Epigraph: Walt Whitman, “Preface” in Leaves of Grass (1855; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 24.
1. Kevin Mattson, “What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President?”: Jimmy Carter, America’s “Malaise,” and the Speech that Should Have Changed the Country (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).
2. Daniel Dale, “The Worst Speech of All Time,” Toronto Star, July 19, 2009, http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2009/07/19/the_worst_speech_of_all_time.html.
3. True, as of June 2014, the unemployment rate had fallen to 6.1 percent from a high of 10 percent in October of 2009, but most of the decline has occurred not because the unemployed have found jobs but because they have stopped looking for them. As a result, they no longer count as unemployed. The labor participation rate, the number of workers age sixteen and over who have a job, fell from a high of 66 percent in October 2008 to a low of 62.8 percent in December 2013, where it has settled since. For the unemployment rate, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Unemployment Rate,” http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000; for the labor employment rate, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Participation Rate,” http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS11300000; on child poverty, see U.S. Census Bureau, “Poverty Status by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin,” Historical Poverty Tables, Table 3, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html.
4. Emmanuel Saez, “Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States” (updated with 2009 and 2010 estimates), http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2010.pdf.
5. Rasmussen Reports, “Just 15% Think Today’s Children Will Be Better Off than Their Parents,” February 5, 2013, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/business/general_business/january_2013/just_15_think_today_s_children_will_be_better_off_than_their_parents.
6. U.S. Census Bureau, “Selected Economic Characteristics,” http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03.
7. Laura Ly, “State of New Jersey Stepping in to Run Camden’s Troubled Schools,” CNN.com, March 25, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/25/us/new-jersey-camden-schools/.
8. Deborah Hirsch, “Report Ranks Camden Most Dangerous City in U.S.,” Courier-Post, November 24, 2009, http://www.courierpostonline.com/article/20091124/NEWS01/911240338/Report-ranks-Camden-most-dangerous-U-S-city; Joseph Goldstein, “Police Force Nearly Halved, Camden Feels Impact,” New York Times, March 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/nyregion/07camden.html?pagewanted=all; “Camden No. 1 Again . . . ,” Philly.com, January 13, 2013, http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/camden_flow/188927931.html; Chris Hedges, “City of Ruins,” The Nation, September 4, 2010, http://www.the-nation.com/article/155801/city-ruins#; “New Jersey Woman Beheads Her Son, 2,” New York Times, August 22, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/nyregion/camden-nj-woman-decapitates-her-toddler.html; “Man Arrested in Grisly Attack on Two Siblings in New Jersey,” New York Times, September 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/nyregion/man-arrested-in-grisly-attack-on-siblings-in-new-jersey.html.
9. See Jefferson Cowie, Capital Moves: RCA’s Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor (New York: New Press, 2001).
10. Whitman, “A Song for Occupations,” in Leaves of Grass, 89.
11. For biographical information on Whitman, I relied on two books: Justin Kaplan, Walt Whitman: A Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980); and, more often, David Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Vintage Books, 1995).
12. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in Leaves of Grass, 27. Here and elsewhere, unless otherwise indicated, ellipses like those in the final quoted line are Whitman’s and should not be read as omitted text.
13. Ibid., 29.
14. “Whitman’s Leaves of Grass,” Putnam’s Monthly: A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art, September 1855, 321.
15. See Michael Robertson, Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
16. Oscar Wilde to Walt Whitman, 1 March 1882, in The Letters of Oscar Wilde, ed. Rupert Hart-Davis (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), 100.
17. Ralph Waldo Emerson to Walter Whitman, 21 July 1855, in The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 8 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 446.
18. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902; repr., New York: Touchstone, 2004), 64.
19. Herman Melville to Nathaniel Hawthorne, April 1851, vol. 14: Correspondence, in The Writings of Herman Melville (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 186.
20. Whitman, “To Think of Time,” in Leaves of Grass (1891–92; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 557; James, Varieties of Religious Experience, 67.
21. Chris Hedges, Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle (New York: Nation Books, 2009), 49.
22. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 58.
23. Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, vol. 7 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992), 386.
