Abstinence,570
Accumulation, rate of, 349
Accumulation of capital, 373, 607, 633–5,1021,1045–6;
and falling rate of profit, 329–31, 349, 357–8, 365, 375, 523;
and foreign trade, 344; and labour productivity, 176, 325–30, 523; and relative surplus population, 324–5, 364–5;
limits, 523
Accumulation of money capital, 599, 607–52
Africa, 1047
and cottage industry, 931–2;
capitalist 751–2, 810–16, 901–2, 906;
composition of capital in, 149, 894, 899–902;
contradictions in capitalist, 755–7;
decline of living labour in, 372, 767, 775;
development of capitalism in, 754–5, 789–90, 859–60, 936–7, 1023;
in colonies, 808–10, 890, 904;
labour productivity in,212–13, 790–91, 847, 901, 955;
natural conditions for, 212–13;
pre–capitalist, 298, 751, 814–15, 921–2, 942–4;
products of, 776–8;
rationalization of, 215, 754–6, 813–15, 818, 847, 948–50;
under communism, 216, 799–800;
use of waste products in, 195–6;
Alexander, Nathaniel, 542, 685
Alienation, 177–8, 373, 731, 956,964, 968–9
America, U.S. of, 164, 623–4,1046
Amortization, 174, 203–4, 213, 465, 716, 745, 924–5
Anarchy of capitalist production, 288–9, 295–6, 365–6, 708, 969–70,1020–21
Anderson, Adam,451
Anderson, James,756–7
Anderson, James Andrew, 658–9,697
Anne, Queen of England, 746
Annuities, 465
Antiquity, 444–50, 728–9, 731, 922–3,970
Arbuthnot, John,683
Archimedes, 1028
Argentina,859
Ashley, Lord, see Shaftesbury Asia, 650,686, 699–700, 732,753
Authority, 1021
Babylon, 1037
Baker, Robert, 182,184,218, 220,222
Balance of payments, 622–4, 649–50, 702–4 725–7
Balzac, Honoré de, 130
Bank Act of 1844, 545–65, 605, 646, 652, 660, 670–708
Bank credit, 525, 610, 626–7, 721
Bank of England, 543–64, 580–90, 603–6, 621, 624, 627–34, 651–79,685, 688–709, 723–4
Bank Restriction Act, 663
Bankers, 483–4, 528–30, 609, 638, 642–3, 675, 678–9
Banking capital,589–91, 594–606, 678, 702
Banknotes, 525–32, 580–84, 605, 652;
circulation of, 564, 566, 574–5, 579–90, 594,653–63,673–9, 682–3, 689–91, 699, 702, 706
Banks, 419, 431–9, 512, 528, 574, 582–3, 586–90, 634–5, 664–5, 675–8, 706–7;
exchange, 433–4;
joint–stock, 512–13, 628, 1045–6;
national, 529, 678, 701–2 (see also Bank of England); reserve funds, 600, 603–5, 631–2, 661–2, 700–708. See also Money dealing
Baran, Paul, 86
Baring family, 668
Base and superstructure, 927–30
Baynes, John, 218–19
Bekker, Immanuel,509
Bell, G. M.,679
Bellers, John,400
Bentinck, Lord George, 545
Bernal Osborne, Ralph, 234
Bernstein, Eduard, 80
Bessemer, Sir Henry, 164
Billbrokers, 605
Bills of exchange, 390, 438, 525–59, 587–8, 594, 600;
as means of circulation, 526, 673;
as means of payment, 610;
discounting of, 485, 488, 529–33, 552–62, 580, 582, 588, 600, 615, 643, 653–5, 667–9, 676–8, 694
Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von, 22–9
Braun, Heinrich, 1032
Bright, John, 769
Briscoe, John, 736
Brown, William, 696
Building industry, 909–10
Buildings, rent on, 908–10
Buret, Antoine–Eugène, 939
Büsch, Johann Georg, 748
By–products, 195
Cagliostro, 1030
Cairnes, John Elliot, 507–8
Calvinism, 1046
Campbell, John, 183
Canada, 725
Cantillon, Richard, 919
Capital, 93–8, 104, 117, 205, 241–2, 328, 337–8, 342, 379–80, 459, 970
Capital, advance of, 121–2;
as money, 584, 592 (see also Banking capital, Loan capital, Money capital, Money–dealing capital);
as self–valorizing value, 478, 515–16, 523–4;
as social relation, 297, 373, 524, 953–70;
change in value, 205–6, 208–9, 236–8;
devaluation, 343, 353–62, 523;
export, 364–5, 623–5, 709–19, 724–6, 1047;
fictitious, 595–601, 625, 641, 675;
general formula, 132, 515, 954–5;
in pre–capitalist modes, 442, 728;
migration of, 275, 297–8, 310–11, 488–9, 895–6, 906,1044;
potential, 477;
release and tying–up, 205–9;
subordination of labour to, 298–9, 319, 343–4. See also Accumulation of capital, Centralization of capital, Circulating capital, Circulation capital, Commercial capital, Commodity capital, Composition of capital, Concentration of capital, Constant capital, Fixed capital, Industrial capital, Interest–bearing capital, Investment of capital, Merchant’s capital, Productive capital Social capital, Variable capital
Capital market, 905. See also Money market
Capitalist, 132–3;
as landowner, 885;
as personified capital, 397, 403, 496, 958, 963, 1019–20;
ideas on profit, 125, 128, 236, 268–9;
industrial, 347, 396–403, 493–501, 505–6;
Capitalist class, 132, 300, 1025–6
Capitalist mode of production, barriers to, 350, 358, 365–72;
bourgeois economists on, 350, 365–6, 507, 990–91;
general character, 117, 297–9, 425, 731, 751, 991, 1011, 1018;
historic task, 572; in agriculture, 751–5, 776, 789, 806–16, 830–31, 950, 1023;
