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Prologue: Les Parisiennes
up to the age of eighteen: La Loi du 18 Mars 1942, on ‘l’enseignement ménager familial’.
‘no escape line could keep going at all’: Edward Stourton, Cruel Crossing: Escaping Hitler across the Pyrenees, Doubleday, 2013, p. 78.
‘me about choice?’: Jean-Claude Grumberg, conversation with author, 9 November 2013.
‘one of them’: Gabriel Josipovici, A Life, London Magazine Editions, 2001, p. 93.
‘How could you not do it?’: Jeannie, Vicomtesse de Clarens (née Rousseau), video interview with David Ignatius, courtesy of the International Spy Museum Archive, Washington, DC. xx ‘our weapons were born of love’: Dédée de Jongh, quoted in Stourton, Cruel Crossing, p. 192.
1939: Paris on the Edge
‘the result is sheer genius’: quoted in Ruth Franklin, ‘A Life in Good Taste: The Fashions and Follies of Elsie de Wolfe’, New Yorker, 27 September 2004 (http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/09/27/a-life-in-good-taste).
‘to defy the fates’: Elsa Schiaparelli, Shocking Life: The Autobiography of Elsa Schiaparelli, Dent, 1954, p. 110.
‘a little sad’: http://vb.com/dior/aimeedeheeren/ August 2012.
‘all the cheering was for her’: Marjorie Lawrence, Interrupted Melody: An Autobiography, Sydney, Invincible Press, 1949, p. 123.
‘not considered an additional crime’: Janet Flanner, Paris Was Yesterday, 1925–1939, New York, Viking, 1972, p. 216.
‘were particularly chic’: Schiaparelli, Shocking Life, p. 109.
‘civilised good time,’ she wrote: Flanner, Paris Was Yesterday, p. 220.
‘the nineteenth century’: Richard Kreitner, ‘Bastille Day and the Concept of Progress in 1939’, 14 July 2014, The Nation
‘everybody collects at Maxim’s’: Noël Coward to Gladys Calthrop, The Letters of Noël Coward, ed. Barry Day, Methuen, 2007, p. 378.
‘time for fashion’: Adelia Sabatini, ‘The House that Dreams Built’, Glass Magazine, pp. 66–71.
‘pour espionnage’: Archives Départementales du Var, 158 W 848.
‘practically anything, which is very important’: Noël Coward to Gladys Calthrop, Day, Letters of Noël Coward, p. 379.
‘it’s not in my temperament’: Robert Lavigue, ‘Panthéonisations résistantes … On l’a échappé belle!’, 20 February 2014, http://lavigue.blogspot.gr/2014/02/pantheonisations-resistantes-on-la.html.
‘to an overseas destination’: Miriam Mania Stanton, ‘Escape from the Inferno of Europe’, ed. Ben Stanton, unpublished ms, courtesy Professor Lawrence Goldman, p. 8. See also http://www.amazon.co.uk/Escape-inferno-Europe-Miriam-Stanton/dp/09530007707.
‘How could I just go?’ she later wrote: ibid.
‘Joseph left immediately’: Jacqueline Péry d’Alincourt, ‘Surviving Ravensbrück: “Forgive, Don’t Forget”’, https://www.utexas.edu/cola/insts/france-ut/_files/pdf/resources/Pery.pdf.
‘the most imposing of obstacles’: Jonathan Weiss, Irène Némirovsky: Her Life and Works, Palo Alto, Calif., Stanford University Press, 2006, p. 73.
‘The climate is quite changed!’: ‘Les Nouvelles Littéraires’, 4 June 1939.
‘the end of happy life’: Claire Chevrillon, Code Name Christiane Clouet: A Woman in the French Resistance, trans. Jane Kielty Stott, College Station, Tex., Texas A & M University Press, 1995, p. 3.
‘only as an exceptional measure’: quoted in Hanna Diamond, Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–48: Choices and Constraints, Routledge, 1999, p. 19.
‘Will Not Forsake Fashion in War’: Melbourne Argus, 6 December 1939.
‘someone else’s child’: Janet Teissier du Cros, Divided Loyalties: A Scotswoman in Occupied France, Hamish Hamilton, 1962, p. 24.
‘an unpardonable thing in France’: ibid.
‘does not fear the future’: Dominique Veillon, Fashion under the Occupation, Oxford/New York, Berg, 2002, p. 6.
an editorial that autumn: Le Jardin des Modes, September 1939.
carpet slippers instead of boots: Drue Tartière, The House near Paris: An American Woman’s Story of Traffic in Patriots, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1946, p. 13.
1940: Paris Abandoned
‘about to begin’: Odette Fabius, Un Lever de soleil sur le Mecklembourg, Albin Michel, 1986, p. 47.
‘Red Cross millions’: Fabius, p. 55.
‘in my life’: Wallis Windsor, The Heart has its Reasons, Michael Joseph, 1956, p. 228.
‘sound of gunfire’: Duke of Windsor to Bernard Rickatson-Hatt, Thomson Reuter archives, n.d.
‘is the end’: Philip Ziegler, King Edward VIII Collins, 1990, p. 417.
‘not a coward’: Davina Eastwood in conversation with the author, 2 October 2014.
‘like a rat in occupied Paris’: quoted in Hanna Diamond, Fleeing Hitler: France 1940, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 6.
‘the wearer had become a nomad’: Patrick Buisson, Années érotiques, p.51.
‘of their schools with perfect calm’: quoted in ibid. p. 54.
‘fleeing the German lava’: Jacqueline Mesnil-Amar, Maman, What Are We Called Now?, trans. Francine Yorke, Persephone Books, 2015, p. 28.
‘and closed the suitcase’: Irène Némirovsky, Suite Française, trans. Sandra Smith, Chatto & Windus, 2006, p. 19.
‘wives of senior officers’: Edward Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2, p. 237.
‘in uniform, hanging about’: ibid.
‘impossible to remain passive’: Margaret Collins Weitz, Sisters in the Resistance: How Women Fought to Free France, 1940–45, New York, John Wiley, 1995, p. 2.
‘were here au grand complet’: Edward Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2, p. 243.
‘had been aware until that time’: John Sherwood, Georges Mandel and the Third Republic, Palo Alto, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1970, p. 186.
‘guide the French Empire,’ he urged: Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2, p. 316.
‘how it spread’: Vivou de Boysson: conversation with the author, 23 January 2015.
‘an emissary to woo her favours’: Noel Barber, The Week France Fell: June 10–June 16 1940, Stein & Day, 1976, p. 29.
‘to ask for an armistice’: William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1969, p. 813; and Barber, The Week France Fell, p. 223.
‘I have no mistress!’: quoted in Hal Vaughan, Doctor to the Resistance: The Heroic True Story of an American Surgeon and his Family in Occupied Paris, Washington, DC, Brassey’s, 2004, p. 177.
‘the other clients of the hotel’: Corinne Luchaire, Ma drôle de vie, repr. Paris, Dualpha Editions, 2003, p. 127.
‘a kind of euphoria reigned’: David Pryce-Jones, Paris in the Third Reich, New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981, p. 19.
‘and often extremely helpful’: personal information from Tom Bower, whose mother was a child in Vienna with Sereny and witnessed her removal from school on account of her being Jewish.