24. Whitman, “Preface,” 26.
25. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 88.
Epigraph: Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” Leaves of Grass (1855; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 73.
1. Tertullian, “The Apology,” The Ante-Nicene Fathers, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, Arthur Cleveland Coxe (New York: Cosimo Books, 2007), 3:43.
2. Jon M. Sweeney, Almost Catholic: An Appreciation of the History, Practice, & Mystery of Ancient Faith (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004), 94.
3. Philip Larkin, “Aubade,” in Collected Poems, ed. Anthony Thwaite (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), 190.
4. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 32.
5. Walt Whitman, Specimen Days (1882; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 700–701.
6. Christopher Gray, “From Ghost Town to Park Gateway,” New York Times, May 20, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/realestate/20scap.html; Michael M. Grynbaum and Adriane Quinlan, “East River Ferry Service, With 7 Stops, Starts Run,” June 13, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/14/nyregion/east-river-ferry-service-begins-with-7-stops.html.
7. Walt Whitman, “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” in Selected Poems 1855–1892: A New Edition, ed. Gary Schmidgall (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 135–36.
8. Ibid., 135.
9. Ibid., 134.
10. Ibid., 135.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 137.
14. Ibid., 138.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 139–40.
19. See Brian Clegg, Gravity: How the Weakest Force in the Universe Shaped Our Lives (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2012).
20. Walt Whitman, Notebooks and Unpublished Prose Manuscripts, vol. 1: The Collected Writings of Walt Whitman (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 136.
21. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 46.
22. Ibid., 28.
23. Ibid., 46.
24. Whitman, “A Song for Occupations,” Leaves, 92.
25. Robin Collins, “The Fine-Tuning Argument,” Readings in the Philosophy of Religion, ed. Kelly James Clark (Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2008), 84.
26. Holt, Why Does the World Exist?, 168.
27. Whitman, “Who Learns My Lesson Complete,” in Leaves of Grass, 140.
28. Whitman, “Faith Poem,” in Selected Poems, 153.
29. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 48.
30. Whitman, “Poem of Wonder at the Resurrection of the Wheat,” in Selected Poems, 131.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., 132.
33. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 86.
34. Ibid., 31.
35. Ibid., 32.
36. Whitman, “Clef Poem,” in Selected Poems, 151.
37. Whitman, “Song,” 86.
38. Ibid., 78.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., 82.
42. Whitman, “Faith Poem,” 154.
43. Whitman, “To One Shortly to Die,” in Leaves of Grass (1892; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 565.
44. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 87.
45. Whitman, “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” 137.
46. David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 242–43; Pierre-Simon Laplace, The System of the World, trans. J. Pond, vol. 2 (London: W. Flint, 1809).
47. Carl Sagan, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Episode 1, YouTube video, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClPShKs9Kr0.
48. Whitman, “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” 135.
49. Whitman, “Faith Poem,” 153.
50. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 85, 57.
51. Whitman, “To Think of Time,” Leaves of Grass, 106.
52. Ibid.
53. Whitman, “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” 134.
54. Whitman, “Clef Poem,” 151.
Epigraph: Walt Whitman, “A Song for Occupations,” Leaves of Grass (1855; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 95.
1. Oral S. Coad, “Whitman vs. Parton,” Journal of the Rutgers University Library 4 (1940): 1–8.
2. Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, vol. 1 (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), 235.
3. Ibid., vol. 3, 234–35.
4. Tamar Lewin, “Burden of College Loans on Graduates Grows,” New York Times, April 11, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/education/12college.html.
5. Mary Pilon, “When Student Loans Live On After Death,” Wall Street Journal, August 7, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704741904575409510529783860.
6. Jordan Weissmann, “53% of Recent College Grads Are Jobless or Underemployed—How?” The Atlantic, April 23, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/04/53-of-recent-college-grads-are-jobless-or-underemployed-how/256237/.
7. Michael Kumhof and Romain Rancière, “Leveraging Inequality,” Finance & Development 47/4 (2010), https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2010/12/kumhof.htm.
