1 The old Viceroy’s House in which DM had proposed had been given to Delhi University in 1933. Visitors may still observe a small plaque in the registrar’s office commemorating the Mountbattens’ engagement.
2 EA to Dowager Marchioness of Reading, 27 July 1947. MP: MB1/Q61.; EA to the East India Association, 13 October 1948. Asiatic Review, vol xlv, no 161 (January 1949), p. 446; MKG to EA, 18 July 1947. MP: MB2/N41.
3 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 408.
4 Frances, Mrs Ambrose Diehl to EA, 27 July 1947. MP: MB1/Q20.
5 MAJ cited in Hamid, Disastrous Twilight, p. 206. This tends to contradict Alan Campbell-Johnson’s assertion that MAJ once said: ‘The only man I have ever been impressed with in all my life was Lord Mountbatten. When I met him for the first time I felt he had “nur”,’ which Campbell-Johnson translates as ‘divine radiance’. Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 230. Like Hamid, Campbell-Johnson is an erratic source, but on this occasion Hamid’s story is more convincing.
6 EA cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 408.
7 Times of India, 19 July 1947, p. 6; 22 July 1947, p. 8.
8 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 406; Masson, Edwina, p. 178.
9 EA to Dowager Marchioness of Reading, 27 July 1947. MP: MB1/Q61.
10 The assassination was later traced to his political opponent, U Saw.
11 Liaquat Ali Khan cited in Viceroy’s Personal Report No 14, 25 July 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 339.
12 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 138.
13 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 13, 18 July 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 231.
14 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 14, 25 July 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 339.
15 Carthill, The Lost Dominion, pp. 27–8.
16 See Sen, The Argumentative Indian, especially essays 1 and 6.
17 Carthill, The Lost Dominion, p. 27.
18 Lord Curzon to Queen Victoria, 12 September 1900. Cited in Chopra et al, Secret Papers from the British Royal Archives, p. 89. See also Gilmour, Curzon, pp. 184–5.
19 See Patrick French, Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer (HarperCollins, London, 1994), p. 158.
20 Mountbatten, Diaries 1920–22, 25 November 1921, p. 196.
21 Hamid, Disastrous Twilight, p. 61.
22 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 192. Henry Hodson gives this figure as 20 lakh rupees (£150,000): Hodson, The Great Divide, p. 428.
23 Andreas Augustin, The Imperial New Delhi, p. 50.
24 ‘A Prince’s Ransom’, Guardian, 28 May 2001; ‘A Paperweight Worth 400 Crores – and Much More’, Hindu, 24 August 2001.
25 Allen & Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes, pp. 329–30; George Birdwood, The Industrial Arts of India (Chapman & Hall, London, 1880), vol 2, p. 118; Akshaya Mukul, ‘National Treasure Up for Sale in Dubai’, Times of India, 3 January 2006.
26 Miller, I Found No Peace, p. 152.
27 Malik Habib Ahmed Khan cited in ibid, p. 153.
28 Cited in French, Liberty or Death, p. 246.
29 Robin Jeffrey, ‘Introduction’, in Jeffrey, People, Princes and Paramount Power, p. 16.
30 Ziegler maintains that DM personally favoured the tactic of organizing princely states into blocs that might form separate nations – something like ‘Plan Balkan’ – as had Napoleon in Germany. But there was no time to institute such a complex plan and, in any case, Congress would have been furious. Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 405–6.
31 JN, 10 June 1947, cited in ToP, vol XI, p. 233.
32 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 10, 27 June 1947, ibid, p. 687. See also Brown, Nehru, p. 174. Patel had been an outspoken critic of the princely states since the late 1920s, when he had described them as ‘disorderly and pitiable’, with ‘no limits to their slavery’. On the other hand, he had already demonstrated an ability to make concessions to the privileged classes in order to keep the process running smoothly. Two months before, Indian citizenship policy had been established, with a clause stating that no titles should be conferred by the Union and no citizen should accept titles from a foreign state. At Patel’s suggestion, the ruling was not made retrospective. ‘After all,’ he had joked, ‘some people have spent so much money in obtaining titles – let them keep them.’ Patel cited in Krishna, Sardar, p. 296; The Times, 1 May 1947, p. 4.
33 CRA to DM, March 1947 [no day dated]. MP: MB1/D254.
34 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 14, 25 July 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 338.
35 Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 411.
36 Patel cited in Krishna, Sardar, pp. 322, 319, 323.
37 Walter Monckton, for the Nizam of Hyderabad, described DM’s methods as ‘an exact replica of those in which Hitler indulged’; another agent told Sir Conrad Corfield that ‘he now knew what Dolfuss felt like when he was sent for to see Hitler: he had not expected to be spoken to like that by a British officer: after a moment’s pause he withdrew the word “British”.’ Both cited in Bradford, George VI, pp. 524–5.
38 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 102; Allen & Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes, p. 317.
39 See, for example: James, Raj, pp. 624–9; Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, pp. 102–3; Cannadine, Ornamentalism, pp. 156–8. In fact, the Butler Committee, which looked into the question of princely rights and British responsibilities alongside the Simon Commission in the 1920s, produced an inconclusive and extremely complex set of findings, clear only in its statement that the states should not be transferred into a relationship with an independent Indian government without their permission. Hodson, The Great Divide, pp. 27–9. DM would doubtless have argued that they were not.
40 Hodson, The Great Divide, p. 22.
41 Pethick-Lawrence to DM, 18 April 1947. ToP, vol X, p. 327.
42 DM cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 408.
43 Nizam of Hyderabad to WSC, 19 June 1947; WSC to Nizam of Hyderabad, 24 June 1947; both WMP: 29, ff 201, 209.
44 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 15, 1 August 1947. ToP vol XII, p. 454.
45 Patel cited in Krishna, Sardar, pp. 339–40.
46 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 17, 16 August 1947, ToP, vol XII, p. 767; Allen & Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes, p. 320; Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 411; Hodson, The Great Divide, p. 380 (footnote).
47 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 54; ToP, vol X, p. 116.
48 Times of India, 7 July 1947, p. 7.
49 Allen & Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes, p. 63.
50 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 14, 25 July 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 336.
51 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 15, 1 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 453.
52 Monckton to Sir Mirza Ismail, 21 February 1947. WMP: 29, ff 58–60.
53 Monckton, record of interview with MAJ, 4 June 1947. WMP: 29, f 192.
54 MAJ to Nizam of Hyderabad, 21 July 1947. WMP: 29, f 353.
55 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 14, 25 July 1947. ToP, vol XII p. 337.
56 Monckton, note for the consideration of MAJ, 28 July 1947. WMP: 29, ff 417–9.
57 Memorandum from Monckton, 6 August 1947. WMP: 30, ff 23–5.
58 Monckton: note of interview with Ismay, 10 August 1947. WMP: 30, f 46; note of interview with HE the Viceroy, WMP: 30, f 51.
59 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 140–2. DM’s comment was remembered by the Maharawal of Dungarpur as ‘I can see clearly through this crystal that the best course for your Ruler to adopt is to accede to India.’ Maharawal of Dungarpur cited in Allen & Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes, p. 318. Narendra Singh Sarila, who was also present, remembered the Dewan in question being that of Bhavnagar, not Kutch. Singh Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game, pp. 316–7.
60 Allen & Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes, p. 319; Sydney Smith, ‘Fate of India’s Princes’, Sunday Express, 3 August 1947, p. 4.
61 Ali Yavar Jung, 26 July 1947. WMP: 29, ff 390–2. Patel had also given DM a solid assurance that the government of India would raise no objection if Kashmir did what was widely supposed to be inevitable, and acceded to Pakistan. DM to the East India Association, 29 June 1948, Asiatic Review, vol xliv, no 160 (October 1948), p. 353.
62 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 143.
63 JN to DM, 27 July 1947. SWJN (2), vol 3, p. 264.
64 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 15, 1 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 450.
65 Hamid, Disastrous Twilight, p. 212. DM took the credit for persuading MKG to go in place of JN. DM to Henry V. Hodson, 3 October 1978. MP: MB1/K137A. See also Singh, Heir Apparent, pp. 50–1.
66 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 144.
67 William L. Richter, ‘Traditional Rulers in Post-traditional Societies: The Princes of India and Pakistan’, in Jeffrey, People, Princes and Paramount Power, p. 335.
1 Imperial Review, August 1947, p. 19.
2 Thomas Babington Macaulay, Minute on Indian Education, 1835.
3 Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj, p. 233. This argument is still used even today. See, for example, Neillands, A Fighting Retreat, pp. 41–2.
4 Sardar Dalip Singh cited in Times of India, 28 July 1947, p. 1.
5 DM cited in Collins & Lapierre, Mountbatten and the Partition of India, p. 30.
6 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 139.