‘on everything imaginable’: Helmuth James von Moltke, Letters to Freya, 1939–1945, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1990, p. 97.
‘I knew no one there’: Simone Signoret, Nostalgia Isn’t What It Used to Be, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978, p. 41.
‘relegated to her cubbyhole’: ibid.
for those in power: Ian Ousby, Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944, John Murray, 1997, p. 116.
‘first time in their lives’: Teissier du Cros, Divided Loyalties, p. 253.
‘We both felt comforted’: Rosemary Say and Noel Holland, Rosie’s War: An Englishwoman’s Escape from Occupied France, Michael O’Mara Books, 2011, p. 53.
‘that adds to our sadness’: Jean Guéhenno, Diary of the Dark Years, 1940–1944: Collaboration, Resistance and Daily Life in Occupied Paris, trans. David Ball, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 20.
held captive were legion: Nicole Alby, conversation with the author, 17 July 2015.
‘I served them at table’: Say and Holland, Rosie’s War, p. 70.
‘he wrote … from Toulouse’: ibid., p. 83.
‘ardent supporters of de Gaulle’: Agnès Humbert, Résistance: Memoirs of Occupied France, Bloomsbury, 2008, p. 35.
‘he has an erection, done’: Paris Brothel BBC Storyville film by Mark Kidel, 2008.
‘It saved my life’: Freddie Knoller, conversation with the author, 18 March 2015.
‘to replenish their wardrobes’: Veillon, Fashion under the Occupation, p. 23.
‘wisely and with dignity’: ibid. p. 23.
‘her rise in the world’: Luchaire, Ma drôle de vie, p. 139–40.
1941: Paris Divided
‘more than all your diplomas’: Francine Muel-Dreyfus, Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to a Political Sociology of Gender, trans. Kathleen A. Johnson, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2001, p. 231.
‘panache was indispensable to us’: quoted in Melanie Hawthorne and Richard J. Golsan, Gender and Fascism in Modern France, p. 78.
‘delirious cries of joy’: La Gerbe, July 1941, quoted in Alexandra Taylor, ‘Part IV: France <3 Food – Adapting to the Ration System’, https://tayloralexandra.wordpress.com/2012/02/18/part-iv-france-3-food-adapting-to-the-ration-system/.
‘don’t do something!’: Agnès Humbert: Resistance, Memoirs of Occupied France, Bloomsbury, 2008, p. 11.
‘belts polished and gleaming’: ibid., p. 28.
‘anything revolutionary or disorderly’: Chevrillon, Code Name Christiane Clouet, p. 123. Even at the height of the Second World War brother and sister André Chevrillon and Adeline Pelletier were still arguing about the Dreyfus affair and whether or not there should be a retrial (ibid., p. 124).
‘have gotten to Paris’: Collins Weitz, Sisters in the Resistance, p. vi.
‘months to come,’ she wrote: Humbert, Résistance, p. 32.
‘the French economy’: Gerald Feldman and Wolfgang Seibel (eds), Networks of Nazi Persecution: Bureaucracy, Business and the Organization of the Holocaust, Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 70.
‘in Paris at the same time’: Robert Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1972, p. 76.
it was ‘very disagreeable’: Lynn H. Nicholas, The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, p. 136.
‘from the David Weill collection’: Archives Nationales, Carnets RV folio 115 18/10/43.
then living in America: Jeanne Bucher to Sybille Cournand, 7 December 1934, Family Archives, courtesy Galerie Jeanne Bucher Jaeger, Paris.
directed towards art and artists: ibid., p. 66.
‘look what I do to it’: ibid., p. 62.
‘show me her Ernst paintings’: Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris, Duckworth Overlook, 2012, p. 171.
‘served tea and biscuits’: Henri Goetz, ‘My Life, my Friends’, http://henrigoetz.com/index.php?/tests-goetz/my-life/.
‘resistance were innumerable’: David Ignatius, ‘After Five Decades a Spy Tells her Tale’, Washington Post, 28 December 1998.
‘I couldn’t be dangerous, could I?’: Jeanne, Vicomtesse de Clarens, video interview with David Ignatius, International Spy Museum Archive, Washington, DC.
‘fresh milk and vegetables’: Claude du Granrut, conversation with the author, 8 September 2014.
‘welcoming to all’: Claude du Granrut, Le Piano et le violoncelle, Paris, Editions du Rocher, 2013, p. 65.
‘discussed at home’: Claude du Granrut, conversation with the author, 8 September 2014.
‘spirit of humanity’: Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years 1940–1945, Oxford University Press 2001, p. 354.
‘“Frenchmen, help me!”’: Anne Sinclair, My Grandfather’s Gallery: A Legendary Art Dealer’s Escape from Vichy France, trans. Shaun Whiteside, Profile Books, 2014 (first published in France as 21 Rue La Boétie, Grasset, 2012), pp. 33–4.
‘a very handsome man’: ibid, p. 355.
Miriam Mania Stanton, ‘Escape from the Inferno of Europe’, ed. Ben Stanton, p. 59.
foreign currency protection command – Devisenschutzkommando: http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/imt/nca/ftp.cgi?imt/nca/nca-06/nca-06-3766-ps.
mistress of Charles Ephrussi: Irène Cahen d’Anvers, oil on canvas, now in Zurich’s Bührle Collection.
‘exhibiting at the Mirlitons with Bouguereau!’: Elizabeth Melanson, ‘The Influence of Jewish Society Patrons on Renoir’s Stylistic Transformation in the Mid-1880s’, Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide, vol. 12, issue 2, Autumn 2013 (http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn13/melanson-on-renoir-and-the-influence-of-jewish-patrons).
‘our understanding with her’: Frederic Spotts, The Shameful Peace: How French Artists and Intellectuals Survived the Nazi Occupation, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 46.
‘his name in print’: Guéhenno, Diary of the Dark Years, p. 38.
‘café society makes clear’: Thierry Coudert: Café Society, Socialites, Patrons, Artists, Flammarion, 2010.
‘against diplomatic protocol’: William Stevenson: A Man Called Intrepid, Lyons Press, 2009, pp. 323–6.
‘introducing him to’: Charles Glass: Americans in Paris: Life and Death under Nazi Occupation, HarperCollins, 2009, p. 173.
documents unearthed after the war: my thanks to Alan Riding for showing me these.
‘a concentration camp’: Report prepared by the German army in France, 1942, concerning removal of French art objects through the German Embassy and the Einsatzstab Rosenberg in France. http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/imt/nca/ftp.cgi?imt/nca/nca-06/nca-06-3766-ps.
‘with Germaine Lubin as Isolde’: Pryce-Jones, Paris in the Third Reich, p. 262.
‘the courage to remain silent’: Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris, Duckworth Overlook, 2012, p. 156.
‘who has sold herself’: Patrick Bade, Music Wars 1937–45, East and West Publishing, 2012, p. 72.
‘without understanding them’: Luchaire, Ma drôle de vie.
explained a distraught Colette: Judith Thurman, Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette, Bloomsbury, 1999, p. 454.