need for transition to socialism, 373, 567–73;
prerequisites, 205, 275, 344, 441, 444, 449–51, 570, 730, 754–5, 1018;
transitory character, 350, 365–8, 1018, 1023–4
Capitalist production, 297, 331, 352–3, 357–9, 365–7, 755, 991, 1021;
costs, 791, 870 (see also Cost price)
Cardwell, Edward, Viscount, 687
Carey, Henry Charles, 209, 250, 523, 730, 756–7, 759
Cato, Marcius Portius, 449, 508, 923
Cattle, 810, 814–15, 901–2,1036
Centralization of capital, 349, 355, 368, 406, 570–71, 1045–6;
of banking capital, 599, 678, 702
Chamberlayne, Hugh, 736
Chapman, David Barclay, 559, 643, 661–74, 708
Charles II, king of England, 737, 746
Charlemagne, emperor, 732, 922
Chemical industry, 164, 195–8, 569, 1046–7
Chemistry, 894
Cherbuliez, Antoine–Élisée, 258
Circuit of capital, 467–71
Circulating capital, 369, 465;
as opposed to fixed, 122–3, 204, 252, 369, 401;
components, 204;
surrender of value, 203–4
Circulation, agents of, 384, 401, 404, 428–9
Circulation capital, 380, 441. See also Commodity capital, Money capital
Circulation costs, 395, 401–5, 408–9, 413–16, 566
Circulation of money, 417–18, 437–47, 566–7, 574–91, 602, 653–4, 658–9, 662–5, 702;
and reproduction, 659–60, 978;
as result of commodity circulation, 436–8;
bourgeois economists’ views, 574–93, 982;
international, 584–7
metal, 682, 701–2. See also Banknotes
Circulation process, 117, 134–5, 379–80, 445, 465, 966
Circulation time, 163–4, 388, 392, 404, 418, 424
Class struggle, 97, 203, 226, 300, 908, 966
Classes, 98–9, 296, 513, 735, 756, 1025–6. See also Capitalist class, Landowners, Peasantry, Working class
Clay, Sir William, 683
Colonial trade, 344, 536–9, 685–6, 717–18, 1040–41
Colonies, 344–5, 789, 807–8, 814, 890–91, 904
Colonization, 1047
Commercial capital, see Commodity–dealing capital, Merchant’s capital
Commodity, as capital, 592–3;
as money, 592–3;
as product of capital, 275–6, 389–90;
demand for, 646;
dual character, 282, 391–2, 473, 774, 776, 786;
realization, 777–8;
transformation of product into, 445–8, 454, 776–7;
value, 133, 255, 265–6, 271–2, 307–8, 369–71, 1021–2, 1031–2
Commodity capital, 379–86, 415, 440–41, 463, 622, 624–5, 636, 992
Commodity–dealing capital, 379–93, 418, 439
Commodity production, capitalist, 425–6, 443–4, 776–8, 1019–22;
Commodity value, 117–27, 249–50, 264, 284, 972–93, 1007, 1010–12. See also Value
Commodity–dealing capital, 379–93, 418, 439
Communication, means of, 164, 425, 537, 904
Communism, agriculture under, 216, 799;
economic laws under, 365, 959;
material premises for, 368, 373, 567–72;
production under, 365, 370, 959, 991;
property under, 911;
work under, 176, 288–9, 958, 986–7, 991, 1015–16
Community, primitive, 278, 451, 970, 978, 1017, 1034, 1038
Competition, 102, 295–6, 300, 332, 345, 361, 477–8, 484–5, 751, 895, 906, 966, 1004–5, 1014–15;
among workers, 276;
among money capitalists, 674–5;
and rate of profit, 252–3, 257, 310–11, 360–72, 429, 489, 994;
basic law of capitalist, 127, 273;
between money and industrial capitalists, 493;
as distorted reflection of economic relations, 311–12, 331–2, 338, 829;
on world market, 205, 214–15, 344–5, 450, 620, 859–60, 1014–15;
within a sphere of production, 281
Composition of capital, by value, 142–3, 244–5, 900–901;
fixed and circulating, 250–52;
in extractive industry, 906;
in particular branches, 142–3, 243, 273, 344;
influence on rate of profit, 161–2, 237–54, 317–19, 326–30;
of agricultural capital, 149–51, 776–7, 894–900;
of average social capital, 263–4, 273–4, 326–30, 900–901;
organic, 238, 244–54, 263, 343–4, 892–4, 900–901, 1045;
reflects productivity, 893, 900–901;
technical, 137, 153, 244–5, 893–4, 900–901;
vulgar economic views, 440–41, 956–7. See also Accumulation of capital, Centralization of capital, Concentration of capital, Merchant’s capital
Comte, François–Charles–Louis, 754–5
Concentration of capital, 181, 326, 349, 354, 359, 408, 413, 512, 783, 830
Concentration of workers, 175, 185, 326, 567
Consignments, 221, 618–19, 665
Constant capital, 244, 369, 976, 992–3;
and rate of profit, 153, 173, 351;
and value formation, 120–21, 144, 973–4;
cheapening of its elements, 342–3;
division between fixed and circulating, 170–71, 203, 206–8, 211–13, 252, 323, 369, 974;
economy in use of, 153, 170–81, 497, 828, 987;
growth, 171, 318–19, 322, 325;
tying–up and release, 212
Consumption, and production, 352–3, 365–6, 613–15; individual, 289, 418, 796, 975, 1016;
productive, 219, 289, 975, 1017;
under communism, 986–7. See also Means of subsistence
