Index
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abcesses
acetic anhydride
aconite
Acosta, Dr
acupuncture
addiction
babies born with addiction or disposition to drugs
changing attitudes to
child addicts
cures and treatments
defined by World Health Organisation
famous addicts of Romantic period
famous addicts of 20th century
moderage drug use
morphinism
origins of heroin addiction
physiological mechanisms
social effects
symptoms and types
tolerance
withdrawal sickness
history
ancient Greece and Rome
Middle Ages
Great Britain (1920s)
Great Britain (1940s–60s)
Great Britain (1970s–90s)
USA (1920s–30s)
USA (1940s–70s)
USA (1980s–90s)
see also China, notably; Hong Kong, notably
present/recent addiction rates
Afghanistan
China
France
Germany
Great Britain
Hong Kong
India
Iran
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Netherlands
Pakistan
Russia
Spain
Thailand
USA
Vietnam
Addiction Research Centre (Lexington)
Adriatic
Aesculapeius
Afghan (ship)
Afghanistan
see also Golden Crescent, notably
destinations of opium exports
and international controls
opium production
Africa
African–American street gangs
Agent Orange defoliant
Agrippina, Empress
AIDS
Air America/Civil Air Transport (CAT)
Air Laos Commerciale
‘Air Opium’ (American) see Air America
‘Air Opium’ (French)
Albania/ns (bis)
alcohol
alcoholism
in heroin refining
Prohibition
Islam forbids
Aleppo
Alexander, Joseph Grundy
Algren, Nelson
The Man With the Golden Arm
alkaloids
definition and formation
discovery
types
Albutt, Dr T. Clifford
Allen and Hanburys
Alston, Dr
American Civil War (bis)
American Express
American Medical Association
New and Non-Official Remedies (1906)
American War of Independence
Amoy
amphetamines
Amsterdam
anaesthetics
analgesics
Anderson, Winslow
anhalonium
Anslinger, Harry
Anti-Drug Abuse Act (US 1986)
Apalachin, ‘godfathers’ meeting
Apothecaries’ Company
Apollinaire, Guillaume
Arabs bis
Arderne, John
Argentina
Arif family
Armenia
arms dealing
‘army disease’
Arnold, Dr Thomas
Arnot, Mr, quoted on poppies
Arrow (sailing vessel)
‘Arrow War’
art/artists
Arunchal Pradesh
Asavahme, Vatana
aspirin (acetylsalcylic acid)
Assam
asset-sharing
Assyrians bis
Asurbanipal, King
Atkinson’s Infants’ Preservative
Aubagne
Auric, Georges
Australia/ns
Chinese in
money laundering legislation
smuggler caught
syndicates
US troops in
Austria
Austro-Hungarians
Averroes
Avicenna
Awaji Naru
Azerbaijan
babies and infants
born with addiction/disposition to drugs
opiate-based soothers
used in smuggling
baby milk companies
Bacon, Robert
Bactria
Bahamas
Baker, Ginger
Bakyan Mountains
bala goli (opium sweets)
Balkans
Balkan Route (bis)
Ball, John
Baltimore
Balzac, Honoré de
Comedie du Diable
Ban Hin Taek (Thailand)
Ban Houei Sai (Laos)
banditry
Bangkok
Bangladesh
Bank for Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)
barbiturates
Barbosa, Duarte
Barton, Dr
Basque Separatists (ETA)
Batholow, Dr R.
Battle of Chuenpi
Battle of Fatshan Creek
Battle of Hahlam Bay
Battle of Kowloon
Battley’s Drops
Baudelaire, Charles
Bayer Company
Beardsley, Aubrey
Beddoes, Dr Thomas
Beijing (Peking)
Beijing conference (1995)
Beirut
Bekaa Valley
Belize
belladonna
Belon, Pierre
Benares
Bengal
Bentley, Professor
‘Bentley Compounds’
benzedrine
Berlin
Berlioz, Hector
Betsy (sloop)
Betts, Dr Thaddeus
Bias (Daya) bay
Binh Xuyen (syndicate)
Birdwood, Sir George
black people
Black Sea area
Blake, Michael
Blandford, Marquis of
blood poisoning
Boggs, Eli
Bogota
Bogue forts
Bolivia
Bomanjee Hormusjee (ship)
Bombay
bomoh (Muslim doctors)
Boswell, James
Life of Johnson
Boy George
Boyle, Robert
The Skeptical Chymist
Brade, Professor
Brain, Sir Russell/Brain Report
‘brat packers’
Brazil
Brent, Bishop Charles Henry
Brereton, W.H.