8. Tony Judt, with Timothy Snyder, Thinking the Twentieth Century, (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 385.
9. Peter J. L. Riley, “Leaves of Grass and Real Estate,” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 28/4 (2011): 164–65.
10. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in Leaves of Grass, 38.
11. Walt Whitman, The Gathering of the Forces, ed. Cleveland Rodgers and John Black, vol. 2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1920), 64–83.
12. Leadie M. Clark, Walt Whitman’s Concept of the Common Man (New York: Philosophical Library, 1955), 43.
13. Alexia Nader, “The Occupy Wall Street Library,” The New Yorker, September 29, 2011, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2011/09/the-occupy-wall-street-library.html.
14. Whitman, “Song,” 8.
15. Ibid., 9.
16. The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman, ed. Emory Holloway, vol. 1 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 124.
17. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 5.
18. Ibid., 6.
19. Ibid., 20.
20. Ibid., 20–21. Again, suspension points here and elsewhere are as in 1855 original. No words have been omitted.
21. Ibid., 21.
22. Ibid.
23. See David Dowling, Capital Letters: Authorship in the Antebellum Literary Market (Iowa City: Universty of Iowa Press, 2009).
24. Andrew Lawson, “‘Spending for Vast Returns’: Sex, Class, and Commerce in the First Leaves of Grass,” American Literature 75/2 (2003): 335–65.
25. Riley, “Leaves of Grass and Real Estate,” 164.
26. Rachel Aviv, “Whitman Really Slept Here,” The Poetry Foundation, October 18, 2006, http://www.poetryfoundation.org/article/178731.
27. Walt Whitman, Democratic Vistas (1871; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 937.
28. Walt Whitman, “The Tramp and the Strike Question,” in Complete Prose Works (1892; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 1064.
29. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 23.
30. Ibid., 21.
31. Matthew 16:26.
32. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 58.
33. Ibid., 27.
34. Traubel, With Walt Whitman, vol. 2, 445.
35. Frances Wright, A Few Days in Athens (Boston: J. P. Mendum, 1850), 177–78.
36. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 28, 1847, www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle.
37. Justus von Liebig, Organic Chemistry in Its Application to Agriculture and Physiology (London: Taylor & Walton, 1842), 262.
38. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 86.
39. Ibid., 31.
40. Holloway, Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman, vol. 1, 67–68.
41. Whitman, “Song,” 23.
42. Ibid., 22.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Steve Sailer, “Q&A: Steven Pinker of ‘Blank Slate,’” October 30, 2002, UPI, http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/books/tbs/media_articles/2002_10_30_upi.html.
46. Center for the Study of the American Dream, “Annual State of the American Dream Survey,” http://www.xavier.edu/americandream/programs/survey.cfm.
47. Whitman, Democratic Vistas in Complete Prose Works (1892; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 951.
48. Rainer Maria Rilke, “Archaic Torso of Apollo,” in Selected Poems, trans. Susan Ranson and Marielle Sutherland (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 83.
49. Whitman, “A Song for Occupations,” 89.
50. Ibid., 90.
51. Ibid., 91.
52. Ibid., 92.
53. Ibid., 92–93.
54. Ibid., 98.
55. Ibid., 93.
56. Ibid., 93–94.
57. Ibid., 93.
58. Ibid., 98–99.
59. Robert J. Aalberts, Real Estate Law, 8th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012), 364–65.
60. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 27.
61. Bill Clinton and Albert Gore, Putting People First: How We Can All Change America (New York: Times Books, 1992).
62. Emmanuel Saez, “Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States” (updated with 2009 and 2010 estimates), http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2010.pdf.
63. Ibid.
64. U.S. Census Bureau, “Census Bureau Reports Almost One in Three Americans Were Poor at Least Two Months from 2009 to 2011,” January 7, 2014, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/poverty/cb14-05.html.
65. Motoko Rich, “Economic Insecurity,” New York Times, November 22, 2011, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/economic-insecurity/.
Epigraph: Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, vol. 1 (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1906), 221.