1942: Paris Ravaged
‘against these criminals’: Inga Haag quoted in Martin Childs, ‘Co-conspirator in the plot to assassinate Hitler’, Independent, 11 January 2010.
‘betray under torture’: ibid.
‘where can you get it?’: Gisèle Casadesus, conversation with the author, 22 January 2015.
‘the tone of couture’: Veillon, Fashion under the Occupation, p. 121.
‘repression would not end resistance’: Lise London, interview with José Fort, L’Humanité, 2 August 2014.
she told an interviewer in 2011, aged ninety-five: Jesús Rodríguez, ‘The Last Female Veteran’, El País, 20 December 2011.
where the marriage took place: Rosemarie Killius, Frauen für die Front: Gespräche mit Wehrmachtshelferinnen, Leipzig, Militzke Verlag, 2003, pp. 118–22.
flirtatiousness of the French: Ina Seidel and Hanns Grosser, Dienende Herzen: Kriegsbriefe von Nachrichtenhelferinnen des Heeres, Berlin, Wilhelm Limpert-Verlag, 1942.
‘a fresh, happy greeting!’: ibid.
‘the Musée de l’Homme’: Ursula Rüdt von Collenberg, interview with Pryce-Jones, Paris in the Third Reich, p. 244.
‘much more than the French’: ibid.
had snubbed the exhibition: quoted in Laurence Bertrand Dorléac, Art of the Defeat: France, 1940–1944, trans. Jane Marie Todd, Los Angeles, Getty Publications, 2008, p. 91.
the forced labour of French prisoners of war: Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, p. 182.
‘swear you were not Jewish’: Jean-Claude Grumberg, conversation with the author, 9 November 2013.
‘home to my children,’ she explained: Gisèle Casadesus, conversation with the author, 22 January 2015.
‘Germany through me’: Caroline Moorehead, ‘Sleeping with the Enemy’, Intelligent Life, September/October 2013 (http://www.intelligentlifemagazine.com/content/features/anonymous/sleeping-enemy).
‘protest against this brutality’: Hélène Berr, Journal, trans. David Bellos, MacLehose Press, 2008, p. 92.
‘caught in a street round-up’: Chevrillon, Code Name Christiane Clouet, p. 59.
‘a French husband to his wife’: David Rousset, Le Pitre ne rit pas, Paris, Christian Bourgeois Editeur, 1979, p. 39.
‘and the wretched poor’: Berr, Journal, pp. 77, 83.
‘It was close to excruciating’: ibid., p. 69.
‘Papa was a prisoner too’: ibid., p. 72.
‘they did not show their faces’: Rachel Erlbaum, conversation with the author, 16 July 2015.
‘That is what stays in my mind’: Arlette Reiman, conversation with the author, 18 July 2015.
‘one adieu is enough’: Weiss, Irène Némirovsky, p. 155.
‘time go by’: Olivier Philipponnat and Patrick Lienhardt, The Life of Irène Némirovsky, 1903–1942, trans. Euan Cameron, Chatto & Windus, 2010, p. 375.
‘welcome France has given them’: ibid., p. 115.
‘she was just a Jewess’: Philipponnat and Lienhardt, The Life of Irène Némirovsky, p. 377.
‘It was her way of coping’: Renée Fenby, conversation with the author, 2 October 2013.
‘definitely opened by the horrors’: quoted in John Rogister, review of Yves Pourcher, Pierre Laval vu par sa fille, d’après ses carnets intimes (Paris, Cherche Midi, 2002), Parliaments, Estates and Representations, vol. 25, issue 1, 2005, p. 251.
‘talk about it’: anonymous, converation with the author, 9 September 2014.
‘my stomach churns from the memory’: Cécile Widerman Kaufer, interview with Huffington Post, 17 July 2012.
‘a family outside Paris to take us in’: Arlette Reiman in conversation with the author, 18 July 2015.
‘material bought as upholstery fabric’: Betty Maxwell, A Mind of my Own: My Life with Robert Maxwell, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1994, p. 169.
‘meet them in the Avenue Montaigne’: Veillon, Fashion under the Occupation, p. 101.
her friend Edmonde Charles-Roux: Michel Enrici, ‘Edmonde Charles-Roux parle de la Comtesse Lily Pastré’, Culture 13, http://www.culture-13.fr/agenda/edmonde-charles-roux-parle-de-la-comtesse-lily-pastre.html.
‘save their men from deportation’: Berr, Journal, p. 95.
as soon as they arrived in Auschwitz: Thomas Fontaine, ‘Chronology of Repression and Persecution in Occupied France, 1940–44’, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, 2007, http://www.massviolence.org/chronology-of-repression-and-persecution-in-occupied-france, citing Serge Klarsfeld, Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France (Paris, Beate and Serge Klarsfeld, 1978; re-edited in the ‘La Shoah en France’ collection, Paris, Fayard, 2001, 4 vols), p. 699.
‘I was freed’: Odette Fabius, Un Lever de Soleil sur le Mecklembourg, Paris, Albin Michel 1986 p. 76.
false papers in her daughter’s case: Marie-Claude Hayman, conversation with the author, 17 November 2014.
‘Those were the decisions we faced’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 89.
‘she was sick with fright’: Arlette Scali, Une Vie pas comme une autre, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Michel Lafon, 2003, p. 146.
‘sur Madame Renée Puissant Van Cleef’: 1684 WM, Commissariat de Police de Vichy.
‘such a novice, so unworthy …’: cat. Mahj no. 243, La Splendeur des Camondos de Constantinople à Paris 1806–1945, Musée d’art et d’histoire du Judaïsme, 2009, p. 150.
they were not in full view: Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine (CDJC), XLV1-485, rapport du 24 Mars 1943. Paris, Mémorial de la Shoah.
supply more of her own gold: Sylvie Raulet and Olivier Baroin, Suzanne Belperron, Antique Collectors Club, 2011, p. 48, citing a letter which Suzanne wrote after the Liberation.
‘It was horrible’: Scali, Une Vie pas comme une autre, p. 74.
film in 2012 called Violette: Peter Bradshaw, ‘Violette Review – Fine Biopic of Simone de Beauvoir’s Protégée’, Guardian, 2 October 2014 (http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/oct/02/violette-review-biopic-simone-de-beauvoir).
from 200,000 francs to 15 million: André Halimi, La Délation sous l’Occupation, Paris, Editions 1, 1998, p. 20.
available from abandoned businesses: Mémorial de la Shoah, September 2013, La Spoliation des Juifs: une politique d’état 1940–1944.
‘Thank you for everything’: facsimile, 21 February 1943, reproduced in Sylvie Raulet and Olivier Baroin, Suzanne Belperron, Woodbridge, Suffolk, Antique Collectors Club, 2011.
‘talking nonsense lest I run away’: Chevrillon, Code Name Christiane Clouet, p. 104.
‘days and nights that awaited me’: Jacqueline Péry d’Alincourt testimony. ‘Surviving Ravensbrück: “Forgive, Don’t Forget”’.
‘the upper crust of the army of occupation’: Péry d’Alincourt, ‘Surviving Ravensbrück: “Forgive, Don’t Forget”’.
‘my chief interest in life’: Chevrillon, Code Name Christiane Clouet, p. 115.