The Truth About Opium
Bridgman, Elijah
Bridport
Brinks-Mat bullion robbery
Bristol
Britannicus
British Medical Association
British Pharmacopoeia (19th century)
Brontë, Bramwell
‘Brown Mixture’, Dr Barton’s
Browne, Sir Thomas
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett
Bruce, Dr Neil
Bruce, Lenny
Buchalter, Louis
Bucharest
Buddhist priests
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Secret Service (KDS)
buprenorphine
Bureau of Drug Abuse Control (US)
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (US)
Bureau of Prohibition (US)
Burma (Union of Myanmar)
See also Golden Triangle, notably
Burmans
early trade
and international controls
Master Plan for the Development of Border Areas and National Races
opium smoking technique
output
programmes of crop eradication
relations with Shan people see Shan
State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)
Burroughs, William
The Naked Lunch
Burton, Robert
Anatomy of Melancholy
Bush, President
Byron, Lord
Cabot, John
cadavers used in smuggling
caffeine
Caine, Hall
Calcutta
Cali cartel
California
calomel
Calpol
Cambodia (Kampuchea)
Cambridge University Institute of Biotechnology
Canada
cannabis
Canton (Guangzhou)
17th–18th centuries
19th century
20th century
Canton Register (newspaper)
Carbon Dioxide Therapy (CDT)
Carbone, Paul Bonnaventure
Caribbean
Carleton, Billie
Caroline (ship)
cartels
casinos
Castellano, Paul
castor oil
Castro, Fidel
Cavento, Joseph
Cayman Islands
‘centipedes’ (Chinese river craft)
Central America
Central Asian republics
Central Commission for the Suppression of Opium, Chinese
Central Intelligence Agency see CIA
Ceres (goddess of fertility)
Cesari, Joseph
Chad
champagne
Chan Chi-fu see Khun Sa
Chan Tse-chiu (‘Fast Eddie’)
Chang, Brilliant
Chang Chien (explorer)
Changi airport
Changteh (town)
Channel Tunnel
Channon, Olivia
charcoal, activated
Chart Thai Party
Chatterjee, Ramanamdra
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Chechnya
Chefoo Convention
Chekiang province
chemical fingerprinting system
Chen k’ou (town)
Chen Ping-chun (spy)
Chennault, General Claire
Chiang Ching-kuo, President
Chiang Hsiao-wu (Alex Chiang)
Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo
Chiang Mai (town)
Chicago
Ch’ien Lung, Emperor
Chien Sha Tsin (village)
Chile
China
Imperial China
early history
17th-early 19th centuries
First Opium War (1840–42)
Second Opium War (1856–60)
19th-early 20th centuries
traditional opium smoking
attempts to eradicate opium
(non-drugs) imports and exports listed
Chinese Republic
Criminal Code
and international controls
Sino-Japanese War (1937)
opium exports
production and use of heroin
Triads see own heading
Chinese expatriots
in America
in Asia
in Britain
in Burma
in Hong Kong
in Italy
in Shan states
in Thailand
world-wide networks
China Inland Mission
China Year Book quoted
Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs
Chinese Passengers Act (UK 1855)
Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
Chinese Repository, The (journal)
Chinchow bay
Chiu Chau Triads
chlorates
Chlorodyne
chloroform
cholera
Chowning, Mrs
Christison, Professor
Ch’u Hsien (town)
Chui A-pou (pirate)
Churchill, Lord Randolph
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
and Afghanistan
and French Connection
and Middle East
and Nicaragua
and Sicily
and Syria
and Yakuza
involvement in money laundering
cigarettes with heroin
CIS see USSR
Clapton, Eric
Clarke, Dr Abel
Clendenyn (first white opium smoker)
Clifton, Captain William
clinics
Clinton, President
clippers
Clive, Baron Robert, of India
Co-Hong merchants see Hong merchants
Cobain, Kurt
Coca-Cola
coca-leaf chewing
cocaine
in Coca-Cola
Cuba’s involvement
legislation
smuggling
used to promote heroin sales
used with heroin
Cocteau, Jean
codamine
codeine
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
Kubla Khan
Lyrical Ballads
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Collins, Wilkie
Armadale
No Name
The Moonstone
Collins, William
Collis, Maurice
Cologne
Colombia/ns
cartels
and Cuba
in Europe
heroin production
and money laundering
quality of heroin
US aid to
Colombian National Liberation Army
Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces
Columbine HMS
Columbus, Christopher
Committee on Drug Addiction (US)
Commodus
Commonplace Book of an Apothecary of Great Dunmow
communications
Communism
Burma
China
France
US fear of
computers used to fight smuggling
concubines
condoms used in smuggling
Conference on the Limitation of the Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs (Geneva 1931)
Conference Shanghai (1909)
Conference for the Suppression of the Illicit traffic in Dangerous Drugs (1936)
Constantinople
constipation
Continental Air Service (CAS)
Continental King Lung Commodities Group
Controlled Substance Act (US)
Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1968)
Convention of Chuenpi
Convention of Peking
Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971)
coolies
Cooper, James Fenimore
Cornelius Nepos
Cornwallis, HMS
‘Corset Gang’
Corsicans
allied with CIA
in France
and French Connection
and South-east Asia
Cottle, William
‘Count, the’ (Hollywood)
couriers
Coventry
Cowley, Dr John
Crabbe, George
Peter Grimes
crack cocaine
Cream (pop group)
Crimean, SS
Crimean War
Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act (UK 1991)
crop-substitution see under poppies
Crow, Mr (Hong Kong)
Crowley, Aleister
Diary of a Drug Fiend
Crumpe, Dr Samuel
Inquiry into the Nature and Properties of Opium
Crusaders
cryptographical inventions
cryptopine
Cuba
Culiacan
Culpeper’s Complete Herbal
Curlew, HMS
Cutty Sark (clipper)
cyclazocine
Cyprus
Czech republic
Daily News
Danang (port)
Danes
Dangerous Drugs Act (UK 1920)
Dangerous Drugs Act (UK 1967)
database of global opium production (1924)
Davis, Sir John
Davy, Sir Humphrey
Day, Horace
The Opium Habit
De Quincey, Thomas bis
Confessions of an English Opium-eater quoted
quoted on Coleridge bis
de Ropp, Dr Robert S.
Drugs and the Mind quoted
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
and Bekaa Valley
and cocaine
Demand Reduction Program
Heroin Signature Program
and Golden Triangle
Kingpin strategy
and Mafia
pricing structures published by
and Vietnam
death penalty for drugs offences
Burma
China
Iran
Mong Tai Army
Saudi Arabia
Thailand
USA
Vietnam
Declaration of Basle
Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)
Demand Reduction Program (DEA)
Demeter, cult of
Deng Xiaoping
Dent & Co.
