizational social movements (IOSMs),
13; analyses of,
161; conceptual model of,
157–61; creation of,
14; emergent mobilization framework for,
149–51,
150; functions of,
158–61,
159; to institutionalize movement goals,
158; tactics for seeking change of,
14; work of,
162.
See also National Association of Black Social WorkersIQ testing, racism in,
57,
179irrelevance, defined,
153
Johnson, Audreye,
115,
119,
122,
123,
125,
136,
141,
142,
143,
144,
176Johnson, Pres. Lyndon B.,
45,
47,
48; Executive Order 11375 of,
51
Katzenstein, Mary Fainsod,
192n12Kennedy, Pres. John F., Executive Order 10925 of,
51King, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther, Jr.,
x–xi,
1,
32,
49; assassination of,
150; on goal of civil rights movement,
162
Lasch-Quinn, Elizabeth,
172–73leadership: black ascendance to,
108; NABSW,
168; NFS,
110; role of settlement,
111; for social movements,
154–55; TCM,
168leadership, black, white reaction to,
163leadership, black male: need for,
93; in settlements,
108; in social service agencies,
101leadership, white,
173; in settlements,
109legislation, civil rights: impact of,
5; limits of,
6; and SNCC,
33.
See also specific lawlegislation, Great Society,
51legitimacy, organizational,
152,
167liberation movement, black professionals in,
119librarians, black professional association of,
58–59licensure: and black expertise,
145; introduction of,
133; opponents of,
134–35; proponents of,
161
Market Street Neighborhood House, Louisville,
81Marshall, Justice Marshall,
41Mau-Mauing, use of phrase,
164Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding, 67
maximum feasible participation,
18,
67mayoral politics, black,
22mayors, black: Charles Evers,
86; Richard G. Hatcher,
41; Carl B. Stokes,
41; Harold Washington,
43McCarthyism, of 1950s,
75media, and Black Panther Party,
35“melting pot,” myth of,
104men, black: dominance in NABSW of,
142,
143; projecting strong image of,
142mental hygiene movement,
72middle class, black: Black Power influence on,
25,
176; characteristics of,
146–47; and employment,
50; in mainstream institutions,
44Minority Business Enterprise, Office of,
43minority communities, reorganization of settlements in,
96Minority Fellowship Program, of ASA,
58Minority Specialist position, of ASA,
58minority staffing, in social work education,
130Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP),
85–86Mississippi Freedom Movement,
85Mississippi Sovereignty Commission,
86,
196n35mobilization framework, in social movements,
149–51Model Cities administrations,
46monitors, black professional associations as,
141–42The Monitor (San Francisco),
143
Montgomery bus boycott,
32Mount Pleasant Community Center, Cleveland,
79movement institutionalization,
182MSW students, diversity among,
133multicultural frame, for TCM,
156–57multiculturalism,
157,
173; contemporary forms of,
175
National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),
x,
17,
59; and Jane Addams,
83; and
Plessy decision,
31National Association of Black Accountants, logos of,
64National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ),
xiiiNational Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW),
xii,
xiii,
1,
21,
44,
66,
69,
116; accountability to Black community of,
122–24; activist orientation encouraged in,
140; and black behavior,
144; and black marginality in profession,
124–26; Black Power influence in,
176; code of ethics of,
140–41; compared with Techni-Culture Movement,
113; and curricular transformation,
128–33; demands submitted to NCSW by,
118,
128,
156; dialogue with NCSW sought by,
118–19; emergent mobilization framework for,
149–51,
150; gender dynamic of,
143; and institutionalized racism,
126–28; issue maintenance of,
160–61; leadership of,
155,
168; legacy of,
177; and licensure,
133–35; logos of,
64; at 1969 NCSW annual forum,
117–18; New York State chapter of,
136; origins of,
2,
4,
23–24,
119–20,
121,
142,
176; policies and norms advocated by,
159; position statement of,
126; and professional identity,
112,
138–40; and racism in social work practice,
135–38; separation from NCSW of,
20; social action of,
152; tactical repertoires of,
159–60; ultimatum made to NCSW,
155,
156National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses,
52National Association of Colored Women (NACW),
17National Association of Social Workers (NASW),
20; black caucus at,
114; and civil rights movement,
75; and institutionalized racism,
127; and licensure requirements,
