* Pietro Verri (1728–97), an Italian, was one of the first economists to advance beyond the Physiocratic conception that agriculture alone was truly productive. (See Theories of Surplus-Value Part I, Chapter II, pp. 67–8.) Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832), whose Traité d’ économie politique first appeared in 1817, is far more important in the history of economic thought. He took advantage of the confusion in Adam Smith’s theory of the revenues of the three major classes to found the vulgar-economic doctrine of the ‘factors of production’. See below, Chapter 48, pp. 953–70.