Airy, Sir George
Albert I, King of Belgium
alkali elements
alpha decay (radiation)
alpha particle scattering
alpha particles (rays)
Ampère, André Marie
amplitude
Ångström, Anders
Ångström units
angular momentum
anti-Semitism in pre-Nazi Germany under Nazis
Appeal to Europeans
Appeal to the Cultured World
Arago, François
Aspect, Alain
Aspelmeyer, Markus
atomic bomb
atomic models Bohr-Sommerfeld Bohr’s Nagaoka’s Nicholson’s Rutherford’s Thomson’s
atomic number
atomic theory, acceptance of
atomic weight
atoms see also atomic models
Balmer formula
Balmer, Johann
Balmer series (lines)
Bargmann, Valentin
Becquerel, Henri
Becquerel rays
Bell, John Stewart
Bell’s inequality
Bell’s theorem
beta particles (rays)
BKS proposal
blackbody
blackbody radiation
Bloch, Felix
Bohm, David
Bohr, Christian
Bohr-Einstein debates Copenhagen interpretation quantum theory of light
Bohr, Ellen
Bohr Festspiele
Bohr, Harald
Bohr Institute
Bohr, Margrethe Nørland
Bohr, Niels
see also Bohr-Einstein debates
academic and research posts Bohr Institute (Copenhagen) CopenhagenCopenhagen Loereanstalt (Copenhagen) Manchester Princeton atomic bomb atomic model birth and early years communication, difficulties with complementarity death of Einstein, relationship with electron shells on electron spin Heisenberg, relationship with marriage measurement problem Nobel Prize papers and publications Pauli, relationship with reality, physical on Rutherford Rutherford, defence of atomic model paper to Schrödinger, debates with at Solvay (fifth) conference debates with Einstein Thomson, relationship with thought experiments light box single-slit two-slits with moveable first screen two-slits with shutters uncertainty principle university years Cambridge Copenhagen Manchester wave-particle duality
Boltzmann, Ludwig
Boltzmann’s constant
Boltzmann’s principle
Born, Gustav
Born, Max academic and research posts birth and early years on Bohr death of on Einstein Einstein, relationship with on Heisenberg on Jordan matrix mechanics Nobel Prize papers and publications on Pauli persecuted by Nazis probability interpretation of the wave function at Solvay (fifth) conference university years on von Neumann’s work wave mechanics
Bothe, Walther
Boyle, Robert
Bragg, William Henry
Bragg, William L.
Broek, Antonius Johannes van den
Broglie, Duc Maurice de
Broglie, Prince Louis de de Broglie wavelength pilot wave theory at Solvay (fifth) conference wave-particle duality
Brown, Robert
Brownian motion
causality Einstein’s reluctance to abandon
Cayley, Arthur
Chadwick, James
chance
Christiansen, Christian
classical mechanics
classical physics
Clauser, John
Clausius, Rudolf
cloud chamber
Cockcroft, John
commutativity
complementarity
complex numbers
Compton, Arthur Holly
Compton effect
conjugate variables
conservation law
conservation of energy
Copenhagen interpretation
correspondence principle
Coster, Dirk
Curie, Marie
Curie, Pierre
Dalton, John
Darwin, Charles Galton
Davisson, Clinton
Debye, Pieter
degrees of freedom
determinism Einstein’s views on
diffraction
Dirac, Paul Nobel Prize wave vs matrix mechanics
Dukas, Helen
Dulong, Pierre
dynamical variables
Eckhart, Carl
Ehrenfest, Paul at Solvay (fifth) conference
Einstein, Albert see also Bohr-Einstein debates academic and research posts Berlin Bern Prague Princeton Zurich atomic bomb birth and early years on Bohr Bohr, relationship with on Bohr’s atom Brownian motion children citizenship on Curie on de Broglie death of on Ehrenfest emission of photons from atoms fame First World War on Haller, Hans Heisenberg, debates with on Hitler and the Nazis illness Jewishness persecution because of on Lorentz marriage and personal life mass-energy equivalence formula on matrix mechanics Nobel Prize papers and publications EPR paper patent clerk on Pauli photoelectric equation Planck’s constant quantum mechanics, incompleteness of quantum theory of light quantum theory of specific heat reality, physical relativity, theories of on Schrödinger’s cat on Schrödinger’s wave mechanics at Solvay (fifth) conference debates with Bohr thought experiments boxes with balls EPR paper gunpowder light box single-slit two-slits unified field theory, quest for university years wave-particle duality
Einstein, Elsa Löwenthal
Einstein, Hermann
Einstein, Mileva Maric