133; National Social Action Workshop on Urban Crisis of,
114,
199n2National Bar Association,
52National Black Economic Development Conference (1969),
40National Black Political Convention (1972),
41–42National Center for Education Statistics,
49National Conference of Black Lawyers,
53National Conference on Charities and Casework (NCCC),
72National Conference on Social Welfare (NCSW),
4,
20,
23,
70; black dissent in,
19; and civil rights movement,
75; 1969 forum,
156; and institutionalized racism,
127; NABSW’s demands submitted to,
127,
154,
156; 1968 and 1969 conferences,
1,
70,
90,
114–16,
117,
123; organizational identity of,
152–54; organizational legitimacy of,
152; racial tradition of,
154; settings for meetings of,
76; unresponsiveness and resistance of,
115; walkout of black social workers from,
114–16; as white institution,
128National Democratic Convention (1972),
42National Federation of Settlements (NFS),
4,
19,
20; black associate director for,
99–101; black dissent in,
89–93; black social workers in,
23; civil rights activism of,
81–87; and civil rights movement,
75; on community control,
104; Conference on Inner City Violence of,
91; and crisis of relevance,
101–12;
Drake Report,
84; elites within,
108; 43rd National Conference of,
82; 45th Annual Conference of,
90; goal of,
107; leadership at,
95,
107; and 1964 March on Washington,
23; and Mississippi Project,
85; New Directions Committee of,
92,
106,
110; organizational identity of,
152–54; organizational legitimacy of,
152; 1974 public relations campaign of,
100–101; racial tradition of,
154; reorienting of,
76–77; restructuring of,
111; SEA committee of,
82; social action practice and policy of,
76–77; and social change,
87–88; and Southern civil rights movement,
86–87; “stance taking” of,
77; subcommittee on civil rights of,
80–81; Techni-Culture Committee of,
113; Techni-Culture constituency of,
112; and Techni-Culture Movement,
153National Federation of Settlements (NFS) Black Caucus: demands of,
106; reactions to,
107National Federation of Settlements (NFS) Board: and black dissent,
90; lack of representation on,
106–7; restructuring of,
93; and TCC demands,
97; TCC representation on,
98,
99nationalism, black: racial integration merged with,
xii; territorial separatism of,
xiiNational Medical Association,
52National Society of Black Engineers, logos of,
64National Urban League (NUL),
x,
17,
82,
83National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO), at 1969 NCSW annual forum,
117–18Nation of Islam,
xi,
34; and Black Power movement,
xi–xii; and civil rights movement,
xiThe Negro Family: The Case for National Action (
Moynihan Report),
46–47,
49,
142
neighborhood resources, community control over,
68Newark Rebellion (1967),
39,
41“New Directions for Settlements,” of NFS Black Caucus,
92,
106,
110News From the Natives, 60–61
New York Review of Books, 161
New York State Association of Black Social Workers,
134Nixon, Pres. Richard M.,
43,
160; and CBC,
61–62; Executive Order 11478 of,
51“nonprofessionals,” black,
68norms: of interracial interaction,
171; new professional,
175; professional,
142; racial,
5
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO),
85,
163Operation PUSH (People United to Serve Humanity),
199n3oral histories,
185–186; guiding questions for,
187; respondents,
187organizational change, records of,
186organizational culture,
13organizational institutionalization,
12,
19–21organizational processes,
182organizations: access to,
171; counter-centers within,
158; institutionalization of,
19–21; movement-like processes in,
193n16; movements within,
13–14; and social movements,
19
Palmer Memorial Institute,
17Philadelphia Friends Neighborhood Guild,
103–4Piven, Frances Fox,
199n3political institutionalization, and social movements,
11–12political opportunity models,
165–66politics: diversity,
173; identity,
173; impact of Black Power movement on,
42–43; mayoral,
22; militant,
103; race,
7–8,
174; of respectability,
17politics, black,
39–43; assimilationist Black political culture in,
30; context for,
38politics, Black Power,
27; institutionalization of,
5; in social work profession,
14; and TCM,
23poor, black: “otherness” of,
49; rightful guardian of,
147; white patronization of,
175Portelli, Alessandro,
185poverty,
59; in American core cities,
74; black,
47; restructuring,
131Powell, Rep. Adam Clayton,
39power: and emotion,
167; of establishment,
107power-holders, emotional responses of,
108.