‘but not defeated’: Vivou Chevrillon, conversation with the author, 23 January 2015.
‘sincerity and force,’ he insists: Bernard de Gaulle, conversation with the author, 28 March 2014.
did not have to say anything: Colonel Rémy, La Maison d’Alphonse, Paris, Librairie Académique Perrin, 1968, pp. 305–11, for an account of these activities. Claire Chevrillon, in her account of her friend’s activities (Claire Chevrillon, Code Name Christiane Clouet) p. 209, refers to an ‘okay on the BBC’, indicating there might have been a coded message sent, but most likely she means they were using a wireless.
‘to participate in the struggle’: introduction to R. V. Jones, The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939–1945, Coronet Books, 1990, cited in David Ignatius: ‘After Five Decades a Spy Tells her Tale’, Washington Post interview, 28 December 1998.
‘strong moral compass’: Caroline McAdam Clark, conversation with the author, 1 October 2014.
‘The prison continues to sing’: ibid.
‘while on her way out’: The National Archives, Kew, HS 9/9/10/3.
a body search: Sarah Helm, A Life in Secrets, The Story of Vera Atkins and the Lost Agents of SOE, Abacus, 2005, p. 10.
as tacit authority: Roderick Bailey, Forgotten Voices of the Secret War, An Inside History of Special Operations During the Second World War, Ebury Press, 2008, p. 39.
‘outstanding ability and courage and determination’: ibid.
‘“such stupidities” and drove off’: Noreen Riols, The Secret Ministry of Ag. & Fish: My Life in Churchill’s School for Spies, Macmillan, 2013, p. 39.
‘pretty scared of weapons’: Basu, Spy Princess, p. 95; see also Noor’s personal file, The National Archives, Kew, HS 9/836/5.
‘suited to work in this field’: Basu, Spy Princess, p. 117.
‘overburdened with brains’: ibid.
‘to prevent her from going in’: Leo Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide: A Code Maker’s War, 1941–45, Stroud, The History Press, 2008, p. 329.
‘It will bring you luck’: Jean Overton Fuller, Madeleine: the Story of Noor-un-nisa Inayat Khan, Gollancz, 1952, p. 139.
‘she frequently receives German officers’: archives BCRA (Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’Action), Vincennes, Côte PO86618.
‘streets of Versailles’: Jacqueline Fleury, née Marié, conversation with the author, 28 March 2014.
‘I did feel fear’: Jacqueline Fleury, née Marié, conversation with the author, 28 March 2014.
‘pulled down a Nazi flag,’ she explained: Geneviève de Gaulle Anthonioz, interview with the author, 19 December 1999.
‘just to look innocent,’ she recalled: ibid.
‘It was breaking you,’ Claude-Catherine Kiejman, conversation with the author, 18 February 2014.
‘helping us find each other’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 117.
‘beyond my personality’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 128.
‘the word may shock’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 137.
to whom it was being sent: Marie Claude Hayman, conversation with the author, 17 November 2014.
‘an otherwise grey everyday life’: Franz Roden, ‘Paris 1943: Eindrücke dieses Sommers’, Das Reich, no. 31, 1 August 1943.
‘contemplate entertaining your troops’: George Perry, Bluebell: The Authorized Biography of Margaret Kelly, Founder of the Legendary Bluebell Girls, Pavilion Books, 1986, p. 116.
‘permeating the prose of Molière’: Bretty, La Comédie-Française à l’envers, p. 91.
‘a Franco-German festival’: Hervé Le Boterf, La Vie parisienne sous l’occupation, 1940–1944, Paris, Editions France-Empire, 1974, pp. 126–7.
‘ashamed of me’: John Sherwood, Georges Mandel and the Third Republic, Stanford University Press, 1970, p. 288.
nothing she could actually do: Riding, And the Show Went On, p. 166; http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/sites/archives_diplo/schloss/sommaire_ang.html.
the Lyons branch of the Abwehr: Riding, And the Show Went On, p. 266.
their properties could not be aryanized: Préfecture de Calvados to CGQJ, 22 March 1943.
‘Tout-Paris, Tout-Résistant, Tout-Occupant’: Rogister, review of Yves Pourcher, Pierre Laval vu par sa fille, p. 251.
‘rules about things you cannot do’: Rose Livarec (Lady Rosa Lipworth, CBE), conversation with the author, 29 May 2015.
‘Only collaborators could afford to dress well’: Tartière, The House near Paris, p. 224.
‘du miracle domestique et quotidien’: Colette, L’Etoile Vesper, Geneva, Editions du Milieu, 1946, p. 23.
1944: Paris Awaits
‘took Jewish children and hid them’: Berr, Journal, p. 285.
‘recoiled in horror’: Sarah Helm, If This Is a Woman: Inside Ravensbrück: Hitler’s Concentration Camp for Women, Little, Brown, 2014, p. 348.
‘confidence in our certain victory’: Denise Dufournier, La Maison des mortes: Ravensbrück, Paris, Julliard, 1992, p. 349.
‘but you French just laugh’: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 351.
‘their bright, gay and brutal energy’: Virginia d’Albert-Lake, ‘My Story’, An American in the French Resistance, pp. 142–6 and xxv.
‘by the sight of their faces’: Geneviève de Gaulle Anthonioz, God Remained Outside: An Echo of Ravensbrück, Souvenir Press, 1999, p. 8.
‘as you can see,’ she told him: ibid., p. 24.
‘we found the strength to resist’: Péry d’Alincourt, ‘Surviving Ravensbrück: “Forgive, Don’t Forget”’.
‘“the union might cause others”’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 149.
doubted she would survive: email to the author from Georgina Hayman, Odette Fabius’s granddaughter, 19 November 2014.
‘she was not a political animal’: Jacqueline Fleury (née Marié), conversation with the author, 28 March 2014.
‘She must have been very scared’: John Heminway, ‘A Legendary Flying Doctor’s Dark Secret’, Financial Times, 21 May 2010.
‘her fear of reprisals’: ibid.
‘all of which advanced her death’: ibid.
‘ridiculous dresses they had concocted somehow’: Dufournier, La Maison des mortes, p. 86.
‘A breath of France,’ wrote Denise Dufournier: ibid., p. 86.
‘she couldn’t sleep, she said, because of me’: Philippe de Rothschild, Milady Vine: The Autobiography of Philippe de Rothschild, ed. Joan Littlewood, Century Hutchinson, 1985, p. 119.
‘so much more chic to collaborate’: ibid., p. 18.
‘Marcel followed on his bicycle’: ibid., p. 182.
‘the Germans, who did not understand’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 73.
‘a great deal of bravura’: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 377.
‘six machines ceased simultaneously’: excerpt from testimony of Maguy Saunier, Geneva, July 1945, ADIR Archives, Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine (BDIC), Paris. http://www.histoire-politique.fr/index.php?numero=05&rub=sources&item=7.
‘a superiority of spirit, you understand,’ she explained: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 378.
‘You couldn’t give in’: Jim Calio, ‘Afterword’, An American Heroine in the French Resistance: The Diary and Memoir of Virginia D’Albert-Lake. ed. Judy Barrett Litoff, Fordham University, 2006, 242–246.