Dent, John
dependence see addiction
Depository Institution Money Laundering Amendment Act (US 1990)
Dericourt, Henri
Derosne (pharmacist)
‘Sel narcotique de Derosne’
detoxification
Detzer, Eric
Monkey on my Back
dextropropoxyphene
diacetylmorphine see heroin
Diagoras of Melos
diarrhoea
diascordium
Dick, Philip K.
Dickens, Charles
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Dictionary of National Biography, British
Dionysius of Syracuse
Dioscorides
Disraeli, Benjamin
Sybil
Dixon, W.E.
Dobell, Captain
doctors
British medical profession bis
‘dope doctors’
dogs
addicted to opium
sniffer
Dole, Vincent
dolophine hydrochloride
Dominican Republic/Dominicans
Dover
Dover, Thomas
Ancient Physician’s Legacy to his Country
Dover’s Powder
Downing, Dr C. Toogood
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan
The Man with the Twisted Lip
Dreser, Heinrich
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (US 1970)
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
Drug Enforcement Administration see DEA
drug barons
see also cartels, Mafia, Triads, Yakuza
drugs
see also cocaine, hashish, heroin, marijuana, morphine, opium
classification of
global problem
cultural aspects
international drugs control
legalisation experiments
use of computers
use of military technology
world annual turnover
Drugs Supervisory Body (UN)
Drugs Trafficking Offences Act (UK 1986)
Dryden, John
MacFlecknoe
Dubai
Dundee
Durres
Dutch see Netherlands/Dutch
Dutch Antilles
dwale (potions)
dysentery
Dyson, Edward
story of Mr & Mrs Sin Fat
East Germany
East India Company
East Indiamen (ships)
East Indies
Ebers, Georg Moritz
Ecstasy
Ecuador
Edinburgh
Egypt/Egyptian opium
ancient
16th–19th centuries
present day
Eight Regulations
El Paso
Elausis
Elbasan province (Albana)
electro-stimulation
Elgin, Lord
Elliot, Captain Charles passim
Ely
emaciation
enemas
Enfield
‘English opium’
Epidaurus
Equatorial Guinea
Erasistratus
Escobar, Pablo
Ethiopia
ethnic cleansing
etorphine
Europe, Eastern
European Union
Faithfull, Marianne
‘Farmers’ Bank (China)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) passim
Federal Narcotics Control Board (US)
Fen country
Feng Yu Hsiang, General
Ferguson (instrument maker)
film industry
financy see prices and profits
Fiori, Etienne
Five Dragons Corporation
Florida
Flynn, Errol
My Wicked, Wicked Ways
Foochow (Fuzhou)
Forbes (soldier of fortune)
Formosa see Taiwan
France/French
see also French Connection
colonial rule
drugs production
heroin consumption
Francisi, Bonaventure ‘Rock’
Franco-Prussian War
Frankau, Lady Isabella
Frankfurt
Franklin, Benjamin
Freitag, Dr John
French Connection
French Connection, The (film)
French Expeditionary Corps
Friend of China, The (magazine)
Froggatt, Dr Clive
Fu Manchu stories/films
Fukien province
Fury, HMS
Galen
Gambino, Giuseppe (Joe)
Gandhi, Mahatma
Ganges plain
gangsters
see also Mafia, Triads, Yakuza
Garcia, Jerry
Garcias ab Horto
Garraway’s Coffee House
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis
Gaza Strip
General Quiroga (ship)
Geneva
George III
George IV
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Ghazipur
Government Opium and Alkaloid Factories
Giacomelli, Giorgio
Gibraltar
Gillman, Dr
Gladstone
Glasgow
Globus company
glycerides
gnoscopine
Goa
Godfather films
Godfrey’s Cordial
Golden Crescent
Golden Triangle
profits and money laundering
Goldsmith, Margaret
The Trail of Opium
Gordon, Waxey
Gotti, John
Grateful Dead (pop group)
Great Britain
14th century
Victorian times
anti-opium movement
attempts to grow British opium
colonial opium trade; see also Hong Kong
invention of hypodermic syringes
morphine manufacture and use
late 19th century to present
present day
heroin addiction
smuggling
source countries and prices
war against drugs
Greece/Greeks
ancient
modern
Green Gang
Greene, Graham
The Quiet American
Ways of Escape
Gregory, Sandra
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guangdong province
Guangod province
Guangzhou see Canton
Guatemala
Guerini, Antoine and Barthelemy
Guerrero
Guinness Book of Records
Gujarat state
Gulf War
Gutzlaff, Dr Karl
Hague Conference (1911)
Hainan Island
Haiphong
Haiti
Hali
Hall, Robert
Halliday, Billie
Hamburg Codex
Han Shao-ch’iung, Rear Admiral
Hankow
Hannibal
Hanoi
Hanover
Hansen, Juanita
Harlem
Harper’s Magazine
Harrison, Francis Burton
Harrison Narcotic Act (US 1914)
Harvey, William
hashish
Hastings, Warren
Hau Fook Company
Hawaii
Hawkins, Dr
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin
Hell’s Angels
Helmland Valley (Afghanistan)
hemp
henbane
hepatitis
herbal medicine
Hero of Alexandria
heroin
see also addiction, smuggling and arms
change-over from opium use
compared with other drugs/alkaloids
discovery and early development
effects
manufacture
‘heroin mills’
substances used for cutting
medicinal use
methods of taking
in ‘cocktails’
elixir and pastilles
mixed with marijuana
mixed with tobacco
prices and profits
supposed cure for morphine addiction
types and trade names
Double UOGlobe
‘Mexican black tar’
‘Mexican brown’ or ‘Bugger’
No 3 grade
No 4 grade
Heroin Baby Trial
Heroin Highway’ (US Interstate 25)
Heroin (pop song)
Heroin Signature Program (DEA)
Hezbollah
Hill, Dr John
Family Herbal
Hippocrates
hippy trail
Hiro Saga (court lady)
Hmong tribe passim
Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh City
see also Saigon
Ho Mong (town)
Ho Su-cho (merchant)
Hobson, Richard P.