7 French, Liberty or Death, p. 340.
8 Ismay to Lady Ismay, 5 August 1947. Cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 365.
9 JN to DM, 6 August 1947. SWJN (2), vol 3, p. 40; see also p. 43.
10 See Sen, The Argumentative Indian, essay 3; especially p. 55.
11 Jones, Tumult in India, pp. 92–3.
12 ‘The number of signatories is considerably higher,’ Prasad noted, ‘because it is not unusual for one postcard to bear more than one signature and there are packets which contain thousands of signatures.’ Rajendra Prasad to JN, 7 August 1947. Prasad, Correspondence, vol 7, p. 91. See also JN to Rajendra Prasad, 7 August 1947. SWJN (2), vol 3, pp. 189–92. JN dismissed the cow protection campaign as being sponsored by Seth Dalmia, an enormously rich financier whose wartime ardour for Hitler had given way to a passion for Hindu nationalism and, it later emerged, tax evasion. ‘Fadeout’, Time, 10 October 1955.
13 Christopher Beaumont, in AAS: Mss Eur Photo Eur 358.
14 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 91.
15 Hamid, Disastrous Twilight, p. 170.
16 Shireen Moosvi (ed.), Episodes in the Life of Akbar: Contemporary Records and Reminiscences (National Book Trust of India, New Delhi, 1994), pp. xi–xii.
17 Akbar, Nehru, p. 438.
18 French, Liberty or Death, pp. 220–1, 372–3. French points out that, when the Indian Army was sent to Kashmir a few weeks later, it went by airlift rather than by the Gurdaspur road anyway. However, against that must be laid the fact that Gurdaspur was still very dangerous riot-torn territory by the end of October 1947; moreover, the Indian government had to react extremely fast, and sending troops via Gurdaspur would have taken days. In October 1947, shortly before the conflict began, India began to improve the road between Pathankot and Jammu, which was opened in July 1948. JN described this road as ‘the chief life-line for our troops and for supplies’. JN to Maharaja of Kashmir, 27 October 1947. SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 278.
19 French, Liberty or Death, p. 328.
20 Abell cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 419–20.
21 Ziegler, Mountbatten Revisited, pp. 16–17; Kanwar Sain, Reminiscences of an Engineer (Young Asia Publications, New Delhi, 1978), pp. 120–4.
22 Christopher Beaumont, in AAS: Mss Eur Photo Eur 358; ‘Mountbatten’, Secret History; Ziegler, Mountbatten Revisited, p. 16; Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, p. 137; Heward, The Great and the Good, pp. 49–50; Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 420–1; Lamb, Birth of a Tragedy, pp. 35–8; see also Hamid, Disastrous Twilight, pp. 222–3, 235.
23 DM to Ismay, 2 April 1948, cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten Revisited, p. 17.
24 Ibid, p. 17.
25 28 March 1947. ToP, vol X, p. 36.
26 ToP, vol X, pp. 242–55; ‘rural slum’, see also p. 509.
27 MAJ cited in ToP, vol X, p. 452. The Bengali Muslim League leader H.S. Suhrawardy proposed that Calcutta remain as a ‘free city’ under joint Indo-Pakistani control for six months; Vallabhbhai Patel’s reply was ‘Not even for six hours!’ Hodson, The Great Divide, pp. 276–7.
28 Patel to DM, 13 August 1947. MP: MB1/D85.
29 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 17, 16 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 761.
30 Heward, The Great and the Good, p. 41.
31 The definition of a state under international law at this point was generally taken from the Montevideo Convention of 26 December 1933, in which it was defined as having a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and a capacity to enter into relations with other states.
32 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 152.
33 Heward, The Great and the Good, p. 41.
34 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 17, 16 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 760.
35 Manchester Guardian, 14 August 1947, p. 5; Times of India, 14 August 1947, p. 1; Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 511.
36 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 16, 8 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 594.
37 Times of India, 9 August 1947, p. 6.
38 Ibid, 8 August 1947, p. 1.
39 Azad, India Wins Freedom, p. 183. Jalal, The Sole Spokesman, is entirely about the theory; see especially pp. 241–93 on MAJ and DM.
40 MAJ, 11 August 1947. Cited in Merchant, The Jinnah Anthology, p. 11.
41 Manchester Guardian, 13 August 1947, p. 5.
42 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 17, 16 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 770.
43 Mildred A. Talbot to Walter S. Rogers, 27 August 1947. MP: MB1/K148 (I).
44 DM, ‘Reflections on Mr Jinnah 29 years later’, MP: MB1/K137A. See also DM to Henry V. Hodson, 7 April 1976, in which he wrote that ‘The only period of genuine warm-hearted friendship occurred when I came to Karachi to stay with Jinnah for the transfer of power – but I can hardly put this in as an isolated & only example of my relations with Jinnah.’ MP: MB1/K137A.
45 Gerry O’Neill cited in Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, p. 23.
46 According to Sri Prakasa, India’s High Commissioner in Pakistan. NAI: Home Dept, Political Branch, F. No. 57/25/47 - Poll. (I).
47 Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, p. 186.
48 Singh Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game, p. 94.
49 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 156.
50 DM to Pakistan Constituent Assembly, 14 August 1947. Mountbatten, Time Only to Look Forward, p. 58.
51 Times of India, 15 August 1947, p. 5.
52 Mildred A. Talbot to Walter S. Rogers, 27 August 1947. MP: MB1/K148 (I).
53 Manchester Guardian, 15 August 1947, p. 5.
54 DM, ‘Reflections on Mr Jinnah 29 years later’.
55 DM cited in Wolpert, Jinnah, p. 342.
56 DM, ‘Reflections on Mr Jinnah 29 years later’.
57 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 17, 16 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 771.
58 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 156.
59 CRA to DM, 14 August 1947; DM to CRA, 15 August 1947. TNA: PREM 8/571.
60 DM to EA, 18 August 1947. Cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 427.
61 ‘Delhi Bedecked for Independence Day’, Times of India, 14 August 1947, p. 1.
62 JN to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 10 August 1947. VLP: correspondence with JN.
63 Phillips Talbot to Walter S. Rogers, 19 August 1947. CSAS: Talbot Papers; MP: MB1/K148 (I).
64 Mildred A. Talbot to Walter S. Rogers, 27 August 1947. MP: MB1/K148 (I).
65 Cited in Mountbatten, Time Only to Look Forward, p. 63.
66 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 160.
67 Lady Pamela Hicks, recorded by Mr B.R. Nanda, 14 October 1971, p. 8.
68 Indira Gandhi cited in Hough, Edwina, p. 192.
69 Lady Pamela Hicks, recorded by Mr B.R. Nanda, 14 October 1971, pp. 8–9. See also Phillips Talbot to Walter S. Rogers, 19 August 1947; CSAS: Talbot Papers; also MP: MB1/K148 (I); Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 160.
70 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 17, 16 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 772.
71 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 202; Phillips Talbot to Walter S. Rogers, 19 August 1947, MP: MB1/K148 (I); Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 161.
72 Viceroy’s Personal Report no 17, 16 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 773.
73 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 168.
1 Times of India, 21 August 1947, p. 3.
2 DM to Patricia, Lady Brabourne, 14 August 1947. Cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 427. DM’s emphasis.
3 ‘ “Rejoicings”: Happy Augury for the Future’, Times of India, 18 August 1947, p. 6.
4 Sir Cyril Radcliffe to Mark Tennant, 13 August 1947. Cited in Heward, The Great and the Good, p. 42.
5 Schofield, Kashmir, p. 130.
6 Nishtar cited in Times of India, 18 August 1947, p. 1.
7 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 205.
8 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 167.
9 Cited in Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 196.
10 Moon, Divide and Quit, pp. 115–6.
11 Ibid, pp. 93–4; Gopal, Nehru, vol ii, p. 13.
12 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 169.
13 Viceroy’s Personal Report No. 17, 16 August 1947 (postscript, 17 August). MP: MB1/D85.
14 Phillips Talbot to Walter S. Rogers, 19 August 1947. MP: MB1/K148 (I).
15 Times of India, 18 August 1947, p. 1. See also Manchester Guardian, 19 August 1947, p. 6.
16 Manchester Guardian, 19 August 1947, p. 6; United Mills photograph album, MP: MB2/M6.
17 EA cited in Masson, Edwina, p. 202; Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 169–70.
18 Manchester Guardian, 20 August 1947, p. 5.
19 T.W. Rees, Report of the Punjab Boundary Force, AAS: Mss Eur F274/70.
20 Stephens, Pakistan, p. 183.
21 T.W. Rees, Report of the Punjab Boundary Force, AAS: Mss Eur F274/70.
22 Manchester Guardian, 21 August 1947, p. 4; 25 August 1947, p. 5.
23 Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 122.
