Entries correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
absorption, 25–26
abuse (physical/sexual), 44, 268, 307
dental phobias and, 197–98
gastrointestinal conditions and, 198
acute care, 270, 289–299
in children, 318–19
overview of, 289–290
addiction, see substance abuse
adolescents, see children
alcohol, see substance abuse
amnesia, 181, 214, 218, 220, 235, 291, 292, 298–99
amputation, 292, 292, 294
analgesia (hypnotic), 6, 7, 11–20, 67–84
affective vs. sensory, 82 (see also pain)
with burn patients, 299
in childbirth, 253–54
clinical implications of, 82–84
in dental work, 201–7
history of, 11–12
pain processing, influences on, 75–76
paradox of, 79–80
placebo vs., 73–74
sensory mechanisms of, 78–82, 83
techniques for creating, 87–91, 142–48 (table), 259
anesthesia (hypnotic), 6, 7, 88, 187, 242–43, 248–49
in childbirth, 250, 253
Anesthesia for Obstetrics, 250
angina pain, 192–96
animal magnetism, 11
anorexia due to cancer treatment, 121–22
anxiety/fear:
anticipatory, 320, 323, 327, 328
in burn patients, 268, 284, 290
in cancer procedures, 126–28
in children, 307, 317, 320, 323, 324
in dental work, 200–203
in hypnotic treatment, 23–24, 28
pain and, 54
in surgical patients, 210, 263
“archaic involvement,” 5
attention, 25–26, 30, 71, 72, 83
attitudes toward:
hypnotic treatment, 57
pain, 55 (see also meaning)
audiotapes, use of, 146, 148, 175, 190–91, 200–201, 203, 223, 338, 365, 376
authority, impact on patients, 213–15
Beck Depression Inventory, 57
Birth Without Violence, 250
bladder function, 265 (see also catheter)
blood loss, 259–260
bruxism, 199–200
burn injury/pain:
acute care of, 289–299
care and treatment, phases of, 268–270, 302
contraindications for hypnosis, 279–280
emergency room interventions, 281–83
hypnoanesthesia and, 248
hypnotic protocols for treating, 290–92
intensive care interventions, 283–89
nature of, 267–68, 270–71, 302
preparing patient, 280–81
rehabilitation, 299–301
wound healing/care procedures, 278, 290, 291
cancer:
hypnosis, misperceptions of in treating, 137–38
hypnosis, problems and pitfalls of, 151–57 (table)
isolation and dying, coping with, 148–150
medical evaluation prior to hypnotic treatment, xvii, 33–49, 139–140
pain, 122–23, 124–135 (table)
pain, disease-related, 131–35
pain, procedural, 124–28
pain, treatment-related, 128–131
psychological effects of, 135–37
symptoms of, 122
techniques for pain of, 141–150, 249
Caring for Patients: A Critique of the Medical Model, 351
case examples of:
anesthesia, fear of, 245–46
arthritis, 350–51
bone marrow aspiration, 126–28, 305–6, 320–21, 325–28
burn pain, 267, 292–97
cancer pain, 111–13, 121–22, 126–28, 129–131, 132–35, 136–37, 143–46, 155–57, 342–44
chest pain, 60–62
children, 242, 305–6, 320–21, 325–28, 329–338, 367–68
dental pain, 185–86, 191–95, 204–6, 207–8
depression, treatment-related, 136–37
elderly, pain in, 341, 342–44, 345–48, 350–51, 352, 355–63
facial injury, 330–32
gut pain, 143–46
headache (aneurysm), 97
headache (cluster), 173–76
headache (migraine), 158, 161–67
headache (muscle tension), 169–172, 329–330, 332–34, 373–74
headache (posttraumatic), 58–60, 181–84
headache (vascular), 177–180
hypochondriac, 64–66
joint pain, 62–63, 103–111
knee pain, 350–51
pelvic pain, 115–17
phantom limb pain, 334–38
post-polio syndrome, 115
surgical preparation, 209–210, 217–19, 226–235, 242
thalamic pain syndrome, 99–103
of therapeutic failure, 367–68, 370–73, 373–79
treatment-related pain, 129–131
catalepsy, 28, 29, 101
catheter, comfort with, 231–32, 264
chest tubes, comfort with, 230–31
childbirth, natural, 250, 253
children/adolescents:
with burn injuries, 275–76
clinicians’ attitudes toward pain in, 306–7
coping skills of, 319–321
developmental view of fantasy, 313–17
and hypnosis, 27, 275–76, 314–17
imagery, no interest in, 338–340
pain, assessing in, 317–18
pain, misconceptions of adults, 308–310
preparing for surgery, 241–42
psychological approaches to pain in, 318–324
sleep and coping, 322–23
therapeutic techniques with, 324–338
treatment differences with adults, 310–12
undertreatment of, 306–8
choices, need for, 221, 226, 266, 285
chronic benign pain syndrome, 8, 10, 51, 86
clinicians’ issues:
anguish for patients, 98
attitudes toward pain in children, 306–7
beliefs and expectations, 298, 358
frustration toward patients, 354
clinicians’ issues (Cont.)