Contradictions, between forces and relations of production, 215–16, 350, 352–3, 358, 366, 372, 375, 1024;
between production and consumption, 352–3, 365–6, 615;
between production and market, 568;
between social production and private appropriation, 373, 375, 571, 707–8, 1021;
of capitalist agriculture, 757, 950;
of capitalist mode of production, 179–80, 215–16, 329–32, 352–3, 365–6, 370–72, 568–72, 615, 707–8, 1021
Control of production, 215, 288–9, 366
Cooperation, 172–5, 185, 198–9, 375, 731
Cooperative factories, 179, 511–12, 572
Coquelin, Charles, 527
Corbet, Thomas, 266, 271, 284, 312, 422
Corn laws, 202–3, 445, 764–9, 796, 818, 859
Corvée, 925–30
Cost price, 117–31, 252–3, 258–72, 780–83, 828–9, 1010
Cotton, William, 545
Credit, 492, 609, 623, 629–31, 651, 653–79, 707–8;
and capitalist production, 566–73, 708, 741–2;
and consumption, 613;
commercial, 525, 528, 610–13, 621, 632, 638, 721;
influence on money circulation, 566–7, 576;
monetary, 615
Credit associations, 736–7
Credit money, 525, 648–9, 669–70, 738
Credit system, 205, 375, 391, 418, 484, 525, 572–3, 610–11, 676, 706–7, 723, 735, 741–2
Creditors and debtors, 474–80, 490–91, 525, 547
Crisis, commercial, 681. See also Market
Crises, economic, 350, 357–8, 363, 367, 419–20, 482, 562, 590–93, 614, 620–25, 645, 689, 697, 708, 1046;
bourgeois views on, 526–7, 624, 647–8;
of 1847, 541–51, 616–18, 661, 702;
of 1857, 164, 217, 535, 542, 551, 570, 616, 623, 693, 698, 702;
of 1866–7, 620, 1046. See also Industrial cycle, Monetary crisis
Currency principle, 546, 578, 585, 680–98
Curtis, Timothy, 514
Daire, Louis–François–Eugène, 921
Dante Alighieri, 109
Davenant, Charles, 799
Davidson, Daniel, 669
Demand, for labour–power, 645, 1003;
for means of payment, 647–8;
for means of production, 288–92;
for means of subsistence, 288–9. See also Supply and demand
Deposits, 528–9, 594–5, 600–603, 628–30, 642, 702
Differential rent, 785, 788–9, 846, 860, 882, 889, 903, 961, 971, 1000;
on the worst land tilled, 872–8
Differential rent I, 788–811, 814, 823, 843–4, 846, 860;
and differential rent II, 814–20, 830, 844, 860–61, 870–71
Differential rent II, 807, 812–23, 830–61
Disraeli, Benjamin, 545
Distribution, of social capital, 262–3, 270, 806, 895;
of social labour, 771–2, 1020;
of social product, 263, 270, 895–6;
of surplus–value, 134, 350–51, 489, 895, 959–60, 971, 973, 989, 1001;
Dividends, 347, 567, 601, 662, 725, 959
Division of labour, between capitalists and their functions,387–8, 402–5;
in money–dealing, 431–3;
social, 175, 375, 384, 440, 451–2, 772–4, 1026
Dombasle, Christophe, 894, 948
Dureau de la Malle, Adolphe, 198
Dutch East India Company, 421–2, 446
Earth, 787, 955, 964. See also Land East India Company, 669, 673, 716–17
Economy, on conditions of production, 172–80;
on constant capital, 153, 170–81, 342–3, 497, 828–9, 997;
on labour, 175, 179–81, 270–71, 828–9;
on means of circulation, 653–6;
on means of production, 175–8, 185, 814;
on payments, 654–5;
through inventions, 198–9
Egypt, 1040
Emigration, 766–7
Enfantin, Barthélemy, 740
Engels, Frederick (1820–95), 9, 10, 26, 37, 79–82, 91–8, 111, 533–5, 557–9, 587–8, 620–21, 704, 850–60, 1027–47
Engels, Friedrich (1796–1860), 599
agriculture, 196, 763–7, 818–19, 860, 904;
capital export, 623, 704, 725–6, 1047;
colonial system, 446, 450, 725;
industry, 196–7, 202, 216, 219–25, 454, 571, 633–4;
legislation, 183–4 (see also Bank Act, Corn Laws);
money and banking system, 485–8, 512–13, 532–3, 543–65, 582–4, 589–90, 604–6, 624, 626–31, 711, 737;
position of working class, 181–9, 224–34, 765–7
Essence and appearance, 269, 311, 956
Exchange, 275–8, 433, 447–9, 466–7, 663, 707–8, 976–7, 1035–7
Exchange business, 433–6
Exchange rate, 436, 693, 708–19
Exchange–value, 282–3, 392, 649, 776, 955–6
Exploitation, 132, 241, 299, 329, 459, 958–61. See also Labour–power
Expropriation, of producers, 325, 349, 730, 751–5, 763, 904, 920, 933–4, 939–40;
of smaller capitalists, 349, 354, 569–71
Factory legislation, 182–5, 203
Fairbairn, Sir William, 184
Falling rate of profit, see Laws, economic
Family labour, 931
Farmers, 751–68, 813–15, 844, 870, 886–9. See also Leases
Faux frais, 783
Fawcett, Henry, 767
Feller, Friedrich, 428
Feudalism, 443, 448–54, 731–3, 751, 754, 919–39, 970, 1016, 1035–6
Financial aristocracy, 569
Fixed capital, as component of constant capital, 170, 974;
as against circulating, 126, 204, 251–2, 369, 401;
depreciation, 122–3, 174, 203–4, 208–9, 255, 333, 370, 374, 465, 924;
in agriculture, 756–7;
reproduction, 170–71, 208–9. See also Amortization
Forcade, Eugène, 982–3
Foreign trade, 634, 704, 715–19;