24 Report of Lord Ismay, 5 October 1947, TNA: DO 121/69.
25 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 112.
26 29 March 1947. ToP, vol X, pp. 44–5.
27 French, Liberty or Death, p. 332.
28 Population figures are from the 1941 census, as cited in Korbel, Danger in Kashmir, p. 50. More accurately, the figures in 1941 were 16,217,000 Muslims, 7,551,000 Hindus, and 3,757,800 Sikhs.
29 Manchester Guardian, 2 August 1947, p. 4; and 14 August 1947, p. 4; also Moon, Divide and Quit, pp. 83–4. Kartar Singh had apparently told the Raja of Faridkot in June that he was prepared to negotiate with MAJ for inclusion in Pakistan, but Tara Singh and Baldev Singh were implacably opposed. ToP, vol XI, p. 38.
30 See also Hamid, Disastrous Twilight, p. 164.
31 Roberts, Eminent Churchilllians, p. 115.
32 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 149, 152; JN to Krishna Menon, 11 July 1948, MP: MB1/F39.
33 JN to Krishna Menon, 11 July 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
34 Viceroy’s Report No 13, 18 July 1947. MP: MB1/D84.
35 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 132.
36 At a cabinet meeting on 23 May, CRA and his cabinet offered their moral support to DM’s policy of using ‘all the force required’, but not more resources. ToP, vol X, p. 967.
37 DM Roberts, cited in Eminent Churchillians, p. 118.
38 JN cited in Neillands, A Fighting Retreat, p. 77.
39 Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 435.
40 ‘The Strategic Value of India to the British Empire’, 5 July 1946 in Hamid, Disastrous Twilight, pp. 310–1. There are extensive papers to back up the need for a faster release rate from the forces in AP: MS Attlee dep 47, November 1947.
41 JN in SWJN (2), vol 3, p. 300.
42 Ian Stephens: lecture on ‘Pakistan’, CSAS, 24 February 1969 (MP: MB1/K202); Moon, Divide and Quit, p. 280.
43 Rajagopalachari cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten Revisited, p. 22.
44 Figure as stated by Emmanuel Shinwell in the House of Commons, 3 February 1948; 446 HC Deb 5s, cols 1629–30. Of the seven, two were murdered, and one was killed in a flying accident and was not even serving at the time. See also Ian Stephens: lecture on ‘Pakistan’, CSAS, 24 February 1969 (MP: MGI/K202).
45 ‘Edie Rutherford’ is a pseudonym: the woman in question kept a diary for the Mass-Observation Archive, which changes all observers’ names. Cited in Simon Garfield, Our Hidden Lives: The Remarkable Diaries of Post-War Britain (2004; Ebury Press, London, 2005), p. 438.
46 WSC to MAJ, n.d. [unsent, late August/September 1946]. CP: CHUR 2/42B/231–2.
47 DM cited in Terraine, The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten, p. 148.
48 EA to Kaysie Norton, 25 August 1947. MP: MB1/Q40.
49 Cited in Gopal, Nehru, vol ii, p. 14.
50 H.V.R. Iengar, ‘P.M. at work’, in Zakaria (ed.), A Study of Nehru, pp. 177–8.
51 Shudraka, Mrcchakatika, pp. 34, 59, 174. See also G.V. Devasthali, Introduction to the Study of Mrcchakatika (Poona Oriental Book House, Poona, 1951).
52 Maniben Patel to EA, 25 August 1947. MP: MB1/Q115.
53 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 176; Masson, Edwina, pp. 202–4.
54 EA to the East India Association, 13 October 1948. Asiatic Review, vol xlv, no 161 (January 1949), p. 444.
55 See Pandey, Remembering Partition, pp. 68–9, 72–3. Pandey disputes the accuracy of claims about the tattooing and branding of raped women, suggesting that it might be part of a patriarchal fantasy of female debasement. It is impossible now, as it was at the time, to establish the truth. While Pandey is right to point out that some accounts rely on rumour and hearsay, it is not realistic to expect the victims of such crimes to produce neatly verifiable historical records. The victims would mostly have been illiterate women, either socially ostracized by their own communities or forcibly married into new communities.
56 Rameshwari Nehru cited in Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 88. The Thoa Khalsa incident took place in March 1947, though similar events were observed in August.
57 Manchester Guardian, 29 August 1947, p. 5. See also Moon, Divide and Quit, p. 261.
58 JN to DM, SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 44.
59 SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 25, footnote.
60 JN to DM, 27 August 1947. SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 26.
61 Indira Gandhi cited in Hough, Edwina, p. 193.
62 Manchester Guardian, 25 August 1947, p. 5.
63 Moon, Divide and Quit, pp. 134–5.
64 Manchester Guardian, 30 August 1947, p. 5.
65 T.W. Rees, Report of the Punjab Boundary Force, AAS: Mss Eur F274/70.
66 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 172, 174, 176; Times of India, 30 August 1947, p. 1.
67 ‘Gandhi’ by Francis Watson & Maurice Brown, radio programme, episode 4 (‘The Last Phase’), 16 December 1956, in Benthall Papers, CSAS, Box 2, file 2; Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, pp. 511–2.
1 The figure of 200,000 was estimated by Penderel Moon – but, though DM and others have quoted it as if it applied to the whole of India, Moon was in fact only calculating for the Punjab. However, he later considered that it might have been an overestimate.
2 See Pandey, Remembering Partition, pp. 88–91.
3 NAI: Home Dept, Political Branch, F. No, 27/2/1947 – Poll. (I).
4 T.W. Rees, Report of the Punjab Boundary Force, AAS: Mss Eur F274/70.
5 Mudie cited in Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 127.
6 Dalton, Mahatma Gandhi, pp. 155–9; Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, pp. 512–3.
7 DM cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 436. This letter is reproduced in facsimile in Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi, vol 2, plate 2 between pp. 496–7.
8 Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 431–2.
9 Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 123.
10 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 415.
11 Sir Terence Shone to Lord Addison, 11 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
12 Report of Tek Singh, Superintendent of Police, Delhi, 10 October 1947. NAI: Home Department, Political Branch, F. No. 5/26/47 – Poll. (I).
13 Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 129.
14 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 180.
15 DM cited in ibid, p. 181.
16 Ibid, p. 182.
17 Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 433.
18 MKG was not a member of the United Council, but he discussed initiatives for it with EA and other members of its executive committee. MP: MB1/Q117.
19 Ibid.
20 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 182–4.
21 Chaudhuri, Thy Hand Great Anarch!, pp. 838–42; Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 123; Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 206.
22 Chaudhuri, Thy Hand Great Anarch!, pp. 844–5.
23 Times of India, 8 September 1947, p. 8.
24 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 10 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584; The Times, 9 September 1947, p. 4…
25 Sir Terence Shone to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 12 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
26 Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 129; see also Daily Mirror, 9 September 1947.
27 Report of Lord Ismay, 5 October 1947, TNA: DO 121/69.
28 Patel cited in Sir Terence Shone to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 11 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584. See also Times of India, 9 September 1947, p. 1.
29 MAJ to CRA, 18 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
30 Sir Terence Shone to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 12 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
31 Sir Terence Shone to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 11 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
32 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 10 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
33 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 18 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
34 Chaudhuri, Thy Hand Great Anarch!, pp. 848–9.
35 JN cited in Times of India, 10 September 1947, p. 1.
36 JN to Rajendra Prasad, 19 September 1947, cited in Gopal, Nehru, vol ii, p. 16.
37 According to Shahid Ahmad Dehlavi, cited in Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 142.
38 Pandey, Remembering Partition, pp. 140–1.
39 Times of India, 11 September 1947, p. 1.
40 JN cited in Moraes, Jawaharlal Nehru, p. 363.
41 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 189.
42 Sahgal, From Fear Set Free, p. 28; Times of India, 9 September 1947, p. 1; Brecher, Nehru, p. 365.
43 JN cited in Adams & Whitehead, The Dynasty, p. 131.
44 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, pp. 33–4.
45 DM to King George VI, cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 433; see also DM’s interview with JN, 8 September 1947, AAS: IOR Neg 15561/195A f 41.
46 EA cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 427.
47 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit cited in Brittain, Envoy Extraordinary, p. 135; see also Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, pp. 514–5.
48 Mohammed Yunus, cited in French, Liberty or Death, p. 387.
49 Richard Symonds, speaking on AAS: Mss Eur R207/5, side B.
50 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, pp. 208–10.
51 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 427.
