1. Donald Bruce Johnson, comp., National Party Platforms, rev. ed. (Urbana, Ill., 1978), 1:35–36.
2. Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York, 2010), 293.
3. Ibid., 290–94; Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Cambridge, UK, 2001), 94–102, 137–38; McPherson, Struggle for Equality, 125–27.
4. Foner, Fiery Trial, 274–79.
5. ALCW, 7:380, 435, 440–42, 451; McPherson, Tried by War, 234–35.
6. ALCW, 7:410.
7. Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men Held in the City of Syracuse, N. Y., October 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1864; with the Bill of Wrongs and Rights, and the Address to the American People (Boston, 1864).
8. ALCW, 7:243. Lincoln’s recommendation was ignored.
9. Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 26.
10. OR, ser. 1, vol. 38, pt. 1, 1–2.
11. McPherson, Tried by War, 209–14.
12. Castel, Decision in the West, 111, 350; McPherson, Tried by War, 213–14.
13. McPherson, Tried by War, 219.
14. OR, ser. 1, vol. 29, pt. 2, 859.
15. Gallagher, Confederate War, 39.
16. Castel, Decision in the West, 365, 453.
17. Ibid., 479.
18. Ibid., 321.
19. Ibid., 327.
20. Mark Grimsley, And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864 (Lincoln, Neb., 2002), 224.
21. McKinney, Zeb Vance, 215, 229; Auman, “Neighbor against Neighbor,” 334–35.
22. McKinney, Zeb Vance, 217–22; Manning, “Order of Nature Would Be Reversed,” 101–28.
23. Rubin, Shattered Nation, 34.
24. Castel, Decision in the West, 479.
25. Redkey, A Grand Army of Black Men, 111.
26. John S. Wise, The End of an Era (Boston, 1899), 366.
27. Confederate artillery officer Edward Porter Alexander confirmed all this in his memoirs: “Some of the Negro prisoners who were originally allowed to surrender by some soldiers, were afterward shot by others, & there was, without doubt, a great deal of unnecessary killing of them.” Alexander, Military Memoirs, 462; James I. Robertson, ed., “ ‘The Boy Artillerist’: Letters of Colonel William Pegram, C.S.A.,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98 (1990): 243; Bryce A. Suderow, “The Battle of the Crater,” in Urwin, Black Flag over Dixie, 203–9. An officer in the Ninth Alabama regiment was embarrassed to admit that his men “took some of the negroes prisoner.” But he firmly denied this proved his men too easygoing, considering “the numbers we had already slain.” George S. Burkhardt, Confederate Rage, Yankee Wrath: No Quarter in the Civil War (Carbondale, Ill., 2007), 159–74.
28. Castel, Decision in the West, 476.
29. Ibid., 444–45.
30. Johnson, National Party Platforms, 1:34–35.
31. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia, 425. Robert E. Lee had expressed a similar view a year earlier. Lee to Davis, June 10, 1863, in Dowdey, Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 507–9.
32. ALCW, 7:514.
33. Glyndon Van Deusen, William Henry Seward (New York, 1967), 306.
34. ALCW, 7:500.
35. Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 159.
36. Castel, Decision in the West, 483.
37. Ibid., 389, 527.
38. Myers, Children of Pride, 1203.
39. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 645.
40. PJD, 11:58–60.
41. William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour, 565–67; Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 6:341–42.
42. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 525–26.
43. Faust, Mothers of Invention, 244.
44. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 694.
45. Sallie A. Brock Putnam, Richmond during the War: Four Years of Personal Observation (Lincoln, Neb., 1997), 345.
46. Sara Agnes Rice Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War, rev. ed. (New York, 1905), 325.
47. Faust, Mothers of Invention, 244.
48. Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War, 326.
49. Stone, Brokenburn, 293.
50. Castel, Decision in the West, 543.
51. Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 429–33.
52. According to Michael Vorenberg, by this point even Democratic Party leaders recognized that taking “a proslavery position meant political suicide” for them. Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 165.
53. Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the Second Session Thirty-Eighth Congress, pt. 2 (Washington, 1865), 368.
54. Gorgas Journals, 139; J. Tracy Power, Lee’s Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 218–19.
55. William T. Sherman, Memoirs (New York, 1875), 2:152.
56. Ibid., 179.
57. According to one estimate, only a third of Georgia’s military-age white men were under arms by October. Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 150.
