* This is Louis-Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877), historian and statesman, Minister of the Interior and Prime Minister under Louis Philippe, and first President of the Third Republic from 1871 to 1873; the butcher of the Paris Commune, ‘Thiers, that monstrous gnome’, whose scandalous biography Marx traces in ‘The Civil War in France’, The First International and After, pp. 191–5.