and precious metals, 433–7, 586, 650, 682–6, 699–710, 719–20;
Ricardo on, 344–5
Fourier, François–Marie–Charles, 740, 891
France, 452, 565, 686, 740–41, 767–8, 1041
Frederick II, emperor, 732
Freedom and necessity, 959
Fullarton, John, 530, 574, 580–88, 591–2, 594, 683
Functions of money, as hoard or reserve, 432, 437, 447, 585, 733;
as means of circulation, 294–5, 390, 417–18, 432, 436–7, 445–7, 459–60, 492, 574–6, 586, 651;
as means of payment, 390–91, 417–18, 432, 437, 525, 574–6, 588–9, 650, 733–4;
as means of purchase, 391, 435–7, 492, 574–6 (see also Banknotes);
as measure of value, 447, 584, 640, 1035;
as world money, 433–6, 584, 586, 670, 733 (see also Gold and silver)
Furniture trade, 453
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 109
Garment trades, 189–90
Geographical discoveries, 454, 1040
Geology, 894
George III, king of England, 520
Germany, 176, 215, 434, 452, 569, 1038–47
Gilbart, James William, 460, 482–3, 530–33, 673, 677–8, 746
Gilchrist, Percy, 164
Gillman, Joseph, 35
Glyn, George Grenfell, 677, 1047
Gold and silver, 434, 555, 584–93, 617, 685–6, 699–708, 723–7
Gold production, 634, 664, 699–700
Government stocks, 519–20, 590, 594–601, 607, 609, 635, 656, 659–66, 723–4, 994–5, 1045
Greg, Robert Hyde, 202
Grey, Sir George, 184
Grossman, Henryk, 84–7
Guilds, 278, 452–4, 970, 1034, 1038
Gurney, Samuel, 538, 542, 545, 549, 654, 659, 661, 672, 678, 708
Hamilton, Robert, 519
Handicrafts, 277–8, 452–4, 729–30, 1033–8
Harrington, James, 1030–31
Harvest failure, 615
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 101, 139, 752–3, 914
Henry VIII, king of England, 746
Herrenschwand, Jean, 922
Heyd, Wilhelm, 1039
Hilferding, Rudolf, 43
Hoard formation, 435, 437, 586, 727–34. See also Reserve fund
Holland, 434–6, 449–51, 737–8, 1039–41
Horner, Leonard, 183–4, 191, 219, 223
Hubbard, John Gellibrand, 544, 663, 677, 683–5, 710, 723
Hüllmann, Karl Dietrich, 433, 436, 732
Impoverishment, 325, 755, 764–5 India, 164, 215–16, 321, 451–2, 685–6, 712–17, 726–7, 859–60, 1017
Industrial capital, 399–413, 418, 620;
forms, 379–89, 415–16, 431, 438;
genesis, 1039–40;
turnover, 388–90, 417–20, 423–6
Industrial cycle, 214–16, 310, 482–4, 489, 534–5, 578–82, 614, 616–25, 633–5, 644–7, 659–60, 700, 703–8, 719–22, 970
Industrial revolution, 164
Industry, domestic, 732, 922, 926, 930–32, 943;
extractive, 149, 197, 213, 893, 907–8;
large–scale, 149–50, 168–9, 341–2, 454–5, 568–9, 916, 1046–7
Insurance, 312, 986, 988, 1016, 1022
Interest, 460–62, 476, 480–83, 486, 493, 497–505, 512, 519–22, 644–5, 730, 879–80, 1011, 1023
Interest, rate of, 262–3, 321, 478–91, 500, 616, 619–20 635, 644, 650, 676–7, 691, 704–5, 719–23, 760–61
Interest–bearing capital, 347, 459–79, 505, 594–601;
bourgeois views, 499–501, 517–24, 746;
formula for, 515–17;
movement, 461–71. See also Loan capital
Inventions, 164, 198–9, 292, 338–41, 345, 361, 783
Iron production, 569
Irrationalism, 914
James I, king of England, 746
Janossy, Ferenc, 47
Jevons, William Stanley, 100
Joint–stock banks, 514, 1045–6
Joint–stock capital, 347, 567–8, 1045–7. See also Stocks and shares Joint–stock companies, 258, 347, 375, 495, 512–14, 567–72, 601, 608, 1042, 1045–7
Jones, Richard, 374–5, 894, 816
Justice, 460–61
Kiesselbach, Wilhelm, 444
Kincaid, Sir John, 183
agricultural and industrial, 771–4;
as substance of value, 102, 133, 136–7, 180, 248, 265, 272, 281, 300, 313, 502, 880, 954–6, 962, 974, 1006, 1022, 1031, 1037;
commercial, 406–16;
dual character, 974;
division between branches, 774–5 (see also Division of labour);
intensity, 143–4, 158, 299, 340–41;
living, 101, 132, 180, 182, 270, 369–70, 524;
natural basis, 770;
necessary, 100, 771–4, 960, 972–3, 1016;
objectified, 101, 182, 270, 345, 502, 524;
paid and unpaid, 347, 459, 972–3;
relation of living and objectified, 244, 252, 319–25, 346;
simple and complex, 241, 345, 414–15;
social, 172–9, 182, 198–9, 326, 375, 649, 777–8, 958–9, 986–9, 1016, 1020–21
Labour, productivity of, 339–40, 355–8, 370, 522, 612;
according to industry, 263, 368;
and amount produced, 324–5, 343, 955;
and machinery, 203;
and rate of surplus–value and profit, 142–4, 326, 347;
and value of labour–power, 307;
and value produced, 271–2, 318, 324–5, 343, 369–70, 780–81, 785, 918, 972, 1021;
and wage level, 996;
as factor of capital accumulation, 177, 326;
development under capitalism, 339, 357 370–71;
in agriculture, 151, 213, 791, 901;
increase in, 150, 163–4, 203, 212, 318, 322, 325–6, 368–9, 783–4, 829;
its natural conditions, 368, 782–6, 901–2, 956
Labour–power. and productivity, 328–9, 343, 355;
as commodity, 99–100, 505, 645, 1020–21;