1. Regionald A. Beckett, “Whitman as a Socialist Poet,” To-Day (July 1888): 8–15.
2. Traubel, With Walt Whitman, vol. 2 (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1915), 4.
3. Ibid.
4. American Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd ed., “Socialism.”
5. Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 3rd ed., “Socialism.”
6. W. H. Auden, “In Memory of W.B. Yeats,” in Collected Poems, ed. Edward Mendelson (New York: Modern Library, 2007), 245.
7. Beckett, “Whitman as a Socialist Poet,” 9.
8. Ibid., 11.
9. Ibid., 9.
10. Ibid., 10–11.
11. Ibid., 12.
12. See Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Four Essays on Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
13. Beckett, “Whitman as a Socialist Poet,” 10.
14. Whitman, “Song of Myself” in Leaves of Grass (1855; repr. New York: Library of America, 1982), 50.
15. Newton Arvin, Whitman (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 252.
16. M. V. Ball, “Whitman and Socialism,” in Conserving Walt Whitman’s Fame: Selections From Horace Traubel’s “Conservator,” 1890–1919, ed. Gary Schmidgall (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2006), 160–66.
17. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 50.
18. Arvin, Whitman, 264.
19. Ibid., 273.
20. Alec Waugh, “Rhys, Ernest Percival,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com.
21. Traubel, With Walt Whitman, 1:221.
22. Ibid., 222.
Epigraph: Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, vol. 3 (New York: Michell Kennerley, 1914), 452.
1. Walt Whitman, “Theory of a Cluster,” in Notebooks and Unpublished Prose Manuscripts, ed. Edward F. Grier, vol. 1 (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 413.
2. Ibid.
3. Walt Whitman, “Native Moments,” in Selected Poems 1855–1892: A New Edition, ed. Gary Schmidgall (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 219.
4. David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 194.
5. Ibid., 540–41.
6. Walt Whitman, “A Memorandum at a Venture,” in Complete Prose Works (1892; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 1031.
7. Traubel, With Walt Whitman, 3:452–53.
8. Ibid., 3:321.
9. Andrea Dworkin, “Pornography Is a Civil Rights Issue,” in Letters from a War Zone (Brooklyn, NY: Lawrence Hills Books, 1993), 284.
10. Aristotle, On Rhetoric, trans. George A. Kennedy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 144.
11. Ibid., 145.
12. Ibid., 144.
13. Ibid., 146–49.
14. Sigmund Freud, “On Narcissism: An Introduction,” in The Freud Reader, ed. Peter Gay (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 558.
15. Ibid., 559–60.
16. M. Jimmie Killingsworth, Walt Whitman’s Poetry of the Body: Sexuality, Politics, and the Text (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 34.
17. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America, 195.
18. Paul R. Abramson and Steven D. Pinkerton, With Pleasure: Thoughts on the Nature of Human Sexuality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 121.
19. William Acton, The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1867), 144–45.
20. Ibid., 145.
21. Ibid.
22. Aristotle, On Rhetoric, 146.
23. Walt Whitman, “We Two, How Long We Were Fooled,” in Leaves of Grass (1891–92; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 264.
24. Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in Leaves of Grass (1855; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 28.
25. Ibid., 50–51.
26. Ibid., 51.
27. Galations 5:16–17.
28. Whitman, “I Sing the Body Electric,” in Leaves of Grass, 122.
29. Ibid., 123.
30. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 27.
31. Ibid., 48.
32. Ibid., 29.
33. Whitman, “A Woman Waits for Me,” in Selected Poems, 149.
34. Whitman, “I Sing the Body Electric,” 120–21.
35. Laurie Abraham, “Teaching Good Sex,” New York Times, November 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/magazine/teaching-good-sex.html.
36. Whitman, “We Two, How Long We Were Fooled,” 265.
37. Acton, Functions and Disorders, 48–49.
38. Abramson and Pinkerton, With Pleasure, 173–74.
39. Walt Whitman, “Bunch Poem,” in Selected Poems, 156–57.
40. Walt Whitman, “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” in Selected Poems, 137.
41. See James C. Whorton, Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 87.
42. Whitman, “The Sleepers,” in Leaves of Grass, 107.
43. Whitman, “A Memorandum,” 1031.
44. “A Surgeon General’s Untimely Candor,” New York Times, December 10, 1994, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/10/opinion/a-surgeon-general-s-untimely-candor.html.