58. F. Kendall to Jefferson Davis, September 16, 1864, K-73-1864, WD/LR, RG 109, NA. Original emphasis.
59. OR, ser. 1, vol. 38, pt. 5, 299.
60. Governor Joseph E. Brown, message to the General Assembly of Ga., March 10, 1864, in The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia, ed. Allen D. Candler (Athens, Ga., 1909), 2:594–95.
61. Joseph P. Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800–1880 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), 128–35.
62. Sherman, Sherman’s Civil War, 794; Clarence L. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens, Ga., 1986), 95.
63. John E. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York, 1993), 45–46.
64. Sherman, Sherman’s Civil War, 293.
65. Clarence L. Mohr, “The Atlanta Campaign and the African American Experience in Civil War Georgia,” in Gordon and Inscoe, Inside the Confederate Nation, 280–81.
66. Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman’s Troops in the Savannah and Carolina Campaigns (New York, 1985), 63.
67. OR, ser. 1, vol. 38, pt. 5, 136–37, 210; ser. 3, 4:433–34, 454–55; ALCW, 7:448–49.
68. Sherman, Sherman’s Civil War, 454.
69. Ibid., 700.
70. Ibid., 454.
71. Sherman “like[d] niggers well enough as niggers,” but to make them equal to whites would encourage intermarriage, the doleful results of which he thought were on display for all to see in “the Mixed race in Mexico and South America.” If truth be told, for that matter, blacks were not even “qualified for utter and complete freedom.” Before they would be, they should first “pass through a probationary state.” Sherman evidently had in mind the kind of subordinate caste status imposed upon technically free blacks in the prewar South as well as many parts of the North. But if the Union were to arm black men now, Sherman fretted, they would afterward reject the probationary stage. “If negroes are to fight,” he told the secretary of war, they will “not be content with sliding back into the status of slave or free negro.” OR, ser. 1, vol. 39, pt. 2, 132; Sherman, Sherman’s Civil War, 727–28, 740.
72. Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr., and Gordon D. Whitney, Jefferson Davis in Blue: The Life of Sherman’s Relentless Warrior (Baton Rouge, 2006), 308–14; Glatthaar, March to the Sea and Beyond, 64.
73. Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 128; Jacqueline Jones, Saving Savannah: The City and the Civil War (New York, 2008), 202.
74. Glatthaar, March to the Sea and Beyond, 54–58.
75. Clarke, Dwelling Place, 440.
76. Mohr, “Atlanta Campaign,” 283.
77. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 111.
78. Castel, Decision in the West, 549.
79. George W. Pepper, Personal Recollections of Sherman’s Campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas (Zanesville, Ohio, 1866), 248.
80. Thomas Diary, 247.
81. Ibid., 249.
82. Pepper, Personal Recollections, 172.
83. Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 122–23.
84. Harry W. Slocum, “Sherman’s March from Savannah to Bentonville,” Battles and Leaders, 4:688–690.
85. Botume, First Days amongst the Contrabands, 169.
86. Glatthaar, March to the Sea and Beyond, 61.
87. Sherman, Memoirs, 2:180–81.
88. Berlin, Wartime Genesis: Lower South, 2:331–38.
89. Marszalek, Sherman, 313; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York, 1962), 343; OR, ser. 1, vol. 39, pt. 3, 428.
90. OR, ser. 1, 44:836–37.
91. Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 343–44.
92. Josef C. James, “Sherman at Savannah,” Journal of Negro History 39 (1954): 127–37; Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard (New York, 1907), 189; Berlin, Wartime Genesis: Lower South, vol. 2, 331–38.
93. George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York, 1865), 102.
94. Berlin, Wartime Genesis: Lower South, 331–38.
95. Marszalek, Sherman, 314–15.
96. The testimony of General Rufus Saxton, in Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Washington, D.C., 1866), pt. 2, 221; ALCW, 7:54–55.
97. Allston, South Carolina Rice Plantation, 199–200, 291–92, 292–93.
98. Ibid., 310.
99. Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy, 255.
100. Ibid., 168, 371.
101. Galveston Tri-Weekly News, December 30, 1864.
102. Ruffin Diary, 3:692.
103. Myers, Children of Pride, 1244.
104. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 694.
105. Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 6:341–43.
106. PJD, 11:66n.
107. Power, Lee’s Miserables, 228.
108. Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 415, 440; Power, Lee’s Miserables, 212, 227.
109. Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy, 398–99.
110. Auman, “Neighbor against Neighbor,” 325–27.
111. Ibid., 347, 377–79.
112. Ibid., 372.
113. Ibid., 375–80.
114. McKinney, Zeb Vance, 236; Auman, “Neighbor against Neighbor,” 385–409.
115. OR, ser. 1, 53:391.
116. Wiley, Plain People of the Confederacy, 67.
117. Macon Telegraph and Confederate, November 5, December 13, 1864; Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 171.
118. Thomas Diary, 252.
119. OR, ser. 4, 3:707, 710.
120. Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 409.
121. Anonymous to Jefferson Davis, September 16, 1864, A-198-1864, WD/LR, RG 109, NA. See also Anonymous to Secretary of War, November 17, 1865 [misfiled: probably 1864], A-7-1865, WD/LR, RG 109, NA.
122. Anonymous to Secretary of War, November 17, 1865, A-7-1865, WD/LR, RG 109, NA.
123. W. A. Chrica, Kingston, S.C., to Seddon, n.d., but marked received October 18, 1864, WD/LR, C-534, RG 109, NA.
124. Cornelia Peake McDonald, A Woman’s Civil War: A Diary with Reminiscences of the War from March 1862 (Madison, Wis., 1992), 224.
125. OR, ser. 4, 3:354.
1. Harrison Anthony Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804–1865 (Baltimore, 1914), 208–33; Cimprich, Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 116; Foner, Fiery Trial, 278–80; Vorenberg, Final Freedom, 171–72.
2. Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 6:384–87.
3. Richmond Examiner, January 28, 1865.
4. Ibid., February 1, 1865.
5. OR, ser. 4, 3:707, 710.
6. Toombs, Stephens, and Cobb, Correspondence, 661.
7. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 645.
8. OR, ser. 1, 53:392.
9. Colonel Geo. W. Guess to Mrs. Sarah H. Cockrell, January 5, 1865, George W. Guess Letters, Mss. 793, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collection, Special Collections, Louisiana State University Libraries.
10. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 126.
11. Green Mount, A Virginia Plantation Family during the Civil War: Being the Journal of Benjamin Robert Fleet and Letters of His Family, ed. Betsy Fleet and John D. P. Fuller (Lexington, Ky., 1962), 349; Craig M. Simpson, A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985), 281.
12. Macon Telegraph and Confederate, January 5, 1865.
13. Akin, Letters, 117.
14. Galveston Tri-Weekly News, February 5, 1865.
15. Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 11:394–97.
16. See chapter 2, 44.
17. OR, ser. 2, 3:653.
18. Ibid., ser. 4, 3:1160.
19. Thomas Donaldson, Notes of a Conversation with Duncan Farrar Kenner, New York City, October 19, 1882, Duncan Farrar Kenner Collection, Manuscript Division, LC; Craig A. Bauer, A Leader among Peers: The Life and Times of Duncan Farrar Kenner (Lafayette, La., 1993), 216–35; Frank Lawrence Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America ([Chicago], 1959), 532–34.
20. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers, 2:694–97; William Wirt Henry, “Kenner’s Mission to Europe,” William and Mary Quarterly 25 (1916), 9–12.
21. For the same reason, Kenner’s mission began in strict secrecy. But word of its existence soon leaked out. And when John Forsyth, the editor of the Mobile Register and Advertiser, wrote Davis to urge such a diplomatic overture, the president tipped his hand. “You will appreciate the obligation of reticence imposed upon me in these matters,” he replied in late February, but he could “perceive no discordance” between them about the suggestion and even asked the editor’s help in preparing public opinion for it. Richmond Dispatch, December 30, 1864; Howard Jones, Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2010), 318; PJD, 11:266, 413.
22. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers, 233–37; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 536–41.
23. Richmond Dispatch, February 6, 1865.
24. If the Confederate leader had really expected Lincoln to modify that stance at the forthcoming meeting, he would surely have sent to it men he agreed with and trusted, not three who were all by then identified with Richmond’s own peace faction.
25. Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1999), 400–401; Foner, Fiery Trial, 310–14.
26. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American, 550–51; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 822–23; ALCW, 8:279; Grant, Personal Memoirs, 2:591.
27. McPherson, Political History, 571.
28. Richmond Enquirer, February 9, 1865.
29. Ernest B. Furguson, Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War (New York, 1996), 292.
30. Richmond Sentinel, February 22, 1865.
31. Sheehan-Dean, Why Confederates Fought, 184.
32. Edward A. Pollard, Life of Jefferson Davis (Philadelphia, [1869]), 473.
33. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 350.
34. North Carolina General Assembly, Resolutions against the Policy of Arming Slaves (Richmond, Va., 1865). The resolutions were ratified on February 3, 1865.
35. Furguson, Ashes of Glory, 308.
36. The Charleston Mercury, January 26, 1865.
37. Macon Telegraph and Confederate, October 29, 1864.
38. Richmond Whig, November 12, 1864.
39. The Charleston Mercury, November 19, 1864.
40. Macon Telegraph and Confederate, January 6, 1865.
41. McKinney, Zeb Vance, 237–38.
42. Richmond Sentinel, November 24, 1864.
43. Richmond Enquirer, January 12, 1865.
44. Macon Daily Telegraph and Confederate, January 6, 1865.
45. Letter, signed “H.,” Galveston Tri-Weekly News, February 13, 1865.
46. Richmond Sentinel, December 28, 1864.
47. OR, ser. 1, vol. 52, pt. 2, 591.
48. A. S. Colyar to Colonel A. S. Marks, January 30, 1864, in “General Cleburne’s Views on Slavery,” The Annals of the Army of Tennessee and Early Western History 1 (1978): 50–52.
49. OR ser. 4, 3:959–60. Emphasis added.
50. Richmond Examiner, February 25, 1865.
51. Lynchburg Virginian, February 18, March 24, 1865.
52. Jones Diary, 2:353–54.
53. The Daily Confederate, April 5, 1865.
54. Richmond Sentinel, January 4, 1865.
55. Jones Diary, 2:353–54.
56. Confederate States of America, House of Representatives, Select Committee on Increase of Military Force, Mr. Rogers’ Minority Report (Richmond, Va., 1865).
57. The Charleston Mercury, January 13, 1865.
58. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 696.
59. Richmond Whig, November 8, 1864.
60. OR, ser. 4, 3:798.
61. Robert E. Lee to John C. Breckinridge, March 14, 1865, Army of Northern Virginia Headquarters Papers, Robert E. Lee Papers, VHS.
62. Lee to Barksdale, February 18, 1865, as published in the Richmond Sentinel, February 23, 1865.
63. Richmond Enquirer, November 12, 1864.
64. Frank Vandiver, “Proceedings of the Second Confederate Congress,” Southern Historical Society Papers (SHSP), n.s., 52:329.
65. Ibid., 52:330.
66. The Virginia legislature also overrode state laws that forbade black people to bear arms. OR, ser. 1, vol. 51, pt. 2, 1068; vol. 46, pt. 3, 1315.
67. Vandiver, “Proceedings of the Second Confederate Congress,” SHSP, 52:464–65.
68. Ibid., 52:470; PJD, 11:460.
69. OR, ser. 4, 3:1161–62.
70. Ibid., 3:1193–94, 1144; Lynchburg Virginian, March 18, 1865. Evidently no recruiters were sent to North Carolina, perhaps because its legislature had so firmly rejected the whole idea.
71. Richmond Examiner, March 9, 1865.
72. OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, 1237–38.
73. Richmond Examiner, March 21, 1865; Richmond Dispatch, March 22 and 24, 1865; Lynchburg Virginian, March 23, 1865.
74. Richmond Examiner, March 22, 1865; Lynchburg Virginian, March 24, 1865.
75. Richmond Examiner, March 27, 1865; Richmond Whig, April 29, 1865; Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 30, 1910; OR, ser. 2, 6:852–53.
76. Richard L. Maury Diary, entry for March 23, 1865, Manuscript Division, VHS; Nelson Lankford, Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital (New York, 2002), 34; Pollard, Life of Jefferson Davis, 456; Richard S. Ewell to L. C. [Lizinka Campbell Brown] Ewell, May 12, 1865, Brown-Ewell Family Papers, Filson Historical Society.