‘I also called for my mother’: Micheline Maurel, Ravensbrück, Anthony Blond, 1958, p. 102.
‘courage, willpower and vitality,’ commented Virginia: An American Heroine in the French Resistance, ed. Litoff, p. 170.
‘in her favour in view of Nazi standards’: d’Albert-Lake family papers cited in ibid., Appendix 2, p. 252.
one of the great intelligence documents of the Second World War: her report appears in The Wizard War by Reginald Jones, head of Britain’s scientific intelligence efforts during the war.
‘in the maze of the couriers’: ibid.
‘I decided to do it’: Helm, If This Is a Woman, pp. 425–6.
‘but there you are,’ she told one interviewer: Jeannie, Vicomtesse de Clarens (née Rousseau), video interview with David Ignatius, International Spy Museum Archive, Washington, DC.
‘It was unhealthy work and exhausting’: Jacqueline Fleury, History Policy no. 05, ADIR Archives.
Every day the same: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 426.
‘to blow the Boches sky high!’: Sophie MacCarthy, conversation with the author, 14 October 2015.
‘information for me’: Helmuth von Moltke, Letters to Freya, 1939–1945 p. 88.
‘to satisfy his clients and his miller!’: Violette Wassem, ‘Violette’s Story: Paris – Life during the Occupation’, July 1997, http://timewitnesses.org/english/~viol2.html.
‘and make their own bread’: Teissier du Cros, Divided Loyalties, pp. 241–253, for a discussion of clothes and food shortages.
‘one could have one big one made, very chic’: ibid.
1944: Paris Shorn
‘that was my character’: Cécile Rol-Tanguy, conversation with the author, 20 January 2014.
‘resistance to the enemy invader’: Maxwell, A Mind of my Own, p. 201.
‘“pointed it at him”’: Filmed interview with Frida Wittenberg, Après la Shoah, Rescapés, Réfugiés, Survivants 1944–1947, Exposition Mémorial de la Shoah, January – October 2016.
Lee wrote to her editor, Audrey Withers: Lee Miller to Audrey Withers, 26–27 August 1944, Field Press Censor, Lee Miller’s War, Beyond D-Day, Thames & Hudson, 2005, ed. Antony Penrose, p. 65.
‘and then murdered’: Matthew Cobb, Eleven Days in August, Simon & Schuster, 2013, p. 352.
‘Comprenne qui voudra’: The full text can be found in Paul Eluard, Au Rendez-vous allemand, Paris, Editions de Minuit, December 1944 with a frontispiece portrait of the author by Picasso. Later editions, such as that held by the Chadwyck-Healey Liberation Collection 1944–1946, Cambridge University Library, published in 1945, added more poems, including some that had previously been published clandestinely.
‘sold anything at all’: Eluard’s poem appeared initially in Les Lettres Françaises, 2 December 1944, with this commentary:
‘the wound was kept open’: Teissier du Cros, Divided Loyalties, p. 236.
‘It wasn’t physical torture’: Andrée Doucet, conversation with the author, 30 January 2014.
‘for their struggles and sacrifices?’: Collins Weitz, Sisters in the Resistance, p. 298.
‘and ending up bald’: Spotts, The Shameful Peace, p. 201.
‘a state of perpetual nausea’: ibid., p. 202.
‘her armed captors say “tu” to the doorman’: Arthur Gold and Robert Fizdale, Misia: The Life of Misia Sert, Vintage Books, 2002, p. 296.
‘long tirade[s] against the Jews’: ibid., p. 288.
a more severe prison sentence or worse: Justine Picardie, Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life, HarperCollins, 2010, p. 262.
‘a hair of her head’: Malcolm Muggeridge, Chronicles of Wasted Time, vol. 2: The Infernal Grove, Fontana, 1975, p. 267.
‘as indeed proved to be the case’: ibid., p. 269.
‘the culprit was discovered’: Jean-Jacques Richard, correspondence with the author, 22 August 2015.
a company which excluded Jewish actors: Jean-Pierre Thibaudat, ‘Le Jour où Copeau a exclu les acteurs juifs du Français’, Libération, 2 january 1995 (http://www.liberation.fr/culture/1995/01/02/le-jour-ou-copeau-a-exclu-les-acteurs-juifs-du-francais_117860).
‘the reparations you deserve’: Bretty, La Comédie-Française à l’envers, p. 98.
‘a taste for gun powder,’ she told her editor: Lee Miller to Audrey Withers, August 26–7 1944, quoted in Lee Miller’s War, ed. Antony Penrose, p. 65.
‘Christ it was awful’: Quoted in Lee Miller’s War, ed. Antony Penrose, p. 50.
‘and sipping champagne’: Mary Welsh Hemingway, How it Was, p. 110.
‘the windows cheered’: Quoted in Charles Glass, Americans in Paris, p. 408.
‘lean and hungry and sour’: Lee Miller’s War, pp. 69- 71.
‘most gigantic party’: Lee Miller’s War, p. 67.
from any of the chimneys: Charles Chadwyck-Healey, ‘The Literature of the Liberation 1944–1946’, The Book Collector, March 2015, referring to a photograph by Roger Schall in The Chadwyck-Healey Collection of Liberation Literature, Cambridge University Library.
1945: Paris Returns
‘we might yet have to endure’: Jacqueline Fleury, ‘Témoignage de Jacqueline Fleury (née Marié)’, http://lesamitiesdelaresistance.fr/lien17-fleury.pdf.
‘I want to die’: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 525.
‘for the end of the Great Germany’: Fleury, ‘Témoignage’.
‘we were so ugly’: ibid.
‘the degree of physical deterioration’: ibid.
released from Ravensbrück: Debra Workman, ‘Engendering the Repatriation: The Return of Female Political Deportees to France Following the Second World War’, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.017/–engendering-the-repatriation-the-return-of-female-political?rgn=main;view=fulltext, note 13.
‘on her shaven head’: de Gaulle Anthonioz, God Remained Outside, pp. 37–8.
‘the last few moments of his life’: ibid., p. 39.
sent to Switzerland to recuperate: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 535.
‘was painted green’: quoted in Helm, If This is a Woman, p. 575.
‘look my death in the face’: ibid., p. 511.
‘with her mother until the end’: ibid., p. 551.
‘my morale is good’: Vaughan, Doctor to the Resistance, p. 143.
‘more than a skeleton’: Vaughan, Doctor to the Resistance, citing Jackson Family Archives, p. 195.
‘He had such big qualities’: ibid., p. 160.
‘who have forgotten they have a soul’: Maurel, Ravensbrück, pp. 138–9.
‘we were shocked’: quoted in Workman, ‘Engendering the Repatriation’.
‘could regain their lost self-confidence’: quoted in Regula Ludi, Reparations for Nazi Victims in Postwar Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 62.
‘two and a half million sons”’: quoted in Workman, ‘Engendering the Repatriation’.
‘fashion expressed their identity’: Katell Le Bourhis, ‘Vive la Différence’, Connoisseur, January 1991, pp. 76–9; and interview with the author, 16 January, 2014.
‘in the eyes of the world’: quoted in Le Bourhis, ‘Vive la Différence’.