See also elitespower relations: embedded in society,
8; maintenance of,
173; and social movements,
7; and wars of position,
8practice, social work: Afrocentric visions of,
147; history of,
71; racism in,
135–38profession, social work: gender dynamic in,
143–44; service/activism tension in,
70–76; and social change,
169professional associations: Black Power-era,
148; functions of,
176–79; national social work,
13professional associations, black,
xii–xiii,
3,
22,
46,
49,
146; for anthropologists,
60; during Black Power era,
53,
174–75; creation of,
51,
158; development of,
5; emergence of,
51–54; founding of,
29,
29,
188–89; identity work of,
64–65; influence of black power on,
63–64; for librarians,
58–59; logos of,
63,
64; monitoring function of,
65–66; origins of,
52; position statements of,
54; and professional equality,
65; protest wing of,
65; of psychologists,
55–57; racial norms in,
5; and racial solidarity,
170; sociologists,
57–58professional associations, social work: response to Black Power of,
173professionalism: black,
146; of social workers,
72professionalization: expertise as central to,
145; and social action,
18; of social work,
153professional organizing, black,
175professionals, black,
xiii,
148; and Black Power ideology,
172; and Black Power movement,
4; and black revolution,
119–20; impact of Black Power on,
52; self-determination for,
53; social workers,
121; standards for,
120–21professionals, Black Power: in post-civil rights racial order,
169; rise of,
45–49professional style, for black social workers,
140professions: activism in,
174,
175; black mobilization in,
13; black organizing within,
174–75; impact of Black Power movement on,
3,
21; increased African American presence in,
45; institutional changes within,
172; institutional forms of racism in,
66promotion, and black social workers,
125protests: of black professional associations,
65,
141–42; student,
103psychoanalytic theory,
72psychological instruments, misuse of,
56,
66psychologists: black professional association of,
55–57; and racism in IQ testing,
179publications, social work,
125public opinion, and civil rights activists,
xiPuerto Ricans, CSWE task force for,
129
race: academic work on,
169; origins of,
10; redefinitions of,
9; social construction of,
9Race Experts (Lasch-Quinn),
172–73
race relations: in institutional life,
6; in transition,
172–74; white reactions to black movements in,
164Race Relations in Time of Rapid Social Change (
Drake Report),
84–85,
88
race work, of African American social workers,
16racial formation theory: classic theory of,
8; concepts of,
10racial ideology, development of,
10racial integration, black nationalism merged with,
xii.
See also integrationracialized social systems,
10racial understandings. in Black Power era,
110racial uplift ideology,
16racism: in child welfare system,
179; colorblind,
6; defined,
37,
93; forms of,
37; hidden structures of,
48; institutional,
159,
199n3; in IQ testing,
179; and meaning,
8–9; NABSW’s challenge to,
123; in post-civil rights era,
6; resistance to; of social organizations,
7–8; in social work practice,
135–38; systemic,
9racism, American: gender dynamic in,
144; S. Carmichael on,
162racism, institutionalized,
37,
59,
66,
93; in licensure battle,
135; and NABSW,
126–28; and social work curricula,
131,
132Radical Alliance of Social Service Workers (RASSW),
134Radical Chic and Mau Mauing the Flak-Catchers (Wolfe),
163
radical flank effect,
26; in social activism,
89radicalism, black: white liberal fetishization of,
163Rank and File movement,
73–74rational choice theory,
168recruitment standards, CSWE,
128–29“relative deprivation,”
165relevance, racial justice definition of,
153reparations, call for,
40–41“repertoires of contention,”
14Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (
Kerner Report),
49,
54,
55,
63,
114,
116,
150
Republic of New Afrika,
36,
86research: of APA,
56; archival,
181; oral history,
185–86resource mobilization theory,
165–66respectability, politics of,
17“revolutionary shame,”
163Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D.,
73
self-defense: as Black Power Conference mandate,
39–40; and Black Power movement,
36self-definition, and Black Power movement,
36.
See also identityself-determination: as Black Power Conference mandate,
39–40; and Black Power movement,
36; for black professionals,
53; in Mississippi Project,
85self-help,
16; Black Panther Party survival programs,
36; and Black Power movement,
36; in Mississippi,
85self-reflection, and professional style,
139self-respect, as Black Power Conference mandate,
39–40self-sufficiency, as Black Power Conference mandate,
39–40settlement house movement,
75,
107; and community control,
105; and inner cities,
111settlements: S. Alinsky’s critique of,
101–2; black male leadership in,
108; critiques of,
101–2; role of,
104; white leadership in,
109settlement workers,
71; and issue of community control,
104–5settlement workers, black: in Black Power era,
89; separate conference for,
94–95; and white racism,
92settlement workers, minority,
96settlement workers, white, and New Directions process,
92social action: institutionalized forms of,
70; NFS practice of,
77Social Action Methods (Colburn),
77
social activism, and radical flank effect,
89.