77. Thomas Hughes, A Boy’s Experience in the Civil War, 1860–1865 (Baltimore, 1904), 12–13.
78. Pollard, Life of Jefferson Davis, 456.
79. Macon Telegraph and Confederate, November 2, 1864.
80. Graham Papers, 6:274.
81. Ibid., 6:284.
82. North Carolina General Assembly, Resolutions Against the Policy of Arming Slaves (Richmond, Va. 1865).
83. Edmondston Diary, 653.
84. Lynchburg Virginian, March 16, 1865.
85. Richmond Enquirer, January 28, 1865.
86. Jones Diary, 2:416.
87. Kean Diary, 183.
88. Graham Papers, 6:216.
89. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 350; Kean Diary, 202–3.
90. Graham Papers, 6:46.
91. Ibid., 6:224–25.
92. Ibid.
93. Kean Diary, 194–98.
94. As Hunter detailed in 1870, he had heard the same things at Hampton Roads that Campbell and Stephens did. Even if surrender and abolition were “inevitable,” he had therefore wondered, wasn’t it “worth the effort to save as much as possible from the wreck?” He believed that the South should explore further the terms of reunion. Surely the North, for its own reasons, would strive “to make them as tolerable as possible.” But when Hunter expressed this opinion to Jefferson Davis following the Hampton Roads conference, Davis stonewalled him. Hunter then (unlike Campbell and Stephens) agreed to help the Confederate president prepare the public to continue the war. See Hunter’s 1870 letter to James M. Mason, published in Virginia Mason, ed., The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason, with Some Personal History (New York, 1906), 596. The former jurist John A. Campbell appended his own opinion that the U.S. Constitution gave its president the power to grant amnesties, and such amnesties would likely secure those who received them in their landed property and even nullify the sales of confiscated real estate that had already taken place. Graham Papers, 6:255.
95. Graham Papers, 6:232.
96. Worth, Correspondence, 1:373.
97. Richmond Enquirer, February 25, 1865.
98. Ibid.
99. James Austin Connolly, “Major Connolly’s Letters to His Wife, 1862–1865,” Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society 35 (1928): 379.
100. Nichols, Story of the Great March, 161.
101. OR, ser. 1, 14:523–24.
102. Wilbert L. Jenkins, Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post–Civil War Charleston (Bloomington, Ind., 2003), 31.
103. Dorothy Sterling, ed., The Trouble They Seen: Black People Tell the Story of Reconstruction (Garden City, N.Y., 1976), 2–3.
104. Dusinberre, Them Dark Days, 375.
105. Allston, South Carolina Rice Plantation, 206–7.
106. Ibid., 210.
107. Rev. L. S. Burkhead, “History of the Difficulties of the Pastorate of the Front Street Methodist Church, Wilmington, N. C., for the Year 1865,” in Historical Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society (Durham, N.C., 1900): 41–43.
108. John G. Barrett, Sherman’s March through the Carolinas (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 137n; Jacqueline Glass Campbell, When Sherman Marched North from the Sea: Resistance on the Confederate Home Front (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2003), 85–86.
109. David P. Conyngham, Sherman’s March through the South (New York, 1865), 355.
110. Campbell, When Sherman Marched North from the Sea, 86.
111. Rawick, American Slave: Composite Autobiography, vol. 14, parts 1 and 2, 270–71.
112. Ibid., 96–97.
113. Campbell, When Sherman Marched North, 86.
114. Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 128.
115. Nichols, The Story of the Great March, 237–38.
116. Southern Confederacy, January 20, 1865.
117. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 678–79.
118. Glatthaar, March to the Sea and Beyond, 12–13, 169, 172.
119. Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 451.
120. Martin, Rich Man’s War, 233.
121. Power, Lee’s Miserables, 261.
122. Lee, Wartime Papers, 938–39.
123. OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, 1254.
1. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 592.
2. Furguson, Ashes of Glory, 286.
3. Bruce Catton, Grant Takes Command (Boston, 1969), 296–301.
4. Wilson Greene, The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign: Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion (Knoxville, Tenn., 2008), 106.