‘calm, collaborationists, a Vichy government’: Alice Kaplan, The Collaborator: The Trial and Execution of Robert Brasillach, London, University of Chicago Press, 2000, p. 73.
‘no one but themselves’: ibid., p. 74.
to be complicit: Sonia Kruks, Simone de Beauvoir and the Politics of Ambiguity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 158.
‘to have plenty of wine’: Carole Seymour-Jones, A Dangerous Liaison, Century, 2008, p. 280.
‘be taken to Germany’: Riding, And the Show Went On, p. 268.
‘congratulate her for her attitude’: Archives Nationales, Paris, 20 September 1948, Parquet de la cour de justice du département de la Seine information suivie contre Banque Charles, 511 409.
‘to save Laval from death’: J. Kenneth Brody, The Trial of Pierre Laval: Defining Treason, Collaboration and Patriotism in World War II France, Piscataway, NJ, Transaction, 2010, p. 237.
‘than for what he said’: ibid.
‘at a fate she could not accept’: ibid., p. 243.
‘a limitless admiration for her father’: interview with Yves Pourcher, 9 January 2009, on French website http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20090109.BIB2772/josee-la-fille-unique-de-laval-avait-une-admiration-sans-limites-pour-son-pere.html.
‘consider yourself as my son’: Antoine Sabbagh, ‘Sir, you will no longer consider yourself my son’, Guardian, 11 July 2009 (http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jul/11/antoine-sabbagh-family-nazis-resistance).
‘with a livelihood for a little while’: Signoret, Nostalgia Isn’t What It Used to Be, p. 96.
‘beat a dignified retreat’: Marguerite Duras, ‘The War (Rough Draft)’, Wartime Notebooks and Other Texts, trans. Linda Coverdale, MacLehose Press, 2011, p. 127.
‘the throbbing in the temples’: ibid., p. 120.
‘three days, but no longer’: ibid.
‘he becomes a stranger again’: Ian Buruma, Year Zero: A History of 1945, Atlantic Books, 2013, p. 139.
‘that kind of devastation on them’: Marguerite Duras, ‘Did Not Die Deported’, Wartime Notebooks and Other Texts, trans. Linda Coverdale, MacLehose Press, 2011, p. 213.
38,000 of which were in Paris: A qui appartenaient ces tableaux? exhibition catalogue published jointly by the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, and Musée d’art et d’histoire du Judaïsme, Paris, 2008.
remove the copper: Après La Shoah, Rescapés, Réfugiés, Survivants 1944–1947, Exposition Mémorial de la Shoah, January – October 2016.
‘existing strains of anti-Semitism in the country’: Renée Poznanski, Etre juif en France pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, Paris, Hachette, 1994, p. 675.
‘still an ongoing enterprise’: Leora Auslander, ‘Coming Home? Jews in Postwar Paris’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 40, 2005, pp. 237–59.
‘their efforts to come home’: ibid., p. 240.
of pillaged homes was ever recovered: ibid., p. 248.
‘We were used to a hard floor’: Jacqueline Fleury, all the above from conversation with the author, 28 March 2014.
‘I hit him’: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 642.
‘does not want the subject brought up’: François Mauriac, Introduction to Maurel, Ravensbrück, pp. 5–7.
‘we had to become human again’: Being Jewish in France, Comme un Juif en France, two-part TV documentary written and directed by Yves Jeuland, 2007, http://www.jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/beingjewishinfrance.htm.
‘you would drown in tears’: Marceline Loridan-Ivens (née Rozenberg), Et tu n’es pas revenu, p. 35.
‘I participated like the collaborators did’: Marceline Loridan-Ivens, interview, Sunday Times, 17 January 2016.
‘That was her question’: Marceline Loridan-Ivens, Et tu n’es pas revenu, p. 45.
‘corralled by the anti-Semitic laws’: Caroline Moorehead, Preface to Jacqueline Mesnil-Amar, Maman, What Are We Called Now?, p. xiv.
‘so easy, all silk and roses’: Rothschild, Milady Vine, p. 189.
‘Was she expecting me to smile?’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 73.
‘determined never to forget’: Caroline McAdam Clark, conversation with the author, 1 October 2014.
‘was normal family life’: ibid.
of her friends from ‘before’: Granrut, Le Piano et le Violoncelle, p. 19.
‘the rats would start with the eyes’: ibid.
‘We need to laugh now!’: Workman, ‘Engendering the Repatriation’.
‘of the ADIR from its inception’: ibid.
‘Dora Maar, for example’: Françoise Gilot, Life with Picasso, Virago Press, 1990, p. 77.
‘only a few minutes after I did’: Gilot, Life with Picasso, p. 79.
‘everything in that penumbra’: ibid., p. 79.
‘the banality of France becoming Americanised’: Gold and Fizdale, Misia, p. 296.
1946: Paris Adjusts
her views of his behaviour: Sarah Helm, A Life in Secrets: The Story of Vera Atkins and the Lost Agents of SOE, Little, Brown, 2005, p. 271.
‘to be such a terrible verdict’: ibid., Prologue p. xxii.
‘maybe Jewish’, Stonehouse had told her: ibid., p. 205.
‘when thrown into the oven’: Squadron Officer Vera Atkins to War Office from HQ British Army of the Rhine, 15 April 1946, The National Archives, Kew, HS 9/910/3.
‘Look how she defended herself’: Rita Kramer, Flames in the Field, p.
Straub, the camp executioner, is sometimes referred to as Strauss, presumably because the German double SS resembles a B. See also The National Archives, Kew, WO 235/336.
able to claim ‘lawful execution’: Helm, A Life in Secrets, p. 241.
‘very plucky and rather imaginative …’: The National Archives, Kew, HS9/910/3.
‘You just don’t know where to look’: Helm, A Life in Secrets, Prologue, p. xxi.
‘They are ashamed of having fear’: Bernard de Gaulle, conversation with the author, 28 March 2014.
‘cry together at one moment’: Rita Kramer, Flames in the Field: The Story of Four SOE Agents in Occupied France, Michael Joseph, 1995, p. 106.
‘inspired by venality and corruption’: Gisèle Sapiro, ‘Portrait of the Writer as a Traitor: The French Purge Trials (1944–1953)’, trans. Jennifer Birkett, 2006, https://erea.revues.org/257.
‘I was in mourning for my father’: Luchaire, Drôle de vie, p. 242.
‘I did not realise’: ‘The Nazi’s Courtesan’, Life, 24 June 1946.
on the ski slopes in winter: private information, 20 April 2015.
‘Luchaire paid for his thoughtlessness with his life’: Patrick Modiano, ‘Lettre à Thierry Laurent’, http://lereseaumodiano.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/lettre-thierry-laurent.html.
‘what they did to children,’ she said: Jacqueline Fleury, conversation with the author, 28 March 2014.
‘never stopped talking about what happened’: ibid.
‘echo in my mind’: Jacqueline Péry d’Alincourt, Surviving Ravensbrück http://www.utexas.edu/cola/history/_files/downloads/features/pery-jacqueline-memoir.pdf.
‘new humane tasks’: June 1946, Voix et Visages, (1) ADIR archives held at BDIC.
‘“Tomorrow we will be together again”’: Arlette Testyler (née Reiman), conversation with the author, 18 July 2015.