52 Nayantara Sahgal in conversation with the author, 8 May 2006.
53 Noël Coward to DM, 3 July 1945. MP: MB1/A48. ‘I hope you have by now enjoyed THIS HAPPY BREED and BLITHE SPIRIT films; the new one, BRIEF ENCOUNTER, is practically finished and looks jolly nice. I often think of those gay cinematic evenings in the King’s P.’ MP: MB1/A48.
54 DM to Noël Coward, 21 October 1947. MP: MB1/A48.
55 ‘He read few books,’ remembered DM’s close friend Solly Zuckerman, ‘but could be relied upon to master his briefs, reading slowly, sometimes with his lips moving as if he were reading aloud.’ Solly Zuckerman, ‘Working with a Man of Destiny’, Observer, 2 September 1979.
56 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, pp. 39–40.
57 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 200–1; Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, pp. 416–7.
58 Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 516.
59 Chaudhuri, Thy Hand Great Anarch!, pp. 851–2.
60 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 186.
61 EA cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 415.
62 Begum Anees Kidwai cited in Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 131.
63 Ibid, pp. 123–4, 131.
64 MKG cited in Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 520. See also JN to Vallabhbhai Patel, 22 October 1947, SWJN (2), vol 4, pp. 173–4. Hindu temples in Sind were vandalized at around the same time. Prakasa, Pakistan, p. 38.
65 V. Viswanathan, Deputy High Commissioner for India in Pakistan (Karachi), to S. Dutt, Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, 30 October 1947. NAI: Home Dept, Political Branch, F. No. 57/25/47 – Poll. (I).
66 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, pp. 49, 54.
67 Sir Arthur Waugh, ‘India and Pakistan: The Economic Effects of Partition’, Asiatic Review, vol xliv, no 158 (April 1948), p. 119.
68 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, p. 116.
69 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 190.
70 MAJ to CRA, 18 September 1947; Arthur Henderson to CRA, 19 September 1947; both TNA: PREM 8/584.
71 Sir Terence Shone to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 22 September 1947. TNA: PREM 8/584.
72 MAJ to CRA, 1 October 1947. TNA: PREM 8/568.
73 Cited in Kux, The United States and Pakistan, p. 20.
74 Ibid, pp. 20–1.
75 MAJ to Nizam of Hyderabad, 15 October 1947. WMP: 30, f 317.
76 Memorandum, WMP: 31, ff 88–9.
77 Krishna, Sardar, pp. 402–3; Pandey, Nehru, p. 297; Gopal, Nehru, vol ii, pp. 14–15; Akbar, Nehru, pp. 454–5.
78 JN, 30 September 1947. SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 108.
79 Memorandum of Lord Addison to the Cabinet Commonwealth Affairs Committee, 3 November 1947. TNA: PREM 8/585.
80 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 191–3.
81 DM cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 444.
82 Allen & Dwivedi, Lives of the Indian Princes, p. 328.
83 The Times, 25 February 1948, p. 3.
84 Memorandum of Lord Addison to the Cabinet Commonwealth Affairs Committee, 3 November 1947. TNA: PREM 8/585. See also Wavell, Viceroy’s Journal, 20 November 1947, p. 437.
85 Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 122.
86 EA to the East India Association, 13 October 1948. Asiatic Review, vol xlv, no 161 (January 1949), pp. 442–3.
87 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, pp. 206–7
88 JN, 30 September 1947. SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 107.
1 Lord Hardinge cited in Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, p. 54.
2 Ibid, pp. 100–3.
3 Jha, Kashmir, 1947, pp. 16–17.
4 Anonymous report to MAJ, 20 August 1943. Cited in ibid, p. 17.
5 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, p. 73.
6 Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on developments in Kashmir up to 31 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
7 ‘The background of the Kashmir problem’, 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
8 Malgonkar, The Men who Killed Gandhi, p. 6.
9 JN to Vallabhbhai Patel, 27 September 1947. SWJN (2), vol 4, pp. 263–5.
10 JN to EA, 27 June 1948. Cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 445.
11 JN to Indira Gandhi, 29 May 1940, in Nehru & Gandhi, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 64.
12 Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, p. 117; Jha, Kashmir, 1947, pp. 39, 40 (footnote).
13 Singh, Heir Apparent, p. 55.
14 There are eyewitness accounts in Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, pp. 67–8.
15 Stephens, Pakistan, p. 200; see also Lamb, Birth of a Tragedy, pp. 68, 129.
16 Extract from report of C.B. Duke, 23 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68; Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, n.d. (early November 1947?). TNA: DO 133/68.
17 Korbel, Danger in Kashmir, p. 65; French, Liberty or Death, p. 374. The Indian representative put it to the UN Security Council in 1948 that the Pakistani government sent agents and religious leaders to incite the Muslim population of Kashmir into rebellion. Based on the fact that the Maharaja and his antecedents had a long history of oppressing their Muslim subjects, and on the eyewitness reports of an overwhelming number of impartial observers, it is hard to swallow India’s argument whole on this particular point.
18 Extract from report of C.B. Duke, 23 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68; Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
19 Extract from report of C.B. Duke, 23 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
20 Frank Messervy, ‘Kashmir’, Asiatic Review, vol xlv, no 161 (January 1949), p. 469.
21 C.B. Duke to Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith, 4 December 1947. TNA: DO 133/69; Note by C.B. Duke, 8 December 1947. TNA: DO 133/69. See also Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, p. 142.
22 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, n.d. (early November 1947?). TNA: DO 133/68; Sydney Smith in the Daily Express, 10 November 1947, p. 1.
23 Extract from report of C.B. Duke, 23 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
24 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Philip Noel-Baker, 22 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
25 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, n.d. (early November 1947?). TNA: DO 133/68.
26 Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, p. 143; Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, p. 17; Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540; Korbel, Danger in Kashmir, p. 95.
27 Malgonkar, The Men Who Killed Gandhi, p. 9. The behaviour of the Mahsuds was deplored by tribal leaders, and they were withdrawn in disgrace. ‘The Mahsuds were being allowed back again on their word of honour – for what it may be worth – that looting and murdering (at least of Europeans and Muslims) is forbidden.’ Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Philip Noel-Baker, 28 November 1947. TNA: DO 133/69. The figure for casualties at Baramula is often given as 11,000 or even 13,000 out of a population of 14,000; Major-General Akbar Khan of the Pakistan Army disputed these estimates, and Alastair Lamb has estimated casualties at being more like 500. The truth is impossible to ascertain. Khan, Raiders in Kashmir, p. 29; Lamb, Birth of a Tragedy, p. 115.
28 Note by C.B. Duke, 8 December 1947. TNA: DO 133/69.
29 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, n.d. (early November 1947?). TNA: DO 133/68.
30 Daily Express, 28 October 1947, p. 1. The drive is memorably described in Singh, Heir Apparent, pp. 58–9.
31 Korbel, Danger in Kashmir, pp. 79–80; Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 446; Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, pp. 144–5.
32 JN to CRA, 25 October 1947. TNA: DO 142/496.
33 Messervy, ‘Kashmir’, p. 469.
34 See Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, pp. 148–50.
35 Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
36 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Philip Noel-Baker, 27 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
37 Stephens, Pakistan, p. 200. Stephens, a very well-connected source, says that government circles in Delhi became aware of it only by November.
38 Field-Marshal Manekshaw cited in French, Liberty or Death, p. 375; Adams & Whitehead, The Dynasty, p. 134.
39 Stephens, Pakistan, p. 203; see also Stephens, Horned Moon, p. 109.
40 Sri Prakasa to JN, 11 November 1947. NAI: Home Dept, Political Branch, F. No. 57/25/47 – Poll. (I).
41 Stephens, Pakistan, p. 203.
42 JN to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 28 October 1947. VLP: correspondence with JN; Report of E. Isaacs, 6 November 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
43 Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
44 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, p. 58.
45 Ibid, pp. 59–60.
46 DM cited in Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, p. 145.
47 Sir George Cunningham, Governor of the North-West Frontier Province, claimed on 28 October that there would have been 30,000–40,000, rather than 2000, Pathans in Kashmir by then if he had given them any encouragement, and emphasized that only by impressing on the leaders that the orders of MAJ and Liaquat were that they should hold fire was this much larger incursion prevented. C.B. Duke to Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith, 28/29 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68; see also Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540; see also Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, p. 134.