its reproduction, 210, 320, 355, 773, 960, 972, 998;
value, 122–9, 177, 209–10, 307, 406, 415, 597, 645–6, 874, 972, 998, 1008–10
Labour process, 955, 964, 1023
Labour time, 209, 288, 355, 366–7, 958–9, 991;
socially necessary, 180, 238, 288, 355, 373, 773–5, 780, 783, 1022, 1035–6
Laing, Samuel, 908
Laing, Seton, 669
Land, 860–61, 885, 904, 908–9, 956;
capital investment on, 752, 756, 811–16, 830–31, 844–5, 871–86, 896, 899;
fertility, 756–8, 789–99, 808–19, 845–7, 860, 879–80, 915–16, 954;
price, 757, 760, 772, 786–7, 807, 821–4, 831, 911–12, 938–50
Landed aristocracy, 859. See also Landowners
Landed property, abolition under capitalism, 885–6;
abolition under communism, 911;
and rational agriculture, 754–7, 949–50;
apologists for, 762;
different forms, 751–5, 772, 904, 939–42, 1025;
general character, 751–5, 759–60, 911, 955, 960, 1023;
Hegel on, 752–3;
in colonies, 809–10, 860, 904;
small–scale, 772, 942–90. See also Smallholdings
Landowners, 752–64, 776, 813, 839, 861, 870, 885–90, 908, 963, 1025–6
Lavergne, Louis, 768–9
Laws, economic, 261, 275, 341, 346, 365, 959, 967, 969, 1020, 1044;
of capitalist accumulation, 325–9;
of capitalist production, 127, 269–70, 291, 331, 337, 343–4, 352–3, 428–9, 478, 482, 1025;
of commodity exchange, 447, 1037–8 (see also Value, law of);
of ‘diminishing returns’, 798;
of increasing productivity of labour, 371;
of money circulation, 417–18, 577, 655–7;
of tendential fall in the rate of profit, 102, 110, 317–71, 761
Leadership of social production, 235, 507–8
Leases, 757–67, 772, 813, 844, 886–890
Leatham, William Henry, 525
Lexis, Wilhelm, 98–100
Liebig, Justus von, 878, 904, 949
Linguet, Simon–Nicolas–Henri, 178, 926
List, Friedrich, 1025
Loan capital, 465–6, 474–5, 491, 493–4, 613, 619–25, 631, 651, 721
Loans, 465, 528–9, 602–3, 627, 662, 709
Loria, Achille, 105–9, 1028–33
Louis XIV, king of France, 198
Loyd, see Overstone
Luther, Martin, 448–9, 468, 518–19, 735, 746–7, 1039
Luxemburg, Rosa, 44, 79–81, 85–6
Luxury production, 200–201, 344, 453, 700
Luzac, Elie, 435
Macaulay, Thomas, 739
MacCulloch, John Ramsay, 157
MacDonnell, John, 658
Machinery, 171–4, 191–9, 203–4, 214, 339–40, 370–71, 374, 901
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 44, 126, 129, 135, 138, 270, 293, 300, 520, 784, 798, 809
Manley, Thomas, 738
Manufacture, 450–55, 920, 922, 1044
Marginal utility theory, 100
Market, 203, 283–4, 365, 380, 454, 534, 568, 612, 723, 811. See also Money market, World market
Market price, 203, 311, 338, 477–8, 488–91, 684, 780–82, 866, 898, 1008, 1012;
and market value, 285–6, 290–91, 296, 300;
and production price, 280, 300, 478, 491, 780, 875, 882–9, 895–9, 1000, 1008, 1012
Market production price, 311, 780
Market value, 279–301, 307, 799, 961
Maron, H., 944
Massie, Joseph, 451, 474, 480–81, 484, 487, 499, 947
Materialist conception of history, 106, 1030
Maurer, Georg Ludwig, 278
Means of production, and labour, 954, 1025;
and value formation, 119, 122;
as capital, 358, 954–5, 1021, 1025;
concentration, 172, 375, 814, 1025;
demand for, 288–92;
depreciation, 362;
destruction, 362;
devaluation, 131–2;
Means of subsistence, 200–201, 210, 261, 289, 306–7, 771, 773, 795–6, 961, 973–8, 1004, 1006, 1008
Menger, Carl, 100
Merchant, 401, 403, 415–16, 1038–44
Merchant’s capital, 310, 379–431, 440–55, 515
Metallurgy, 164
Metamorphosis of commodities, 431–2, 443, 462, 613
Middle ages, 454, 732, 735–6, 746–8, 922–3, 936–7, 970, 1035–40. See also Feudalism
Mill, John Stuart, 513, 522–3, 652, 690, 709, 1018
Mining, 181–2, 213, 886, 894, 910
Mirabeau, Victor, 890
Mode of production, see Capitalist mode of production, Pre–capitalist modes of production
Mommsen, Theodor, 444, 508, 923
Monetary crisis, 220, 544–5, 550, 556–7, 592–3, 598–9, 621, 648–9, 660–61, 670–74, 688–9, 703
Monetary system, 584, 727, 920
Money, as autonomous value, 648, 1002;
as capital, 462–4, 472–3, 477, 516, 575, 584, 594;
as general equivalent, 648;
devaluation of, 726;
embodies social wealth, 707;
history, 1036–7;
paper, 566–7, theories of, 546, 578, 585–6, 680–98;
transformation into capital, 459–62, 471, 626. See also Circulation of money, Credit money, Functions of money
Money capital, 401, 463, 491, 494–5;
and commodity capital, 389, 401, 415;
and productive capital, 386;
as form of industrial capital, 386, 431, 594;
concentration and centralization, 528;
demand and supply, 645–51, 661–2, 704–5, 709;
fictitious, 600–601, 605, 607;
function, 431;
Money dealing, 433–8, 528. See also Bankers
Money–dealing capital, 431–42. See also Banking capital
Money form, 575–7