therapeutic failure, see separate entry
treating cancer patients, 151–52
cognitive/behavioral strategies:
with burn patients, 272–75, 294
in dentistry, 188
for pain control, 6, 7, 8, 50
concussion, 180, 181
Consensus Conference on the Treatment of Cancer Pain in Children, 323
control, patient’s need for, 22, 142, 198, 211, 266, 350
anesthesia and loss of, 245
exercises faciltating, 224–25
of physiologic functions, 221–22, 230
see also helplessness
coping:
children’s abilities for, 319–321
in the elderly, 345, 352
with isolation and dying, 148–50
styles in children, 322–24
Council on Aging, 364
countertransference, 118, 152
cultural factors in pain experience, 53, 126, 307, 342
delirium, 282, 283
delusion, somatic, 370–73
demand characteristics, 68–69
dementia, 53, 103
denial, 284, 342, 345, 356, 375, 376
dentistry:
dentists’ personal issues, 188–89
expectation of pain, 188
hypnotic techniques in, 190–96
origins of fears and phobias, 196–98
pain management in, 189–190, 198–200
patient’s vs. dentist’s perceptions, 192–96
preparation of patient, 200–201
psychotherapist’s role in, 201
utilizing patients’ abilities in, 207–8
dependency needs:
in burn patients, 279, 284
in the elderly, 345–48
depression, 52, 54, 57, 62, 121, 123, 129, 269, 270
desensitization, 324, 328
developmental (levels, issues):
fantasy, view of, 312–17
and pain treatment in children, 310–12
diagnosis of pain:
history-taking, 37, 41–45
location and distribution of pain, 39–40
medical evaluation, 34–35, 44, 131–32 (see also separate entry)
displacement of pain, 90
dissociation, 6
hypnotic state, 79, 84
in induction, 26, 30
from pain, 90–91, 135, 147 (table)
distancing technique, 135
distraction (techniques), 240, 241–42, 272, 322, 324, 325, 345
drug-seeking behavior, 318 (see also substance abuse)
dying, coping with, 148–150
elderly:
activity and level of functioning, 345–48, 364
clinicians’ issues with, 352–54
imagination and suggestion in, 354–364
meaning of pain to, 342–351, 365, 375, 376
pain in, neglected, 342
psychological issues of, 348–49
psychological strategies for treating, 364–65
responsiveness of, 14
strengths of, 352
empathy, 18 (see also rapport)
endorphins and hypnosis, 13
endoscopies, 249
endotracheal tube, see ventilation
environmental factors:
for burn patients, 283, 284, 299
in evaluating pain, 53–54
eye closure, 28, 195, 202–3
eye-roll induction, 113, 196
family:
coping styles of, 322
history, 44, 105
hypnosis misused by, 153–57
involving in care of patient, 319, 364
suggestions for entire, 228, 288, 294–95
fantasy, 24
developmental view of, 312–17
as pain technique, 330–32
Feldenkrais treatment, 115
fractionation, 218, 236, 249
glove anesthesia induction, 203–4, 206
hallucinations, 5–6, 289
Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, 15
headache:
cluster, 172–76
migraine, 158–167 (see also separate entry)
muscle tension, 167–172, 329–330, 332–34, 373–74
posttraumatic, 180–84
vascular, 176–180
helplessness, 211, 224, 225, 266, 307, 328, 348
see also control
“hidden observer,” 79
history:
of analgesia, 11–12
in diagnosing pain, 37, 41–45
family, 44, 105
for medical evaluation, 36–39, 41–45
psychological, 44–45, 123–, 332
-taking, 41–45, 123
hyperemesis, 255
hypervigilance, see vigilance
hypnoanesthesia, see anesthesia
hypnosis:
birth of, 12–13
neurophysiological mechanisms of, 13–14
overview of, 4–8
suggestion vs., 7–8
see also hypnotic; pain; suggestion
Hypnosis for the Seriously Curious, 106
hypnotic induction, 6
of children, 315–16
emergency room, 282–83
example of, 106–8
eye-roll, 113
intensive care unit, 284, 285–89 (table)
overview of, 24–32
pain during, 91–92, 182
surgical, preprocedure, 235–247 (table), 262–66
see also hypnosis; suggestion
hypnotic (method, process, state), xvi
in analgesia, 69–70
with burn patients, 275–77
with cancer patients, see cancer
in children, see separate entry
clinical responses vs., 19
complications, nonhypnotic, 114–17