5. Lee, Wartime Papers, 912.
6. Greene, Final Battles, 125.
7. Furguson, Ashes of Glory, 312.
8. Brooks D. Simpson, “Facilitating Defeat: The Union High Command and the Collapse of the Confederacy,” in The Collapse of the Confederacy, ed. Mark Grimsley and Brooks D. Simpson (Lincoln, Neb., 2001), 93–95; Greene, Final Battles, 112–141.
9. Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan (New York, 1888), 2:165.
10. Greene, Final Battles, 348.
11. Lee, Wartime Papers, 938–39.
12. Kean Diary, 205.
13. William C. Davis, An Honorable Defeat: The Last Days of the Confederate Government (New York, 2001), 57.
14. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 366.
15. Ibid., 364.
16. “Our Women in the War”: The Lives They Lived; The Deaths They Died (Charleston, S.C., 1885), 100.
17. Stephen R. Mallory, “Last Days of the Confederate Government,” McClure’s Magazine 16 (1900): 101–2.
18. Thomas Morris Chester Black Civil War Correspondent: His Dispatches from the Virginia Front, ed. R.J.M. Blackett (New York, 1991), 292.
19. Ibid., 314.
20. Greene, Final Battles, 344.
21. Furguson, Ashes of Glory, 325.
22. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 363.
23. C. C. Coffin, “Late Scenes in Richmond,” Atlantic Monthly 15 (1865): 751–52.
24. Blackett, Thomas Morris Chester, 289.
25. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 367.
26. Greene, Final Battles, 355.
27. Noah Andre Trudeau, Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862–1865 (Boston, 1998), 428.
28. Blackett, Thomas Morris Chester, 290.
29. Greene, Final Battles, 355–56.
30. Furguson, Ashes of Glory, 338.
31. Ibid., 336.
32. Douglas Southall Freeman, ed., A Calendar of Confederate Papers, with a Bibliography of Some Confederate Publications (Richmond, Va., 1908), 251–52.
33. Redkey, Grand Army of Black Men, 175. Emphasis added.
34. Ibid., 175–78. Emphasis added.
35. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 183.
36. McPherson, Tried by War, 261.
37. Coffin, “Late Scenes in Richmond,” 753–55.
38. ALCW, 8:389.
39. OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 3, 656.
40. To impress General Weitzel with the importance of permitting this to happen, Campbell warned him—contrary to what he knew to be true—that while “the armies of the Confederacy are diminished in point of numbers … the spirit of the people is not broken and the resources of the country allow of a prolonged and embarrassing resistance.” OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 3, 656–57.
41. ALCW, 8:406–7.
42. Chester, Thomas Morris Chester, 300.
43. Edward A. Pollard, Southern History of the War (1866; reprint, New York, 1990), 2:507–8.
44. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 358–59; Sheridan, Memoirs, 2:180–84.
45. Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 358.
46. OR, ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 1, 54–55; Davis, Honorable Defeat, 108.
47. Over the next few days, a total of some twenty-six thousand Confederate soldiers straggled into Appomattox to accept the parole. Lee, Wartime Papers, 937–38; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 470.
48. OR, ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 1, 56.
49. Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 6:530.
50. Mallory, “Last Days,” 106–7.
51. Ibid., 240.
52. Lee, Wartime Papers, 936.
53. Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, 8:535–39.
54. Joseph E. Johnston, Narrative of Military Operations (New York, 1874), 400.
55. OR, ser. 1, vol. 47, pt. 3, 178; Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina, 373.
56. Johnston, Narrative of Military Operations, 401.
57. Ibid., 405–7.
58. Ibid.
59. Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 864.
60. OR, ser. 1, vol. 47, pt. 3, 266.
61. Ibid., 832–33.
62. Ibid., 823–24.
63. Ibid., 828.
64. Ibid., 294; Welles Diary, 2:294–96.
65. OR, ser. 1, vol. 47, pt. 3, 835–38.
66. Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy, 398–400, 410, 414.
67. Davis, Honorable Defeat, 221.
68. PJD, 11:580.
69. Davis, Honorable Defeat, 214, 248–54, 278.
70. OR, ser. 1, vol. 48, pt. 1, 190–91. Unable to attend the letter’s signing, the governor of Texas expressed his endorsement through a representative.
71. Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy, 418.