See also activismsocial change: for black social workers,
18; process of,
182; and race relations,
84–85; social movements as agents of,
165Social Education and Action (SEA) committee, of NFS,
82social movements,
7; early theories of,
164–65; emergent mobilization framework for,
149–51,
150; environment for,
19; expressions of anger in,
164; function of emotion in,
107–8,
110–11; gendered processes in,
185–186; institutionalization of,
11–14,
159; institutionalized politics and,
166; intra-organizational (IOSMs),
13; leadership of,
154–55; and organizational identity,
151–54,
168; in organizations,
13–14,
19; outcomes of,
169; and power relations,
7; race-based,
10–11; rationality of participation in,
165; rational
vs. irrational social behavior in,
165; state-centered studies of,
21; study of,
148; study of emotions in,
166.
See also intra-organizational social movements (IOSMs)social pathology, popular protest as,
165social service agencies, black male leadership in,
101social services, and social change,
87social welfare and black liberation movement,
76–78; civil rights actions,
78–84; Mississippi Project,
85–87; with rapid social change,
84–85social welfare policy, and power, profit and privilege,
131social work: in black experience,
16; black insurgency in,
71; during civil rights and Black Power movements,
66–69; functions of,
71; institutionalization of,
15–18; position of black social workers in,
145; professionalization of,
153; psychiatric,
72; racism of,
124; Rank and File movement in,
73–74; service/activism tension in,
71–76; “white,”
135social workers: dissenting,
71; in ghetto,
16; identity of,
75; reform-oriented,
73; role of,
70social workers, African American/black,
45,
134; activism of,
142; and Black Power movement,
3,
22,
30–31,
76,
146; and CAPs,
51; challenges for,
168; C. Hamilton’s influence on,
44; collective actions of,
12–14; emotional labor of,
161; and emotional reactions of whites,
167; employment of,
126; grievances of,
123; issue maintenance of,
160; licensure and,
133,
134; and National Conference on Social Work (1968),
70; at 1968 NCSW annual forum,
116; at NFS conference (45th),
90; opposed to NABSW movement,
147; as “outsiders within,”
14,
145; positionality of,
145; post-civil rights demands of,
112; and power sharing,
15; private documents of,
182; as professionals,
121,
138–40; during Progressive Era,
17; and social change,
18; tactics of,
124; at Urban Crisis Conference,
115; white social workers’ reactions to,
18social workers, white,
2; in black communities,
72; and civil rights movement,
150; and community control,
105; emotional responses of,
167; and inner-city violence,
91–92social work organizations, and civil rights movement,
22–23.
See also specific organizationssocial work profession, African American workforce of,
46.
See also social workerssociety, racial structure of,
10Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC),
xSouthfield Neighborhood Center, in Stamford, CT,
106Staggenborg, Suzanne,
154“stance taking,” of NFS,
77“Stand Your Ground” legislation,
178Stokes, Mayor Carl B.,
41Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),
x; as Black Power advocate,
27; formation of,
33; radicalism of,
33–34student protests, police repression of,
103Stuyvesant Community Center, Brooklyn,
81suburbanization, white,
74Supreme Court, U.S., first black justice on,
41
TCM: criticism of,
157; leadership of,
155,
168; policies and norms advocated by,
159; social action of,
152; tactical repertoires of,
159–60Techni-Culture Committee (TCC) of NFS,
113; demands presented by,
97; disbanded,
100; goals of,
98–99; and youth representation,
97Techni-Culture Conference (TCC): multicultural organizing model for,
96; planning for,
95; rationale for,
95; reactions to,
109; successes of,
96–97Techni-Culture Movement (TCM),
20–21,
23,
148,
163; black organizing in,
168; and Black Power movement,
113; emergent mobilization framework for,
149–51,
150; NFS response to,
153theory guided process tracing (TGPT),
181training programs, of APA,
56Twenty-fourth Amendment (1965),
33
undergraduate programs, black students in,
56unemployment: for African Americans,
50; restructuring,
131unions, social worker,
74United Auto Workers (UAW),
94United Freedom Movement,
79United Neighborhood Houses of New York,
97United States: black power’s impact in,
3; racialized social structure of,
8–9; and school segregation,
6; systemic racism of,
9Universal Negro Improvement Association,
xiiurban rebellions,
37,
186urban riots,
41,
47,
49,
76; Kerner Commission on,
116; and settlement agencies,
102; in Watts neighborhood,
122
Vietnam War, black soldiers returning from,
164
Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles,
122Watts Rebellion of 1965,
35welfare, associated with blackness,
75Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell,
16,
17West Side Community House, Cleveland,
81white supremacy, explicit forms of,
xwomen, black: race work of,
16–17; in social welfare,
16working class, American,
72World War II, racial dynamics of,
74