* Joseph Massie, An Essay on the Governing Causes of the Natural Rate of Interest, London, 1750, pp. 23–4.

† These ‘black gangs’ were groups of speculators in early nineteenth-century France; they dealt particularly in property confiscated from the aristocracy and the Church, buying this land wholesale and selling it in small parcels at a great profit. Marx’s reference here is to Maurice Rubichon’s Du mécanisme de la société en France et en Angleterre, Paris, 1837. Also F. W. Newman, Lectures on Political Economy, London, 1851, pp. 180–81.