Money market, 488–91, 517, 643–5, 661, 700–725
Money taxes, 733
Monopolies, 298, 301, 345, 1001, 1039–42;
accidental, 278;
and competition, 215, 296, 331, 568–9;
in industry, 215, 332, 429, 569;
in land ownership, 752–5, 762, 771, 784–7, 887–98, 908, 919, 1001;
in production, 421;
of natural forces, 782, 784–5, 908;
of raw materials, 215
Monopoly price, 892–906, 910, 941, 946, 995, 1001
Monopoly rent, 971
Moore, Samuel, 94
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 278
Morris, James, 545, 585, 599, 603, 703
Morton, John Chalmers, 767
Morton, John Lockhart, 767–8, 813
Mortality, 185–7
Möser, Justus, 926–7
Müller, Adam Heinrich, 478, 521–2
Murray, Robert, 658
Murray, Robin, 65–8
Napoleon I, 740
Nasmyth, James, 191–4
National debt, see Government stocks
Natural conditions of productivity, 369, 782–7, 901, 955
Natural economy, 425, 442, 452, 921–2, 931–2, 1034
Natural forces, 782, 786–7, 879
Natural science, 174, 375, 904
Nature and humanity, 954, 959, 964, 1023
New value, 119–22, 975, 987, 1006, 1009, 1015, 1017
Newman, Francis, 729, 796, 908, 947
Newman, Samuel Philips, 391
Newmarch, William, 633, 656, 659, 673, 675–6, 691, 700–701, 704–6, 712–19
Nomadism, 450
Norman, George Warde, 546–8, 557, 683, 685
O’Conor, Charles, 509
Odermann, Karl Gustav, 428
Officials, 1026
Opium trade, 686
Opium War, 534
Ord, William Miller, 189
Organization of labour, 375
Overproduction, 214, 287, 359–67, 568, 572, 811
Overstone, Samuel Jones Loyd, 530, 548–65, 616, 641, 646–52, 668, 671, 680, 683, 685–8, 690, 695, 697–8, 707
Overwork, 188–90
Ovid, 954
Owen, Robert, 740
Palmer, John Horsley, 691–3, 703
Palmerstone, Lord John, 184, 764
Panama swindle, 570
Parmentier, Antoine, 198
Passy, Hippolyte, 904, 915, 918, 921
Paterson, William, 738–9
Pawnshops, 736
Peasant economy, 815
Peasantry, 130, 231, 729, 731, 734, 751–4, 763–4, 934–5, 940–47, 1015, 1034–8
Pecqueur, Constantin, 744
Péreire, Isaac, 573
Péreire, Jacob–Émile, 741
Peru, 1017
Petty, Sir William, 474, 596, 799, 919–20
Physiology, 894
Pindar, 510
Pitt, William (the younger), 519–21
Plantation economy, 923, 940, 943
bourgeois, 268–70, 319–20, 330, 338–9, 350, 379, 428, 917;
classical, 202, 319, 350, 441–2, 969. See also Mercantilism, Monetary system, Physiocrats, Vulgar economics
Poor laws, 765
Poppe, Johann, 454
Population, surplus, 324–5
Portugal, 1041
Pre–capitalist modes of production, 321, 425, 442–52, 571–2, 729–30, 814, 970, 1017, 1021
Price, Richard, 519–21
Primitive accumulation, 354, 1019
Product–rent, see Rent in kind
Production, and circulation, 445;
and consumption, 365–6;
and market, 568–9;
large–scale, 198;
need to control, 215, 288–9, 365–6, 991;
two departments, 664, 975–7. See also Capitalist production, Means of production, Mode of production, Relations of production
Production price, 257, 259, 263–5, 308, 398, 427, 779–80, 886–7, 895–6, 967, 1000, 1009, 1022;
and commercial profit, 420–21;
and commodity value, 892–901;
and market price, 279, 300, 478, 780, 875, 882–9, 895–9, 1000, 1008, 1012;
as transformed form of commodity value, 263, 273–4, 297–300, 1044–5;
economists on, 300;
factors influencing its level, 264–5, 307–8, 780–81, 861, 870–71 1007–8;
formula for, 264;
individual and general, 779–86, 861–2, 882, 895;
prevails through law of value, 261, 280, 296;
Production process, 117,135, 445–6, 957–8, 1023–4
Production time, 163–4, 388–9, 418
Productive capital, 386–7, 440, 463, 614, 917
Productive forces, 355, 371–2, 572, 943, 959, 966, 1018, 1024;
accelerated by credit, 572;
and relations of production, 215, 350–67, 372–3, 375, 1024;
constricted by usurer’s capital, 730;
development under capitalism, 179, 339, 350, 357–8, 369, 372, 572
Profit, 103–4, 107–8, 133, 320, 323, 829, 967, 1018, 1021;
and surplus–value, 141, 248, 260, 267, 273–4, 280–320, 341, 967, 971–3, 999;
as transformed form of surplus–value, 126, 134, 139–40;
average, 98–9, 101, 252–3, 257–8, 267, 274, 280, 299, 397–8, 895–6, 918, 936, 959, 967, 971, 1001;
division, 480–514, 567–8, 1001, 1022–3;
false views on, 126, 128–30, 397, 421–2, 953–70;
Smith on, 345;
vulgar economists on, 98–102. See also Surplus profit
Profit, average rate of, 101–3, 108, 261–2, 273, 326, 399, 459, 490, 793, 895;
calculation, 398–9;
exists only as tendency, 489;
origin, 102–3, 252–74, 310, 363, 398, 999–1000, 1004, 1008, 1044–5. See also Laws, economic
Profit, rate of, 133–42, 152–63, 202–3, 208, 237, 250, 266–70, 317–19, 330, 341, 347–9, 481–2, 967, 1039;
and mass of profit, 323–7, 360, 364;
and wages, 645–6;
annual, 167;