Hokkien Chinese
Holbeach
Hollywood see film industry
Homer
Honam
Honecker, Erich
Hong (Co-Hong) merchants
Hong Kong
ceded to Britain
colony from 1842–1945
during Second World War
since Second World War
addiction
heroin refining
money laundering
multinational corporations
police force
smuggling and Triad activities
Hong Kong Precious Stone Company
Honolulu
Hooghly River
Hooper’s Anodyne
House of Commons Home Affairs Committee
Howard, Dr Harvey J.
Ten Weeks with Chinese Bandits
Howison, Dr
Howqua (merchant)
Hsien Feng, Emperor
Hu Tim-heng (businessman)
Hua To (surgeon)
Huang Yu-pu (official)
Hugo of Lucca
Human Wreckage (film)
Hunan
Hungary
Hunter, Dr Charles
Hunter, Dr Henry Julian
Hunter, William C.
The ‘Fan Kwae’ at Canton
Huxley, Aldous
Brave New World
hydrocotarnine
hydromorphone
hyoscyamus
hypodermic syringes
Immobilon (M99)
Imprisonment
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
India
opium
traditional growing and use
types and quality
legal production
illicit production
history of opium trade
early centuries
colonial times
Gandhi’s anti-opium campaign
India Act (UK 1833)
Indian Opium Agency
Indo-China
Indo-China War, First (1946–54)
infant mortality rates
Infant’s Friend, The (syrup)
Inglewood (ship)
Inglis, Brian
The Forbidden Game: A Social History of Drugs
inhalation
Institute de France
Inter-Departmental Commission on Drug Addiction (UK 1958)
Internal Revenue Service (US)
International Anti-Opium Association
International Convention (1931)
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
Strategy Report (1994)
International Opium Commission (1909)
International Opium Conference (1924)
Internet
Interpol (International Police Commission)
IRA
Iran
countries supplied by
opium production – legal
opium production – illicit
and terrorism
Iraq
Ireland
Irish-American gangs
Isfahan
Islam see Muslims
isoquinoline alkaloids
Israelis
Istanbul
Italy/Italians
J. Collis Browne’s Mixture
Jaafar, Khaled
Jamaicans
Jamesina (brig)
Japan
drug use
drug smuggling to China
money laundering
in Second World War
and tobacco smoking
Yakuza
Jardine, William
Jardine Matheson & Co.
Java bis
jazz clubs
Jeddah
Jehan, Jean
Jersey
Jewish dealers
Jibril, Ahmed
John Biggar (ship)
John Calvin (ship)
John of Gaddesden
Johnson, Dr Samuel
Johnstone, Revd James
Jones, Dr John
Mysteries of Opium Reveal’d
Jones, Thomas
Joplin, Janis
Jordan, Sir John
Journal der Pharmacie
Juanita Hansen Foundation
Ka Kwei Yei (KKY) militia
Kabay, Janos
Kabul
Kachin tribe
Kachin Independent Army (KIA)
Kachin Liberation Army (KLA)
Kai Tak airport
K’ang Hsi, Emperor
Karachi
Karen tribe
Karen National Union (KNU)
Karolinska Institute (Stockholm)
Kazakhstan
Keats, John
Kemp, E.G.
Kendall, General Raymond
Kenya
Kerouac, Jack
On the Road
Kerr, Dr Norman
KGB, former
Kho Phan Gan island
Khun Sa
Khyber pass
Kia King, Emperor
Kiangsu province
King, C.W.
Kingpin strategy (DEA)
Kingsley, Charles
Alton Locke
Kintex/KoKintex
Koechlin, Consul-general
Kokang district
Kolb, Dr Lawrence
Kong island
Koo, Mme Wellington
Koreans
Kowloon
Kriangsak, General
Kronprinzessin Cecilie (ship)
Kung, Prince bis
Kunming
Kuomintang (KMT)
passim
Kurdish areas
Kut Sang, SS
Kwangtung province
Kweichow
Kyi, Aung San Suu
Kyrgyzstan
La Marr, Barbara
La Motte, Ellen
The Ethics of Opium
Ladies’ Sanitary Association
Lafargue, Dr
Lagos
Lahore
Lahu tribe
Lahu National Liberation Army (LNLA)
Laloy, Louis
Le Livre de la Fumée
Lancet, The
Lang Son area
Lanrick (clipper)
Lansky, Meyer
lanthopine
Lao Development Air Service
Laos
see also Golden Triangle, notably
Laotian Opium Administration
Laredo
Larne, HMS (sloop)
Las Vegas
Lascars
Latin America/ns
laudanine
laudanosine
laudanum
compared with morphine
types
Battley’s drops
Josephi Michaelis
Paracelsus’s
Sydenham’s
users, famous
La Verne, Dr Albert A.