48 Foreign Office to Ambassadors, 2 January 1948. TNA: DO 35/3162.
49 Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on developments in Kashmir up to 31 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
50 JN to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 28 October 1947. VLP: correspondence with JN.
51 EA cited in News Review, 25 December 1947, p. 9.
52 Ismay to Noel-Baker, 31 October 1947. TNA: DO 133/68; see also Stephens, Pakistan, p. 206.
53 Cited in Shone to CRO, 1 November 1947 (1.15 a.m.). TNA: DO 133/68.
54 Shone to CRO, 1 November 1947 (1.15 a.m.). TNA: DO 133/68.
55 Liaquat Ali Khan to CRA, 4 November 1947. TNA: DO 142/496.
56 Ibid; Sir Terence Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office, 4 November 1947; DM’s report, cited in Sir Terence Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office, 6 November 1947; both TNA: DO 133/68
57 Extract from Pakistan Times, 4 November 1947. Cited in C.B. Duke to Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith, 5 November 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
58 C.B. Duke to Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith, 5 November 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
59 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Sir Archibald Carter, 6 November 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
60 Foreign Office to Ambassadors, 2 January 1948. TNA: DO 35/3162.
61 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, p. 68.
62 Report of E. Isaacs, 6 November 1947. TNA: DO 133/68.
63 Sydney Smith in the Daily Express, 10 November 1947, p. 1.
64 Minutes, 4 November 1947, cited in DM to JN, 25 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/543.
65 DM to Lord Listowel, 8 August 1947. ToP, vol XII, p. 590; SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 27; see also AAS: IOR Neg 15561/195A, f 29; French, Liberty or Death, pp. 376–7.
66 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 234.
67 EA to Lady Brabourne, 1 November 1947. Cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 418. It is not clear from the context whether ‘Daddy’ refers to DM or to Lord Brabourne, though usually in her letters to her daughters EA refers to DM as ‘Daddy’. According to Philip Ziegler, DM was speaking to Walter Monckton about Hyderabad when he found out about the baby. Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 452.
68 JN cited in anonymous article, ‘The States of India and Pakistan: Advances Towards Responsible Government’, Asiatic Review, vol xliv. no 157 (January 1948), p. 77; also in Memorandum of the Commonwealth Relations Office, TNA: DO 142/540.
69 JN to CRA, 23 November 1947. TNA: DO 142/496.
70 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, pp. 419–20.
71 DM, record of Governor General’s interview with opposition leaders, 19 November 1947. AAS: IOR Neg 15561/195B, ff 94–7. See also Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 461.
72 Coward, Diaries, 18 November 1947, p. 96.
73 Pimlott, The Queen, p. 133; Sarah Bradford, Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen (Penguin, London, 2002), p. 125.
74 Daily Express, 20 November 1947, p. 1.
75 Pimlott, The Queen, p. 140.
76 Leo Amery, Diaries, 20 November 1947. LAP: AMEL 7/41.
77 MP: MB1/Y17.
78 The Queen, vol 195 no 9582, 23 July 1947, p. 8.
79 Pimlott, The Queen, p. 144.
80 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Philip Noel-Baker, 28 November 1947. TNA: DO 133/69.
81 DM to JN, 25 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/543.
82 EA to DM, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 419.
83 Masson, Edwina, pp. 210–1.
84 EA cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 421.
85 Moraes, Jawaharlal Nehru, p. 328.
86 Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age, p. 204.
87 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 435. The two women later became good friends.
88 Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
89 JN to Indira Gandhi, 6 December 1947. Gandhi & Nehru, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 549.
90 Sir Terence Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office, 5 December 1947. TNA: DO 133/69.
91 JN cited in Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, p. 85; also Richard Symonds, speaking on AAS: Mss Eur R207/5, side B; see also Lamb, Birth of a Tragedy, p. 65.
92 DM to JN, 25 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/543. See also Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 251–2.
93 Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 449; Akbar, Nehru, p. 447.
94 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, 18 March 1948. TNA: PREM 8/813.
95 Daily Express, 27 November 1947, p. 1.
96 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, 1 December 1947. TNA: DO 133/69.
97 Sri Prakasato JN, 11 November 1947. NAI: Home Department, Political Branch, F. No. 57/25/47 – poll. (I).
98 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Philip Noel-Baker, 9 December 1947. TNA: DO 133/69.
99 The Tatler and Bystander, 23 July 1947, p. 97.
100 Ibid, 31 December 1947, pp. 422–3.
101 Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Bahadur of Jaipur cited in Mountbatten, Time Only to Look Forward, p. 75.
102 Sir Terence Shone to the Commonwealth Relations Office, 24 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/543; Foreign Office to Ambassadors, 2 January 1948. TNA: DO 35/3162.
103 Sir Terence Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office, 24 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/490.
104 JN to Agatha Harrison, 12 December 1947. SWJN (2), vol 4, p. 653.
105 Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, p. 178.
106 DM to JN, 25 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/543.
107 JN to DM, 26 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/543. The Commonwealth Relations Office telegraphed JN’s allegations to Grafftey-Smith in Pakistan, who agreed that Patiala was under threat, the Sikhs being the secondary target of the tribesmen, after loot. If they were encouraged in this direction by local authorities in Pakistan, though, it was more a matter of self-defence than strategy, for ‘if the Pathans here have nothing better to do they will impartially loot the West Punjab’. Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, 3 January 1948. TNA: DO 142/490.
108 Sir Terence Shone to Commonwealth Relations Office, 28 December 1947, TNA: DO 142/543.
109 Commonwealth Relations Office to Sir Terence Shone, 29 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/490.
110 CRA to JN, 29 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/490. CRA had based his opinion on a letter written by Philip Noel-Baker, who had said that the Indian government ‘appear to think that they can bring their present campaign to victory, and stifle resistance in Kashmir, if they cut off supplies and reinforcements to their opponents by occupying the Pakistan territory which now serves as their opponents’ base. I do not know who can have given them such advice, but I believe it to be a dangerous military miscalculation. Many of those who are in the field against them are Poonchis or other Kashmiries [sic]; I know them to be excellent soldiers; I think it most unlikely that the Indian Army could successfully maintain enough troops in Kashmir to counter their guerrilla tactics, and to bring them to submission.’ Philip Noel-Baker to Sir Terence Shone, 27 December 1947. TNA: DO 142/490.
111 Foreign Office to Ambassadors, 2 January 1948. TNA: DO 35/3162.
1 Richard Symonds to EA, 1 January 1948. MP: MB1/Q68; also Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, p. 88.
2 Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
3 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith to Commonwealth Relations Office, 7 January 1948. TNA: DO 142/542.
4 ‘The number of genuine tribesmen from the North West Frontier which have come into the area to assist these local insurgents appears … to be very small. It should be remembered that the Poonch area produced 60,000 troops for the last war, most of whom are now home. These are formidable fighters.’ Foreign Office to Ambassadors, 9 January 1948. TNA: DO 35/3162.
5 Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
6 Foreign Office to UN Delegation in New York, 12 January 1948. TNA: DO 142/490.
7 UK High Commissioner India to Commonwealth Relations Office, 5 January 1948. TNA: DO 142/542, Commonwealth Relations Office memorandum on the Kashmir dispute, May 1948. TNA: DO 142/540.
8 Brown, Nehru, pp. 178–9.
9 CRA to Philip Noel-Baker and embassies, 10 January 1948. TNA: DO 142/490.
10 The Light (Lahore), 16 May 1948, p. 3.
11 Akbar, Nehru, p. 448.
12 DM cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 450.
13 Sir M. Peterson to Foreign Office, 13 January 1948. TNA: DO 35/3162.
14 Cited in letter from J.G.P. Spicer to L.N. Helsby, 1 November 1948, TNA: CAB 127/143.
15 Symonds, In the Margins of Independence, p. 97.
16 MKG, fragment of a letter, 7 January 1948. CWMG, vol 90, p. 376.
17 MKG, fragment of a letter, 9 January 1948. CWMG, vol 90, p. 388.
18 Vallabhbhai Patel cited in French, Liberty or Death, pp. 359–60. See also SWJN (2), vol 5, pp. 21, 30; Akbar, Nehru, p. 454.
19 A top-secret telegram from the British High Commissioner to the Commonwealth Relations Office mentioned this possibility. Sir Terence Shone to Archibald Carter, n.d. (January 1948), TNA: DO 133/93.
20 Khilnani, The Idea of India, p. 75; Seton, Panditji, pp. 158–9.
21 UK High Commissioner (India) to Commonwealth Relations Office, 13 January 1948. TNA: DO 35/3162.
22 Bourke-White, Portrait of Myself, p. 292.
23 MKG cited in Governor General’s Personal Report no. 8, 3 February 1948. AAS: Mss Eur D714/86.
24 Akbar, Nehru, p. 429.
25 DM cited in Collins & Lapierre, Mountbatten and the Partition of India, p. 36.
26 Governor General’s Personal Report no. 8, 3 February 1948. AAS: Mss Eur D714/86. See also DM’s record of the meeting, AAS: IOR Neg 15561/195C, ff 96–8.
27 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 218; Brown, Nehru, pp. 179–80; SWJN (2), vol 5, pp. 6–7.
28 MKG, 18 January 1948.CWMG, vol 90, p. 444.
29 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 272.