electromagnetic radiation see also gamma rays; infrared radiation; light; radio waves; ultraviolet light; X-rays
electromagnetic spectrum
electromagnetic waves
electromagnetism
electron microscope
electron volt
electrons angular momentum arrangement defined degrees of freedom diffraction discovery of energy levels numbers of, in an atom orbits quantum jump quantum spin shells stationary states wave-particle duality
Elsasser, Walter
energy
energy levels
energy, quantisation of
entanglement see also locality
entropy
EPR paper Bohr’s response to
equipartition theorem
ether
Everett, Hugh
exclusion principle
Faraday, Michael
Fermi, Enrico
Feynman, Richard
fine structure
Flexner, Abraham
Fowler, Ralph
Franck-Hertz experiment
Franck, James
Freedman, Stuart
frequency
Fresnel, Augustin
gamma rays
gases
Geiger, Hans
Gell-Mann, Murray
Germany late nineteenth century post-First World War Depression years under the Nazis
Germer, Lester
Gisin, Nicolas
Gordon, Walter
Goudsmit, Samuel
gravity
Grimaldi, Father Francesco
Grossmann, Marcel
ground state
Habicht, Conrad
hafnium
Haller, Hans
Hamilton, Bill
Hansen, Hans
harmonic oscillator
heat capacity
Heisenberg, August
Heisenberg, Werner academic and research posts atomic bomb birth and early years on Bohr Bohr, relationship with death of on Einstein Einstein, debates with matrix mechanics Nobel Prize observable data papers and publications Pauli, relationship with persecuted by Nazis quantum leap of electrons, array Schrödinger, Erwin animosity towards debates with dislike of his wave mechanics at Solvay (fifth) conference uncertainty principle university years Zeeman effect
Herschel, William
Hertz, Gustav
Hertz, Heinrich
Hevesy, Georg von
hidden variables theories
Himmler, Heinrich
Hitler, Adolf
Hoffmann, Banesh
Hooft, Gerard’t
Huygens, Christiaan
infrared radiation
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Copenhagen see Bohr Institute
interference
irreversibility, concept of
isotopes
Jeans, James
Jordan, Pascual
joule
kinetic energy
Kirchhoff, Gustav blackbody radiation
Kirchhoff’s equation
Klein, Oskar
Kleiner, Alfred
Knoll, Max
Kossel, Walther
Kramers, Hendrik
Kronig, Ralph
Kurlbaum, Ferdinand
Landé, Alfred
Langevin, Paul
lasers
Laue, Max von
Leggett, Sir Anthony
Leggett’s inequality
Lenard, Philipp
Lewis, Gilbert
light electromagnetism as particles quantum theory of resistance to spectrum wave-particle duality wave vs particle debate as waves
light box thought experiments
light-quanta
locality see also entanglement; non-locality
Lorentz, Hendrik
Lummer, Otto
Lyman series
Mach, Ernst
Manifesto of the Ninety-three
many worlds interpretation
Marconi, Guglielmo
Marsden, Ernest
mass-energy equivalence formula
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (von Neumann)
matrices
matrix mechanics
matter waves
Maxwell, James Clerk
Maxwell’s equations
measurement, Copenhagen interpretation’s view of
Michelson, Albert
Millikan, Robert
momentum
Moseley, Henry
Nagaoka, Hantaro
nanometre
Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance (Born)
Nazis
Nernst, Walther
Neumann, John von
neutron
Newton, Isaac
Newton’s particle theory of light
Nicholson, John
Nobel Prize laureates attending fifth Solvay conference laureates forced from Nazi Germany
noble gases
non-locality see also locality
nuclear charge
nuclear physics
nucleus
observable
observer/observed inseparability
Oersted, Hans Christian
Oppenheimer, Robert
Opticks (Newton)
oscillation, physics of
Ostwald, Wilhelm
Pais, Abraham
Paschen, Friedrich
Paschen series
Pauli, Bertha
Pauli, Wolfgang academic and research posts birth and early years ‘dark point’ death of on Einstein on Einstein’s unified field theory electron orbits EPR paper exclusion principle Heisenberg, relationship with on hidden variables theories hydrogen spectrum Kronig, Ralph on matrix mechanics Nobel Prize papers and publications quantum spin at Solvay (fifth) conference Sommerfeld, relationship with Stark effect on uncertainty principle university years on wave mechanics wave vs matrix mechanics
Penrose, Sir Roger
Penzias, Arno
period
periodic table Bohr’s research on Kossel’s research on Moseley’s research on Pauli’s research on Soddy’s research on van den Broek’s research on
Perrin, Jean
Petit, Alexis
photoelectric effect
photons
Pickering-Fowler lines