League of Nations
Advisory Committee on … Opium
Lebanon passim, bis
‘Lebanese Gold’ (hashish)
Lee, Christopher
Lee, Harper
To Kill a Mockingbird
Lee Sing Company
Leigh, John
Experimental inquiry into the properties of opium
Lester, Muriel
Levant Company
Levinstein, Dr Edward
Die Morphiumsucht (The Morbid Craving for Morphia)
levomethadyl acetate
Lewin, Professor Louis
Phantastica
Li Mah (gangster)
Li Ting
The Introduction to Medicine
Li Wen-huan, General
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lima
Lin Chien-pang (gangster)
Lin Mingxian (communist leader)
Lin Tse-hsu (commissioner)
Lin Wei-hsi (peasant)
Linnaeus
linolic acid
Lintin Island (Neilingding Dao)
Lintin (ship)
Liquifruita Medica
Lisu tribe
Little, E.S.
Liverpool
Lo Hsing-han (warlord)
Lo Hsing-min (warlord)
Lockerbie bombing
‘Loimaw bandits’ see Mong Tai Army
London
London Pharmacopoeia (1788)
London, Professor Edythe
Ling Binh
Long Sutton
Long Tieng
Longfellow, Henry
lorchas (sailing vessels)
Los Angeles
Louisa (cutter)
Lowe Countries
Lowe, Dr Christopher
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Luciano, Charles ‘Lucky’ (Salvatore C. Luciana)
Ludlow, Fitzhugh
Lugard, Sir Frederick
Lui Lok, Sergeant
Luxembourg
Lysis
Lytton, Bulwer
M50/50 (Revivon)
M99 (Immobilon)
Ma Sik-chun (‘Golden Ma’)
Ma Sik-yu (‘White Powder Ma’)
Macartney, Lord
Macau
foundation of colony
in colonial times
money laundering
opium smoking
opium smuggling
McCarthy, Senator
McCoy, Alfred W.
The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia
Macedonia
Macfarlan Smith & Co.
MacKay, Captain
Madagascar
Madhya Pradesh
Madras
Madrid
Mafia
American
associates of
money laundering by
smashing of
in Armenia
in Australia
in Balkans
in Russia and CIS
Italian
Ndrangheta
Sacra Corona Unita
Sicilian
Sicilian Connection
Magellan, Ferdinand
Magendie, François
Formulary for … Several New Remedies
Mahaban Mountains
Maimi
Malacca
malaria
Malaya/Malaysia
addiction cure
coolie immigrants in Malay peninsula
legislation
Malayan in De Quincey’s dreams
revenue
Triads in
Mallinckrodt Laboratories
Malta
Malwa
Manchester bis
Manchester Guardian
Manchu Penal Code
Manchuria
Mang Tang Wu (village)
Manila
Mao Zedong, Chairman
Maratha states
Marcus Aurelius
marijuana
Marseilles
Martinique
Massacre of Innocents, The (tract)
Matheson, Donald
Matheson, James
Mauritius
May, Earl of
Mayer, Surgeon Major Nathan
Mazatlan
Mazeppa (clipper)
Mecone (city of poppies)
meconic acid
meconidine
meconion
Medellin cartel
Melbourne
Merck (chemist)
Merope (ship)
mescaline
Mesopotamia
methadone
methedrine
Mexico
crop eradication
‘Mexican federation’ (drug barons)
Mexicans in Guatemala
money laundering
opium output
quality and types of Mexican drugs
smuggling to USA
Miami
Middle East
Milan
missionaries
Christians linked to opium
Jackie Pullinger
Jesuits
Karl Gutzlaff
others
Misuse of Drugs Act (UK 1971)
Mitcham
Mithridates
mithridatum
Mogul Empire
Mon tribe
Mon National State Army (MNSA)
money laundering
Britain
Bulgaria
Cali cartels
Eastern Europe
‘Fast Eddie’
Lebanon
Milan
Pakistan
Puerto Rico
USA
world legislation
Yugoslavia, former
Mong Tai Army (MTA)
Mongolia
monopolies
Montauk
Moore, Dr William J.
Morocco
Morpheus (god of sleep)
morphine
999 trademark
addiction
bacterium that eats it
comparisons
morphine content of types of opium
morphine and other alkaloids
morphine and other drugs
controls
description
discovery
heroin preferred to
medicinal use
methods of taking
in ‘cocktails’
injection
pills
name
poisoning by
preferred to opium
production
products used in cutting
quantities produced
smuggling
supposed cure for opium addiction
Morrison, Robert
Moses
movies see film industry
Mowqua (merchant)
Mrs Winslow’s Soothing Syrup
mui tsai (sale of girls)
Mujaheddin
mule trains
‘mules’ (people) see couriers
Mundelein, Cardinal
The Danger of Hollywood: A Warning to Young Girls (pamphlet)
Munich
Muslims/Islam
Mussolini, Benito
Myanmar see Burma
N-methylcyclopropylnorxymorphone
naloxone
Namoa
Nangarhar province
Napier, Lord William
narceine
Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act (US 1922)
narcotine (noscapine)
National Anti-Opium Bureau/Opium Suppression Committee (China)
National Institute of Drug Abuse (USA)
National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee (USA)
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
NATO
Ndrangheta (Mafia)
Ne Win, President (of Burma)
Nembutal
Nepal
nepenthe
Nero
Nerval, Gerard de
Netherlands/Dutch
Nevada
New Delhi
New Hampshire
New York
addiction
Chinese and Japanese gangs
opium dens (1920s)
Pleasant Avenue Connection
smuggling into
New Zealand
Newman, Dr J.P.