factors influencing its level, 142–5, 153–80, 200, 208, 210, 215, 235–52, 262, 266–7, 269, 333–4, 342, 353–6, 434, 479, 496, 874, 971, 997, 1008;
national, 242, 249–50, 320–21;
on merchant’s capital, 1039, 1041;
Ricardo on, 202, 330–31, 350, 368
Profit upon alienation, 337, 447, 515
Property, abolition of private, 365, 567–8, 742, 911;
common property, in land, 451, 938–9, 942;
in buildings, 758–9;
in means of production, 132, 178–9, 374;
smallholding, 939–52;
titles to, 596–9, 608–9, 772, 911;
under communism, 911. See also Landed property
Protectionism, 215, 568, 621, 764–5, 920
Proudhon, Pierre–Joseph, 130, 466–8, 476, 743, 762, 982–3
Public works, 229–32
Putting–out system, 1042–4
Quételet, Lambert, 1000
Radcliffe, John, 190
Ramsay, George, 129, 135, 391, 484, 502–3, 902
Railways, 164, 347, 372, 534, 538, 541, 617, 709, 713–16
Raw materials, 176, 200–216, 770, 907
Realization of commodities, 777–8
Reden, Wilhelm von, 596
Redgrave, Alexander, 194, 230, 232
Relations of production, 132, 729, 911, 1017–24. See also Mode of production
Religion, 727
Rent, 755–78, 895–9, 907–22, 934, 971–3, 1011, 1013;
and interest, 759–61;
and monopoly price, 910–11;
as form of surplus profit, 785–8, 813;
bourgeois economists on, 880, 917–21;
capitalization, 760–61, 787, 807, 940;
causes for decrease, 859–61;
causes for increase, 757–67, 776–8;
Petty on, 919;
precapitalist forms, 734, 772, 821–3, 838, 922–31, 935, 938;
rate, 350;
Smith on, 752, 902, 907. See also Differential rent
Rent for housing, 909
Rent in kind, 773, 922–4, 930–32, 934, 938
Repair work, 174
Reproduction, 117, 287, 418–19, 925, 1022; and crisis, 418; and money circulation, 663–4, 978;
delay in, 212, 382, 614; expanded, 289, 607, 1016, 1021–2(see also Accumulation of capital); of capitalist relations, 978–9, 1011, 1019; of constant capital, 611, 974–5, 987–9; of fixed capital, 170–71, 208–9; of labour–power, 209, 289, 320, 355, 772, 960, 972, 998; of social capital, 975, 983; of variable capital, 978; simple, 289, 974, 977, 989
Reserve fund, 204, 435–7, 528, 586–7, 600, 1016, 1022; of banks, 600–606, 631–2, 661, 700–703, 706
Revenue, 206, 297, 918–19, 1006–7;
as relation of distribution, 1017;
as source of loan capital, 635–7;
bourgeois theories, 979–91;
money form, 575–7;
of capitalists, 419, 961–3, 1021, 1025–6;
of landowners, 1025–6;
of workers, 961, 965, 978, 992, 1018, 1025–6;
Ricardo on, 980;
sources, 688, 955–65, 973–8, 985–7, 1025–6
Revolution, socialist, 373, 911
Rhodes, Cecil, 1047
Ricardo, David, 36, 98, 105, 129, 136, 157, 202, 280, 284, 304–6, 331, 344–5, 349–51, 368, 560, 680–83, 788–9, 798, 810, 817, 819, 880, 891, 907, 954, 980, 993
Ritchie, Charles, 676
Rodbertus, Johann Karl, 98, 236, 913, 937, 993
Rodwell, William, 628
Romania, 939
Roscher, Wilhelm, 332, 422, 441, 522, 965
Rosdolsky, Roman, 43
Rothschild, James, 599
Rubichon, Maurice, 767, 944, 947
Russell, Lord John, 545
Russia, 96, 452, 657, 699, 860
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri, 740–41, 743–4
Salama, Pierre, 29
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 40, 392, 980, 985–6
Saving, 570, 640. See also Economy
Schmidt, Conrad, 28, 101–13, 105, 107, 111, 1032–3
Semi-finished goods, 206–7
Serfdom, 278, 754, 772, 925–30,
970, 1021
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, Earl of, 766
Shaw, George Bernard, 100
Short-time working, 226–7
Siemens, Friedrich, 164
Silk industry, 185–7, 197, 452
Simon, Sir John, 185–90
Sismondi, Jean-Charles Simonde de, 44, 608, 939
Slavery, 121, 278, 442–9, 507–10, 597, 729–33, 762, 772, 911, 927, 970, 1021
Small-scale production, 278, 729–30, 733–4, 829
Smallholding property, 277–8, 729–35, 829, 1044
Smith, Adam, 241, 292–3, 319, 332, 345, 441, 446, 448, 507, 521, 574, 601–3, 752, 886, 902, 907–10, 923, 965, 975, 980–81, 984
Smith, Edward, 187
Social capital, 262–4, 273–4, 326–30, 364, 899–901;
division between branches, 263, 269, 896–7;
Social product, 262, 269, 773–4, 895–6, 961–2, 971–9
Socialism, Utopian, 740–43. See also Communism
Socio-economic formations, 911, 955–9. See also Modes of production
Sombart, Werner, 1031–3
Speculation, 310, 350, 422, 482, 486, 533, 535, 567, 570, 572, 601, 612, 617, 619, 621, 645–7, 671, 758–9, 806, 909–10
Government stocks
Steam engines, 191–3
Steedman, Ian, 27
Steuart, Sir James, 337, 447, 487, 921
Stiebeling, George, 109–11
Stocks and shares, 258, 362, 370–71, 533, 571, 590, 594–602, 609, 617, 625, 1045. See also Government stocks
Storch, Heinrich, 284, 797, 965, 985, 990
Strikes, 226
Subsistence, see Means of subsistence
Suez canal, 164
Supply and demand, 278–96, 474–8, 488–9, 491, 547, 685, 884, 1003, 1031–2;