30 MKG cited in Malgonkar, The Men Who Killed Gandhi, p. 153.
31 Report of ACB Symon to Philip Noel-Baker, 4 February 1948. TNA: PREM 8/741.
32 See speech in SWJN (2), vol 5, p. 32; also Pioneer (Lucknow), 29 January 1948, p. 1.
33 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 222; Frank, Indira, p. 218.
34 Report of A.C.B. Symon to Philip Noel-Baker, 4 February 1948. TNA: PREM 8/741.
35 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 224. Similar sentiments were expressed during a memorable scene in Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, in which Amina and Ahmed Sinai are at the cinema when news of MKG’s assassination comes through. Amina’s relief when the assassin is revealed to have a Hindu name is obvious. ‘By being Godse he has saved our lives!’ Rushdie, Midnight’s Children, p. 142.
36 Malgonkar, The Men Who Killed Gandhi, pp. 20–1, 85.
37 Nayantara Pandit to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 18 February 1948. Private collection of Nayantara Sahgal.
38 Sahgal, Prison and Chocolate Cake, p. 219; also Moraes, Jawaharlal Nehru, p. 348.
39 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 225.
40 Bourke-White, Portrait of Myself, p. 298.
41 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 226.
42 According to journalist Pran Chopra, cited in Adams & Whitehead, The Dynasty, p. 137; see also Report of A.C.B. Symon to Philip Noel-Baker, 4 February 1948. TNA: PREM 8/741.
43 SWJN (2), vol 5, p. 35.
44 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, pp. 227–8.
45 Report of A.C.B. Symon, to Philip Noel-Baker, 4 February 1948. TNA: PREM 8/741.
46 CP: CHUR 2/44.
47 Coward, Diaries, 30 January 1948, p. 103.
48 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 427.
49 Gopal, Nehru, vol ii, p. 26.
50 Peter Murphy to EA, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 423.
51 Ibid, p. 423.
52 Barratt with Ritchie, With the Greatest Respect, p. 47.
53 Hough, Edwina, p. 182.
54 JN to EA, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 429.
55 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 198.
56 MP: MB2/N14.
57 Brown, Nehru, pp. 180–1; DM to Krishna Menon, 7 February 1948. MP:MB1/F37.
58 Pandey, Remembering Partition, p. 145; Dalton, Mahatma Gandhi, p. 167.
59 Sarojini Naidu cited in John Grigg, ‘The Power and the Glory’, Observer, 2 September 1979.
60 Krishna Menon to DM, 3 February 1948 (dated 1947 in error). MP: MB1/F37.
61 DM to Krishna Menon, 7 February 1948. MPJMB1/F37.
62 Rita Pandit to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 17 February 1948. VLP: correspondence with Rita Dar.
63 EA to Agatha Harrison, 20 February 1948. Seton, Panditji, plate xix, between pp. 140–1.
64 Sir G. Squire to Foreign Office, 11 January 1948. TNA: DO 142/490.
65 MAJ cited in Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, p. 178.
66 Bourke-White, Portrait of Myself, p. 291.
67 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 255.
68 DM to CRA, 8 February 1948. TNA: DO 142/496.
69 CRA to DM, 10 February 1948. TNA: DO 142/496.
70 DM to CRA, 11 February 1948. TNA: DO 142/496.
71 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 287.
72 DM to CRA, 24 February 1948; Philip Noel-Baker to CRA, 25 February 1948 and 26 February 1948; Philip Noel-Baker to Sir Terence Shone, 3 March 1948; all TNA: PREM 8/821; see also TNA: DO 142/496.
73 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 245; DM to Walter Monckton, 29 November 1947. WMP: 30, f 652.
74 Nizam of Hyderabad to Walter Monckton, 16 January 1948. WMP: 31, f 76.
75 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 313.
76 Nizam of Hyderabad cited in ibid, p. 329.
77 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, pp. 300–1.
78 Ibid, p. 304.
79 Kux, Estranged Democracies, p. 68.
80 Rajagopalachari cited in Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 297.
81 Ibid, p. 317.
82 UK High Commissioner in India to Commonwealth Relations Office, 18 April 1948. TNA: DO 142/496.
83 Horace Alexander to EA, 22 April 1948. MP: MB1/Q6.
84 EA to Horace Alexander, 19 May 1948. MP: MB1/Q6.
85 DM, report of an interview with JN, 3 May 1948. AAS: IOR Neg 15561/195F, f 23.
86 SWJN (2), vol 5, p. 271.
87 EA to Sheikh Abdullah, 30 May 1948. MP: MB1/Q101.
88 DM, report of interviews with JN and Vallabhbhai Patel, 20 April 1948. AAS: IOR Neg 15561/195A, f 45.
89 JN to Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, 30 March 1948; Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to JN, 2 April 1948; JN to Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, 11 April 1948; Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to JN, 15 April 1948. NML: Papers of Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, Inst. V, correspondence with JN.
90 JN to Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, 6 May 1948; all NML: Papers of Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, Inst. V, correspondence with JN.
91 Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to JN, 12 May 1948. NML: Papers of Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, Inst. V, correspondence with JN.
92 EA to JN, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, pp. 427–8.
93 DM to Lady Brabourne, 12 June 1948. Cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 473.
94 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, pp. 125–6.
95 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 428.
96 Countess Mountbatten of Burma cited in Adams & Whitehead, The Dynasty, p. 148.
97 Lady Pamela Hicks in ‘Mountbatten’, Secret History, Channel 4 Television. Lady Pamela made a point of stating that she did not believe the relationship to be physical.
98 DM to Lady Brabourne, 22 May 1948, cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 460.
99 JN to EA, 12 March 1957, Cited in ibid, p. 473.
100 JN to Indira Gandhi, 19 May 1948. Nehru and Gandhi, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 553.
101 EA to JN, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 428.
102 JN to EA, cited in ibid, p. 429.
103 EA cited in ibid, p. 429.
104 Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten, p. 349.
105 DM: farewell memorandum, in DM to Vallabhbhai Patel, 19 June 1948. MP: MB1/D150. Notably, India already had a female ambassador, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, who happened to be a widow. DM made no recommendations as to ambassadors’ husbands.
106 JN to EA, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 430.
107 Illustrated Weekly of India, 20 June 1948, pp. 9–11.
108 JN to EA, 18 June 1948. MP: MB1/R447.
109 Indian News Chronicle, 21 June 1948, p. 1; Statesman, 21 June 1948, p. 1.
110 Holman, ‘Lady Mountbatten’s story’, part 5.
111 JN cited in Holman, Lady Louis, p. 12.
112 JN to King George VI, 21 May 1948. RA: PS/GVI/C 280/292; Sir Alan Lascelles to JN, 17 June 1948. RA: PS/GVI/C 280/294; JN to Sir Alan Lascelles, 23 July 1948. RA: PS/GVI/C 280/296; Sir Alan Lascelles to JN, 29 July 1948. RA: PS/GVI/C 280/303.
113 JN to EA, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 432.
114 JN himself disliked his name, and had almost thought of changing it a decade before after ‘a BBC announcer got hopelessly muddled over it and went on ha-haing’. JN to Krishna Menon, 25 March 1937, cited in Akbar, Nehru, p. 307. In contrast, DM seems to have had no trouble spelling Vallabhbhai Patel or Chakravarty Rajagopalachari’s names.
115 MP: MB2/N14.
116 Times of India, 22 June 1948, pp. 1, 3.
117 Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to CRA, 23 June 1948. TNA: PREM 8/808.
1 Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to DM, 23 June 1948. MP: MB1/F42.
2 Anonymous friend cited in Hough, Edwina, p. 199.
3 EA to JN, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 434.
4 JN to EA, cited in ibid, p. 435.
5 JN to DM, 3 July 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
6 Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to DM, 1 July 1948. MP: MB1/F42.
7 Truth, 2 July 1948, p. 2. See also Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to DM, 8 July 1948. MP: MB1/F42.
8 DM to Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, 16 July 1948. MP: MB1/F42.
9 CP: CHUR 2/153B, ff 286–7.
10 Wolpert, Nehru, p. 401.
11 DM to WSC, 23 July 1947. CP: CHUR 2/153B, f 281. WSC to DM, 4 August 1947. CP: CHUR 2/153B, f 282.
12 Leo Amery, Diary, 29 June 1948. LAP: AMEL 7/42.
13 EA to the East India Association, 29 June 1948. Asiatic Review, vol xliv, no 160 (October 1948), pp. 354–5.
14 JN to DM, 3 July 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
15 DM to JN, 15 July 1947. MP: MB1/F39.
16 DM to CRA, 6 July 1948. MP: MB1/E5.
17 DM to JN, 15 July 1947. MP: MB1/F39.
18 DM to JN, 28 July 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
19 JN to DM, 1 August 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
20 DM to JN, 15 August 1948. MP: MB1/F39; see also DM to JN, 10 September 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
21 DM to JN, 28 July 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
22 Jinnah, My Brother, p. 35.
23 MAJ cited in Akbar, Nehru, p. 433. See also Singh Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game, p. 94.
24 Jinnah, My Brother, pp. 37–8. MAJ had said: ‘Fati, may God protect you … There is no God but Allah … Mohammed is the messenger of Allah.’