72. Ibid., 421.
73. Ibid., 419–26.
1. William J. Cooper and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History (Lanham, Md., 2009), 411; J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History 57 (2011): 306–47.
2. ALCW, 8:332–33.
3. Lincoln, speech in Peoria, Ill., October 16, 1854, ALCW, 2:276.
4. Douglass, Life and Times, 373.
5. Douglass, Life and Writings, 4:200.
6. Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 71. Original emphasis.
7. ALCW, 8:332–33.
8. McPherson, Struggle for Equality, 227–30; Leslie A. Schwalm, Emancipation’s Diaspora: Race and Reconstruction in the Upper Midwest (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2009), 104; Arthur Charles Cole, The Era of the Civil War (1919; reprint, Urbana, Ill., 1987), 388; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York, 1988), 28.
9. Richmond Whig, November 26, 1864.
10. Letter in the Galveston Tri-Weekly News, February 22, 1865.
11. Eliza Frances Andrews, The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864–1865 (New York, 1908), 198.
12. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 735.
13. Wayne, Reshaping of Plantation Society, 39.
14. Edmondston Diary, 712–13.
15. John Leyburn, “An Interview with Gen. Robert E. Lee,” Century Magazine, May 1885, 166–67; Alan T. Nolan, Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 24–25; and Myrta Lockett Avary, Dixie after the War: An Exposition of Social Conditions Existing in the South, during the Twelve Years Succeeding the Fall of Richmond (New York, 1906), 72.
16. Kean Diary, 208, 210.
17. Thomas Diary, 275.
18. Davis, Jefferson Davis: A Memoir, 2:215.
19. Stone, Brokenburn, 8, 340–41.
20. Ruffin Diary, 3:895, 950.
21. Richmond Dispatch, March 21, 1865.
22. PJD, 11:229.
23. Edmondston Diary, 712.
24. Rhett, Fire-Eater Remembers, 88.
25. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 344.
26. Graham Papers, 6:289–91.
27. Macon Telegraph and Confederate, March 22, 1865.
28. Scarborough, Masters of the Big House, 344.
29. Thomas Diary, 268–69.
30. ALCW, 8:403.
31. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, 2:803.
32. Putnam, Richmond during the War, 381.
33. Stone, Brokenburn, 333, 341.
34. Edmondston Diary, 702–3.
35. Ruffin Diary, 3:852–53.
36. Phillips, Diehard Rebels, 174; Scarborough, Masters of the Big House, 372.
37. Sarah Morgan Dawson, A Confederate Girl’s Diary (Boston, 1913), 436.
38. Roark, Masters without Slaves, 121.
39. Furguson, Ashes of Glory, 364.
40. Toombs, Stephens, and Cobb, Correspondence, 675; Roark, Masters without Slaves, 123.
41. Reid, After the War, 195–96.
42. Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey, eds., The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1995), 86, 161.
43. Ibid., 69, 241n.
44. Furguson, Ashes of Glory, 363.
45. Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy, 415.
46. Ibid., 428.
47. Andrew Rolle, The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico (Norman, Okla., 1965), 94–95, 120, 174–75, 184.
48. Ted R. Worley, ed., “A Letter Written by General Thomas C. Hindman in Mexico,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 15, no. 4 (1956): 366–67.
49. Rolle, Lost Cause, 184.
50. Scarborough, Masters of the Big House, chap. 10.
51. Ibid., 372.
52. Stone, Brokenburn, 364.
53. Faust, Mothers of Invention, 248.
54. Berlin, Wartime Genesis: Lower South, 77–78, 78n.
55. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 199–200.
56. Rawick, American Slave: Composite Autobiography, 14:60–61.
57. Dan T. Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865–1867 (Baton Rouge, 1985), 82–83.
58. Trowbridge, South, 392.
59. Berlin, Wartime Genesis: Lower South, 603.
60. Message of the President of the United States, Communicating, in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate of the 12th Instant, Information in Relation to the States of the Union Lately in Rebellion, Accompanied by a Report of Carl Schurz on the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana; also a Report of Lieutenant General Grant, on the Same Subject (Washington, D.C., 1865), 82.
61. Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 47.
62. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 30.
63. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 249.
64. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, 100; Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation (Cambridge, UK, 1977), 4–5; James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York, 1990), 16–19.
65. Douglass, Life and Writings, 3:390.