‘of those who had been deported’: Workman, ‘Engendering the Repatriation’.
become just ‘Juifs’: Sylvie Jessua-Amar, 11 February 2016. Panel discussion at Mémorial de la Shoah.
culture and humanity in disarray: Caroline Moorehead, Preface to Jacqueline Mesnil-Amar, Maman, What Are We Called Now?, p. xvii.
‘enveloped in a miasma of corruption’: Marghanita Laski, Little Boy Lost, Persephone Classics, 2008, p. 225.
‘pass into a non-Catholic home’: ibid., p. 89.
‘the essential thing’: Vivette Samuel, Rescuing the Children: A Holocaust Memoir, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2002, pp. 132–3.
‘families that had sheltered other children’: ibid., p. 133.
she feels ambivalent about all religion: Lady Rosa Lipworth, CBE, conversation with the author, 29 May 2015.
‘in a world in which we have failed’: Mesnil-Amar, Maman, What Are We Called Now?, p. 190.
‘forget the absence of her mother’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 220.
‘such as the force of friendship’: ibid., p. 227.
‘the most brilliant man that I was ever to meet’: ibid., p. 231.
‘I know you two will understand each other’: Jacqueline Péry-d’Alincourt’s memorial address, 24 April 1990, on the death of Caroline Woolsey Ferriday.
‘to enjoy the fruits of Victory’: SOS from Caroline Ferriday at France Forever, n.d. See F°delta rés 797/I: Archives de Caroline Ferriday et des amis américains de l’ADIR (1940–1983), BDIC.
‘She became a sister’: Péry-d’Alincourt’s memorial address, 24 April 1990.
‘keep up the pretence of wealth’: Picardie, Coco Chanel, p. 278.
‘shaped her life and bore her name’: ibid., p. 281.
‘unassailably rich’: ibid., p. 278.
which saved it: French National Archives at Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Dossier FreCaran AJ/38/2.
returned to her beloved Paris with a new name: information from Sally Gordon Mark, letter to author, 28 August 2014.
‘in a hat shop with a friend’: Allanah Harper to Sybille Bedford, 19 September 1946, thanks to Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin.
‘end of the proceedings’: Mary Wallington, letters to her family, private collection, 16 August 1946.
‘dared buy 3 pairs of stockings!’: ibid., August 1946.
‘but Naafi don’t rise to Turkish’: ibid., 24 August 1946.
‘country butter and a roast of veal’: Janet Flanner, Paris Journal, 1944–55, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1965, p. 48.
‘the demi-god Gide’: ibid., p. 72.
‘at the end of the evening’: Mary Wallington to family, 21 October 1946.
‘above any differences of political opinion’: Gilot, Life with Picasso, p. 133.
‘So I’ll stay, whatever the cost’: ibid., p. 38.
‘stop being aggressively punctual’: quoted in Le Bourhis, ‘Vive la Différence’.
‘[the Germans] were here’: Fabienne Jamet, Palace of Sweet Sin, W. H. Allen, 1977, pp. 93–97.
‘bad language, and lesbian sex’: Mary Louise Roberts, ‘The Price of Discretion: Prostitution, Venereal Disease, and the American Military in France, 1944–1946’, American Historical Review vol. 115, no. 4 (October 2010), pp. 1002–1030.
‘eat raw carrots in a steakhouse’: What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2013, p. 176.
‘represent “Frenchness” itself’: ibid., p. 176.
‘at a more symbolic level as well’: ibid., p. 179.
‘difficult for a foreigner to find’: Nancy Mitford, The Blessing, Hamish Hamilton, 1951, p. 113.
1947: Paris Looks Newish
‘countless SOE lives’: Sarah Helm, A life in Secrets, pp. 295–6.
‘as they struggled along’: Noreen Riols, The Secret Ministry of Ag. & Fish, pp. 80–81, and conversation with the author, 29 May 2014.
‘there was no one else to send’: quoted in Basu, Indian Princess, p. 237.
‘one of my own not to accept the truth’: Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, p. 406; see also The National Archives, Kew, HS 9/836/5.
‘she was shot in her cell’: Basu, Spy Princess, p. 221.
‘cold and distant’, ‘cold blooded’, ‘to be clear about things’: Helm, A Life in Secrets, pp. 411, 422.
‘why she was a little wary of me’: ibid., p. 99; The National Archives, Kew, HS 9/59/2.
‘What New Look?’: Marie-France Pochna, Christian Dior: The Man Who Made the World Look New, Aurum Press, 1998, p. 195.
‘in a way no sables could’: quoted in Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris after the Liberation, 1944–1949, Hamish Hamilton, 1994, p. 315.
‘had been killed by the Gestapo’: Gitta Sereny, The Healing Wound: Experiences and Reflections on Germany, 1938–2001, New York, W. W. Norton, 2002, pp. 15–16.
‘adoptive Parisians could ever emulate’: ibid., p. 15.
she had declared to Ballard: Picardie, Coco Chanel, p. 283.
‘I can’t walk, eat or even sit down’: Pochna, Christian Dior, p. 167.
‘taught me to mistrust possessions’: Ginette Spanier, It Isn’t All Mink, Collins, 1959, p. 164.
‘tragic destinies or restrained suffering’: quoted in Sandy Flitterman-Lewis, ‘Anouk Aimée’, Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, Jewish Women’s Archive, 2009 (http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/aimee-anouk).
‘unclouded blue skies and sunshine: timeless’: Emma Smith, As Green as Grass: Growing Up before, during and after the Second World War, Bloomsbury, 2013, p. 259.
‘to adore them both’: ibid., p. 261.
‘never quite enough to eat,’ said Emma: Emma Smith, conversation with the author, 17 September 2014.
‘Europe lay rotting in the sun’: quoted in Greg Behrmann, The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and How America Helped Rebuild Europe, New York, Free Press, 2008, p. 27.
‘except for leaving the library’: The Duff Cooper Diaries, 1915–1951, ed. John Julius Norwich, Phoenix, 2014, 28 April 1946.
‘tight, tight against your heart’: quoted in Susan Braudy, ‘Camelot’s Second Lady’, Vanity Fair, February 2006.
this was her first child: Caroline de Margerie, American Lady: The Life of Susan Mary Alsop, Viking, 2011, p. 59.
1948–1949: Paris Americanized
‘a vague sense of being suffocated’: Julia Child, My Life in France, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2006, p. 24.
‘take a pill and say goodbye’: Beevor and Cooper, Paris after the Liberation, p. 388.
‘Combatants without Weapons’: Ludi, Reparations for Nazi Victims in Postwar Europe, p. 52.
entitle them to use the word ‘combatant’: Louise Alcan, Sans armes et sans bagages, Limoges, Imprimerie d’Art, 1946.
‘or the Coca-Cola Corporation’: Quoted Thierry Coudert, Café Society: Socialites, Patrons and Artists 1920–1960, Flammarion, 2010, p. 7.
‘the banality of France becoming Americanized’: Gold and Fizdale, Misia, p. 296.
‘will we be coca-colonized?’: William I. Hitchcock, The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945–Present, New York, Anchor Books, 2004, p. 160.
‘and the brain of a pea hen’: ibid., p. 157.