25 DM to Chakravarty Rajagopalachari, 25 September 1948. MP: MB1/F42.
26 Chakravarty Rajagopalachari to DM, 5 October 1948: MP: MB1/F42.
27 JN to Indira Gandhi, 6 October 1948. Nehru & Gandhi, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 559.
28 EA cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 437.
29 DM to JN, 25 September 1948. MP: MB1/F39.
30 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 437.
31 DM to Chakravarty Rajagopalachari,16 October 1948. MP: MB1/F42.
32 Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, pp. 87–8.
33 Hough, Edwina, p. 199.
34 JN to Indira Gandhi, 28 October 1948. Nehru & Gandhi, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 561.
35 The Tatler & Bystander, 27 October 1948, pp. 97–101.
36 DM to Chakravarty Rajagopalachari,16 October 1948. MP: MB1/F42.
37 DM to King George VI, 10 October 1948. RA: GVI/PRIV/01/24/174.
38 JN to Indira Gandhi, 28 October 1948. Nehru & Gandhi, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 561.
39 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, pp. 237–8.
40 EA to Dennis Holman, n.d. MP: MB1/R231.
41 JN to EA and EA to JN, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, pp. 447–8.
42 Daily Herald, 27 February 1953, p. 1; The Times, 27 February 1953, p. 7.
43 Sir Alan Lascelles to J.R. Colville, 27 February 1953. TNA: PREM 11/340.
44 Akbar, Nehru, p. 569.
45 The witness was Russi Mody, later chief executive of Tata Steel; his father was Sir Homi Mody, Governor of Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces). The incident took place between 1949 and 1952. Ibid, pp. 390–1.
46 Cited in Mathai, My Days with Nehru, p. 154; see also Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 469.
47 JN to DM, 25 March 1952. MP: MB1/G28. See also Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 501–2.
48 DM cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 475.
49 EA to DM, cited in ibid, p. 476.
50 DM to EA, cited in ibid, p. 476.
51 Rajkumari Amrit Kaur to EA, 6 August 1949. MP: MB1/R127.
52 Sahgal, From Fear Set Free, p. 141.
53 JN to Indira Gandhi, 2 May 1953. Nehru & Gandhi, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 583.
54 Mullik, My Years with Nehru, p. 51.
55 Viceroy’s Personal Report No 15, 1 August 1947, TOP, vol XII, p. 452.
56 DM to JN, 18 February 1952. MP: MB1/G28.
57 DM to JN, 18 October 1953. MP: MB1/H167.
58 JN to DM, 16 November 1953. MP: MB1/H167.
59 DM to JN, 11 February 1954. MP: MB1/H167.
60 JN to Indira Nehru, 4 January 1937. Nehru & Gandhi, Freedom’s Daughter, p. 307. During 1937, JN was romantically involved with Padmaja Naidu, whom he often compared to an ‘Ajanta Princess’. Akbar, Nehru, pp. 393, 568.
61 EA to A. Wahid, 5 February 1957. MP: MB1/R573.
62 DM to JN, 25 January 1953. MP: MB1/H167; JN to DM, 20 March 1949. MP: MB1/F39.
63 DM to King George VI, 12 April 1949. RA: GVI/PRIV/01/24/178.
64 DM to JN, 18 April 1951. MP: MB1/G28.
65 EA cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 454.
66 DM to WSC, 18 September 1952. TNA: PREM 11/340.
67 Seton, Panditji, p. 315.
68 Mullik, My Years with Nehru, pp. 125–31.
69 EA to JN, cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 440.
70 Pimlott, The Queen, p. 184; Heald, The Duke, p. 102. The problem had been pointed out even before the wedding. Cyril Hankinson, editor of Debrett, wrote in Queen magazine that ‘it may be decided to continue the Windsor Dynasty by a similar process [of proclamation as in 1917]. If this is not done, however, Princess Elizabeth’s children will be of the House of Mountbatten.’ Queen, vol 195, no 9582, 23 July 1947, p. 15.
71 Pimlott, The Queen, p. 183. Pimlott argues that Edinburgh was unacceptable because it was a title, rather than a family name, and that a conversion to the House of Mountbatten would have followed the precedent set by Prince Albert. In fact, the royal name acquired when Queen Victoria married Prince Albert – that of Saxe-Coburg Gotha – was a title. Albert’s surname was either Wettin or Wipper, according to the College of Heralds. The House of Edinburgh would, therefore, have followed precedent; it would have been as patriotic as Windsor, and no more artificial; it would also have avoided any undesirable association with DM or the Battenberg family. It is hard to imagine what the objection to this could have been, apart from a simple dislike of Philip in the royal household.
72 Philip cited in Pimlott, The Queen, p. 185; Bradford, Elizabeth, p. 172; Lady Colin Campbell, The Royal Marriages: Private Lives of the Queen and Her Children (Smith Gryphon, London, 1993), p. 85.
73 Queen Mary cited in Pimlott, The Queen, p. 185.
74 Seshan, With Three Prime Ministers, p. 28.
75 See ibid, passim.
76 JN cited in Seshan, With Three Prime Ministers, p. 28.
77 Oliver Lyttelton cited in ‘Mountbatten’s Wife Enraged Churchill’, Daily Telegraph, 3 January 2004. EA was herself outraged at Lyttelton’s statement: see Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, pp. 468–9.
78 TNA: FO 371/107577.
79 WSC cited in Seshan, With Three Prime Ministers, pp. 28–9; Henry Hodson attributes a similar story about WSC to Rab Butler rather than Indira Gandhi. Hodson, The Great Divide, p. 401.
80 WSC, 8 August 1953, cited in Moran, Winston Churchill, pp. 449–50.
81 Pandit, The Scope of Happiness, pp. 337–9. The conversation is reported more mildly in Pandit’s book; this account was told to the author by Pandit’s daughter, Nayantara Sahgal, 8 April 2006.
82 Sahgal, From Fear Set Free, p. 171; also Pandit, The Scope of Happiness, p. 347.
83 Queen Elizabeth II cited in Parker, Prince Philip, p. 220.
84 Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 171.
85 DM cited in Pimlott, The Queen, p. 254.
86 Ibid, pp. 470–1.
87 Private collection of the Mountbatten family, Broadlands.
88 JN cited in Seton, Panditji, p. 270.
89 EA and JN cited in Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 474.
90 Ramachandra Guha, ‘A Mask That was Pierced’, Hindu, 24 April 2005. Guha and Sunil Khilnani both guessed that the author was more likely to be Penderel Moon.
91 Amrit Kaur to EA, 21 July 1958. MP: MB1/R127.
92 DM cited in Seton, Panditji, p. 270.
93 Amrit Kaur to EA, 12 May 1959. MP: MB1/R127. Emphasis is Amrit Kaur’s.
94 JN cited in Seton, Panditji, p. 253.
95 JN to Indira Gandhi, 23 April 1959. Nehru & Gandhi, Two Alone, Two Together, p. 625.
96 DM cited in Chaudhuri, Thy Hand Great Anarch!, pp. 822–3.
97 Mullik, My Years with Nehru, p. 168.
98 Coward, Diaries, 16 January 1960, p. 427.
99 London Gazette, 8 February 1960. It is clear that the Queen wanted to change her surname as a gift to Philip. TNA: LCO 2/8115, ff 8–11.
100 Hough, Edwina, p. 3.
101 Seton, Panditji, p. 281.
102 Ibid, pp. 282–3, and see plates between pp. 268–9.
103 Hough, Edwina, p. 7.
104 Robert Noel Turner cited in ibid, p. 8.
105 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 480.
106 Seton, Panditji, p. 284.
107 Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, p. 125.
108 Coward, Diaries, 15 May 1960, p. 439.
109 According to William Evans, in ‘Mountbatten’, Secret History.
110 Morgan, Edwina Mountbatten, p. 481.
111 ‘Mountbatten’, Secret History.
1 Seton cited in Paul Gore-Booth to Sir Saville Garner, 16 April 1963. TNA: DO 196/210.
2 DM to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 20 June 1962. Cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 602.
3 S.K. Patil cited in Galbraith, Ambassador’s Journal, p. 175.
4 Mullik, My Years with Nehru, p. 107; Robert Schulman, John Sherman Cooper: The Global Kentuckian (University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 1976), p. 70.