45. Jeffrey J. Kripal, Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 164.
46. Chistopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 12.
47. PBS, “Clinton, Chapter 1,” American Experience, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bonus-video/clinton-chapter-1/.
48. Kenneth Starr, “The Starr Report,” Part 3, Washington Post, 1998, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/icreport.htm.
49. Kenneth Starr, “The Starr Report,” Part 2, Washington Post, 1998, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/icreport.htm.
50. Kenneth Starr, “The Starr Report,” Part 1, Washington Post, 1998, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/icreport.htm.
1. Walt Whitman, “In Paths Untrodden” in Selected Poems 1855–1892: A New Edition, ed. Gary Schmidgall (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 223.
2. James E. Miller, Jr., Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, “Calamus” (New York: Routledge, 1998), 97.
3. Walt Whitman, “When I Heard at the Close of Day,” in Selected Poems, 234.
4. Walt Whitman, “Hours Continuing Long,” in Selected Poems, 232–33.
5. Walt Whitman, “Who Is Now Reading This?,” in Selected Poems, 237–38.
6. Whitman, “Hours Continuing Long,” 232.
7. See Jerome Loving, “Emory Holloway and the Quest for Whitman’s ‘Manhood,’” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11/1 (1993), 12–14.
8. Hershel Parker, “The Real ‘Live Oak, with Moss’: Straight Talk About Whitman’s ‘Gay Manifesto,’” Nineteenth Century Literature 51/2 (1996), 157.
9. Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, ed. Sculley Bradley, vol. 3 (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), 298.
10. Walt Whitman to Moncure D. Conway, November 1, 1867, The Correspondence: 1842–1867, ed. Edwin Haviland Miller, vol. 1 (New York: New York University Press, 1961), 346–47.
11. Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in Leaves of Grass (1855; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 31.
12. Whitman, “Paths,” 223.
13. Ibid.
14. Walt Whitman, “Not Heat Flames Up and Consumes,” “Whoever You Are Holding Me Now In Hand,” and “To a Stranger,” in Selected Poems, 236, 226, 241.
15. Walt Whitman, “Roots and Leaves Themselves Alone,” in Selected Poems, 235.
16. Walt Whitman, “I Hear It Was Charged against Me,” in Selected Poems, 243.
17. “Leaves of Grass,” The Saturday Review, July 7, 1860, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/reviews/leaves1860/anc.00044.html.
18. Jerome Loving, Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 414.
19. It could be, as one Whitman scholar has recently written, that “the subject of homosexuality was totally sealed to the American mind,” but that is not entirely true. One disgusted reviewer (Rufus Griswold) of the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass referred obliquely to “Peccatum illud horribile, inter Christianos non nominandum” (that horrible sin not to be named among Christians). Specifically, the Latin phrase referred to sodomy, which was not, it would seem, totally sealed to the American mind. On the subject of homosexuality and the American mind, see Walt Whitman’s Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginality of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2010), 3. See Rufus W. Griswold, “Review of Leaves of Grass (1855),” The Criterion, November, 10, 1855, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/reviews/leaves1855/anc.00016.html.
20. E. Anthony Rotundo, “Romantic Friendships: Male Intimacy and Middle-Class Youth in the Northern United States, 1800–1900,” Journal of Social History 23 (1989): 1–125; Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: Basic Books, 1993); John Champagne, “Walt Whitman, Our Great Gay Poet?” Journal of Homosexuality 55/4 (2008): 648–64; Jonathan Katz, Love Stories: Sex between Men before Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
21. Quoted in Rotundo, American Manhood, 81.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Rotundo, “Romantic Friendships,” 10. See also Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley, vol. 1 (New York: Vintage Books, 1988).
26. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Friendship,” in Essays and Lectures, ed. Joel Porte (New York: Library of America, 1983), 343.
27. Jonathan Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.: A Documentary History (New York: Meridian, 1992), 456.