Newsweek (magazine)
Ng Sik-ho (‘Limpy Ho’)
Ng-a-Choy (speaker against opium)
Ngo Dinh Diem, Prime Minister
Nicaragua
nicotine
Nigeria
Ningpo
nitrous oxide
Nixon, President
Nonsuch (ship)
Noriega, General Manuel
Normand, Mabel
North-West Frontier Province
Northern Ireland
noscapine (narcotine)
Nottingham
Nye (merchant)
Nyswander, Marie
Oakland, California
Offences Against the Person Act (UK 1861)
Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (USA)
Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (USA)
Office of National Narcotics Intelligence (USA)
Okpebie, Sabinus Knem (Ibbinije Obasa Nepoleon)
Old Delhi
Old Man of the Mountain (Persian myth)
oleic acid
Oliphant & Co.
Omega (ship)
On Leong triad
Operation X (French Indo–China)
opiates
chemically defined
‘cocktails’
semi-synthetic
synthetic
opioids
opium
see also addiction, poppies
composition and derivatives
cultivation and processing
divans (dens)
effects
alters perception
calmness
dreams/visions
sexual
desire/potency allegedly increased
desire suppressed
orgasmic sensation
shortens life expectancy
‘soul rubbed down with silk’
wasting away
‘white opium night’
history
early use
15th–18th centuries
Romantic period
17th-early 19th centuries
19th–20th centuries
Britain
China and Hong Kong
Opium Wars
USA
‘Jesus-Opium’
means of taking
early experiments
eating
eating vs smoking
injection
passive consumption
smoking
smoking with tobacco
medicinal uses
ancient world passim
anaesthetic/pre-surgery
diarrhoea and dysentery
painkiller
patent medicines
myths
the switch to heroin
Opium Ordinance (Hong Kong)
Opium Suppression of Shanghai (aeroplane)
Opium War, First
Opium War, Second
Oporinus
Orient Express
Ormsby Gore, Alice
Osgood, Dr D.W.
Osler, Sir William
Ottoman Empire
oxynarcotine
Pacific Rim
Paderborn
Pakistan/is
money laundering
opium output
rejects Paris Protocol
in USA
Palermo
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)
Palestinians
Pall Mall Gazette
Palmerston, Lord
palmitic acid
Panama
Papaver bracteatum (poppy)
Papaver setigerum (poppy)
Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)
papaverine
Papyrus of Ebers
Paracelsus
paracetamol
Paraguay
Pardo-Bolland, Salvador
paregoric
Paris
Paris Protocol (1948)
Parsees
patent medicines
Pathans
Pathet Lao militia bis, bis
Patna
Pearl River
peasant farmers
Peking
Beijing Conference
Peking and Tiensin Times
Pelletier, Pierre Joseph
Penang
Pepsi-Cola
Pereira, Dr Jonathan
Perkins & Company
Permanent Central Opium Board (UN)
Persia
ancient
19th–20th centuries
quality of Persian opium
Persian Gulf
Peru
pethidine
peyote
Phaktiphat, General Thanat
Phao, General
pharmaceutical industry
Pharmacy Act (UK 1868)
Philippines
Philippines Opium Commission
philonium
Phnom Penh
Phouma, Souvanna, son of
Picasso, Pablo
Pierce, F.M.
pipes
heroin
opium
piracy
Pizza Connection
Plassey
Platerus of Basle
Pleasant Avenue Connection
Pliny the Elder
Pneumatic Institution
Poe, Edgar Allen
poisoning by drugs
Poisons and Pharmacy Act (UK 1868)
Poland
police
British
Gibraltar
Hong Kong
USA
Polo, Marco
Pomet (druggist to Louis XIV)
poppies
botanical classification
culinary use
poppy-head tea
cultivation
growing
harvesting
in Britain
in Colombia
in Golden Triangle
eradication/crop substitution
Burma
CIS
Laos
Mexico
Mongolia
Thailand
UN projects
legal production
as symbol
poppy acid see meconic acid
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Portuguese
postal services used in smuggling
Pottinger, Sir Henry bis
Poulenc, Francis
Powhattan, USS
Pravaz, Charles-Gabriel
Prem, General
Presidential Commission on Narcotic and Drug Abuse (US 1963)
President’s Commission on Organised Crime (US)
Presley, Elvis
prices and profits
see also money laundering
Burma
China
Far East
French Indo–China passim
Hong Kong
India
Japan
Mexico
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Turkey, compensation paid to
USA
DEA statistics
world
prickly ash bark
Prince de Neufchatel (clipper)
prisons
Prospero Alpino
prostitutes
protocols against drugs
protopine
prussic acid
pseudo-morphine
Pseudomonas putida M10 (bacterium)
psychotherapy for addicts
Pu Yi, Elizabeth (Empress Wan Jung)
Pu Yi, Henry (Emperor Hsuan Tung)
Public Health Service (US)
Puerto Rico/Ricans
Pullinger, Jackie
Punta Diamante
Purchas, Samuel
Purchas His Pilgrimage
Pure Food and Drugs Act (US 1906)
pyridine-phenanthrene alkaloids
Quakers
Joseph Rowntree
Quang, General Dang Van
racism
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organisations (RICO) statute
Radiguet, Raymond
Rafsanjani, President Hashemi
Ragged Rag-Time Girls
Rajasthan
Randolph, John
Rangoon
Rattikone, General Ouane
Rattler, HMS
Red Rover (clipper)
Reed, Lou
Reid, Florence
Reid, Wallace
Revivon (M50/50)
Rhazes
rhoeadine
Richard, Keith
RICO statute
Rimbaud, Arthur
Rio Grande
Robinson, Sir George
Robiquet (chemist)
rock musicians
Rodriguez-Orejuela, Gilberto and Miguel
Rohmer, Sax (Arthur Ward)
Rolleston, Sir Henry/Rolleston Committee
Rollinat, Maurice
Rolling Stones (pop group)
Romania/ns
Romantic Revival
Rome
ancient
modern
Roosevelt, President
Rosal, Maurice
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel
Rousseau’s Black Drops
‘Route 66’ (song)
Rowntree, Joseph
Royal Commission on Opium in India (UK 1895)
Royal Laotian Army
Royal Navy
Rubens, Alma
Russell & Co.