dental pain and, 199–200
in dentistry, see separate entry
induction, see separate entry
interpersonal nature of, 118
involvement, degrees of, 77–78
medical care, integrating with, 135–141, 152
not widely used, 117–18
and obstetrics, 250–55
phenomena, 5–7
physical treatment vs., 168
and preoperative preparation, 235–247
psychological issues and, 171–72, 183–84, 362–63
self-hypnosis, see separate entry
special considerations, 91–96, 161
spontaneous, 195–96, 222
state vs. nonstate theories of, 5, 69
suggestion without, 214–15
for surgical patients, 211–19
talking during, 28–29, 169–170, 257
treatment of pain, see separate entry
see also hypnosis; pain; suggestion
hypnotic responsiveness, ix, 14–15
analgesia in relation to, 69
assessment of, 19–20, 57, 105
automaticity of, 6–7, 71, 73, 83, 93, 237
in burn patients, 277, 296
in cancer patients, 139–141
in the elderly, 14
individual differences in, 14–15
locksmith metaphor and, 18
observing, 27–28, 220–21
placebo vs., 71–74 (figure), 141, 215, 230
reduction in pain and, 77–78 (table), 84, 138–139
see also suggestibility
Hypnotic Induction Profile, 15, 19, 277
hypnotizability, see hypnotic responsiveness
hypochondriasis, 34, 38, 52, 64–66, 116–17
iatrogenic complications, 42
imagery, 312, 332–33, 338–340, 363
see also fantasy; imagination
images, 147 (table), 150
imagination (imaginal focus):
in children, 313, 314–17, 327, 328
in elderly, 354–364
of hypnotic method, 118
induction, utilizing, 25
pain treatment utilizing patient’s, xvi, 23, 134, 135, 139, 165, 207–8, 240, 241
see also fantasy
information for burn patients, 273
information for children, 324
information for surgical patients:
distressing devices, 230–35
nonmedical clinician’s role, 212, 222
physician’s role, 211–12, 222
preparing for procedures, 219–223, 262
as suggestion, 214
instructions for surgical patients, 211
distressing devices, 230–35
preparing, 223–25
intensive care, 270
condition of patient, 285, 289
environmental considerations, 283, 284
induction in, 285–8 (table)
International Association for the Study of Pain, 50
International Headache Society, 159
intimacy, in hypnotic treatment, 21, 118
intubation, 262 (see also medical procedures; ventilation)
Lamaze, see psychoprophylaxis
litigation, affecting treatment, 56–57, 60, 300
locksmith metaphor, 18
malingering, 54
McGill Pain Questionnaire, 41
meaning:
clinician vs. experimenter, 17
of pain, 10, 55, 78, 82, 83, 96–97, 100, 111, 112, 114, 140, 181, 182, 342–351, 365, 375, 376
measurement:
of experiential factors, 83
of hypnotic responsiveness, 19–20
of pain, 11, 16, 75, 76–78
using self-report, 69, 74
medical care:
hypnotic methods integrating, 135–151, 152
medical evaluation:
history-taking, 41–45, 123
methods of, 35–39
nonmedical clinician and, 63–66, 131–32, 152
objectives of, 34–35
physical examination, 45–49
medical procedures:
information, see separate entry
instructions, see separate entry
preoperative hypnotic preparation of patient, 235–247, 252, 262–66
preoperative nonhypnotic preparation
of patient, 210–12, 212–13, 217–19
suggestions for, see separate entry
medication, 55–56, 99
advocating for patient, 154, 271
for burn patients, 271, 285, 290, 293, 295, 295
in childbirth, 252–53
for children, 306–8, 323, 326, 328
for cluster headache, 172, 173
depression, treatment–related, 136–37
in elderly, 342, 364
lessened after hypnotic preparation, 217–19, 244
for migraine, 160
for posttraumatic headache, 181
resistance to taking, 133
undertreatment of children with, 306–8
see also opioids
menstrual cycle, headache associated with, 177–180
mental status, 54
metaphor, 14 (table), 150
migraine headache:
hypnotic treatment of, 160–167
overview of, 159–160
with aura, 160, 161–64
without aura, 160, 161, 164–67
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 57
motivation, 16, 17, 94, 139, 196, 301
mouth, and emotions in dentistry, 197
musculoskeletal examination, 48
National Cancer Institute, 121