28. Rotundo, “Romantic Friendships,” 12.
29. Rotundo, American Manhood, 82.
30. Orson S. Fowler and Lorenzo N Fowler, New Illustrated Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1859), 84.
31. Orson Squire Fowler, Phrenology: Proved, Illustrated, and Applied (New York: W. H. Colyer, 1837), 65.
32. David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 247.
33. Walt Whitman, “Fast Anchor’d Eternal O Love!,” in Selected Poems, 249.
34. Walt Whitman, “Proto-Leaf,” in Selected Poems, 188. In the 1867 and subsequent editions, Whitman changed the title to “Starting from Paumonok.”
35. Walt Whitman, “So Long!,” in Selected Poems, 265.
36. Walt Whitman, Democratic Vistas (1871; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 981–982.
37. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass (1856), 356, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/published/LG/1856/whole.html.
38. Walt Whitman, “Preface, 1876,” in Complete Prose (1892; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 1011.
39. Whitman, “Calamus 5,” in Selected Poems, 228–29.
40. John Addington Symonds to Walt Whitman, February 7, 1872, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/biography/correspondence/reconstruction/tei/loc.01961.html.
41. Walt Whitman to John Addington Symonds, August 19, 1890, in Miller, The Correspondence, vol. 5, 72–73.
42. Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, vol. 1 (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1906), 76–77.
43. M. Jimmie Killingsworth, Whitman’s Poetry of the Body: Sexuality, Politics, and the Text (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 167.
44. Walt Whitman, The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman, ed. Emory Holloway, vol. 2 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1921), 96.
45. David Kuebrich, “Comradeship,” in Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998), 144.
46. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America, 576.
47. Sigmund Freud, “Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (‘Dora’),” in The Freud Reader, ed. Peter Gay (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 198.
48. Ibid.
Epigraph: Walt Whitman, “Over the Carnage Rose a Voice Prophetic,” in Leaves of Grass (1891–92; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 449. This poem originally appeared in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass in the “Calamus” sequence and was revised and retitled for the 1867 edition.
1. Walt Whitman to Thomas Jefferson Whitman, January 16, 1863, The Correspondence: 1842–1867, ed. Edwin Haviland Miller, vol. 1 (New York: New York University Press, 1961), 68.
2. American Battlefield Protection Program, “Fredericksburg I,” CWSAC Battle Summaries, http://www.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va028.htm.
3. Quoted in Roy Morris Jr., America’s Civil War, vol. 1 (Leesburg, VA: Empire Press, 1988), 21.
4. “The Fredericksburg Shambles,” Hartford Weekly Times, December 27, 1862, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2460&dat=18621227&id=9lE1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=CQAGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6081,7540720.
5. Alexander Hunter, Johnny Reb and Billy Yank (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905), 316.
6. Quoted in Robert Roper, Now the Drum of War: Walt Whitman and His Brothers in the Civil War (New York: Walker Publishing, 2008), 120.
7. Walt Whitman to Louisa Van Velsor Whitman, The Correspondence, 1:59.
8. Walt Whitman, “Our Wounded and Sick Soldiers,” New York Times, December 11, 1864, http://www.nytimes.com/1864/12/11/news/our-wounded-sick-soldiers-visits-among-army-hospitals-washington-field-here-new.html.
9. Michael Cooper and Dalia Sussman, “Massacre at School Sways Public in Way Earlier Shootings Didn’t,” New York Times, January 17, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/18/us/poll-shows-school-shooting-sways-views-on-guns.html.
10. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems, ed. Melvin L. Rogers (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012), 141.
11. Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden, vol. 6 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 194.
12. Aristotle, Politics 1:1253a.
13. Walt Whitman, Democratic Vistas (1871; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 935.
14. Ibid., 936.
15. Ibid., 990.
16. Ibid.
17. Whitman, Democratic Vistas: The Original Edition in Facsimile, ed. Ed Folsom (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2010), 71.
18. Whitman, Democratic Vistas, 951.
19. Ibid., 935.
20. See Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Religion and Politics (New York: Penguin, 2012).
21. U.S. Census Bureau, “Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2012,” Table 7, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/p20/2012/tables.html.