Russell, Dr
History of Aleppo
Russia/ns
see also USSR
addiction
and Afghanistan bis
and Declaration of Basle
and Lebanon
Mafia-style gangs
money laundering
newcomers in drugs trade
Rustomjee, Heerjeebhoy and Dadabhoy
Rynd, Dr Francis
Sacra Corona Unita (Mafia)
Saigon
Chinese in
fall of
government corruption
smuggling through bis
as Ho Chi Minh City
St George’s Hospital (London)
St Mary’s Hospital (London)
Sale of Poisons Bill (1857)
Salisbury, Lord
salt trade
Samarang (ship)
San Francisco
San Francisco Evening Post
San Juan
Sandinista regime
Santiago
Sao Hpalang, General
Saudi Arabia
sawbwas (Shan chiefs)
Schiaparelli Company
Schultz, Arthur ‘Dutch’
Scotland
Scott, Sir Walter
The Bride of Lammermoor
Scribonius Largus
Seattle
Sedgemoor
Seguin, Armand
‘Sur l’opium’ (paper)
Selkirk, Alexander
Senegal
Seppings, Sir Robert
Serapion
Serbia
Serenity Knolis clinic
Serturner, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam
Service de Documentation Exterieure et du Contre-Espionage (SDECE)
Severus, Lucius Septimus
sex
effect of drugs on
linked with drugs by press
orgasmic effect of opium
use of opium by concubines
Sex Pistols (pop group)
Seymour, Admiral
Shadwell, Thomas
Shaftesbury, Earl of
Shah of Iran
Shakarchi, Mohammed/Shakarchi Company
Shan states/tribe
Japanese and
Kuomingtang and
leadership of Khun Sa
local price of opium
opium smoking
smuggling
Shan National Army (SNA)
Shan National United Front (SNUF)
Shan State Army (SSA)
Shan State Restoration Council
Shan United Army (SUA)
Shanghai
addiction
foreign concessions
heroin production
International Opium Commission (1909)
smuggling
Shanghai Gazette
Shansi railway line
Shap Ng-tsai (pirate)
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
Shelvocke, George
Shenzhen
Shing May Wong (smuggler)
Shreveport (Louisiana)
Si-chuen see Szechuan province
Siam see Thailand
Siam, King of
Sicily/Sicilians
Sicilian Connection
Siegel, Benjamin ‘Bugs’
Sierra Madre mountains
Silcock, Sir Rutherford
silver bullion/coins
Silver Line shipping company
Silveryew, SS
Simpson, Dr
Sinclair, Henry
Singapore
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961)
Sino-Japanese War (1937)
Siraj-ud-Dawlah
skin patches
slang terms explained
babania
baggies
Big Harry
bogue
boy
candy
candyman
chasing the dragon
chefs
Chinese needlework
cold turkey
connection
cooks/kitchens
cool
crystal
cutting
deal
deck
dives
downers
elephant
fixers
flower
Frisco speedballs
goof-balls
H
half-lo
hip
hophead
horse
hype
jacket
joints
junkie
key
kick
kicking the habit
kit
lamp habit
long draw
mainlining
monkey on your back
movers
mules
OD
piece
Pig Trade
pipies
playing the mouth-organ
Poison Trade
pusher
rush
schmecker
shanghaied
shit
shoot up
shooting gallery
six and four
skag
skin-popping
smack
smurfs
snorting
speedballs
squeeze
strung out
stuff
tea money
uppers
works
yen/have a yen for
SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration Council, Burma)
Slovak Republic
Smoking Opium Exclusion Act (US 1909)
smuggling
see also drugs (subheading global problem)
methods and hiding places
animals
babies and infants
cadavers
chemical trickery
clothing
containerised freight
diplomatic passports
ingenious hiding places
internal hiding
million dollar bathtub
scheduled air flights
vehicles
non-drugs smuggling
arms
gemstones
gold
money
routes
Balkan Route
French Connection
from Golden Crescent
from Golden Triangle
old silk and spice routes
US borders
Yakuza smugglers’ code
Smyrna
Society of Arts
Society for … the Control and Cure of Habitual Drunkards
Society for the Study of Inebriety
Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade in Britain
sodium carbonate
Sofia
‘Soldier’s Disease’
Sommus (god of sleep)
Son La province (Vietnam)
Soong, T.V.