neodissociation theory of hypnosis, 6–7, 79–80, 82
neurologic examination, 48
neurotransmitters and hypnosis, 13
nonverbal communications, 215
nurses and hypnotic interventions, 291, 296
obstetrics, 250–55
operant reinforcement principles (with
burn patients), 274–75
opioids, 8, 123, 128
resistance to taking, 111–12, 113
use of with children, 310
see also medication
orientation/disorientation, 71
outcomes, assessing, 17
pain:
affective components of, 10–11, 16, 41, 55, 74–78, 84, 114, 189, 190, 207
background, 270–71, 290
behaviors, 53, 54, 317–18
burn, see separate entry
cancer, see separate entry
characteristics/nature of, 8–11, 39–41
in children, see separate entry
chronic benign pain syndrome, 8, 10, 51, 86
dental, see separate entry
diary, 55, 59
duration/periodicity of, 41
in elderly, see separate entry
expression of, 317–18, 342, 344–45
failure to treat, see failure
history of, 42–44, 123
hypnotic induction, during, 91–92, 182
hypnotic treatment of, 20–24 (see also separate entry)
localized, 39
management strategies, 34, 36
meaning of, see separate entry
misconceptions about, 308–310
neuropathic, 123
nociceptive, 81–83, 123, 159
nonhypnotic treatment of, xvii, 6, 114–17, 141, 210–12, 213–17 (table), 217–19, 225–235
physical examination of, 45–49
procedural, 124–28, 270–71, 290
psychological factors/effects, vii, 40, 43, 48, 51–52, 115, 362–63, 370, 376 (see also psychological evaluation)
quality of, 40–41, 88, 142–43, 269
recurring syndromes, xvi, 8, 9, 51, 86, 96–99
referred, 40
reflex sympathetic, 40
responsiveness to hypnotic techniques, see responsiveness
sensory components of, 10–11, 16, 41, 55, 74–82, 84, 88, 114, 189, 190, 207
severity/intensity of, 41, 88, 123, 140, 269, 302
subjective/objective manifestations of, 46–48
types of, 9–10, 51, 123, 210
patients:
burn, unique problems of, 269, 284
characteristics of, 213, 215
concerns of, 21–23, 219–220, 223–25
point of view, 347
surgical, issues of, 211
values of, 349–350
personality disorders, 53, 268, 280
phobias (dental), 196–98, 200–201
placebo effect:
hypnotic analgesia vs., 73–74
hypnotic responsiveness vs., 71–74 (figure), 141, 215, 230
plateau hypnotizability, 19
play:
hypnotic ability and, 314–17
objects and, 312–13
sociodramatic, 313
therapy, 313
post-concussion headache, 180, 181
posthypnotic suggestions, 26, 32
for burn patients, 296
in case examples, 92–93, 101, 102, 108–9
reinforcing, 246–47
for self-hypnosis, 95–96
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 54, 269, 270
projected pain, 39–40
psychological (approaches) to:
burn injuries, impact of, 300–301
cancer, effects of, 135–37
children in pain, 318–324
elderly, 364–65
history, 44–45, 123
hypnosis, issues in, 171–72, 183–84
in obstetrics, 250
pain, factors/effects, vii, 40, 43, 48, 51–52, 115
psychological evaluation/issues of pain patients:
basic issues, 52–54
benefits of, 58–63, 86
cancer, effects of, 135–37
in dentistry, 189–190
effects of pain, 51–52
elderly, 348–49
and hypnotic methods, 171–72, 183–84, 362–63
interviewing, 54–57
testing, 57, 116
psychoprophylaxis, 250, 251
psychosocial history, 44–45, 123, 332
pulmonary complications, preventing, 265
R-III spinal reflex, 81, 82
Rapid Induction Analgesia (RIA), 290, 291
rapport, 35, 37 (see also relationship)
reflex sympathetic pain, 40
refraining, 141–42, 220, 242, 325, 330
rehabilitation (burn injuries), 270, 299–301
rehearsal technique, 236, 239, 245, 256–261, 313, 314, 324, 327
reinterpreting pain, 75, 88, 89–90, 141–42, 186, 202, 263, 266, 332
relationship in hypnotic experience, 5, 15–16, 17 (see also rapport)
relaxation, 6, 71, 206–7, 208, 224, 235, 241, 249, 329, 330, 335, 336, 337, 365, 373–74
repressors, 272
resistance:
to evaluation, 53
to self-hypnosis, 94–95
to treatment, 54, 280, 297
role enactment theory, 68–69, 82
secondary gains, 54, 89, 140, 370
self-hypnosis, 57, 103, 132
for back pain, 112
for burn pain, 281
for childbirth, 254