for money capital, 645–51, 662, 704–5, 709
Surplus labour, 133, 246, 248, 320–21, 452, 524, 730, 771–4, 829, 918, 926, 958–9, 972–3
Surplus product, 99–101, 351, 448, 459, 490, 769, 831, 921, 958, 979, 1016–17
Surplus profit, 142, 268, 279, 487, 780–82, 827;
origin, 268, 299–301, 338, 345, 367, 373, 781–3, 787–8, 812–23, 882, 894–5;
transformation into rent, 430, 785–7, 813–14, 830, 845–6, 859–62, 870, 885, 896–7, 908
absolute, 170, 179–80, 341, 347;
and rate of profit, 133–4, 137–41, 157–62, 234, 266–7, 321, 347–9;
and wages, 486–7;
appears as profit, 125–6, 133–9, 265, 267;
as relation of production, 957;
division of, 134, 350–51, 489, 895–7, 917, 959–60, 971, 973, 989 (see also Profit);
factors determining its level, 142–50, 154–60, 177, 307, 321;
genesis, 125–6, 132, 405–6, 774, 917, 966–7;
mass, 131, 249, 261, 267, 325–7, 339–42;
production, 297, 351–2, 359, 1020;
rate, 141, 167, 298, 341–2, 423;
realization, 134–5, 352–3, 393, 966–7, 982;
relative, 104–5, 171, 325, 339–40, 347, 966, 1021;
source, 125–6, 133, 248, 265, 272;
transformation into capital, 989–90 (see also Accumulation of capital)
Swindling, 535–40, 616–17, 625, 630–31
Technology, 164
Telegraph, 425
Ten Hours Act, 203
Terence, 331
Thiers, Louis-Adolphe, 762
Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist, 164
Thun, Adolphe, 1038
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 939
Tooke, Thomas, 476, 483, 493–4, 527, 530, 546, 570, 574–8, 584–5, 591, 616, 657, 672, 683, 690, 703, 707, 944, 982
Torrens, Robert, 128–9, 135, 202, 475–6, 683
Town and country, 937
balance of, 623, 649–50, 702, 725–7, 920;
costs of, 405;
retail, 400, 419, 426, 430, 438, 575–7, 1042;
wholesale, 402, 408, 419, 570, 656, 660, 673, 1042. See also Foreign trade, Money dealing
Trading associations, 1038–41
Trading peoples, 446–51
Tradition, 929–30
Transport, 402
Trinity formula, 953–6
Trusts, 215, 569, 601, 621, 1047
Tuckett, John, 736
Tugan-Baranovsky, Mikhail, 43–4
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 760
Turner, Charles, 539, 545, 618
Turnover of capital, 163–7, 243, 250–52, 261–2, 334;
of industrial capital, 388–9, 417–83;
influence on rate of profit, 142, 163–9, 242–3, 333, 424–5
Underproduction, 287
Unemployment, 225–34
Use-value, 282–7, 324, 392, 462, 774–6, 786, 955–7;
and capitalist production, 297, 325, 707–8
Usury, 130, 321, 518–19, 678, 729–38, 745–7, 763, 943
Valorization, 596–7
Value, 180, 240, 427, 523, 783, 880, 954–6, 990, 1007, 1009, 1032–3, 1037;
and average rate of profit, 252, 269, 310;
as social relation, 777–8, 800, 806, 955;
changes in, 122–5, 236–7, 265–6, 271, 308, 369, 785, 918, 972;
economists’ views, 300, 1028–34;
individual and social, 281–2;
law of, 98–104, 252, 259, 261, 272, 277, 280, 288, 428, 774, 984, 1020, 1031–40;
measure of, 640;
of social product, 960–62, 971–9;
substance of, 248, 272, 283, 300, 311, 502, 880, 1031;
tokens of, 641. See also Commodity value, Market value
Varga, Eugen, 82–4
Variable capital, and labour-power, 243–5;
and surplus-value, 125–6, 133, 165–7, 209–11, 246, 271–2;
and value formation, 120–21, 124–5, 129;
relative decline in, 318–29, 358, 522;
reproduction, 978;
turnover, 165–7;
tying-up and release, 209–11
Venice, 1040–41
Verri, Pietro, 329
Vinçard, Pierre-Denis, 922
Vulgar economics, 98–111, 124, 338, 392, 440–41, 499–501, 516–17, 596, 688, 921–2, 956, 969, 1007, 1028–32, 1037
Wage labour, 503, 955–6, 962–3, 978, 1019–22, 1025
Wages, and price of production, 1008;
and surplus-value, 143–4;
and variable capital, 209–10, 261 972–3, 977;
appear as price of labour, 956–7;
as value of labour-power, 121, 126, 406, 478–9, 971–3, 998–9;
as workers’ income, 960–61, 965, 972, 978, 992, 1010, 1018;
minimal limit, 998–9, piece, 227;
rise and fall, 209–10, 266–7, 305–6, 325, 342, 347, 414–15, 645, 764–5, 819, 874,
Walton, Alfred, 758
Waste products, 172–3, 195–8, 205, 213
Water power, 782–7
Weguelin, Thomas, 581, 627–8, 632, 651, 659, 706, 713
West Indies, 725
Wilson, James, 574, 581, 665, 674, 683, 697, 710–15, 718–19
Wilson–Patten, John, 184
Winternitz, J., 25
Wood, Sir Charles, 687, 716–19
Woolf, Arthur, 192–3
Workers, 132, 175, 178–9, 406–16. See also Agriculture, workers in
Workers’ movement, 91–2
Working class, 118, 179–80, 289, 298, 452–3
Working day, 143–4, 170–71, 203, 225, 299, 320, 326, 339–40, 966, 972–3, 999
World market, 358, 436, 480, 634, 703, 809;
as basis for capitalism, 205, 451;
competition on, 205, 214–16, 344–5, 450, 620–21, 860;
influence on rate of interest 480, 490;
origin and development, 450–51, 455, 620–21
Yeomanry, 943
Zwilchenbart, R., 599