Sopsaianna, Prince
South Africa
South America bis
South Korea
South-east Asia
Southey, Robert
Soviety Military Encyclopaedia
Spain/Spanish
Spalding
Spaulding, Captain
Special Investigations Unit (NYPD)
Spirito, Francois
spongia somnifera
Sri Lanka
Staines, Mr (opium grower)
State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC, Burma)
Staunton, Sir George
stearic acid
Stockholm
Strachey, Sir John
Street’s Infant Quietness
strychnine
Stuttgart
Suez Canal
Stultzberger, Hartmann Henry All About Opium
Sumerians
Sun Qua, paintings by
Sun Yat-sen
suppositories
Surrealists
‘swallowers’
Swedish
Switzerland
Sydenham, Thomas
Sydney
Sylph (barque/clipper)
Sylph (brig)
Sylvius de la Boe
Sym, Mr (East India Company)
syndicates see cartels, Mafia, Triads, Yakuza
Syria
syringes see hypodermic syringes
Szechuan province
Tagore, Rabindranath
Tai-Land Revolutionary Army (TRA)
Taipei
Taiping Rebellion
Taiwan
as Formosa
as Taiwan
Tajikstan
Tan Son Nhut (airbase)
Tang Sang (policeman)
Tao Kwong, Emperor
Tartars
Tasmania
Taunggyi (town)
Taylor, Dr Isaac
Taylor, Revd J. Hudson
tea
Tehran
Teichman, Eric
telephones
temperance movement
Teng Ting-chen (Viceroy of Canton)
Teochiu people see Chiu Chau
terrorism
Lockerbie bombing
tetra-ethyl morphine (old name for heroin)
Thailand (Siam)
see also Golden Triangle, notably
addiction treatment
alleged government corruption
centre of opium trade
death penalty for drug offences
and international controls
and Shan states
syndicates
tourism
thebaine
Thebes
Theoderic of Cervia
Theophrastus
Therapeutic Papyrus of Thebes
theriaca
Thiboumery
Thieu, President Nguyen Van
Thistle (steamboat)
Thomas Coutts (ship)
Thomas, Olive
Thompson, Francis
Thomson, James
Tibet
Tidder, Thomas
Tientsin
Tilloy (chemist)
Times, The
Ting Ling (girl friend of Errol Flynn)
Tirana
tobacco
compared with opium smoking
in opiate ‘cocktails’
tolerance to drugs see under addiction
Tonkin
Toronto
Total Abstainers of Great Britain and Ireland
tourism
Towns, Charles B.
Townshend, Pete
Trafficante, Santo
Transport International Routier (TIR)
Trapani province
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty Ports
Treaty of Tientsin
Treaty of Versailles
Triads
tritopine
Truth about Indian Opium (Indian Govt. publication)
Tsai Chin (film star)
Tsung Cheng, Emperor
Tsung-li-Yamen (diplomat)
Tu Yueh-sheng (‘Big-eared Tu’)
Turkey
early use of poppies and opium
and French Connection
legal production
money laundering
opium trade in 19th-early 20th centuries
poppy cultivation banned and resumed (1970s)
present day smuggling passim
quality of Turkish opium
Turkish Cypriots
Turkmenistan
Tzu-hsi, Empress
U-Nu, Prime Minister
Ul-Haq, President Muhammad Zia
United Nations
and Burma
and Chechnya
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
Fund for Drug Abuse Control
International Drug Control Program
Khyber Pass refugee camp
and money laundering
‘unicorn’
United Wa State Army (UWSA)
Uruguay
USA
American Mafia see under Mafia
Chinese immigrants
history of drugs problem
heroin
morphine
opium trade in Far East
opium in US
syringes invented
internal war against drugs
anti-drugs organisations prior to DEA
clinics
computer use
DEA see own heading
education
international war against drugs
and money laundering
pharmaceutical industry
prisons
relations with other countries
Bulgaria
Burma
Canada
Central America
Colombia
Laos
Mexico
Middle East
Nicaragua
Puerto Rico
Thailand
‘uncertified’ countries
Vietnam see Vietnam War
and Triads
and Yakuza
US Bureau of Narcotics
US Coast Guard bis
US Department of Justice
US Pharmacopoeia (1851)
US Navy
USSR/CIS
see also Russia
Uttar Pradesh
Uzbekistan
Vancouver
Vang Pao, General
Vasco da Gama
Venezuela
Venice
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
veronal (diethyl-malonyl-urea)
Veterinary and Gynaecological Papyri
Vicious, Sid
Victoria, Queen
Vien, Le Van ‘Bay’
Vienna Convention
Vientiane
Vietnam
addiction and smuggling
as French Indo-China
partition and after
tourism
Vietnam War
Virgil
Virginia City
Vlore
von Helmont (‘Dr Opiatus’)
Wa tribe
Walston, Catherine
Wan Jung, Empress (Elizabeth Pu Yi)
Wang Hi, Governor
Wang Lo-shan (pill-maker)
Ward, Arthur (Sax Rohmer)
Warner, Captain
Watts, George
Webster, Dr
Wedgwood, Thomas
Wei brothers
Wellington, Duke of
West Germany
Western Union
Whampoa
Whittlesea
Who, The (pop group)
Wilberforce, William
Wilde, Oscar
The Picture of Dorian Gray
Wilson, Sir Henry
Winslow
withdrawal see under addiction
Wongwan, Narong
Wood, Dr Alexander
Woods, Colonel Arthur
Wordsworth, William
Lyrical Ballads
World Health Organisation
World War I
World War II
French influence in Laos
Japanese activities
smuggling interrupted by
US links with Mafia
Worldwide Web
Wren, Sir Christopher
Wright, C.R. Alder
Wright, Hamilton
writers and drugs
Wuchang Uprising
Wurzburg, Bishop of
xanthaline
Yakuza
Yangtze River
Yao tribe
Yew Peh-ch’uan (censor)
Yezd (Persia)
Young, George
Treatise on Opium
Young, John
Yu Te-ch’ang (pimp)
Yuan Shi-k’ai, President
Yugoslavia
Yung Cheng, Emperor
Yunnan province
addiction
poppy farming
smuggling
Zambia
Zappa, Frank
Zhou Enlai
Zia, President
zombies, addicts compared to
Zurich