5 Kux, The United States and Pakistan, p. 115.
6 Galbraith, Ambassador’s Journal, p. 247, footnote.
7 According to B.K. Nehru, cited in Kux, Estranged Democracies, p. 193; see also pp. 194–5. See also Galbraith, Ambassador’s Journal, p. 248.
8 Galbraith, Ambassador’s Journal, p. 248.
9 Ibid, p. 249.
10 Ibid, p. 320.
11 Lee Radziwill, Happy Times (Assouline, New York, 2000), p. 110.
12 Hutheesing, We Nehrus, p. 28.
13 Jacqueline Kennedy cited in ibid, p. 28.
14 Galbraith, Ambassador’s Journal, p. 353.
15 Ibid, 9 December 1962, p. 517.
16 Mountbatten, From Shore to Shore, p. 82.
17 Report from P.H. Gore-Booth to Sir Saville Garner, 3 January 1964. TNA: DO 196/311.
18 P.H. Gore-Booth, report of DM’s account of a meeting with JN, 3 January 1964. TNA: DO 196/311.
19 Ibid.
20 DM cited in Brown, Nehru, p. 335.
21 Brittain, Envoy Extraordinary, pp. 160–1.
22 Pandit, The Scope of Happiness, p. 378.
23 Seton, Panditji, p. 472.
24 JN, will and testament, SWJN (2), vol 26, p. 612.
25 R.H. Belcher, report on the funeral of JN. TNA: PREM 11/4864.
26 Seton, Panditji, p. 474.
27 Brittain, Envoy Extraordinary, pp. 163–4.
28 Report by Acting British High Commissioner in India, R.H. Belcher, to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Development, 17 June 1964. PREM 11/4864; CRO ref: 2SEA 50/5/1.
29 Healey, The Time of My Life, pp. 261–2.
30 Patrick Nairne to Derek Mitchell, 26 March 1965. TNA: PREM 13/159. See also Solly Zuckerman to Michael Berry, 7 February 1964. MP: MB1/Z2; ‘Peterborough’, Daily Telegraph, 30 January 1964.
31 Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 257; Montague Browne, Long Sunset, p. 315.
32 John Beavan, ‘The Man of Influence’, Daily Mirror, 29 October 1964, p. 9.
33 TNA: HO 191/167, 195/6/65, 195/8/124, and several more.
34 Sampson, Anatomy of Britain Today, p. 364.
35 Solly Zuckerman to DM, 30 March 1962; DM to Solly Zuckerman, 14 June 1962; Solly Zuckerman to DM, 15 June 1962, all MP: MB1/Z2. DM’s articles were ‘Identity of Carcass Still a Scientific Mystery’, Nassau Daily Tribune, 15 March 1962; ‘Is Monster Unknown Extinct Sea Animal?’, Daily Gleaner, 12 March 1962; Envoy, March/April 1960.
36 Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 258.
37 MP: MB1/K202.
38 Yorkshire Post, 15 November 1968.
39 Pimlott, The Queen, pp. 349–50.
40 Ibid, p. 387.
41 Sir Morrice James to Burke Trend, 9 August 1968. TNA: FCO 37/133.
42 DM cited in Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 134.
43 DM to Solly Zuckerman, 21 February 1969. MP: MB1/Z1.
44 DM to General Cariappa, 5 December 1965. MP: MB1/K147.
45 DM to Harold Wilson, 24 May 1966. TNA: PREM 13/1072.
46 DM to Indira Gandhi, 19 January 1966. MP: MB1/K147.
47 Lyndon B. Johnson and Indira Gandhi cited in Adams & Whitehead, The Dynasty, p. 206.
48 Indira Gandhi cited in Sahgal, ‘The Making of Mrs. Gandhi’, p. 192.
49 DM to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 25 August 1967. MP: MB1/K147.
50 King, The Cecil King Diary 1965–1970, p. 12; Sampson, Anatomy of Britain Today, p. 140.
51 King, The Cecil King Diary 1965–1970, p. 14.
52 Ibid, 12 August 1967, pp. 138–9.
53 Zuckerman, Monkeys, Men and Missiles, p. 463.
54 Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 337; Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 659–61.
55 Solly Zuckerman, ‘Working with a Man of destiny’, Observer, 2 September 1979.
56 Solly Zuckerman cited in Hugh Cudlipp, Walking on the Water (The Bodley Head, London, 1976), p. 326.
57 Cecil King’s Diary, cited in ‘Mountbatten and the Coup that Wasn’t Quite’, The Times, 3 April 1981, p. 4.
58 ‘Queen Told of “Coup” Threat’, Sunday Telegraph, 16 August 1981, p. 3.
59 Private Eye, no 362, 31 Oct 1975, p. 5. There is a copy of this in MP: MB1/K162A.
60 Private information. See also King, The Cecil King Diary 1965–1970, 22 May 1969, p. 259; and Zuckerman, ‘Working with a Man of Destiny’. There is a conspicuous hole in the otherwise regular correspondence file with Solly Zuckerman among DM’s papers, between 29 January and 18 October 1968.
61 Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, p. 157.
62 DM cited in Ziegler, Mountbatten, p. 53.
63 ‘Mountbatten’, Secret History, Channel 4 Television.
64 Hoey, Mountbatten, p. 86; Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, p. 96.
65 DM cited in Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, p. 152.
66 Barbara Cartland, I Reach for the Stars: An Autobiography (Robson Books, London, 1994), p. 123.
67 Pandit, The Scope of Happiness, p. 2.
68 Frank, Indira, p. 402.
69 Adams & Whitehead, The Dynasty, pp. 261–5; Frank, Indira, pp. 404–7.
70 DM to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 29 August 1977. VLP: correspondence with DM. See also Indira Gandhi to Barbara Cartland, 20 September 1981. Cited in Cartland, I Reach for the Stars, 1994, pp. 73–4.
71 Pandit, The Scope of Happiness, p. 27.
72 DM to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 13 November 1978. VLP: correspondence with DM.
73 DM to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 21 November 1978. VLP: correspondence with DM.
74 Barbara Cartland cited in the Evening Standard, 13 November 1978.
75 Barbara Cartland cited in the Daily Telegraph, 14 November 1978, p. 19. Six years later, Indira Gandhi would meet her death by assassination. She was shot with semi-automatic pistols by her Sikh bodyguards, in revenge for ordering the army into the Golden Temple at Amritsar. Her son Sanjay had been killed in a plane crash after flying loops over Delhi in 1980. Her other son, Rajiv Gandhi, became the third Nehru Prime Minister, winning a landslide in 1984 despite having little political experience. Following a disappointing tenure and lacklustre result at the 1989 elections, he resigned, though his personal popularity remained high. In 1991, he was on the verge of a return to power – but assassination awaited him too, strapped under the kurti of a Tamil suicide bomber. Rajiv’s widow, Sonia Gandhi, an Italian he had met while studying at Cambridge, led a return to power by Congress in 2004. To the surprise of commentators, she became President of Congress rather than Prime Minister. Her son, Rahul, is often talked of as a future Prime Minister; her daughter, Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, has been active in Congress campaigns. Meanwhile Sanjay’s widow, Maneka Gandhi, forced out of Congress by Indira, defected to the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party and became a member of the Lok Sabha. Maneka’s son, Varun Gandhi, has followed her into the BJP. It is not out of the question that the future of Indian democracy could see a billion people being offered an electoral choice between cousins.
76 Bradford, Elizabeth, p. 321; Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, pp. 140–1; Pimlott, The Queen, pp. 358–9.
77 DM to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 27 February 1979. VLP: correspondence with DM.
78 DM cited in Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, p. 11.
79 Hoey, Mountbatten, p. 21.
80 Patricia Mountbatten speaking on Woman’s Hour, Radio 4, 10 August 2005. See also Hoey, Mountbatten, p. 29.
81 Pimlott, The Queen, p. 470; Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 136.
82 JN to Motilal Nehru, 7 November 1907. SWJN (1), vol 1, p. 37. See also Nehru, An Autobiography, p. 25.
83 Hoey, Mountbatten, p. 39.
84 Smith, Fifty Years with Mountbatten, p. 12; TNA: MEPO 10/31.
85 Barry, Royal Service, p. 95.
86 Charles cited in Pimlott, The Queen, p. 471.
87 Ashley Hicks cited in Hoey, Mountbatten, p. 32.
88 Statistics from United Nations World Food Programme.
89 These tales were collected by Minakshi Chaudhry in her entertaining Ghost Stories of Shimla Hills (Rupa & Co, New Delhi, 2005).
90 Cited in Amrit Dhillon, ‘India’s New Rich Go On Spending Spree’, Sunday Times, 3 April 2005.