for cluster headache, 172
for dental work, 200–201, 203, 207–8
hypnoanesthesia and, 248–49
for migraine, 163, 166
misused by patient and family, 153–57
posthypnotic suggestions for, 95–96
for posttraumatic headache, 183
resistance to, 94–95
sensory transformation method, 143–48
social coercion, hypnotic processes and, 4
somatoform disorder, 10, 34, 39, 40, 51, 57
spinal cord mechanisms of hypnotic analgesia, 80–82, 83, 84
stage hypnosis, 4, 22
Stanford Hypnosis Laboratory, vii, 12
Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, 15, 277
storytelling, 150
substance abuse, 53, 54, 268, 279, 310
suffering, 16, 19, 20, 38, 51, 52, 55, 56, 88, 90, 97, 116, 268, 290, 317, 342, 364 (see also pain)
suggestibility, 255, 282, 284, 302
see also hypnotic responsiveness
suggestion(s) (hypnotic) for:
affective vs. sensory pain components, 74–78, 103
analgesia, 142–48 (table), 259
awareness, 113
beneficial effects of, 215, 217–19
childbirth, 251–55
children, 314, 334
dental-related pain, 192–94, 204–5
differential effects of, 75–78
diminution, 100–101, 103, 112
disease-related pain, 134–35
displacement, 90
dissociation, 75, 90–91
in elderly, 354–364
ending hypnotic experience, 26, 32, 203–6
family participation, 228, 288, 294–95
“favorite places” technique, 144–45, 208, 218, 235, 239–240, 282–83, 285
headache (cluster), 174–75
headache (migraine), 162–63, 165
headache (muscle tension), 329–330
headache (vascular), 178–180
hope-inspiring, 294
hypnosis vs., 7–8,
incorporation of, 70–74 (figure)
induction, 24–25, 182 (see also separate entry)
isolation and dying, coping with, 148–150
negative, 213–17 (table), 228, 282
neuropathic pain, 123
nonhypnotic, 141, 213–17 (table)
phantom limb pain, 336–37
procedural cancer pain, 127–28
self-perpetuating, 225, 233, 237, 238, 247, 265
sensitizers, 272–73
sensory substitution, 89–90
surgical patients, see suggestions for surgical patients
therapeutic, 26, 31
treatment-related cancer pain, 130–31
uniqueness of, 73–74
waking, 225–228
see also case examples; hypnosis; hypnotic; posthypnotic
suggestions for surgical patients:
anesthesia (during), 242–43, 258, 262
anesthesia (emerging from), 243
anti-nausea, 260, 264
blood loss, 259–260
children, 242
distressing devices, 230–35, 262, 263
linked to postoperative events, 228–29, 260–61
linked to remarks, 229–230
operation, during, 243, 262
overview, 211–19
preparing (hypnotic), 235–247 (table)
preparing (nonhypnotic), 225–235
in recovery room, 244–46
special considerations, 246–47
surgery, day of, 239–241
suicide (suicidality), 54, 372–73
surgery:
analgesia (hypnotic), 12
hypnotic applications, 212–19
rehearsal for, 236, 239, 245, 256–261
see also medical procedures; suggestions for surigcal patients
susceptibility, 213
see also hypnotic responsiveness
Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90), 57
talking during hypnosis, 28–29, 169–170, 257
Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS), 20, 57 therapeutic:
alliance, 18 (see also rapport; relationship)
contact, 380–81
failure, factors underlying, 379–389
time:
distortion, 236
future orientation, 263, 266
hypnotic condition and, 25
impact of pain, 43
-intensity curve of pain, 41
progression, 237, 263
tracheostomy tube, see ventilation
transference, 5, 118, 381
treatment:
choosing criteria for, 20
contraindications of, 24
describing to patients, 23
evaluating, 370
failure, see separate entry
fragmentation of, 34, 343
frequency of, 98
interdisciplinary resources for, 52
nurses’ role in hypnotic, 291, 296
patients’ concerns about, 21–23
requirements, 9
see also hypnotic; suggestions
trigeminal neuralgia, 31, 355
University of Washington Pain Center, 50
utilization, 240–41, 251, 280–81
variables:
dependent, 74–78
independent, 68–74
of subjects’ experience, vii–viii
ventilation, mechanical, 232–34, 242, 243, 244, 263
vigilance, 202–3, 233, 272, 281, 285, 323
visual analogue scale (VAS), 11, 16, 41, 55, 71, 76–77 (table), 81, 140