‘after the war’: Correspondence with the author, 8 July 2015.
‘knew from catalogues’: ibid.
‘That’s why I couldn’t refuse’: Barbara Probst Solomon, conversation with the author, 19 May 2014.
their own ‘personal Marshall Plan’: Caroline Ferriday to Mr Viret, 1 March 1948, American Aid to France, Ferriday archives.
‘rapacious Russia was not to be trusted’: Child, My Life in France, p. 22.
‘get a watchband fixed’: Child, My Life in France, p. 41.
‘singing defiantly, triumphantly’: Smith, Green as Grass, p. 274.
‘we are going to do new things’: Emma Smith, conversation with the author, 17 September 2014.
‘There wasn’t!’: ibid.
‘pleasure and easy life’: Martine Guyot-Bender, ‘Seducing Corinne: The Official Popular Press during the Occupation’, in Melanie Hawthorne and Richard J. Golsan (eds), Gender and Fascism in Modern France, Hanover, NH/London, University Press of New England, 1997, p. 74.
‘ingrained attitudes to perpetuate its power’: ibid., p. 82.
‘no one had worn since 1900,’ wrote Nizan: Alice Kaplan, Dreaming in French: The Paris Years of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, Susan Sontag and Angela Davis, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2012, p. 43.
‘being a terrible snob’: Claude du Granrut, conversation with the author, 8 September 2014.
‘The teeth were gritted’: Edmonde Charles-Roux in interview with Michel Enrici for Culture 13, http://www.culture-13.fr/agenda/edmonde-charles-roux-parle-de-la-comtesse-lily-pastre.html.
‘a different story’, ibid.
as his memoirs later revealed: Gabriel Dussurget, Le Magicien d’Aix: mémoires intimes, Arles, Actes Sud, 2011.
‘three generations of Tout Paris,’ wrote Janet Flanner: Flanner, Paris Journal, p. 110.
‘here is one that has no need of it’: Les Nouvelles de Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest, 23 September 1949, quoted in Sherwood, Georges Mandel and the Third Republic, p. 358, with the additional comment that although the local newspaper was the only one to print the letter in full, a copy of it is in the archives of Le Monde.
she had not been in danger: Nicolas Sarkozy, Georges Mandel: le moine de la politique, Paris, Grasset, 1994, p. 303.
‘a miracle of recovery has been performed’: quoted in address by Paul Gray Hoffman to Association of American Colleges, 10 January 1950, p. 295. Paul G. Hoffman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.
‘their favourite topic of conversation’: Joseph Wechsberg, ‘A Reporter in France: The Finest Butter and Lots of Time’, New Yorker, 3 September 1949 (http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1949/09/03/the-finest-butter-and-lots-of-time).
‘une poignée de misérables et d’indignes’: Speech given by de Gaulle in Paris, 14 October. Vers une France unie, discours prononcé à Paris le 14 Octobre 1944, Paris, Plon, 1970.
aroused by stories such as theirs: Caroline Moorehead, ‘Sleeping with the Enemy’, Intelligent Life, September–October 2013, pp. 80-87.
the Second World War: Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw.com/en/french-children-of-wehrmacht-soldiers-seek-german-nationality/a-5382826.
359 ‘with the Liberation’: Fabrice Virgili, Naître ennemi: les enfants de couples franco-allemands nés pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Paris, Payot, 2009, p. 203.
‘there were German women who suffered’: Claude du Granrut, conversation with the author, 8 September 2014.
Epilogue: Peacetime Paris – Some Beginnings and Some Endings
‘with new materials as a necessity’: Lee Miller, ‘letter to Miss Crockett’ (Life Magazine), ‘Paris, its Joy… its Spirit… its Privations’, in Lee Miller’s War, pp. 67-87.
‘all of them, except for Gilot, would share’: John Richardson, ‘Picasso’s Broken Vow’, New York Review of Books, 25 June 2015.
‘pieces kept by the national museums’: Robert M. Edsel, The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History, 2009, Preface, ‘In the Footsteps of Rose Valland’, p. 11.
‘anyone at any time’: The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History, Preface, 2009, p. 412–13.
directed in Africa, Taiwan and China: Denise Grady, ‘Florence Waren, Jewish Dancer Who Resisted Nazis, Dies at 95’, New York Times, 4 August 2012 (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/world/europe/florence-waren-dancer-who-resisted-nazis-dies-at-95.html).
‘It was simply what one did’: ibid.
‘as if she did not hear it’: Flanner, Paris Journal, 1956–1964 p. 170.
‘combat misery and exclusion’: Geneviève de Gaulle, conversation with the author, December 1999.
‘not the higher brain’: David Ignatius, ‘After Five Decades, a Spy Tells her Tale’, Washington Post, 28 December 1998 (http://www.tournemire.net/jeannie.htm).
based on her instinctive moral values: Marie-Odile Tuloup, Paris Conference, ‘Hommage à Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz et Germaine Tillion’, 24 January 2015.
‘what mankind was capable of doing to women’: Helm, If This Is a Woman, p. 650.
‘I ever had on this earth’: Fabius, Un Lever de soleil, p. 231.
suicide became the ultimate correction: Ruth Franklin, ‘The Art of Extinction: The Bleak Laughter of Thomas Bernhard’, New Yorker, 25 December 2006 (http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/12/25/the-art-of-extinction).
‘we were hidden’: interview with Elisabeth Gille (née Epstein) in The Mirador, p. 238.
‘precious to mother’: Flitterman-Lewis ‘Irène Némirovsky.’ Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, Jewish Women’s Archive, 1 March 2009.
suggested publication: Thomas Nolden, ‘Myriam Anissimov.’ Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, Jewish Women’s Archive, 1 March 2009.
an innate ‘precarious duality’ at its core: Richard Cohen, The Burden of Conscience: French Jewish Leadership during the Holocaust, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1987, p. 141.
‘for him to bear,’ Mariette explained: Elizabeth Grice, ‘How the Diaries of Hélène Berr, the “Anne Frank of France”, Came to be Published’, Daily Telegraph, 30 October 2008 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3562700/How-the-diaries-of-Helene-Berr-the-Anne-Frank-of-France-came-to-be-published.html).
‘whose words were annihilated’: Berr, Journal, p. 272.
‘is it a betrayal to be alive?’: Mesnil-Amar, Maman, What Are We Called Now?, p. 90
‘When you lost faith, everything collapsed’: quoted in obituary of Lise London, El País, 9 April 2012.
‘the most natural thing in the world’: Rodríguez, ‘The Last Female Veteran’, El País, 20 December 2011.
‘and who died for freedom’: Lise London, interview with El País.
‘that we did run massive risks’: Caroline McAdam Clark, conversation with the author, 1 October 2014.
‘I decided to stay’: Samuel, Rescuing the Children, p. 141.
‘associations of former resisters’: Regula Ludi, Reparations for Nazi Victims in Postwar Europe, p. 74.
‘Nobody came …’: Vaughan, Doctor to the Resistance, p. 166.
‘a degree above what I would have liked’: quoted in Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved, Simon & Schuster, 2010, p. 265.
‘we women were capable of resisting’: quoted in Humbert, Résistance, p. 309.