22. Thomas Carlyle, “Shooting Niagara: And After?,” in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. 3 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1888), 596.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 589.
25. Whitman, Democratic Vistas, 943.
26. Ibid., 930.
27. Ibid., 937.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., 939.
32. Ibid.
33. Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself” in Leaves of Grass (1855; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 27.
34. Ibid., 45.
35. Walt Whitman, “Proto-Leaf,” in Selected Poems 1855–1892: A New Edition, ed. Gary Schmidgall (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 182.
36. Whitman, Democratic Vistas, 948.
37. Ibid., 946.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., 929.
40. Ibid., 976.
41. Ibid., 977.
42. Walt Whitman, “A Song for Occupations,” in Leaves of Grass, 93.
43. Whitman, Democratic Vistas, 932.
44. Ibid., 989.
45. Ibid., 933.
46. Ibid., 934.
47. Ibid., 955.
48. Ibid., 973.
49. Ibid., 955.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid., 932.
53. Ibid. These ellipses are mine and do indicate omitted words.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., 981–82.
56. Ibid., 981.
57. Charles J. Robertson, Temple of Invention: History of a National Landmark (London: Scala Publishers, 2006).
58. Walt Whitman, Memoranda During the War (Camden, NJ: Author’s Publication, 1876–77), 10–11.
59. Walt Whitman, Notebooks and Unpublished Prose Manuscripts, ed. Edward F. Grier, vol. 2 (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 520.
60. Walt Whitman, The Correspondence, 1:123n76.
61. Whitman, Memoranda During the War, 31.
62. Ibid., 13.
63. Ibid., 12.
64. Ibid., 53.
65. Peter Coviello, ed., “Introduction” to Walt Whitman’s Memoranda During the War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), ix–liv.
66. Whitman, Memoranda During the War, 50–51.
67. Ibid., 25.
68. Ibid., 29.
69. Ibid., 59.
70. Whitman, Democratic Vistas, 946.
71. Walt Whitman to Ralph Waldo Emerson, January 17, 1863, The Correspondence, 1:70.
72. Ibid.
73. Walt Whitman, “Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night,” in Selected Poems, 276–77.
74. Walt Whitman, “Preface, 1876,” in Complete Prose (1892; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 1005.
75. Whitman, Democratic Vistas, 982.
76. Michael Ignatieff, The Needs of Strangers (New York: Viking, 1985).
77. For something approaching a contemporary version of this thesis, see Danielle S. Allen, Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown v. Board of Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
78. Whitman, “Over the Carnage Rose a Voice Prophetic,” 449.
Epigraph: Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in Leaves of Grass (1855; repr., New York: Library of America, 1982), 87.
1. David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 588–89.
2. Ibid., 571–72.
3. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 88.
4. Ibid., 32.
5. Robert Blair, The Grave: A Poem (London: Dewick & Clarke, 1806), 13.
6. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America, 529.
7. Benton H. Wilson to Walt Whitman, December 27, 1868, Walt Whitman Archive, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/biography/correspondence/reconstruction/tei/loc.01995.html.
8. Quoted in Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 236.
9. Walt Whitman to Susan Stafford, May 28, 1887, The Correspondence: 1842–1867, ed. Edwin Haviland Miller, vol. 4 (New York: New York University Press, 1969), 94–95.
10. Joann P. Krieg, “Fritzinger, Frederick Warren (1866–1899),” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998), 240.
11. Todd S. Purdum, “Walt Rostow, Adviser to Kennedy and Johnson, Dies at 86,” New York Times, February 15, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/15/obituaries/15ROST.html.
12. Michael Schulman, “Family Visit,” The New Yorker 15 April 2013, 24–25.
13. Ralph Waldo Emerson, quoted in George Searle Phillips, “Walt Whitman,” New-York Illustrated News 2 (1860): 60, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/criticism/reviews/leaves1860/anc.00038.html.
14. Lewis Hyde, The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property (New York: Vintage Books, 1983), xvii.
15. Whitman, “Song of Myself,” 72.