pilot wave theory
Planck, Erwin
Planck, Max academic and research posts birth and early years blackbody radiation law Boltzmann, debt to character of death of on Einstein First World War irreversibility, concept of Nazis, struggle to save German science from Nobel Prize papers and publications Planck units Planck’s constant on quanta of light quantisation of energy university years on wave mechanics
Planck units
Planck’s constant
Podolsky, Boris see also EPR paper
Poincaré, Henri
potential energy
Pringsheim, Ernst
probability Born’s interpretation Einstein’s uneasiness with Maxwell’s use of in uncertainty principle
proton
quanta, discovery of
quantised
quantum
quantum jump of electrons
see electrons: quantum jump
quantum mechanics see also matrix mechanics; wave mechanics
quantum numbers magnetic orbital principal two-valued Kronig’s research Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit’s research
quantum of energy
quantum of light see light: quantum theory of
quantum physics, new fields in
quantum postulate see observer/observed inseparability
quantum spin see electrons: quantum spin
Quantum Theory (Bohm)
radiation
radio waves
Radioactive Transformations (Rutherford)
radioactivity
Rathenau, Walther
Rayleigh-Jeans law
Rayleigh, Lord John
realism
reality, differing views on physical see also Bohr-Einstein debates
reflection and refraction
relativity, theories of
Ritter, Johann
Röntgen, Bertha
Röntgen, Wilhelm
Rosen, Nathan see also EPR paper
Rosenfeld, Léon
Rubens, Heinrich
Ruska, Ernst
Rutherford, Ernest academic and research posts alpha particles atomic model birth and early years Bohr, relationship with Bohr’s atomic model character of death of on electron shell model Nobel Prize papers and publications radio waves ’transformation’ of elements uranic rays on van den Broek’s work X-rays
Rydberg, Johannes
Rydberg’s constant
scattering
Schmidt, Gerhard
Schrödinger, Erwin academic and research posts birth and early years Bohr, debates with on Bohr, Niels on complementarity death of entanglement on EPR paper First World War Heisenberg, debates with marriage and personal life matrix mechanics, dislike of Nobel Prize papers and publications probability, rejection of quantum jump, rejection of Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment at Solvay (fifth) conference wave equation wave function wave mechanics
science community, post-First World War
separation principle
Shaw, George Bernard
Siemens, Werner von
single-slit experiments
Slater, John
Snow, C.P.
Soddy, Frederick
Solovine, Maurice
Solvay conference first (1911) fifth (1927) sixth (1930)
Solvay, Ernst
Sommerfeld, Arnold academic and research posts Bohr-Sommerfeld atomic model on electron shell model quantum numbers as teacher wave mechanics
spectral energy distribution of blackbody radiation
spectral lines see also Balmer series (lines); Zeeman effect
spectroscopy
spontaneous emission
Stapp, Henry
Stark effect
Stark, Johannes
Stefan-Boltzmann law
Stefan, Josef
stimulated emission
Stoner, Edmund
superposition
Talmud, Max
teleportation
thermodynamics
thermodynamics, first law of
thermodynamics, second law of
Thomas, Llewellyn
Thomson, George Paget
Thomson, Sir Joseph John Bohr, relationship with on Einstein
Thomson’s atomic model
thought experiments
Traité de la Lumière (Huygens)
transformation of elements see radioactivity
two-slit experiments
Uhlenbeck, George
ultraviolet catastrophe
ultraviolet light
uncertainty principle see also Bohr-Einstein debates uranic rays
velocity
Villard, Paul
Walton, Ernest
war First World War Second World War see also Nazis
wave equation, Schrödinger’s
wave function Born’s interpretation collapse of de Broglie’s interpretation
wave mechanics
wave packets
wave-particle duality of electrons of light see also complementarity
wave theory of light
wave vs matrix mechanics
wave vs particle debate about light
wavelength de Broglie wavelength
waves characteristics of standing waves
Weimar Republic
Weinberg, Steven
Weizmann, Chaim
Weyl, Hermann
Wheeler, John Archibald
Wien, Wilhelm
Wien’s displacement law breakdown at long wavelengths
Wien’s distribution law
Winteler, Jost and Pauline
Woodrow, Robert
X-rays see also Compton effect
Young, Thomas
Zeeman effect Pauli’s research on Sommerfeld’s research on
Zeeman, Pieter
Zeilinger, Anton